MODULE 6: DNA VIRUSES

Legend: ֍ - from recorded live class ► - from supplemental notes

History of Viral Classification and Examples: vaccinia, measles, rubella, chicken pox,
Nomenclature yellow fever, dengue, enteroviruses, etc.
In early days, viruses were loosely grouped on the 2. Viral Diseases Affecting Specific Organs
basis of criteria such as: Skin and
Respiratory
• Type of host Nervous System Mucous Eyes
System Membrane
• Type of disease caused by infection Herpes Adenoviru
• Arthropod vectors Poliomyelitis Influenza
Simplex 1 s
(Oral) and 2 conjunctiviti
Taxonomic Groups of Viruses (Genital) s
Aseptic Meningitis Herpes
Taxonomic Group Suffix Example (Poio-coxsackie-, Molluscum Kerato-
Para-influenza
and Contagiosum conjunctiviti
Order -virales Mononegavirales echoviruses) s
Family -viridae Paramyxoviridae Epidemic
Hemorrha
Subfamily -virinae Paramyxovirinae Respiratory gic
Rabies Syncytial Viral Warts Conjunctivi
Genus -virus Morbillivirus Pneumonia tis
(Enteroviru
Species - Measles virus s 70)
Names of Virus Families and Genera Derived Arthropodborne
Bronchiolitis Herpangina
Encephalitides
from Place Names Lymphocytic
Family/Genus Adenovirus Herpes Zoster
Place Name Choriomeningitis
Name
Herpes Simplex Pharyngitis
Family
Bunyawera (Uganda) Meningo-
Bunyaviridae Common
encephalitis of
Ebola (river in Zaire) Genus Ebolavirus Cold
Mumps
Hantaan (river in South Korea) Genus Hantavirus Measles
Hendra (Australia) and Vaccinia
Genus Henipavirus
Nipah (Malaysia) Slow Viral
Norwalk (United States) Genus Norovirus infections
Sexually
Salivary
Names of Families, Subfamilies, and Genera of Liver
Glands
GIT Transmitt
Plant Viruses Based on the Host and Signs of ed
Herpes
Disease Hepatitis A,B,C Mumps Rotavirus Simplex
Family/Genus virus
Host and Disease Signs
Name Yellow Fever
Cyto-
Norwalk virus
Hepatitis B
megalovirus virus
Brome mosaic Family Bromoviridae Enteric Papilloma-
Enterovirus
Adenovirus virus
Family Molloscu
Family Caulimovirida
Caulimoviridae m
Herspes virus
Subfamily contagios
Cowpea mosaic
Comovirinae um
Retrovirus -
Tobacco mosaic Genus Tobamovirus Rubella virus
AIDS
Cyto-
Tobacco rattle Genus Tobravirus megaloviru
s
Family
Tomato bushy stunt DNA VIRUSES
Tombusviridae
Classification of Viruses According to ֍ 8 Families of DNA Viruses (CePaPAAdPoPoHeHe)
Symptomalogy • Cercoviridae
1. Generalized Viral Diseases • Papilomaviridae
Viral diseases wherein there is spread throughout • Parvoviridae
the body via the bloodstream with multiple organ • Adenoviridae
involvement. • Poxviridae
• Polioviridae
• Herpesviridae
• Hepadnaviridae
 MODULE 6: DNA VIRUSES
Legend: ֍ - from recorded live class ► - from supplemental notes
General Characteristics:
֍ Linear genome Target
Na Sub-
- Except Papovaviridae, and Hepadnaviridae HHT
me Family
Cell Latency MOT
Type
(circular)
֍ Double-stranded genome HSV
Alpha
mucoepitheli Close
- Except Parvoviridae and Cercoviridae 1 herpesvir neuron
-1 a contact
inae
(single-stranded)
֍ Naked shape HSV
Alpha
mucoepitheli
Close
- Except Herpesviridae, Hepadnaviridae, and 2
-2
herpesvir
a
neuron contact
inae of sexual
Poxviridae (enveloped form)
֍ Icosahedral Alpha
mucoepitheli
Contact
of
- Except Poxviridae (complex) 3 VZV herpesvir
a
neuron
respirator
֍ Replicate in Nucleus inae
y route

