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SHAHBAZOVA
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES
(Text book for higher education institution)
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION OF AZERBAIJAN REPUBLIC
AZERBAIJAN TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY
__________________________________________________________
SHAHNAZ N. SHAHBAZOVA
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES
(Text book for higher education institution)
BAKU - 2021
Reviewers:
1. Corresponding member of ANAS, professor Mammadova M.H., Head of
department No. 15, Institute of Information Technologies of ANAS
2. Associate professor chair of “Computer Technologies and Cyber
security” J.I.Mammadov
Shahnaz N. Shahbazova
“Information Technologies”, Study book, Publishing house “Çaşıoglu”, 2021, 160
pages.
This study book was prepared based on the materials of lecture courses on
the basics of Information technologies, including lectures: human information
activity, information and information processes, the maximum rate of information
transmission on the communication channel is called the bandwidth of the
channel, analog devices, presentation of information in various number systems,
algorithms for converting numbers, storage of information objects of various types
on various digital media, search and transfer of information using a computer,
means of information and communication technologies, telecommunication
technologies, transfer of information.
The textbook fully complies with the requirements of the standard for the
discipline "Information Technologies" for bachelors in the specialties 050655 -
"Information technology" and 050656 - "System engineering".
CONTENT
INTRODUCTION
6.1. Algorithms for converting numbers from one number system to another
6.2. Binary arithmetic
CHAPTER 7. PRINCIPLES OF INFORMATION PROCESSING BY A
COMPUTER
9.1. Search for information: basic concepts, types and forms of organization
9.2. Finding information in windows
9.3. Software search services
9.4. Wired and wireless communication
11.1. Ergonomics
11.2. Information protection, anti-virus protection
11.3. Encryption method
CHAPTER 12. TECHNOLOGIES OF CREATION AND
TRANSFORMATION OF INFORMATION OBJECTS
12.1. Desktop publishing capabilities. General terms and concepts.
12.2. Basic functionality of text editors
12.3. Formatting, building tables, graphic images
17. Network software capabilities for organizing collective activities in global and
local computer networks.
17.1. Types of global internet services
17.2. Features of the organization of Teleconferences on the internet
REFERENCE
CHAPTER 1. HUMAN INFORMATION ACTIVITY
5. Questions of self-control
People got used to the word "information" for a long time. If you ask you
what information is, then, probably, first of all, you will remember newspapers,
radio, television, that is, everything that is called mass media. It is here that such
expressions as "information message" or "operational information" are most often
used. The purpose of such messages is to inform readers or listeners about certain
events. Before receiving the message, we did not know about this event, but as a
result, we became aware.
Everything that we know with you, we once learned from parents, teachers,
from books, from personal practical experience and preserved in our memory. In
turn, everything that is written in books, magazines, newspapers reflects the
knowledge of the authors of these texts, and therefore it is also information.
Information for a person is knowledge that he receives from various
sources.
Studying at university is a purposeful process of acquiring knowledge, which means
obtaining information. The more you learn, the more information your memory
contains.
The term "information" comes from the Latin word "informatio", which
means information, explanation, presentation.
Information is such a general and deep concept that it cannot be explained in
one phrase. This word has different meanings in technology, science and in
everyday situations.
In everyday life, information is any data or information that interests anyone.
For example, a message about any events, about someone's activities, etc. "To
inform" in this sense means "to communicate something previously unknown."
Information is information about objects and phenomena of the
environment, their parameters, properties and state, which are perceived by
information systems (living organisms, control machines, etc.) in the process of
life and work.
One and the same information message (newspaper article, advertisement,
letter, telegram, help, story, drawing, radio broadcast, etc.) may contain a different
amount of information for different people - depending on their previous
knowledge, on the level of understanding of this message and interest in it.
In cases when they talk about automated work with information through any
technical devices, usually they are primarily interested not in the content of the
message, but in how many characters this message contains.
Information (as applied to computer data processing) is a certain
sequence of symbolic designations (letters, numbers, encoded graphics and
sounds, etc.), which carries a semantic load and is presented in a computer-
understandable form.
Each new character in such a sequence of characters increases the
information volume of the message.
Information can exist in a wide variety of forms:
smells and tastes gestures and facial magnetic records chromosomes, etc.
expressions
1 byte = 8 bits
This example shows that a byte is a "small" unit. Imagine that you need to
measure the information volume of a scientific library. What a huge number in
bytes that would be! In any system of units of measurement, there are basic units
and their derivatives. The latter are needed to measure either very large or very
small quantities.
Byte-derived units are used to measure large amounts of information.
