Field report of Gilgit Baltistan

By

 Arsalan Khan, Ijaz Ahmad, Waqarullah, Zia ul

Islam,and Zakirullah

Bechalor of Bs (Hons) Geology

Submitted

To

DEP!T"E#T $F GE$%$G&' #*E!ST& $F H!P!' +H&BE! 

P+HT#+H,' P+ST#-

.une' /012

1
 3+#$,%EDGE"E#T4

We have no words to express our deepest sense of gratitude to Almighty Allah, the most
merciful, the most beneficent, who bestowed us the courage to complete this Field Report, and
cordial gratitude to the prophet Muhammad (SAW! who is forever a torch bearer of light for entire
humanity

After that we wish to express deepest sense of than"fulness to our honourable #$ of 
%&' to give us permission for the field We are than"ing full to the department of eology of 
%niversity of 'aripur for the endless support and encroachment

We are extremely than"ful to '&) Sir Muhammad Fawad and Faculty member Sir 
*aseem+u+Reh
*aseem+u+Rehman,
man, Sir Aeem shah and Sir %sman Ahar for their hard wor" and grace full
efforts

$ountless than"s are extended to the geologist of )asu )am pro-ect and also great full
to the Senior eologist, )r.hsanullah of /hasha dam to share their precious "nowledge and
informative "nowledge about the dam0s and dam areas And also than" full to the 1ohistan
and other cities police for their co+operation

We express our heartly emotions of gratitude to all our friends Mr 2ard Ali "han, Mr
/ilal
/ilal 1han,
1han, Mr
Mr Mohamm
Mohammad
ad Shoaib
Shoaib,, Mr %mar
%mar 1hayam
1hayam,, Mri
Mri-a
-a 1han,
1han, Mr
Mr 3asir
3asir 1han
1han
Aeemi

4ast but not the least, we would feel incomplete without than"ing our parents, brothers,
loving sisters and all family members who prayed for our brilliant success and bright future
and moral support throughout our educational care er

!egards4

Arsalan 1han 5 .-a Ahmad

2ia ul .slam 5 Wa6arullah

2a"irullah
 BST!3T4
7he study area of ilgit 8 1ohistan is the 3orthern part of the 9a"istan, we study area
along the 11' and .ndus river geologically that area are very complex and highly deformed
areas having plats colloid one and triple -unction of the world three largest mountain series

eotectonically there are many large and observable tectonics features in the area,
main suture one, MM7, M17, 7riple -unction, 1ohistan island arc, syntaxes
s yntaxes collision one of 
.ndian and :urasian plates

eom
eomor
orph
phol
olog
ogica
ically
lly larg
largee numb
number
er of allu
alluvi
vial
al fans
fans,, hot
hot spri
spring
ng,, flysh
flysh depo
deposit
sit,, molla
mollase
se
deposi
deposited
ted,, point
point bar,
bar, mid channe
channell bar,
bar, meande
meandering
ring stream
stream Struct
Structural
urally
ly small
small fold,
fold, faults
faults
(ra"aposhi! and fracture in roc"s

7he
7he pro-ect
pro-ect of )asu
)asu dam and /hasha
/hasha dam studie
studied
d along
along inform
informativ
ativee lecture
lecture with respect
respect to
construction and engineering geology

9etrology of different igneous (plutonic and volcanic!, metamorphic and Meta sedimentary roc"s
with their brief mineralogy and petrology

Mainly there regionally geology having different types of roc" complexes of igneous bodies and
also different grade of metamorphic roc"s;

 Mansehra granitic batholiths

 Meta sedimentary roc"s of .ndian continent

 )ubair granitic complex

 1ohistan batholiths and 1ohistan island arc roc"

 /esham complex roc"

 $halt volcanoes

 <aseen group sediments and

 &rtho = 9aragnesis roc"s

 7hilichi group and Augengnesis

 3$#TE#TS

 >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
 >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 
>>>>> 

 3& 7.74: 9A:

9A:

 >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
 >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 
>>>> 

. .37R
.37R&)
&)%$
%$7.
7.&3
&3??
????
????
????
????
????
????
????
????
????
???
???
????
???@
?@

.. :3:
:3:RA
RA4
4 :&4
:&4&
&<
< ????
??????
????
????
????
????
????
????
???
???
???
?
B
B

...
... R:#.
R:#.:W
:W &F 4.7R
4.7RA
A7%R:?
%R:???
????
????
????
????
????
????
???
???
????
???
?C
C

.#
.# F.:4
F.:4)
) ):S$
):S$R.
R.97
97.&
.&3?
3???
????
????
????
????
??
??
????
????
????
????
???
?D
D

# )A<
)A< @??
@????
????
????
????
????
????
????
????
????
???
???
????
????
????
??
D
D

#.
#. )A<
)A< B??
B????
????
????
????
????
????
????
????
????
????
??
??
????
????
???
?@
@

#..
#.. /:S'
/:S'AM
AM $&M9
$&M94:
4:E?
E???
????
????
????
????
????
????
???
??
???
??
??
????
??@
@

#...
#... 1&'.
1&'.S7
S7A
A3 .S4A
.S4A3)
3) AR$?
AR$???
????
????
????
????
????
???
???
???
???
????
??@
@C
C

.E
.E )AS%
)AS% '<)R
'<)R&9
&9&W
&W:R
:R 9R&
9R&:$
:$7
7 ?????
???????
????
????
??
??
??
??
????
??@
@D
D

E )A<
)A< G???
G?????
????
????
????
????
????
????
????
????
????
???
??
??
???
???
?@
@H
H

E.
E. ).AM
).AM.R
.R /'A
/'AS'
S'A
A )AM
)AM 4:$
4:$7%
7%R:
R: ???
?????
????
????
????
????
????
????
??
@H
@H
 E..
E.. 7'A7
7'A7A '&7 S9R.3
S9R.3??
?????
??????
??????
??????
??????
????
???
?????
???BB
BB