- Except Poxviridae Gamma B B

Exceptions: 4 EBV herpesvir lymphocyte, lymphoc Saliva
inae epithelia yte
a. Parvovirus- ssDNA
b. Poxviridae- complex symmetry and replicates in Contact,
blood
cytoplasm Monocyt
transfusi
c. Enveloped- Herpesviridae, Hepadnaviridae, Beta Epithelia, es
CM on,
5 herpesvir monocytes, Lymphoc
Poxviridae V
inae lymphocytes ytes,
transplan
tation,
d. Naked- Parvoviridae, Adenoviridae, others
congenit
Papovaviridae al
e. Size T
Contact,
Beta T Lymphoc
• Largest DNA virus- Poxviridae 6
HH
herpesvir lymphocytes ytes
respirator
• Smallest DNA virus- Parvoviridae V-6
inae and others and
y
route
others
T
HERPESVIRIDAE 7
HH
Beta
herpesvir
T
lymphocytes
Lymphoc
ytes Unknown
V-7
• Herpes = to creep (kamang) inae and others and
others
• Large spherical, enveloped icosahedral virus with
double stranded DNA. Gamma
HH Endothelial Exchang
8 herpesvir Unknown
V-8 cells e of body
inae
• Replicate in the nucleus, only virus that
establishes latent infections, persist indefinitely in ֍ Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV)
infected hosts and are frequently reactivated in
immunosuppressed hosts. HSV infections are very common
2 Categories:
֍ ALL herpesviruses share the property of Primary: first or initial infection
producing latency and lifelong persistence in Recurrent: Reactivation of latent virus
their hosts. The virus is latent between active
infections. It can be activated from latency by All herpes viruses can have latent infection
various stimuli, including stress, caffeine, and
sunlight. Activation can cause lesions to reappear. MOT: generally spread through contact of
֍ Have amorphous integument surrounding the contaminated secretion (HSV)
capsid Infected individual: Most infectious is during early
days of primary infection
֍ Double-stranded
֍ Icosahedral MOT:
֍ Envelope HSV 1: orally (saliva)
HSV 2: sexual contact
֍ 3 Sub-Families in Herpesvirinae: Lesion:
• ALPHA Herpesviridae HHV 1,2,3 HSV 1: above the waist
• GAMMA Herpesviridae HHV 4,8 HSV 2: below the waist (more readily reactivated)
• BETA Herpesviridae HHV 5,6,7
High risk of infecting the person:
HSV 1: children
HSV 2: sexually active person
 MODULE 6: DNA VIRUSES
Legend: ֍ - from recorded live class
Herpetic whitlow
- disease acquired by medical professionals with
contact with oral and genital secretions
- Infection of HSV characterized by lesion of the
fingers of the medical/health professionals
Pathogenesis (Latency form of HSV-1 and HSV-2)
Latency Virus (Invade neuron)
HSV 1: Trigeminal ganglion
HSV 2: Lumbar and sacral ganglion
Reactivation (Latency period) - occur during stress
and in immunocompromised patients
Clinical Manifestations (Recurrent)
• Herpes labialis or facialis fibrilis
- The recurrent HSV infection in HSV-2
• Keratoconjunctivitis or Ocular herpes
- Causes corneal ulcers, which leads to
blindness
- 2nd most common cause of blindness
HSV is the most common cause of corneal infection
• Sporadic encephalitis
- Necrotic lesions in one temporal lobe
HSV-1 it is the most common cause of viral CNS
infection
Other diseases:
• common in medical professionals – herpetic
whitlow
• common in wrestlers – herpetic gladiatorum
• Disseminated infections
1. Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1
➢ Commonly termed as the Oral Strain under Alpha
herpesvirus.
