Primary health care

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1. ATTRIBUTES THAT - Active listening

HEALTH WORKERS - Eye contact
NEED FOR - Validating
COMMUNITY - Positively reinforcing
DEVELOPMENT - Trusting
- Calming
- Sensitive
- Slow in advising
- Open
- Assertive
- Forgiving
- Hearing their voice
- Emotionally supporting
- Providing perspective
- Affirming spiritual connection
2. CONTEMPORARY Measuring and understanding the problem helps to provide a baseline of data and knowledge on which to
MEASURES OF base out actions, and this is vital in order to assess the impact of actions taken to improve health. These
HEALTH AND WELL- include:
BEING DATA - Morbidity rates
- Mortality rates
- Infant mortality rates
- Life expectancy at birth
- Years of potential life lost
3. ECOLOGICAL IMPACTS Ecological public health is the outcome of complex interrelationships and interdependencies between
OF HEALTH human beings, the determinants of health, and the broader environment in which they exist.
The natural environment plays an effect on health as individuals are dependent on the integrity of the
ecosystem. One pressing contemporary global concern is climate change. Climate change can lead to
heatwaves, air pollution, biological changes, changes to the ecosystem and social, economic and
demographic disruptions all of which have impacts on health.
4. EXPLAIN MORBIDITY Morbidity is the incidence of disease or illness
VS MORTALITY Mortality is death
5. EXPLAIN THE BOTTOM The bottom-up approach puts issues like social cohesion, concertation and decision-making transparency
UP APPROACH TO onto the agenda. In all cases, it encourages reflection about the development and adaptation of the
COMMUNITY "animation" methods that are at the heart of the approach. Ultimately, the bottom up approach helps to work
DEVELOPMENT with communities to determine their needs.
6. HEALTH POLICY VS. A health policy is a formal statement of procedure within institutions that define priorities and the
HEALTHY PUBLIC parameters for action in response to health needs, available resources and other political pressures e.g.
POLICY national mental health policy
A healthy public policy is an explicit concern for health and equity in all areas of policy and by an
accountability for health impact, with aims to create supportive environments to enable people to lead
healthy loves and the building of policies in non-health sectors to support health e.g. all junk food vending
machines are removed from all public hospitals in WA
7. LIST SOME ETHICAL 1. Do more good than harm
CONSIDERATIONS OF 2. Support free choice
SOCIAL MARKETING 3. Evaluate whether marketing is the best choice
4. Use effective and efficient marketing techniques
5. Use marketing techniques that are consistent with the marketing concept
6. Evaluate the ethicality of a policy before developing a social marketing strategy
8. LIST THE FOUR Ps OF Product (objects, services, people, places, ideas, settings)
TARGET MARKETING Price (monetary and non-monetary costs)
Place (making the product available to consumers)
Promotion (the mix of activities used to create awareness)
9. LIST THE SUSTAINABLE The SDGs, officially known as Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, is a
DEVELOPMENT GOALS set of 17 Global Goals with 169 targets amongst them. These goals being:
1. No poverty
2. Zero hunger
3. Good health and well being
4. Quality education
5. Gender equality
6. Clean water and sanitation
7. Affordable and clean energy
8. Decent work and economic growth
9. Industry, innovation and infrastructure
10. Reduced inequalities
11. Sustainable cities and communities
12. Responsible consumption and production
13. Climate action
14. Life below water
15. Life on land
16. Peace, justice and strong institutions
17. Partnerships for the goals
10. NAME SOME - Promotional issues (unable to access information, inappropriate promotional activities, inappropriate
BARRIERS TO images)
COMMUNITY
DEVELOPMENT - Communication issues (unable to effectively communicate without interpreter, literacy problems,
differences in meanings of words, cultural misconceptions, stereotypes)

- Structural issues (lack of understanding of cultural differences, staff all drawn from same ethno-social
group, timing of meetings, inappropriate service delivery)