E...
E... 7R.9
7R.94:
4: %3$
%3$7.
7.&3
&3 ???
?????
????
????
????
????
????
????
????
????
????
???B
?BD
D

E.#
E.# )A<
)A< C??
C????
????
????
????
????
????
????
????
????
????
????
????
????
???
?BH
BH

E#
E# 94A7
94A7: $&44.S
$&44.S.&3
.&3 9&.37?
9&.37????
??????
??????
??????
??????
??????
?????
??G@
G@

E#.
E#. )A<
)A< I ???
?????
????
????
????
????
????
????
????
????
????
????
????
???
??
?GC
GC

E#..
E#.. )A<
)A< D??
D????
????
????
????
????
????
????
????
????
????
????
????
???
???
??GC
GC

E#..
E#...
. A%:
A%:3
3 3:
3:S.
S.??
????
????
????
????
????
????
????
????
????
????
????
???
??G
?GD
D

E.E
E.E $&3$
$&3$4%
4%S.
S.&3
&3 ????
??????
????
????
????
????
????
????
????
????
??
??
????
??GJ
GJ
 #T!$D3T$#4

7he six days field tour is conducted from @@K@D may B@I to northern 9a"istan (1ohistan+
ilgit!
ilgit! areas by the department of eology
eology %3.#:RS.7<
%3.#:RS.7< &F 'AR.9%R
'AR.9%R 7he amaing
amaing and
fruit full tour according to the study is arranged by the '&) and Faculty for batch one
(semester D7h! eology

We started this special field wor" on @; am (@@ may B@I! of Monday from 'aripur 
%niversity At first day we wor" on different location on ShahraKeKresham and at L;G pm we
reached to /esham continental hotel to spend the night, and then next early morning we
continued our tour from district Shangla towards $hillas

At B 3) day we wor" on D 7' different location along the lecture of )asu )am pro-ect geologist
&n that day field wor" done at
a t /esham city, lower and upper 1ohistan district along 11' and
the end of the day at@@; pm we reached to Shangrilla hotel for to ma"e night rest full

7he next day (G rd! of our field start at L;@Iam at the hotel with the lecture of )r.hsanullah
about /hasha)iamir dam and then we start field wor" at @; am at $hillas city /abusar top
and aglot area We studied J7' different location roc"s petrology and brief mineralogy

)ay C7' of field tour spend in ilgit'una area along 11' We wor" on I different location
along 11' and reached to 'una at B;pm then re turn from their and reached to palace
palac e hotel
at D;pm

7he I7' day of our field spends

spends fre6uently in drive 7he -ourney was very long and tried full but
also to much informative 7he location of )iamirbhasha dam seen there 7his day we came bac" 
from gilgit to /esham and at @;pm we reached to /esham continental hotel district shangla
again

7he Dth and last day of field trip at @D of May B@I we start our field wor" from /esham area
along with Mansehra granitic batholiths We studied different roc"s at three different locations
on the way we moving toward 'aripur And finally we reached to 'aripur about GG pm
evening, and ta"en the bags and went to hostel

3limate and topographic relief of different areas 5hich 5e studied

st udied during field
tour4

 &ver all weather of ilgit/altistan region is very cool and en-oyable during our field tour,
/esham area is little hotter than ilgit/altistan
ilgit/altistan because of enter marginal
marginal basin area located
located
7he 'una valley is most beautiful and topographically lies at higher elevated region, and
having a large number of mountain pea"s li"e 1B HD@@ m and 3angaparbat massive &verall
topography is very high We went toward about BIDm high from the elevation of 'aripur in
our field wor" #egetation on mountain is high in between 'aripur and /esham region, while
in between /esham and ilgit region the vegetation on mountain is very rarely or may be
negligible, which are very helpful with respect to observed different geological features very
easily and helpful to observe roc" petrology

General geology4

7he tectonic setting of that area is highly complex and the roc"s are also
als o highly deformed We
studied roc" of two different plates during this tour .ndian, :urasian and 1ara"orum bloc" 
(minor plate! mountain series seen 7he suture one MM7 in 1ohistan separates 1.A from
.ndian shield roc"s )ifferent metamorphosed roc"s are observed which are due to collision
/=W