➢ Main cause of herpes infections on the mouth and
lips, including cold sores and fever blisters.
➢ Is spread through:
- Saliva
- Kissing
- Using the same utensils
- Sharing personal items
- Receiving oral sex from someone who has
HSV-1 can cause you to contact the virus
Signs and Symptoms:
• Small painful blisters filled with fluid around the
lips or edge of the mouth.
• Tingling or burning sensation around the mouth
or nose, often a few days before blisters appear.
• Fever
• Sore throat
• Swollen lymph nodes in the neck
► - from supplemental notes
Preventive Care:
• Avoid kissing people with visible cold sores
• Don’t share personal items
• Wash hands frequently
• If you have HSV-1, be careful touching your eyes
and genitals, don’t perform oral sex on your
partner
• Use sunscreen
• Reduce stress
2. Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2
➢ Commonly termed as the Genital Strain causing
genital infections.
➢ Usually transmitted through sexual contact.
Signs and Symptoms:
• Tingling sensation in the genitalia, buttocks and
thighs.
• Small red blisters or open sores on genitals or
inner thighs in women, often occur inside the
vagina.
• Some may experience pain or not
• Painful urination
• Swollen lymph glands on the groin
Preventive Measures:
• Avoid having sex if you or your partner has an
active infection of herpes
• Avoid touching the sores
• Use or have your partner use a latex condom
• Limit the number of sex partners
֍ Clinical manifestations of HSV-2:
• Genital herpes
• Neonatal herpes or congenital herpes
• Erythema multiforme – caused by the two
types of HSV (HSV-1 and HSV-2)
- cause a rash showing a “target” or
“bullseye” lesions
- Found in the trunk, head, and feet
֍ Diagnosis:
• Usually performed in the preparation of
Giemsa stain with Tzanck smear – shows
cytopathic effect (CPE)
- HSV CPE: multinucleated giant cells
and cowdry type A inclusion bodies
- CPE can be seen within 1 to 2 days
of infection
CSF is not recommended for diagnosis
֍ Treatment:
• Acyclovir – treats cold sores around the
mouth
• Valacyclovir and Famciclovir – slows down
the growth and reproduction of HSV
 MODULE 6: DNA VIRUSES
Legend: ֍ - from recorded live class
֍ Cell Culture:
- Human embryonic lung
- Rabbit kidney
- HEp2 (derived from a human laryngeal
epithelial carcinoma) and A549 (derived
from a human lung carcinoma) cell lines
3. Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV)
֍ MOT:
- droplet inhalation
- direct contact with an infectious lesion
Zoster or Shingles- result of reactivation of varicella
virus present in latent form in the sensory ganglia
• a sporadic, incapacitating disease of adults or
immunocompromised individuals that is
characterized by a rash limited in the distribution
to the skin innervated by a single sensory
ganglia
֍ Herpes zoster – clinical manifestation caused by
reactivation of VCV
- Usually, reactivation occurs in adults
- Latency form stays in the dorsal root of
cranial nerve ganglia after primary infection
Varicella or Chicken Pox- primary infection
• mild, highly contagious disease chiefly of the
children, characterized by generalized vesicular
eruption of the skin
֍ Most common presentation: rash, followed by
vesicular lesions,
֍ Incubation: 2 to 3 weeks
֍ Lesions begin in the head and trunk then spread
to the limbs – centrifugal spread
֍ 4 Cycles of Rashes:
• Papule: erymathous (reddish)
• Vesicles: fluid-filled
- Appearance of vesicles: dewdrop
on a rose petal
• Pustules: pus-filled
• Crust: dry
֍ Complications:
Reye’s syndrome – patients usually take aspirin
to treat infection; aspirin alters brain function
because aspirin cause high levels of ammonia
causing encephalopathy
Causes liver degeneration
► - from supplemental notes
4. Epstein-Barr Virus (HHV4)
► Genus: Lymphocryptovirus
➢ Causative agent of Infectious Mononucleosis
➢ Associated with a number of lymphoproliferative
disorders, highly specific for humans
➢ Transmitted by: SALIVA
➢ Burkitt’s Lymphoma- leukemic disease
associated with EBV
EBV-specific antibodies produced:
► Anti- VCA IgM (antibodies against the viral
capsid antigen)
- IgM to the VCA occurs early in the infection
and disappears in about 4 weeks, so its
presence indicates current infection. IgG
often appears in the acute stage and will
persist for life at lower titers.
► Anti-VCA IgG (antibodies against the viral
capsid antigen)
- IgG often appears in the acute stage and
will persist for life at lower titers.
► Anti-EA IgG (IgG antibody to early antigen)
- IgG to EA can appear in the acute phase,
and its presence indicates current or recent
infection. The antibody usually cannot be
detected after 6 months.
► Anti-EA/D (antibody to early antigen, diffuse)
- Antibodies to EA/D appear in the acute
phase, and their presence indicates current
or recent infection. The antibodies usually
cannot be detected after 6 months. Patients
with Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC)
often have elevated IgG and IgA anti-EA/D
antibodies.
► Anti-EA/R (antibody to early antigen, restricted)
- Antibodies to EA/R appear in the acute
phase and disappear soon after anti-EA/D,
but can persist for up to 2 years and may
be lifelong in some patients. Anti-EA/R IgG
antibody is elevated in patients with Burkitt
lymphoma.
► Anti-EBNA (antibody to the EBV nuclear antigen)
- Antibodies appear about 1 month after
infection, with titers peaking in 6-12
months.
 MODULE 6: DNA VIRUSES
Legend: ֍ - from recorded live class ► - from supplemental notes
Interpretation of Epstein-Barr Virus Serologic Markers: Kaposi Sarcoma- bluish/purplish coloration on
PB Anti- Anti- Anti- Anti- Interpretation skin and mucous membranes usually present on
VCA- VCA- EA- EBNA patients with HIV and multicentric Castleman’s
IgM IgG IgG Disease
- - - - - No previous
exposure to ➢ Contact with oral secretions is likely the most
Epstein-Barr common route of transmission.
virus ֍ MOT:
+ + + +/- - Acute - sexual contact
infectious - transplantation.
mononucleosis ֍ Pattern of infection: (similar to HSV-2)
+/- +/- + +/- + Recent ֍ Although men who have sex with men seem to be
infection more susceptible than heterosexual. In case of
- - + - + Past infection HSV-2 they are heterosexual, in HHV 8 more
5. Cytomegalovirus commonly in men who have sex with men.
They place a role in development of primary
➢ Causes Congenital and Perinatal infections effusion lymphomas and multicentric castleman
➢ Asymptomatic infection disease.
➢ Congenital disease of the newborn
➢ Symptomatic disease of the immunocompromised 9. B Virus
host ➢ Infects Old World Monkey (Genus Macaca)
Cytologic exam: OWL’s EYE (cells with large basophil ➢ An Acute Ascending Myelitis and
inclusion) Encephalomyelitis