A person creates devices that allow him to receive information that is not
available to him in direct sensations. Microscopes, telescopes, thermometers,
speedometers - the list goes on and on. Different sensors correspond to analogs of
human sense organs in technical devices. Receiving information is called input. In
a personal computer, special input devices are responsible for entering
information: keyboard, scanner, digitizer, microphone, mouse, and much more.
A person perceives information using the senses. Perceived information
comes in the form of energy signals (light, sound, heat) and radiation (taste and
smell), and the process of receipt of these signals occurs continuously.
A person needs information not in general, but specifically at the right time
to navigate in the world around him and make decisions about further actions.
With a qualitative assessment of the information received, one speaks of its
following properties:
Information properties:
QUESTIONS OF SELF-CONTROL
1. What is the difference between a continuous signal and a discrete one?
2. What is sampling rate and what does it affect?
3. Explain the concept of information
4. List the main forms of information presentation
5. What is the difference between positional and non-positional number systems?
6. What is a number system?
7. What is the radix?
8. What is a non-positional number system?
9. What is a positional number system?
10. What characters are in the decimal and binary alphabet?
11. Why is the binary number system taken as a basis in computing?
QUESTIONS OF SELF-CONTROL
0,1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9.
333 = 3x100 + 3 x 1 0 + 3.
Another example:
This shows that any decimal number can be represented as the sum of the
products of its constituent digits by the corresponding powers of tens. The same is
true for decimal fractions.
Obviously, the number "ten" is not the only possible basis for a positional
system. The well-known Russian mathematician NN Luzin put it this way: “The
advantages of the decimal system are not mathematical, but zoological. If we had
not ten fingers on our hands, but eight, then humanity would use the octal system. "
Any natural number greater than 1 can be taken as the base of the positional
number system. The above-mentioned Babylonian system had a base of 60. Traces
of this system have survived to this day in the order of time units (1 hour = 60
minutes, 1 minute = 60 s).
To write numbers in a positional system with base n, you need to have an
alphabet of n digits. Usually for this, for n <10, the first n Arabic digits are used,
and for n> 10, letters are added to the ten Arabic numerals.
Here are examples of alphabets from several systems:
n=2 binary 01
n=3 ternary 01 2
n=8 octal 01234567
n=16 hexadecimal 0123456789ABCDEF
The disadvantage of the binary system is the rapid increase in the number of
digits required to write numbers.
It is much easier to design a processor that operates in binary rather than decimal.
A binary system, convenient for computers, is inconvenient for humans because of
its cumbersomeness and unusual recording.
Converting numbers from decimal to binary and vice versa is done by the
machine. However, in order to use a computer professionally, you must learn to
understand the word machine. For this, the octal and hexadecimal systems have
been developed.
Numbers in these systems are read almost as easily as decimal ones, they
require three (octal) and four (hexadecimal) times less digits, respectively, than in
the binary system (after all, the numbers 8 and 16 are, respectively, the third and
fourth powers of 2) ...
The conversion of octal and hexadecimal numbers to the binary system is
very simple: it is enough to replace each digit with an equivalent binary triad (three
digits) or a tetrad (four digits).
For instance:
To convert a number from binary to octal or hexadecimal, it must be split to the left
and right of the comma into triads (for octal) or tetrads (for hexadecimal) and
replace each such group with the corresponding octal (hexadecimal) digit.
For instance,
QUESTIONS OF SELF-CONTROL
You are familiar with the rules for performing arithmetic operations with
multidigit decimal numbers. In elementary school, you learned to add, subtract,
multiply, and divide with a corner. Ultimately, you need to know how to add and
multiply single-digit numbers to perform calculations. Many first-graders memorize
the multiplication table for decimal numbers for a long time and with great
difficulty. But if at school they studied not decimal, but binary arithmetic, no one
would have any problems and all students would be excellent students! Now you
will see that binary arithmetic is really very simple.
You are already familiar with the binary number system. There are only two
numbers in it: 0 and 1. Here are all the variants of their addition:
0 + 0 = 0, 0 + 1 = 1, 1 + 1 = 10.
It should already be clear to you that 102 = 210 (recall that the subscript
denotes the base of the number system and is always written in decimal). It is easy
to write a series of binary natural numbers, getting each next number by adding one
to the previous one.
Table 1 shows how quickly the number of digits in binary numbers grows. But this
shortcoming of the binary system is compensated by the simplicity of arithmetic.
Here is an example of adding two multi-digit binary numbers in a column:
101101110 1
+
111010110
10010110011
111
х
11__
111
+
111___
10101
QUESTIONS OF SELF-CONTROL
CPU RAM
Logic as a science has been developing since the 4th century. BC e. starting
with the writings of Aristotle. It was he who analyzed human thinking, such forms
as concept, judgment, inference.