.ndian and :urasian plate about I mya And some are due to igneous intrusions 7he a ge of 1.A is
about L to @@ mya M$7 concept in 9a"istan is highly controversial some geologist said it
separates lesser 'imalayas from higher 'imalayas M17 thrust is separating point /=W :urasian
 plate and 1.A Some flysh
fl ysh and mollase sediments observed along .ndus River at $hillas city 'ot
spring study along 11' near 7hatapaani area, which is due to active Rai"ot fault 7hilichi group of 
 bac" arc basin, and $halt volcanoes, gabbroic roc"
r oc" studied at bindindas areas
a reas &bserve Aplite roc"s
near triple -unction point )iorite roc" along with dy"e intrusion near -utal area <aseen group
metasediment observed in the contact with $halt volcanoes Some people mar"ed as M17 Finally
our main ob-ects of total field is to observed different type of roc"s and studied it with lenses to
observed their essential and accessory mineral to identify the roc" types, minerals texture, grain
shap
shaped
ed and
and to obse
observ
rved
ed diff
differ
eren
entt stru
struct
ctur
ural
al (fau
(fault
lt,, fold
folds,
s, -oin
-oint!
t!in
in the
the fiel
field
d wor"
wor" area
area
eomorphol
eomorphological
ogical feature point bar, mid channel
channel bar alluvial
alluvial fans, pa-ada, meandering
meandering stream and
other architecture of stream in gilgit area

With respect to field geology we wor" on exposure and traverse mapping along road side, mar" 
overburden of sediment on the roc" and mar" different location on the map with the help of 
coordinates ta"en in the field

!E*E, $F %TE!T
% TE!T!E
!E

 R A 1'A3 7A'.R1':4. et al (eology of "ohistan A3) Ad-oining :%RAS.A3

A3) .3)& 9A1.S7A3 $&37.3:37! conducted that 1ohistan constitutes about GD
s6uare "ilometres of territory located between the .ndo+9a"istan and :urasian 9lates, on the
north+western tip of the 'imalaya :arlier, )asios (@LDC! has differentiated this part as a
tectonic one of 1ara"orum

/ul" of 1ohistan
1ohistan se6uence
se6uence consists
consists of amphibolit
amphibolites,
es, diorites,
diorites, meta+norite
meta+norite (pyroxene+
(pyroxene+
granulites! and associated volcanic roc"s which are considered to be the crust of an ancient
calc+al"aline island arc 7his se6uence has been abducted on to the 9alaeooic roc"s of the
.ndo+9a"istan continent on the south and subducted under the :urasian 9latform along the
northern mega shears

7he northern mega shear along 'ini+$halt+<aseen+)rosh was formerly used to be

considered the only extension of the .ndus suture west of 3anga 9arbat Recent studies by
7ahir"heli et a@ (@ LJD, JJ! have brought to light a southern mega shear mar"ed by the
occurrence of ultramafics and high pressure metamorphic roc"s, called Main Mantle 7hrust
(MM7!, which delineates the southern contact of the 1ohistan .sland arc and the .ndo+9a"i
stun continent 7his confirms the bifurcation of the .ndus suture into two suture ones, west of 
 3anga 9arbat

.n this paper, an attempt has been made to introduce the geology of 1ohistan island arc and the
ad-oining :urasian and .ndo+9a"istan continents
MA7
MA7':W 9
9 W.44.AMS et al ()ept of eology,
eology, .mperial $ollege, 4ondon,
4ondon, SWJ
B/9, %1!observed 7he gneisses, granites and metasediments of the northern exposed margin
of the .ndian plate in the /esham antifoam consist of a 9recambrian crystalline basement with
younger sedimentary cover 7hese were metamorphosed during the main fabric+forming event
of the 'imalayan orogeny, a ductile simple shear dominated deformation of the footwall of the
MM7 during
during southw
southward
ard over
over thrust
thrusting
ing of the 1ohista
1ohistan
n Arc
Arc )eforma
)eformatio
tion
n intens
intensity
ity and
ductility decrease southwards Subse6uent thrusting brought together internally imprecated
 bloc"s which have different deformational metamorphic histories 'igh grade roc"s thrust
over low grade roc"s within each bloc" deine an inverted metamorphic gradient produced by
 postmetamorphicthrusting Ma-or cross folding producing the /eshamantiform, plus brittle
faults are expressions of the later 3+W directed bac" thrusting and :+W compression and
uplift of the /esham area

eological survey of 9a"istan reported that 3orthern areas of 9a"istan, comprising

)iamir ($hillas!, ilgit,including'una and 3agar! hiar including ( groups of <aseen and
ish"omem!
ish"omem! and /altistan ( S"ardu
S"ardu district lies between latitude
latitude of GIN and GJN and longitude
longitude
JBN and JJN: .t covers total area of D Rm Band constitute one of the highest mountain
region of the world 7he areas has arranged topography with a very high relief some of place
li"e Ra"aposhi, 3angaparbat and 1 B are famous worldwide for their elevation and gradient,
 3umerous pea"s are perpetually snow+covered and the area most extensively glacial outside
three
three great
great mountai
mountains
ns "anees,
"anees, the 1ara"o
1ara"orum
rum,, 'indu"
'indu"ush
ush and 'imalay
'imalayas
as domina
dominate
te the
topographic scenario of the region, .ndus, gilgit and 'una river along with their numerous
tributaries drain the area

9opula
9opulatio
tion
n is spare
spare and restrict
restricted
ed by irrigat
irrigated
ed plain
plain amidst
amidst rugged
rugged ranges
ranges ilgit
ilgit,,
$hillas, 'una and S"ardu is main district, All area suited on the world famous 1ara"orum
'ighway (11'! 7he 11' is metalled and all weather road, but temporary road bloc" are
common due to roc" sliding and mudflow