Culture: Human Fibroblast Cell ADENOVIRIDAE

Genus: Mastadenovirus
6. Human Herpes Virus 6 - medium-sized (90-100nm)
- nonenveloped
➢ Causes Roseola Infantum (Exanthema Subitum) - icosahedral
➢ Fever is high enough to cause Febrile - composed of a nucleocapsid and a double
Convulsions stranded linear DNA genome
➢ Also causes Encephalitis symptoms
7. Human Herpes Virus 7
֍ First isolated in adenoid tissue

֍ This infects your T lymphocyte • There are 57 described serotypes in humans

- The CD4 molecule amuni siya ang receptor
for HHV that infects your lymphocytes
➢ Isolated from activated T lymphocytes
➢ Most infections occurring in childhood
➢ Persistent infections are established in salivary
glands
➢ Also linked with Roseola Infantum
֍ Virus isolate in the culture:
• Through peripheral blood lymphocyte or
cord blood lymphocyte
• they also shed in saliva and salivary glands
8. Human Herpes Virus 8
֍ Genus: Rhadinovirus
֍ This can be detected in all forms of kaposi
sarcoma it includes interrelated diseases,
mediterrenean HIV-1 and post-transplantation
kaposi sarcoma.
➢ Also known as Kaposi Sarcoma Herpes Virus
which are responsible for 5-10% of upper
respiratory infections in children and many
infections in adults as well.
֍ Adenovirus have 49 district serotypes (Textbook of
Microbiology).
֍ Most common Serotypes: Serotype 1-8, 11, 21,
35, 37 and 40. (Even though they have 57
serotypes, but these serotypes are the most
common serotype for this virus).
֍ Adenovirus serotype 14 – Rarely reported, but it
causes severe and sometimes fatal acute
respiratory disease (ARD).
֍ Adenoviridae sheds secretion from the eye and
respiratory tract. Viral shedding in stool and urine
occur days after the symptoms have disappeared.
֍ Adenovirus Serotypes 40-41 – called enteric
adenovirus
- Stable in the isolated human embryonic
kidney and many continuous epithelial
cell lines. (amuni siya ang
adenogastroenteritis, ang types 40-41)
 MODULE 6: DNA VIRUSES
Legend: ֍ - from recorded live class
֍ This kind of virus or family of virus, before,
commonly endemic in U.S. Army. US provide
vaccine but due to bioterrorism daw nag stop, daw
hindi man gawa maka infect.
֍ Cytopathic Effect (CPE) of Adenovirus:
- Swollen cells in grape-like clusters or
adenoviridae.
֍ Serotyping accomplished by serum neutralization
and hemagglutination inhibition.
֍ Adenoviridae under electron microscope is
showing orbiting satellite appearance.
• Replicate in the nucleus, associated with:
- Phayngoconjunctival Fever,
- Keratoconjunctivitis,
- ARD,
- Pneumonia,
- Haemorrhage,
- Cystitis,
- Acute Febrile Pharyngitis,
- and Gastroenteritis in children.
• Are often transmitted by cough-out droplets or
contact or through fomites
• Some people with adenovirus gastroenteritis may
shed the virus in their stools for months after
getting over the symptoms.
• The virus can be passed from one person to
another through some sexual practices or through
water in swimming pools that do not have chlorine
in them.
• As with many other illness, good handwashing is
one way to lessen the spread of adenovirus from
one person to another. Heat and bleach will kill
adenovirus on objects.
PAPOVAVIRIDAE
- small, naked DNA viruses containing double-
stranded DNA
- icosahedral in shape
- do not have lipoprotein envelope
• Are mainly associated with various neoplasms in
mammals. The family of papovaviridae is no longer
used in recent taxonomy but is split into the
Papillomaviridae and the Polyomaviridae.
• Within the particles, the DNA assumes a
supercoiled form like plasmid DNA
Four Cellular Histones are associated with DNA:
- H2A
- H2B
- H3
- H4
► - from supplemental notes
1. Genus Papillomavirus
➢ Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
➢ Causing Verrucae Vulgaris or Warts
(Papillomas)
➢ HPV infections can cause warts/verrucae which
are noncancerous skin growths.
