Handbook of Smoke Control Engineering - 2012

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Handbook of Smoke Control Engineering - 2012

Table 5.1: Heat Release Density of Some Materials

Heat Release Density

Material Burned
kW / m2
Wood pallets, stacked 1.5 ft (0.46 m) high (6%–12% moisture) 1,400

Wood pallets, stacked 5ft (1.52 m) high (6%–12% moisture) 4,000

Wood pallets, stacked 10 ft (3.05 m) high (6%–12% moisture) 6,800

Wood pallets, stacked 16 ft (4.88 m) high (6%–12% moisture) 10,000

Mail bags, filled, stored 5ft (1.52 m) high 400

Cartons, compartmented, stacked 15 ft (4.57 m) high 1,700

PE letter trays, filled, stacked 5ft (1.52 m) high on cart 8,500

PE trash barrels in cartons, stacked 15 ft (4.57 m) high 2,000

PE fiberglass shower stalls in cartons, stacked 15 ft (4.57 m) high 1,400

PE bottles packed in item 6 6,200

PE bottles in cartons, stacked 15 ft (4.57 m) high 2,000

PU insulation board, rigid foam, stacked 15 ft (4.57 m) high 1,900

PS jars packed in item 6 14,000

PS tubes nested in cartons, stacked 14 ft (4.27 m) high 5,400

PS toyparts in cartons, stacked 15 ft (4.57 m) high 2,000

PS insulation board, rigid foam, stacked 14 ft (4.27 m) high 3,300

PVC bottles packed in item 6 3,400

PP tubes packed in item 6 4,400

PP &PE film in rolls, stacked 14 ft (4.27 m) high 6,200

Methanol pool, 0.52 ft (0.16 m) diameter 2,000

Methanol pool, 4.0 ft (1.22 m) diameter 400

Methanol pool, 5.7 ft (1.74 m) diameter 400

 Methanol pool, 8ft (2.44 m) diameter 420

Methanol pool, 3.2 ft (0.97 m) square 745

Silicone transformer fluid pool, 5.7 ft (1.74 m) diameter 90

Silicone transformer fluid pool, 8ft (2.44 m) diameter 90

Hydrocarbon transformer fluid pool, 4.0 ft (1.22 m) diameter 940

Hydrocarbon transformer fluid pool, 5.7 ft (1.74 m) diameter 900

Heptane pool, 4ft (1.22 m) diameter 3,000

Heptane pool, 5.7 ft (1.74 m) diameter 3,200

Work station (four sided) 1,800

1-ASHRAE A-53 : Fire and Smoke Control ( 2015 ) Minimum fire for fuel-restricted atrium
1-ASHRAE A-53 : Fire and Smoke Control ( 2015 ) Minimum fire for atrium with combustibles
1-ASHRAE A-53 : Fire and Smoke Control ( 2015 ) Large fires - Low limit
1-ASHRAE A-53 : Fire and Smoke Control ( 2015 ) Large fires - High limit
2-British Standard:7346-4:2003 Retail areas Standard re
2-British Standard:7346-4:2003 Retail areas Quick respon
2-British Standard:7346-4:2003 Offices Standard respons
2-British Standard:7346-4:2003 Offices No sprinklers: fue
2-British Standard:7346-4:2003 Hotel bedroom Standard r
2-British Standard:7346-4:2003 Car park (a burning car)
3-UAE FIRE & LIFE SAFETY CODE OF PRACTICE Shops
3-UAE FIRE & LIFE SAFETY CODE OF PRACTICE Offices
3-UAE FIRE & LIFE SAFETY CODE OF PRACTICE Hotel Guest Room
3-UAE FIRE & LIFE SAFETY CODE OF PRACTICE Hotel Public Areas
3-UAE FIRE & LIFE SAFETY CODE OF PRACTICE Assembly Occupancy with
4-User Defined
IBC - 2012 - page 60
ASHRAE A-53 : Fire and Smoke Control ( 2015 )

Table 9 - Steady Design Fire Sizes for Atriums

Application
Minimum fire for fuel-restricted atrium

Minimum fire for atrium with combustibles

Large fires - Low limit

Large fires - High limit

 2.1
4.6
11
26
6.25
3.125
3.6
11.985
0.5
4
5
1
0.5
2.5
2.5
e Control ( 2015 ) BS 7346-4:2003

or Atriums Table 1 — Default values of design fires

9.3 #NAME?
50
kW Occupancy
2,100 226 Retail ar Retail areas
4,600 495 Retail ar Retail areas
11,000 220 Retail are Retail areas
26,000 520 Offices Offices

Offices Offices

Offices Offices

Hotel bed Hotel bedroom

Hotel bed Hotel bedroom

Car park (Car park (a burning car)

NOTE For design purposes, the fire area of a SHEVS sho

a-
Where a room is fully involved in fire, some of the heat
for the temperature of gases leaving the opening to excee
fault values of design fires

Fire area ( Af) Fire perimeter (P)

m2 m
Standard response sprinklers 10 12

Quick response sprinklers 5 9

No sprinklers Entire room Width of opening

Standard response sprinklers 16 14

No sprinklers: fuel-bed controlled 47 24

No sprinklers a : full involvement in fire

Entire
is predicted
room for fuel-bed
Width
controlled
of opening
fire above (see 6.3)

Standard response sprinklers 2 6

No sprinklers Entire room Width of opening

urning car) 10 12

sign purposes, the fire area of a SHEVS should not be confused with the area of operation of the sprinkler design, wh
m is fully involved in fire, some of the heat produced can be generated in flames outside the room’s opening. It is rar
ature of gases leaving the opening to exceed 1 000 °C.