7he study area from a part of "ohistan terrain which sand witched between the .ndian
 plate to the south and 1ara"orum (micro continental! and Asian
Asian plates to the north

FE%D DES3!PT$#S4

Geography of the rea4

rea4

We start our study tour from 'aripur to 'una We wor" and travel along 11' of total distance is
about DC "m approximately on "ora"uram highways We can stay some days to rea ching 'una at
different location /esham, $hillas and ilgit

Actual distance between 'aripur to Abbotabad GC"m, Abbotabad

Abbotabad to /esham @IC"m,
/esham to $hillas B"m, $hillas to ilgit @CI"m and ilgit to 'una @I"m

So we write our description of each and every stop with details as following;

D& 6 1st 4

.n day first we study along shaheraresham in disttMansehra and batgram and we stay at
/esham continental hotel

Stop 1

4ocation; Ahal city

$oordi
rdinate
ates; GC
GCNG1 IH 3
3 3 GJ N@ 0 IJ 8
8 :

:levation; @BDJm
Geotectonically4

According to some people the M$7 mar"ed their, but M$7 is very controversial in
9a"istan 9eoples says that the highly metamorphosed cr ystalline roc" separated by M$7 from
deformed roc"s in this area &n the other hand some people said that batal fault and oghi shear 
one indicate M$7 there
Petrology
Petrology and "ineralogy4

7his one called oghi shear one or oghi thrust 7he felsic intrusion of granodiorite observed
there have highly deformed

$bser7ation4

Fine grain roc" compare to granite showing white colour minerals greater than blac" 
colour minerals 7he roc" we called granodiorite .t lies in between felsic (granite! and
intermediate
intermediate (diorite!
(diorite! 7he blac" colour minerals are present in greater amount
amount from granitic
roc" 7he granodiorite shows the mafic minerals is @ to BI O, 6uart present about greater 
than B O, and plagioclase , oligoclase are also present, due to shear one, these are crushed

Structurally4

4arge number of fractures are small faults are present in this area 7he roc"s are highly
deformed due to high stresses /atal fault are present there

Geology4

7he shear one having foliated minerals because of metamorphism which have highly
deformation And
And form different grade of metamorphic roc"s
Stop /4

4ocation; 3ear Ahal city &ghiMansehra

After some distance travels from Ahal city we study the main &ghi shear one or thrust along
road saide

Tectonically4

7his area is also highly deformed and having high vegetation above the roc", that area called
the main shear thrust

Petrology
Petrology and "ineralogy4

7hese
7hese areas
areas mainly
mainly contain
contain granit
granitic
ic roc",
roc", which
which are highly
highly crushe
crushed
d We studie
studied
d
granodiorite in this region 7he granitic batholiths formed different types of roc"s at different
temperature and pressure at different places in the area
Stop 684

4ocation; shaipur chatter near charcoal 11'

$oor
$oordi
dina
nate
tes;
s; GCN
GCN GJPG
GJPG4Q3 JGNI
JGNIPI
PIDQ
DQ:
: Petrolog
Petrology
y and
"ineralogy4

We observed mostly metamorphic roc"s mineral in this region 7he minerals are found
in elongated form in the roc" due to the high grade of metamorphism 7he segregation found
in these roc"s 7he dar" and light band of minerals is separated with their colour 7he 6uart
and
and felds
feldspa
parr ma"e
ma"e ligh
lightt band
band,, whil
whilee biot
biotit
itee or othe
otherr mafic
mafic mine
mineral
ralss havi
having
ng dar"
dar" band
band
alternatively Muscovite mica is present ,so we called it gnesis but when we observed the roc"s
on the basis of texture
texture,, shape,
shape, colour
colour and composit
composition
ion,, it explain
explain that the host
host roc"s are
igneous(felsic!or granitic roc" .f a roc" is igneous basically and recrystallied and developed
gniesosity we called it orthogenesis
D& 6 /nd4

&n this day we study different roc" in /esham city and district lower and upper 
1ohistan area along 11' Six different places we studied on this day, and the lecture about
)asu dam also conducted

Stop 6 14

4ocation; near /esham continental hotel /esham district Shangla

$oor
$oordi
dina
nate
tes;
s; GNI
GNII
IʹGLL
GLLʹʹ 3 JBNI
JBNIB
B ʹGCL
GCL ʹʹ:

:4:#A7.&3; @CLC m

Geology of the area4

Mainly the area covered by medium to high grade metamorphic roc" have
some patches of Aplite also observed in the roc", all roc" of area usually @H Mya age of 
9recambrian 7he most roc" is metamorphosed due to the 'imalayas
'imala yas orogeny
Petrology and "ineralogy4

Mainly dominated 6uart mineral and some feldspar exist in veins at right side of area
having creamish color mainly cover by weather surface, other roc" mentioned below

Schist4

(Medium grade metamorphic roc"! schist observe at near 6uart veins have schistosity
developed and mineralogy having 6uart, feldspar, micas with some blac" color mafic mineral
which indicate high grade schist Schist has graphitic because of large number of graphite
mineral And show /lac"ish color