➢ Infection with these types of HPV causes rapid
growth of cells on the outer layer of skin.
֍ Some HPV types are linked to cancer that includes
cervical cancer.
֍ Different HPV types exhibit different tissue
tropism based on the type of epithelial cells.
The virus preferentially infects other cutaneous or
mucosa.
֍ MOT:
- sexual contact
- used of shared objects
- prenatal
➢ Genital Warts (Condylomata Acuminatum,
Venereal Warts, and Anogenital Warts) is highly
contagious STD.
➢ Warts are soft growths on skin and mucous
membranes of the genitals.
➢ They may be found on the penis, vulva, urethra,
vagina, cervix, and around the anus.
֍ Cutaneous warts – usually found in the skin
possesses types of HPV-1 and 4.
֍ Verrucae vulgaris – causes HPV-2 and 4 which
is common warts seen on hands, feet, and knees.
֍ Plantar warts – serotype HPV-1, found in hands,
soles of the feet and inward growth of the warts
.
֍ Flat and macular warts – caused by verrucae
planae.
• Usually seen on HPV 5,8,9,12,14,15,17,19-
25 and 36-38.
• Usually found in the skin, forehead, arms
and face.
֍ Butchers’ warts – caused by HPV-7
• Occupational hazards seen on butcher
persons and seen usually on hands.
֍ Genital warts – HPV-6 & HPV-11
• Venereal warts or condyloma acuminata.
• Most prevalent in sexually transmitted
viral cases
• It posses HPV carcinomas, serotype 16
and 18 causes cervical cancer.
• If serotype 16 only– oropharyngeal
cancer
• If serotype 18 only– adenocarcinoma
• If both serotype 16&18 – Cervical cancer
 MODULE 6: DNA VIRUSES
Legend: ֍ - from recorded live class ► - from supplemental notes
• Higher risk for HIV positive women patients. HEPADNAVIRIDAE
֍ Diagnosis: • Genus: Orthohepadnavirus
– through papsmear (koilocytes ang ginapangita) • Have very small genomes of particularly double-
stranded, partially single stranded circular DNA.
• Koilocytes – these cells are perinuclear, with • The genome consists of 2 uneven strands of DNA.
increased density of the surrounding - One has negative-sense orientation and the
cytoplasmic rim. other strand, has a positive-sense
orientation.
HPV CANNOT BE CULTURED!! • One virus that is pathogenic to man
֍ Prevention: ֍ Circular DsDNA
- Gardsil vaccine against serotypes 6, 11,
16 and 18.
֍ Envelope
- Ceravix vaccine for serotype 16&18 ֍ Icosahedral capsid
- Gardsil 9 vaccine ֍ Thane particle – complete viral particle that
causes Hepatitis B or serum hepatitis virus
֍ Treatment:
֍ Fecal disease – if people infected with hepatitis B
- Removal of warts through surgery
- Cryotheraphy ֍ Mode of Transmission
- Laser - parenteral needle prick, IV, median
incubation period for 3 months
2. Genus Polyomavirus
1. Hepatitis B Profile
➢ BK Virus
• The virus then disseminates to the kidneys ֍ HBV – agent for hepatitis B
and urinary tract where it persists for the ➢ HBsAg
life of individual. ֍ Surface antigen
• It is thought that 80% of the population
contains a latent form of this virus, which
֍ Most reliable marker for identifying HBV
infections
remain latent until the body undergoes
immunosuppression. • The outer lipoprotein coat of Hepatitis B
virus.
֍ Hemorrhagic cystitis, seen in bone marrow
• Found in the body fluids of patient with
transplant, immunocompromised patients
hepatitis B virus infection and produced in
and renal transplant recipients.
the cytoplasm of infected hepatocytes.
Clinical Manifestations: • Detectable from 2-6 weeks
- Renal dysfunction (rise in serum
➢ HBcAg
creatinine)
• The core of the HBV. Located in the
- Abnormal urinalysis revealing renal tubular
nucleus of hepatocytes infected with HBV
cells and inflammatory cells
infection.
֍ Specimen: Urine
➢ HBeAg
➢ JC Virus (John Cunningham) ֍ An envelope antigen
֍ Brain tissues ֍ Indicates viral replication with high infectivity
• Isolated from the brain of patients with and a chronic carrier state
Progressive Multifocal • Also found in HBsAg-positive sera either