- Trust issues (bad personal experience with organization, fear of community service providers, concern
about confidentiality, lack of sensitivity and respect for differences)
To remove these barriers and ensure that an organization is accessible across cultural boundaries you
need to develop a cultural inclusion strategy that addresses every aspect of your organisation.
11. PUBLIC POLICY vs. Public policy should not be confused with policy for advocacy, which are developed as lobbying tools by
POLICY FOR interest groups or non-government organizations. Yet, while public policy is usually made within
ADVOCACY government processes, it is no normally made in isolation from interest groups
12. THE TWO-TIER HEALTH Tier 1 - 5 steps:
PROMOTION 1. Evidence of the problem
PROGRAM PLAN 2. Determinants of the problem
(THPPP) 3. Population of interest
4. Settings
5. Outcome levels
Tier 2- 6 steps:
1. Partnership development and rationale.
2. Vision setting.
3. Goals and objectives.
4. Action mapping and strategy selection.
5. Implementation.
6. Evaluation and dissemination.
13. WHAT ARE Primary health care can be divided into two branches; either comprehensive or selective.
COMPREHENSIVE AND - Comprehensive primary health care addresses issues of social justice and equality, through
SELECTIVE PRIMARY multidisciplinary services that are co-located, and connects patients with local community organizations
HEALTH CARE? and advocacy movements to address the underlying social, economic and political causes of health
- Selective primary health care is primary medical care, provided by multidisciplinary providers, that is
focused on treatment and management of illness and disease and prevention through immunization and
screening
14. what are perceived one's opinion of the tangible and psychological costs of the advised action.
barriers?
15. what are perceived one's opinion of the efficiency of the advised action to reduce risk or seriousness of impact.
benefits?
16. WHAT ARE THE FIVE 1. Strengthening individuals and families
OUTCOMES FOR 2. Strengthening communities
PROGRAM PLANNING 3. Strengthening organizations
4. Strengthening sectors
5. Strengthening societies
17. WHAT ARE THE FIVE The Ottawa Charter (WHO, 1986) put forward five priority action areas that have become a bedrock for
THE OTTAWA CHARTER health promotion practice:
AREAS? 1. Build health public policy
2. Create supportive environments
3. Strengthen community action
4. Develop personal skills
5. Reorient health services
18. what are the social The social determinants of health, established by WHO in 2005, are the fundamental structures of social
determinants of health? hierarchy and the social, economic and politically determined conditions that result in good health, ill
health or disease and in which people grow, live, work and age; these being:
1. Social gradient
2. Stress
3. Early life experience
4. Social exclusion
5. Work
6. Unemployment
7. Social support
8. Addiction
9. Food
10. Transport

Upstream determinants of health are those that are distant in time or place from the change in health
status

Midstream determinants of health include access to material, resources, services, living and working
conditions, education and transport

Downstream determinants of health are near change in health status, and are directly associated with
change in health status
19. what are the SOCIAL MARKETING Phase 1: establish the purpose and focus of the intervention
INTERVENTIONS (List the phases) Phase 2: conduct a situation analysis
Phase 3: select target markets
Phase 4: set objectives and goals
Phase 5: perform a competitor analysis and evaluate the value proposition of the desired
behavior
Phase 6: develop a desired positioning
Phase 7: make use of the marketing mix
Phase 8: prepare a monitoring and evaluation plan
Phase 9: identify funding resources and formulate budgets
Phase 10: complete an implementation plan
20. WHAT ARE THE THREE 1. The exchange principle: value=benefits=cost
PRINCIPLES BEHIND SOCIAL 2. Segmentation: identifying similar groups or individuals that share similar characteristics
MARKETING 3. Targeting: developing and tailoring an intervention to suit a segment
21. WHAT DOES THE RIVER OF Focuses on prevention, intervention and treatment
HEALTH ANALOGY FOCUS ON?
22. WHAT IS COMMUNITY ACTION? Collective efforts by communities that are directed toward increasing community control over
the determinants of health, thereby improving health
23. WHAT IS COMMUNITY Community development is the active involvement of people sharing in the issues that affect
DEVELOPMENT? their lives by drawing on existing human and material resources to enhance self-help and
social support.
24. WHAT IS CUES TO ACTION strategies to activate 'readiness'
25. WHAT IS EMOWERMENT? A process that brings about personal, social and political change
26. what is equality Equality aims to ensure that everyone gets the same things to enjoy a healthy life.
Health inequality is an observable, often measurable difference in health status between
individuals, groups or populations, whatever the cause
27. What is equity? The rights of people to have equitable access to services on the basics of need, and the
resources, capacities, and power they need to act upon the circumstances of their lives that
determine their health.