Paragnesis roc94

'igh grade metamorphosed roc" genesis found the area which have light and dar" 
color banding, due to high temperature no foliation present in the roc" 7he host roc" of 
genesis is sedimentary so we called it 9aragnesis

$rthogenesis4

At Some places our group member observed at have Aplite or granitic roc" which was
metamorphosed to orthogenesis

plite4

.gneous felsic roc" aplite existed at left side nearest side to /$ hotel Which have li"e
granitic composition but have fine grain texture compare to granite our teacher told us the
 properties indicate that it is Aplite
Tectonics4

&ver all /esham complex have very complex roc" lithology granitic, Aplite, amphibole,
genesis, schist or other metasedimentaryroc"

Metamorphism is caused by 'imalaya orogeny contact observed at different roc"

Stop 6 /4

4ocation; near to /esham Area 1ohistan

$oor
$oordi
dina
nate
tes;
s; GCNI
GCNIJ
JʹGCG
GCG ʹʹʹʹ3JBN
3JBNIB
IBʹCH@
CH@ ʹʹʹʹ:

:levation; JIH m

.n this Stop we studied some roc" petrology, mineralogy and also some wor" on mapping of the
area related with field geology

Petrology and "ineralogy4

7he characteristic observe in the roc" are mostly high grade metamorphosed having
crystalline and coarse grains minerals genisosity founded in the roc" Mineral observed 6uarts in
large amount with micas 7hat roc" is called 9aragnesis intruded by some 6uart veins

Field geology (tra7erse and e:posure mapping)4

We have base map having contour lines of the area we practice to mar"s our own
location through 9S data we seen or observe the over burden existed on the roc" along road
side

Stop 6 8

4ocation; )ubairi-al complex 1ohistan

$oor
$oordi
dina
nate
te;; GCN
GCNB
Bʹ@LD
@LDʹʹ
ʹ ʹ 3JBN
3JBNIC
ICʹG@
G@ ʹʹ:

:levation; J@D m
7he felsic and intermediate roc" existed their which is called granodiorite
Petrology and "ineralogy4

/iotite, 6uart and feldspar minerals are observed in the roc" Amphibole minerals
start to developed the development of amphibole indicate the roc" type granodiorite .ts
contain 6uart and feldspar near I +II O that roc" give named diorite

Tectonic4

 Main mantle thrust or suture one existed in these area which separate granodiorite
from ultramafic roc" the main mantle thrust located between our stop G and stop C in day
Bwhich we cant observe
observe but sir told us
us about it Age; 9recambrian

Stop 6 ;4

4ocation; starting of 1ohistan island arc

$oor
$oordi
dina
nate
te;; GINB
GINBʹCI
CIʹʹ 3JBN
3JBNID
IDʹGJL
GJL ʹʹ:
:levation; LGDm

Tectonic4

7he i-al complex and 1.A start from that stop the MM7 located beside the stop toward
/esham

Petrology and "ineralogy4

7he mineral observed light green giving vitreous color olivine or dar" green pyroxene in the
roc"
roc" mainl
mainly
y the i-al complex
complex covered
covered by ultram
ultramafic
aficss roc"
roc" but
but these
these area covered
covered by
 peridotite peridotite have coarse grain intrusive igneous roc" 7eacher
7eacher said us that roc" is
mafic but actual name give after thin section studied

Stop 6 24

4ocat
4ocatio
ion;
n; 9atten
9atten vall
valley
ey 1ohist
1ohistan
an $oor
$oordi
dina
nate
te;;
GINC
GINCʹGJQ
GJQ3
3 JBN
JBNIJ
IJʹGG@
GG@ʹʹ:
Petrology and "ineralogy4

7he mineral observed pyroxene

pyroxene , olivine , plagioclase (ca! , garnet in the roc" mostly
showing host roc" peridotite and the mineral show recrystalliation at very high grade which
have
ave most
ost of miner
ineral
al are
are mafic
afic and
and alte
altera
rati
tion
on occu
ccur due to weat
weathe
heri
ring
ng caus
causee
serpent
serpentini
iniati
ation
on the
the overall
overall textur
texturee and mineral
mineralogy
ogy indicat
indicatee that
that it was granul
granulites
ites roc" 
roc" 
metamorphosed from ultra mafic roc" 

Tectonics and Petrology of +--4

1ohistan island arc was formed due to the collision of two plate closing the 7ethys
ocean now it is existed between .ndian plate and :urasian the age of 1.A are approximately
L+@I Mya it is located in 1ohistan extent to $hillas district the roc" existed is mainly
ultramafics
ultramafics roc" of peridotitegabbro
peridotitegabbros,
s, gabbroic
gabbroic norite, and having
having metamorphism
metamorphism is occur at
some places forming genesis granulites, diapsoide occurring in the surface

 ABOVE PIC HOST ROCK ULTRAMA

ULTRAMAFIC
FIC HAVE
HAVE META
METAMORPHO
MORPHOSED
SED INTO

GRANULITE 

Stop 6 <

4ocation; 3ear )asu village Area %pper 1ohistan

Petrology
Petrology and "ineralogy4

Mainly the roc" in this area around the dam is granulites and amphibolites existed in
surrounding area

Structure ;

 3ear 1amila amphibolites"hushi fault is studied

Engineering geology;