Logic - (from the Greek. "Logos", meaning "word" and "meaning") - the
science of the laws, forms and operations of correct thinking. Its main task is to find
and organize the correct ways of reasoning.
Form of thinking
Concept
general and singular; theoretical
and empirical; concrete and
abstract; the formation of con-
automation
Inference
Based on several judgments, a certain conclusion is made deductive
(from society to particular); inductive (from particular to general); by
analogy (based on similarities between objects); analysis, synthesis,
comparison
Judgment
affirmation or denial of
something; true or false;
finding connections and
relationships
A B F
1 1 1
1 0 1
0 1 1
0 0 0
Questions of self-control
8. 1. INFORMATION OBJECT
Removable digital media are used to store and transfer electronic information
objects. These include:
removable hard disk - information storage device based on the principle of
magnetic recording, information is recorded on hard (aluminum or glass) plates
covered with a layer of fibroma genetic material,
floppy disk - a portable information carrier used for multiple recording and
storage of data, which is a flexible magnetic disk placed in a protective plastic
case, covered with a ferromagnetic layer,
compact disc - an optical information carrier in the form of a plastic disc with a
hole in the center, the process of writing and reading information of which is
carried out using a laser (CD-ROM and DVD-disc - intended for reading only;
CD-RW and DVD-RW information can recorded multiple times),
memory card or flash card - compact electronic storage device used to store
digital information (they are widely used in electronic devices, including digital
cameras, cell phones, laptops, MP3 players and game consoles),
USB flash drive (slang. Flash drive) - a storage device that uses a flash
memory as a carrier and is connected to a computer or other reader via the USB
interface.
One of the most widespread types of service programs are programs designed
for archiving, packing files by compressing the information stored in them.
Compression of information is the process of converting information stored
in a file into a form in which redundancy in its representation is reduced and,
accordingly, less memory is required for storage.
Compression of information in files is performed by eliminating
redundancy in various ways, for example, by simplifying codes, eliminating
constant bits from them, or representing repeating symbols or a repeating sequence
of symbols in the form of a repetition factor and corresponding symbols. Various
algorithms for such information compression are used.
One or several files can be compressed, which are placed in a compressed
form in a so-called archive file or archive.
An archive file is a specially organized file containing one or several files in
compressed or uncompressed form and service information about the file names,
date and time of their creation or modification, sizes, etc.
The purpose of packing files is usually to provide a more compact placement
of information on a disk, to reduce the time and, accordingly, the cost of
transmitting information through communication channels in computer networks. In
addition, packing a group of files into one archive file greatly simplifies their
transfer from one computer to another, reduces the time for copying files to disks,
helps protect information from unauthorized access, and helps protect against
infection by computer viruses.
The amount of compression depends on the program used, the compression
method and the type of source file. The files of graphic images, text files and data
files for which the compression ratio can reach 5 - 40% are compressed the best,
files of executable programs and load modules are compressed less - 60 - 90%.
Archive files are hardly compressed. Programs for archiving differ in the
compression methods used, which accordingly affects the compression ratio.
Archiving (packing) - placing (loading) source files into an archive file in
compressed or uncompressed form. Unpacking (unpacking) is the process of
restoring files from the archive exactly as they were before loading into the archive.
When unpacking, the files are extracted from the archive and placed on disk or in
RAM;
The programs that pack and unpack files are called archiving programs.
Archive files that are large in size can be located on multiple disks (volumes). Such
archives are called multivolume. A volume is an integral part of a multivolume
archive. By creating an archive of several parts, you can write parts of it to multiple
floppy disks.
Archive types
Various algorithms are used for compression, which can be divided into reversible
and lossy compression methods. The latter are more effective, but are used for those
files for which partial loss of information does not lead to a significant decrease in
consumer properties. Typical lossy compression formats are:
.jpg - for graphic data;
.mpg - for video data;
.mp3 - for audio data.
Self-control issues
The Windows operating system indexes the information that is located on the
hard drives of the computer, which can significantly speed up the search for files
and folders.
The Explorer program has an integrated tool for finding various information.
Each window has a search bar located in the upper right corner of the window. It is
enough to enter the search criteria (most often this is the file name), and Explorer
will display the objects that were found in the list of files.
If the search did not return any results, or if there are enough results, you can
add criteria for a more precise search. To do this, left-click in the search field and
select one of the links in the window that appears. For different files, these can be
criteria such as Size, Modified Date, View and Type.
You can search in a specific folder or on a specific drive on your computer.
To do this, under the results shown, click the Other button and in the window that
opens, select one of the computer disks for search.