Leukoencephalopathy (PML) bound to immunoglobulins or free in solution
• Transmitted through respiratory fluids or ➢ Anti-HBc
urine. ֍ Antibody against HBV
• Infected individuals excrete virus in urine.
֍ Indicates past infection
➢ MC virus – caused by merkel cell carcinoma. ֍ Life-long marker
➢ SV40 – (Simian polyomavirus 40) • usually appear often at the same time that
-
Seen in patients vaccinated with polio enzyme elevations are first seen
(these are contaminated salk polio
vaccine).
➢ Polyomavirus – tumor causing
 MODULE 6: DNA VIRUSES
Legend: ֍ - from recorded live class ► - from supplemental notes
➢ Anti-HBs
֍ Indicates convalescence (patient’s prognosis 3. Hepatitis C
is good) or past infection or immunity (from
vaccination) ֍ From parenteral
• usually appears later MOT:
➢ Anti-HBe - Blood transfusions
- Sharing of needles and other drug taking
֍ address presence of Hepatitis B equipment
- mother to baby transmission
Methods: - Body piercing
- ELISA - Tattooing
- PCR - Unprotected sex with multiple partners
• HBV DNA – PCR test, best indication of
active antiviral replication; high state of 4. Hepatitis D
infectivity to predict the patient’s
response to treatments ֍ Can cause fecal disease
Prevention: Vaccination ➢ Smallest of known human viral pathogen
➢ Defective Virus
Interpretation of Hepatitis B Virus Serologic Markers: Mode of transmission: same to HBV
HBsAg Anti- HBeAg Anti- Anti- Interpretation
HBs HBe HBc
5. Hepatitis E
- - - - - No (or very
➢ Transmitted enterically (fecal oral)
early)
exposure to ➢ Water borne
HBV
TAE: Transmission of A & E: fecal-oral
+ - +/- - - Early acute
HB
POXVIRIDAE
+ - + - + Acute or
Chronic HB ֍ From genus Orthopoxvirus
+ - - + + Chronic ֍ Other members: vaccinia virus – small pox strain,
HBV carrier monkey pox, cow pox, and other pox viruses
state ֍ Diameter: 225-450 nm long; 140 – 260 nm wide
- - - + + Early
recovery
֍ “All viruses are in nanometer”
phase from ֍ Possess a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase
acute HB ֍ assembles in its inclusion body called Negri
- + - + + Recovery bodies? of B type inclusion
from HB • Largest and most complex virus
with • Very resistant to inactivation
immunity • Brick-shaped or ovoid with dsDNA
- + - - - Distant HBV • Stable even at room temperature
infection of • Replicates in the cytoplasm
HB vaccine • Virus-encoded proteins help evade host immune
2. Hepatitis A defense system.
“Infectious Hepatitis”
֍ MOT:
- inhalation of aerosol droplets
Mode of transmission: fecal-oral
- face to face contact
Methods:
- spread mainly in the lymphatics
- ELISA
- direct contact with fomites
- PCR
Prevention: 1. Variola
- Vaccination
- Handwashing ֍ acute contagious disease of reticulo-endothelial,
- Use disposable eating utensils vascular-endothelial, and epithelial cells
֍ It is already eradicated by CDC and WHO
➢ Causes Smallpox or “bulutong” - can be major
or minor
 MODULE 6: DNA VIRUSES
Legend: ֍ - from recorded live class ► - from supplemental notes
➢ Primary host: Human
Portal of entry: Mucous Membranes of the Respiratory ➢ Large complex enveloped virus with linear double
Tract strand DNA genome.
➢ Variant of the Variola Virus
Pathogenesis: ֍ MOT:
a. Primary multiplication in the lymphoid tissue - Sexually transmitted
draining the site of entry. - Skin contact
b. Transient viremia and infection of
reticuloendothelial cells throughout the body 3. Monkeypox Virus
c. A secondary phase of multiplication in those ➢ Primary hosts: Rodents and Monkeys
cells, leading to, ➢ Originated from Congo
d. Secondary, more intense viremia; and
e. The clinical disease Acquired by: Direct Contact
➢ One to five days of fever and malaise preceded Serious complications:
the appearance of the exanthema, which began as - Lymphadenopathy
macules, then papules, then vesicles, and finally - Pulmonary Distress
postules.
➢ Highly Contagious 4. Cowpox Virus