)asu power pro-ect is runoff river scheme located J"m upstream from )asu village
and JC "m downstream from bhasha dam and GI"m from .slamabad

.ts fully concrete R$$ dam to generate CG MW electricity it is not storage dam it0s a
running water pro-ect -ust for electric purpose dam height is

HIJ and after storage its reached to @ m two power tunnels constructed on left side and two
 power tunnels is right side also while two flushing tunnel one right side and other is left side 7he
time re6uire is H+@L years two audit tunnels one side is closed and other side is open have @,H m
in length 
D& 6 8 rd 4

Stop 6 14

4ocat
4ocatio
ion;
n; at Shan
Shangr
grill
illaa hotel
hotel lectu
lecturer
rer cond
conduc
ucte
ted
d by senio
seniorr geol
geolog
ogis
istt )r.h
)r.hsa
sanu
nulla
llah
h abou
aboutt
/hasha)iamir dam

Geology and Petrology4

Mainly roc"s are norite, diorite, dunite, tonalite, some lacustrine deposit famous in area and
some moraine deposit existed also on dam site area

9ro-
9ro-ec
ectt occu
occurs
rs on .ndu
.nduss Rive
Riverr G@I
G@I "m upst
upstrea
ream
m from
from 7arbel
rbelaa dam
dam and
and @I
@I m
downs
downstre
tream
am from
from gilgit
gilgitC
C "m downst
downstream
ream from $hillas
$hillas 'eight
'eight of dam is BJB m the
dive
diversi
rsion
on syste
system
m is two
two tunn
tunnels
els and
and one
one canal
canal Reser
Reservo
voir
ir leve
levell is @@D
@@D m cap
capaci
acity
ty of 
electricity is ID MW
 Main purpose the dam is storage of water, irrigation and power generation $ontrolling
flood damages along .ndus River )uring construction G@ villages will be effected and C@
houses

Stop 6 /4

4ocation; near Shangrilla hotel $hillas city

$oor
$oordi
dina
nate
te;; GINBI
GINBIʹCBJ
CBJʹʹ3JCN
3JCND
D ʹG@B
G@Bʹʹ:

:levation; @DCm
Geology and Geomorphology4
Geomorphology4

9leistocene moraine deposit of ice age found on the mountain along .ndus river that
moraine deposit of ice age covered in some part of "ohistan batholiths roc" in the area the age
of "ohistan batholiths
batholiths is 3eogene (@I Mya! and moraine
moraine sediment or deposit
deposit called alipur 
sediment

#on conformity ;

eomorphologically the beneath roc" is igneous and above is recent sediment deposit
which indicated the nonconformity along .ndus
. ndus River
Stop 6 84

4ocation; /abusar top road $hillas city

$oordi
$oordinat
nate;
e; GINBC
GINBCʹBCQ 3 JCNH
JCNH ʹCHD
CHD ʹʹ:

:levation; @I@ m

Geology4

7his area is the part of $hillas complex having complex roc" mainly ultramafics to
mafic roc" (gabbroic, dunite, hornblendite, diorite, and dunite! at some places Also present
dy"e intrusion of pegmatite and 6uart

Petrology and "ineralogy4

Some great amount of pyroxene and plagioclase existed in the roc" near /abusar top
area the amount of clinopyroxene is greater than orthopyroxene showing dar"er color called
gabbros 7he same composition roc" of gabbros but some changes in composition li"e
clinop
clinopyr
yroxe
oxene
ne is less theno
thenortho
rthopyr
pyrox
oxene
ene and the amount
amount of plagio
plagioclas
clasee greater
greater called
called
gabbronorite- .n near /abusar top we observe greenish light mineral along pyroxene
pyroxene called
dunite but some called it peridotite- At some places the amount of hornblende is greater in
amount troc" called hornblenditeshowing light and dar" color )y"e or veins of pegmatite
existed in the area which large crystals white and blac" color of hornblende, 6uart, and
 plagioclasePigmititedeposite existed at babosar top area near chillas city have very larg
crystal slowly crystalliation of magma

Stop 6 ;

4ocation; near 7attapaani$hillas 1ara"orum highway

$oor
$oordi
dina
nate
te;; GINB
GINBH
Hʹʹʹ3JCN
3JCNGG
GGʹD
D ʹʹ:

:levation; @@Lm

7here are we observe hot spring water in 7atta area

7wo
7wo concepts is suggested for that hot spring water

@! $ld concept; the spring is hot due to hot body (magma! existed here at 3angaparbat
side which can heated it
 B! #e5 concept; the active fault gives heat to the spring water and the fault is Rai"ot
And geothermal gradient is also the factor of heating of water

Structure geology of the area4

Rai"ot
Rai"ot fault existed in 7hataarearay fault is the combination
combination of two thrusting
thrusting
with stri"e slip fault the 7hata location fault is dip slip component of thrust disturbed
 by stri"e slip fault

Stop 6 24

4ocation; 3ear 7hilichi village

Geotectonic;

.t is the se6uence of meta sediment deposited by turbidity current in the bac" arc basin called
7hilichi group sediments 7hilichi group also include in
@! Meta
Meta sed
sedim
imen
entt