10

16

47

10
 Heat release rate per unit area (q f) Heat release
kW·m–2 kW
625 6,250 3.8 7,162
625 3,125 2.9 4,029
1,200 -

225 3,600 4.5 3,509

255 11,985 7.6 11,688
255

250 500 1.9 716

100

400 4,000 3.8 4,584

on of the sprinkler design, which is specified in BS 5306-2.

e the room’s opening. It is rare
Shops Offices Hotel Guest Room Ho
 UAE FIRE & LIFE SAFETY CODE OF PRACTICE : CHAPTER 10. MECHANICAL VENTI

Table 10.2 : Fire Size for various occupancies

Shops Offices Hotel Guest Room Hotel Public Areas Assembly Occupancy with fixed FIRE SIZE
seating
OCCUPANCY Heat Output (MW)
Shops 5

Offices 1

Hotel Guest Room 0.5

Hotel Public Areas 2.5

Assembly Occupancy with fixed seating 2.5

. MECHANICAL VENTILATION AND SMOKE CONTROL SYSTEMS

Perimeter of Fire (m) Area of Fire (m2)

12 11.5 436 3.8
14 15.6 64 4.5
6 2.9 175 1.9
12 11.5 218 3.8
12 11.5 218 3.8
11.5

15.6

2.9

11.5

11.5
 Design calculation sheet
Project no: Date: ### Computed by:
Subject: Checked by:

Calculation based on NFPA 204 - 2015 Approved by:

SMOKE MANAGEMENT - Natural venting

Design Fire characteristics Fire dimensions & Virtual origin

Criteria 1-ASHRAE A-53 : Fire and Smoke Control ( 2015 ) Fire dimensions :

Appl. : Minimum fire for fuel-restricted atrium 1 Xs = 3.0 m

Q : Total heat release = 2100 5,000 kW 2,100 kW Ys = 3.1 m

Fire area = 9.3 m2 Largest horizontal dimension of fire :

Q" : Heat release per floor area = 226 kW/m2 Ws = 3.1 m

D : Intantaneous Fire Diameter = 3.4 m

QC : Convective heat release rate Qc = 70% x Q = 1,470 kW Height of Virtual z0 = -1.7 m

Origin above base
of fire
H : Height = = 4.0 m Virtual Origin is Below the Top of Fuel

Zs : Smoke Layer Height above the base of fire = 2.0 m Mean flame height

d : Smoke Layer depth = 2.0 m 50%

Mean Flame Height L = 1.5 m

(L < Zs)

Zs L
d =2 m For L < Zs →

For L ≥ Zs →

H =4 m Zs = 2 m
Mass Flow Rate in the plume : m op = 10 kg/s
If Zs is smaller than 4Ws, the smoke production rates shall be increased by the factor [4Ws/Zs] 2/3

Ys = 3.1 m Corrected Mass Flow Rate in the plum: m op = 13.5 kg/s

Xs = 3 m

Page 26 of 28
 Design calculation sheet
Project no: Date: ### Computed by:
Subject: Checked by:

Calculation based on NFPA 204 - 2015 Approved by:

SMOKE MANAGEMENT - Natural venting

Plume temperature Calculation Total vent area calculation

TO = 40.0 o
C 313 oK

Cp = 1.0 kJ/kg oC
𝜌 = 𝑃_𝑎𝑡𝑚/(𝑅 𝑥
K= 0.5 𝑇_𝑠 )
At equilibrium the mass flow through the vents is equal to the smoke production rate : m op = mov
T= 313 + 0.5 x 1,470
13.5 x 1 Inlet type Flap type or door open at least 55 degrees Cd,I = 0.55
R = gas constant 287 J/kg.K.
T= 95 o
C 368 K
o rplume
= 1.0 kg / m3 Vent type Drop-out vent leaving clear opening Cd,v = 0.55
rair = 1.2 kg / m3
D T = T - To = 55 o
K Less than 110 °C , natural ventilation not recommended
Assuming ration Ai / Av = 1.0
Note : Where temperature differences of less than 110°C (230°F)are expected, vent flows
might be reduced significantly; therefore, consideration should be given to using powered Total vent area Av = 12.5 m2
M a ss fl o w fr a c ti o n o f m a x im u m

exhaust.
Total inlet area Ai = 12.5 m2 0.9 m/s , velocity

Dimensions and spacing of vents

Max. Vent area = 2 d2 max = 4.0 m2

Min. Number of vents = Total vents area / vent area 4

Effect of temperature on Mass Flow through a vent
1.0 max distance 4 H = 16 m
r=2.8 H = 11.2 m
0.8

r=2.8 H = 11.2 m
0.6 4 H = 16 m

0.4

0.2

0.0
0 200 400 600 800 1000
Temperature above ambient K
Page 27 of 28
 Effect of temperature on Mass Flow through a vent

M as
1.0

0.8

0.6

Design
0.4 calculation sheet
Project no: Date: ### Computed by:
0.2
Subject: Checked by:

Calculation based on NFPA 204 - 2015

0.0
Approved by:
0 200 400 600 800 1000
Temperature above ambient K

Vent Spacing in Rectangular Matrix,

When r = 2.8H, (ΔTv/To) = 0.5 (ΔT(r = 0)/To) (plan view).

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