Health inequity are those inequalities in health deemed to be unfair or streaming from some
form of injustice
28. What is health Health is a resource that permits prople to lead individually, socially, and economically
productive lives. It is positive comceot emphasizig social and personal resources as well as
physical capabilities.
29. WHAT IS HEALTH PROMOTION? Health promotion is the process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve
their health which is not just the responsibility of the health sector, but goes beyond healthy
life-styles to wellbeing.
The bottom line in health promotion is to deliver better health outcomes that have an impact
on social change in sustainable ways
30. WHAT IS MEANT BY A condition of sharing or having certain attitudes and interests in common. A strong community
COMMUNITY? WHAT MAKES A is entailed by intentionality, maintenance, diversity, openness, cooperation and inclusiveness.
STRONG COMMUNITY?
31. WHAT IS PARTNERSHIP? Describes how organizations and community groups work. Thy evolve through a series of
stages: formation, implementation, maintenance and accomplishment of goals for the purposes
of
32. what is perceived severity? ones opinion of how serious a condition and its sequelae are
33. WHAT IS PERCEIVED Ones opinion of chances of getting a condition
SUSCEPTIBILITY
34. WHAT IS PRIMARY HEALTH Primary health care is community-based services based on the social model of health, guided by
CARE AND THE PRINCIPLES principles of equity, acceptability, cultural competence, affordability, universalism, and a commitment
BEHIND IT? to community.
Primary health care incorporates essential health care made accessible at a cost that a community
can afford with methods that are practical, scientifically sound, and socially acceptable as well as
essential services for health including water and sanitation, housing and shelter, freedom from
violence and adequate food.
35. WHAT IS PROGRAM Program planning is a plan designed to create effective and sustainable change by taking a
PLANNING & LOGIC? structured approach to the logic of goals, objectives, strategies and outcomes.
Program logic is a term used when a program plan ensures that all conceptual and technical
elements of the program are linked through logical connection.
36. WHAT IS SELF-EFFICACY confidence in ones ability to take action
37. what is social justice? Social justice is justice in terms of the distribution of wealth, opportunities, and privileges within a
society
38. WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE Poverty is mainly concerned with material living standards rather than people's quality of life, stress
BETWEEN POVERTY, or well-being.
ABSOLUTE POVERTY AND Absolute poverty measures the number of people living below a certain threshold or the number of
RELATIVE POVERTY households unable to afford certain basic goods and services.
Relative poverty measures the extent to which a household's financial resources fall below an
average income threshold for the economy of that country.
39. WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE Primary care is an episode of care for diagnosis, treatment of illness or disease management, as well
BETWEEN PRIMARY CARE as an entry point into the health system for people who are seeking help. Primary care differs from
AND PRIMARY HEALTH primary health care as primary health care is built on recognition that health depends on much more
CARE? than the delivery of health care services.
40. WHAT IS THE Federal level of responsibility:
GOVERNMENTS ROLE OF - Medicare
POLICY IMPLEMENTATION - Pharmaceutics benefit scheme
- Approval of drugs listed by PBS
- Cost to consumers of prescriptions
- Nursing homes
- Family planning and blood transfusion services
- Food safety
- National health priorities
State and tertiary level of responsibility:
- Disease control and health promotion
- Surveillance systems
- Emergency responses
- Health promotion
- Immunizations
- School health
- Dental screening
Local government authorities level of responsibility:
- Environmental health
- Cultural, community and recreational development
- Roads, drains, footpaths and amenity of local environments
- Provision of community services
- Land use planning
41. WHAT IS THE HEALTH - Developed by John Travis and Regina Ryan in 1998
ICEBERG - Shows the relationship between the determinants of health, behavioral and lifestyle factors and the health
and wellbeing of population
- The top section represents physical health status that is immediately visible, identifiable and often
measurable
- The middle section identifies the behavioral and lifestyle factors that contribute to health just under the
surface
- The bottom section represents the social determinants which have the greatest impact on health status
and influence the opportunities, exposures, and behaviors that contribute to health
42. WHAT IS THE ROLE OF Public health is an effort that involves every level of society from the Federal Treasurer who determines
PUBLIC HEALTH AND budgets, departments of health at federal, state and local government levels, a host of national and state-
POPULATION HEALTH level non-government organizations, in communities that keep towns clean and take care of environments
IN SOCIETIES? among families where health is a cornerstone to daily life.
Population health is an approach to health that is about improving the health of the whole population, as
well as addressing the inequalities in health status between different social groups.
43. what is the social The social gradient in heath refers to the fact that inequalities in population health status are related to
gradient inequalities in social status.
44. WHY IS Empowerment approaches are key to effective practice. Empowerment encompasses various levels of
EMPOWERMENT working with people to bring about personal, social and political change.
IMPORTANT? Patients that are empowered are more likely to actively participate in health care choices resulting in better
outcomes.