B! $hal
$haltt vol
volca
cano
noes
es

G! ilg
ilgit
it form
format
atio
ion
n

Petrology
Petrology and mineralogy4
m ineralogy4

Fine
Fine to medium
medium grain metamo
metamorph
rphic
ic roc"
roc" existed
existed in the area having
having large
amount of garnet minerals mafic and felsic se6uence existed in the surrounding area

Phylite4

Fine grain metamorphosed roc" give us shiny surface and cant observe the grains or 
crystals in the roc"

Schist4

Schist also existed there having mica and garnet etc minerals
minerals and schistosity
schistosity seen by
na"ed eyes Mainly that was sedimentary roc" which is metamorphosed
 Gneiss;

Some group member observe gnesosity in the out crop which loo" li"e sna"e meander light
and dar" band

Stop 6 <

4ocation; /enindaas area aglot city

$oor
$oordi
dina
nate
te;; GING
GINGL
LʹIIH
IIHʹʹʹʹ3 JCNG
JCNGJ
J ʹD
D ʹʹ:

:levation; @GI m

Geology and petrology4

:xposed the part of 1ohistan batholiths mainly

 mainly roc" are gabbroic or gabbronorite
at the place and intruded by diorite dy"e
7he dy"e y li"e exposed there in the area
Stop 6 =4

4ocation; triple -unction point "ora"uram highway

$oor
$oordi
dina
nate;
te; GINC
GINCC
CᶦL
L ᶦᶦ3 JCNG
JCNGI
I ᶦBᶦᶦ:

:levation; @GJ m

Petrology and "ineralogy ;

We study their the roc"s of hindu"ush series &n 11'7he similar mineralogy to
granite but very fine grain grain not seen with na"ed eyes lens dy"es and veins intruded in
"ohistan
"ohistan batholiths
batholiths roc"s aplites
aplites age is less from "ohistan
"ohistan batholiths
batholiths roc"s because
because
"ohistan batholiths have age @@ +L mya the vein or dy"es are intruded after some time
Mainly in this
this area firstly "ohistan
"ohistan batholit
batholiths
hs occur about
about @@mya
@@mya then some
some igneous
igneous roc"s
intruded after some time and lastly some dy"es intruded

Tectonic of the area4>

.n the world there
there are three largest mountain
mountain series combine
combine in the area called triple
 -unction the 'imalayas ,1ara"oram and 'indu"ush are the three mountain series in this
area At this area .ndus
.ndus river called lion river
river meet with gilgit river
river the .ndus
.ndus river excited
 before the mountain formed 7he afghan
a fghan bloc" and indian plate collide and form hindu"ush
When "ora"uram bloc" collide with .ndian plate created 1ara"orum series and the collision
of .ndian :urasian plate formed
formed 'imalaya0s series
D& 6 ; th4

Stop 6 14

4ocation; utal Area ilgit""h

$oor
$oordi
dina
nate;
te; GINI
GINIL
LᶦBJI
BJIᶦᶦ 3 JCN@
JCN@L
L ᶦ GBL
GBL ᶦᶦᶦᶦ:

:levation @IBB m

)ue to cutting for road we found fresh surface of roc" observed there and in this area the
diorite intruded into gabbroic roc"s and some veins also observed

Petrology
Petrology and mineralogy4
m ineralogy4

Gabbros4 the characteristic

characteristic was mentioned
mentioned in other stop have the part of "ohistanbat
"ohistanbatholot
holoth
h
existed in surrounding area

Diorite4

)iorite pitches or dy"es mainly observe there &livine mineral existed in small amount 6uart
not existed, amphibole existed in that roc"s Mica present in silver colour, small amount of 
feldspar existed in diorite *uart veins observes having 6uart feldspar
Geology4

@@mya B nd .ntruded batholiths by roc"s JI mya G rd  7he

@st 1ohistan batholiths magmatised @@mya
intrusion of veins or dy"es BI+G mya

Geomorphology4

Along road side 11' large number of alluvial fans and the combination
combination of fans ba-ada
observed in the area

Stop 6 0/4

4ocation; 3ear 3omal city Along 11'

Geomorphology4

eomorphology of
of the gilgit river in the area observed
observed at this location, river little slow
which create
create some
some mid channel
channel bars and point
point bars We
We observes
observes the
the meandering
meandering stream
forming curves, point bars observes at low velocity ban" side, mid
mid channel bars
bars was observes
in the middle of
of stream channel 7he gold
gold and havier metals deposited at mid of channel bar 
of river 7he sediment of mid channel bar is mainly have coarse grains
 Alluvial fan deposits observed there and the ba-ada of alluvial fans observed at which
there have high
high vegetation
vegetation on it, and now nomal city developed
developed on ba-ada fans Moraines
Moraines
deposited observed at the front of some gorge in this mountain region

Engineering geology4

With
With respect to engineering
engineering geology the housing
housing on alluvial fans are dangerous And
And the slope on
mountain is very high and it may cause damage to the residential area

Stop684

4ocation; aglotilgit

$oor
$oordi
dina
nate;
te; GDN@
GDN@
ᶦ BD
BDᶦᶦ3 JCN
JCN@J
@Jᶦ DCᶦᶦ :

:levation; @DJ@m

Petrology and "ineralogy4

7he series of $halt volcanoes start from there 7he basaltic roc"s observed at this
location Some places the green schist farcies developed due to low grade metamorphism their 
chlorite mineral developed CO dar" minerals existed in this roc"s some amount of mica,
6uart, feldspar *uart amount is low