MOT: ➢ Disease of Cattle

- Air droplets ➢ Produces a deep red hemorrhagic lesions on the
- Fomites chorioallantoic membrane of chick embryo.
- Scaly/Shaded Skin Lesions Natural Reservoir: Rodent
Smallpox Chickenpox Accidental Host: Human and Cattle

Agent Caused by variola

Caused by varicella ➢ Transmission to humans has traditionally
(VZV) occurred via contact with the infected teats of
Deep-seated, Superficial, more milking cows.
Lesion
circular or regular oval, totally irregular
➢ Causing vesicular and pustular skin lesions
Vesicle Multilocular Unilocular
5. Orf Virus
Scarring Severe and deep Light and superficial
Also known as:
Time Relatively slow Rapid - Contagious pustular dermatitis
Categories of variola: - Infectious label dermatitis
Variola Major – severe form; cause disfigurement - Ecthyma contagiosum
Variola Minor – milder form - Sheep pox
- Thistle disease
Reason why it is already eradicated at 1980: - Scabby mouth
1. They are exclusive to human, no animal reservoir. ➢ Autoinnoculation in the eys causing Ecthyma
2. Only 1 serotype univalent vaccine Contagiosum
3. Availability of stable in expensive and easily ➢ Contagiuos pustular dermatitis or scabby mouth
administered vaccine through the use of live which is primarily a disease of young sheeps
attenuated vaccine – vaccinia and goats transmitted to humans via direct
contact.
Diagnosis:
- Cell culture, growing the virus in chick embryo 6. Molluscum Contagiosum
- Viral antigen by immunofluorescence ➢ A benign epidermal tumor whose causative
agent is Molluscipoxvirus.
Variola can be used for bioterrorism ➢ Lesions are fresh-colored, dome-shaped and
pearly in appearance. They are often 1-5 mm in
Treatment: diameter with a dimpled center.
- Cidofovir The virus commonly spreads through:
- Brin cidofovir - Skin to skin contact
- Sexual contact or touching or scratching the
2. Vaccinia lesion and then touching the skin.
➢ Agents/immunogen used for smallpox - Handling objects that have the virus on them
vaccination such as towel.
֍ First reservoir: Rabbit ֍ can be direct or indirect contact & intimate
contact
 MODULE 6: DNA VIRUSES
Legend: ֍ - from recorded live class ► - from supplemental notes
֍ seen usually in immunocomprimised & aids ֍ decrease RBCs in the bone marrow resulting to
patients reticulocytosis
֍ Water warts ֍ can cause transient plastic anemia (a self-limited
֍ Manifestation: erythropoietic)
- small papules showing cap-shaped crater ֍ Clinical Manifestation:
or dome shaped - prodrome of fever, myalgia, malaise, and
֍ Treatment: headache
- Removal of lesions - cause hydroxphetalis?? resulting from
anemia (alpha thalassemia)
7. Yaba Monkey Tumor Virus
֍ MOT:
➢ Produces histiocytomas 5-20 days after - respiratory and oral (saliva, sputum, nasal
subcutaneous or intramuscular administration to mucus)
monkeys. The tumor regresses after about 5
weeks. 3. Human Bocavirus (HBoV)
Primary host: Monkey ➢ Probable cause of lower respiratory infections and
8. Tanapox Virus it has been linked to gastroenteritis.

➢ Febrile period of 3-4 days severe headache and

֍ probable cause of lower respiratory infections and
has been linked to gastroenteritis
prostration, one or two skin lesions, healing takes
4-7 weeks. ֍ Dependovirus
Primary host: Monkey
Helpervirus (such as herpes and adenovirus)
PARVOVIRIDAE
ORIGINAL 6 EXENTEMATOUS DISEASE
֍ Genus: Erythrovirus
֍ 22-26 nm in diameter (in other books) • measles
• Are typically linear, non-segmented single- • scarlet fever
stranded DNA virus with an average genome • rubella
size of 5000 nucleotides • dukes
• Smallest virus and are 18-26 nm in diameter • erythema infectiosum
• All strains of parvovirus will affect dogs, wolves • exanthem subitum
and foxes, but some infects cats
• Does not readily cause infection to human

Infections in humans may be caused by 3 Genera:

- Dependovirus
- Erythrovirus
- Bocaviruses
1. Adeno-Associated Viruses
➢ Small virus which infects humans
➢ Carries a mild immune response
➢ Cannot replicate and forms viral capsids in its host
cell without the cell being infected by a helper virus
such as adenovirus, herpesvirus and vaccinia virus
֍ Need other virus to replicate
2. B19 Virus or Erythrovirus B19
➢ First known human virus in the family of
parvovirus, Genus Erythrovirus
➢ Causes a childhood rash called Fifth Disease or
Erythema Infectiosum
֍ made after the serum sample in which the initial
viral isolate was observed thru electron
microscopy in number 19 panel B
֍ "slap cheek" appearance spread to the trunks
and limbs
֍ Erythroid precursor cells contain receptor for the
virus