Stop 6;4

4ocation; Si"andarabadilgit

Tectonics4

7he plates collision point is located there, about CI+II mya ago the .ndian plate colloid
with :urasian
:urasian plate
plate and created
created 'imalayas
'imalayas series
series mainly developed
developed on .ndian
.ndian plate
plate at this
 both plates roc" existed
Petrology and "ineralogy4

7he metamorphic roc"s observed their but not

not chec"ed with
with hcl , to chec" its origin
its 6uartite or marble formed from sedimentary roc"s of dolomite or limestone 7heir existed
contacts between $halt volcano and <aseen
<aseen group meta+ sediment 
Stop 6 24

4ocation; 11' Si"andarabad

$oor
$oordi
dina
nate;
te; GDN
GDN @Cᶦ @ID
@ID ᶦᶦ3 JBN@
JBN@L
L ᶦ GICᶦᶦ:

:levation; @HGGm

Tectonic4

M17 boundary
boundary pointed
pointed there by some people between plutonic roc"s and <aseen
<aseen group
mete+sediment

Petrology and "ineralogy ;

<aseen
<aseen group meta+sediment observes there
there .t considered
considered that it is flysh type
type deposit
deposited in bac" arc basin 7here are old sediment roc"s metamorphosed into different grade
of metamorphic roc"s

At this location
location the
the fine grains
grains texture
texture having
having clay and mica
mica minerals
minerals gives shiny
shiny surface
surface called
called
9hylite
D& 6 2 th

Stop 614

4ocation; )iamirbhasha dam

7he lecture about this location was conducted in shangrila hotel by )r.hsanullah We observe the
site of dam and their feature

D&6 <th4

Stop 6 14

4ocation; 3ear /esham city /eshamshangla

$oordi
$oordinat
nate; GCNIBᶦ @@G
e; GCNIB @@Gᶦᶦ3 JBNII ᶦ BCI
JBNII BCI ᶦᶦ:

:levation; D@Jm

Petrology
Petrology and "ineralogy4

Metasedimentary roc"s covered by vegetation in /esham area the outcrop 7he roc" 
surface is highly weathered 7he roc"s of /esham complex 6uartite observed in the area
intruded by granite or some other veins
Stop 6 /4

4ocation; Ma"i mas-id Mewa

$oor
$oordi
dina
nate;
te; GCN
GCN Iᶦ CJD
CJDᶦᶦ3 JBNI
JBNIH
H ᶦ BH
BH ᶦᶦ:

:levation; J@@m

Petrology
Petrology and "ineralogy4

Sedimentary
Sedimentary roc"s metamorphosed
metamorphosed at some places gnesis developed
developed 6uart veins intruded it
formed complex lithology 7he schist in area exist in three different form 7here may observe
graphic schist, carbonate schist, and 6uartite schist from outcrop and samples

Structure geology4
7ha"ot fault existed in this area

Stop 6 84

4ocation; shin-ibala

$oordinate;
$oordinate; GCNC@
GCNC@ʹJ@Q3 JBNIL
JBNILʹBGCQ:
BGCQ:

:levation; LDBm

Petrology
Petrology and mineralogy4
m ineralogy4

Roc"s give homogeneous loo" overall &riginally it is part of Mansehra batholiths which are
metamo
metamorph
rphose
osed
d .t was high
high grade metamorp
metamorphic
hic roc"s
roc"s gnesis
gnesis develop
developed
ed and is due to
minerals
minerals elongation
elongation 7he lens li"e structure developed
developed in this roc"s texture and the genesisty
genesisty
or segregation also developed we give it name orthogenesis or special named augenesis
 3$#3%S$#4

.t was very special field for us studying tectonic of the /esham, $hillas, and 1ohistan+
ilgit area

9etrol
9etrology
ogy of Mansehr
Mansehra,
a, &ghi,
&ghi, /atgram
/atgram,, /esham
/esham81o
81ohis
histan
tan (upper
(upper lower!
lower! $hilla
$hillas,
s,
ilgit roc" and wor" on it 7he main roc" were peridotite, dunite, gabbros, gabbronorite,
 pegmatite, 6uart vein, basalt, diorite, granodiorite, hornblendite and granite

Meta
Metam
morph
orphic
ic roc"
roc" obse
observ
rved
ed ther
theree were
were 9hy
9hylite
lite,, schi
schist
st,, gnes
gnesis
is,, 6uar
6uart
tit
itee and
and
granolitestructurally observe different faults, folds features

eomorphologically observed stream morphology alluvial fans, land sliding eotectonically

if the area different thrusting passed from this area MM7, M$7,
M$7, M17
M17 triple -unction, plate collision
one etc

Mapping can do at different area location of 1ohistan along roadside

7wo lectures about )asu dam pro-ect and/asha dam with the senior geologist and mainly
some
some roc"s
roc"s intrud
intruded
ed some
some megmat
megmatied
ied some
some metamo
metamorph
rphose
osed
d and chec"
chec" all texture
texture,, and
composition

Mineralogy we observed there were 6uart feldspar, garnet, micas, chlorite, diapsoide, hornblende,
olivine, pyroxene, amphibole and plagioclase