To exclude any disk from this list, simply left-click on it. Click OK to start
searching.
There are standard templates for searching for files. They use special
characters: "?" (replaces any single character) and "*" (replaces any combination of
characters).
Examples of templates for searching for files in the current folder are the
following:
*.* - all files;
* .docx - all files with the .docx extension (Word documents);
o *. * - all files whose names begin with "o".
9.3. SOFTWARE SEARCH SERVICES
Search system is a software and hardware complex with a web interface that
provides the ability to search for information on the Internet. A search engine
usually means a site that hosts an interface (front-end) of the system. The software
part of the search engine is the search engine (search engine) - a set of programs
that provide the functionality of the search engine and is usually a trade secret of the
search engine developer.
How does a search system?
Search system Market share in July 2014 Market share in October 2014
Google 68,69 % 58.01 %
Baidu 17,17 % 29.06 %
Bing 6.22 % 8.01 %
Yahoo! 6.74 % 4.01 %
AOL 0,13 % 0.21 %
Excite 0.22 % 0,00 %
Search system Market share in July 2014 Market share in October 2014
Ask 0,13 % 0,10 %
QUESTIONS OF SELF-CONTROL
1. What is Relevance?
2.What is a Search Engine?
3. What is the difference between wired and wireless technology?
4. How does a search engine work?
5. The most popular search engines in the world?
CHAPTER 10. MEANS OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION
TECHNOLOGIES
COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE.
00
00
00
Almost all mainframes reflect the classic Neumann architecture, represented
in the diagram. This scheme is in many respects’ characteristic of both
microcomputers and minicomputers and general-purpose computers.
Let's consider the devices in more detail
The main part of the motherboard is a microprocessor (MP) or CPU
(Central Processing Unit), it controls the operation of all PC nodes and a program
that describes the algorithm of the problem being solved. MP has a complex
structure in the form of electronic logic circuits. Its components include:
A). ALU - arithmetic logic unit designed to perform arithmetic and logical
operations on data and memory addresses;
B). Registers or microprocessor memory - super-operative memory operating at the
speed of the processor, ALU works with them;
B). CD - control device - control of the operation of all MP nodes by generating and
transmitting to its other components control pulses coming from a quartz clock
generator, which, when the PC is turned on, begins to vibrate at a constant
frequency (100 MHz, 200-400 MHz). These fluctuations set the pace for the
entire motherboard;
D). IS - interrupt system - a special register describing the state of the MP, which
allows interrupting the operation of the MP at any time for immediate
processing of some incoming request, or placing it in a queue; after processing
the request, the SPR ensures the restoration of the interrupted process;
D). Common bus control device - interface system.
To expand the capabilities of the PC and improve the functional characteristics
of the microprocessor, an additional mathematical coprocessor can be supplied,
which serves to expand the set of MP commands. For example, the math
coprocessor of IBM-compatible PCs expands the capabilities of the MT for
floating point computing; a coprocessor in local networks (LAN-processor)
expands the functions of the MT in local networks.
Processor specifications:
speed (performance, clock frequency) - the number of operations performed per
second.
bit depth - the maximum number of bits of a binary number, over which a
machine operation can be performed simultaneously.
The interface system is:
- control bus (CB) - designed to transmit control pulses and synchronize signals to
all PC devices;
address bus (AB) - designed to transmit the code of the memory cell address or
the input / output port of an external device;
data bus (DB) - designed for parallel transmission of all bits of the numeric code;
power bus - to connect all PC units to the power supply system.
The interface system provides three directions of information transfer:
between MP and RAM;
between MP and ports of input / output of external devices;
between the RAM and the input / output ports of external devices. Information
exchange between devices and the system bus takes place using ASCII codes.
Memory is a device for storing information in the form of data and programs.
Memory is primarily divided into internal (located on the motherboard) and external
(located on a variety of external storage media).
Internal memory, in turn, is subdivided into:
ROM (read only memory) or ROM (read only memory), which contains -
permanent information stored even when the power is off, which is used to test
the memory and hardware of the computer, boot the PC at startup. Recording on a
special ROM cassette takes place at the factory of the PC manufacturer and
carries the features of its individuality. The ROM size is relatively small - from
64 to 256 KB.
RAM (random access memory) or RAM (random access memory), is used for
online storage of programs and data stored only for the period of PC operation. It
is volatile, information is lost when the power is turned off. The RAM stands out
for its special functions and access specifics:
(1) the RAM stores not only data, but also the executable program;
(2) MP has the ability to directly access the RAM, bypassing the input / output
system.
The logical organization of memory is addressing, the location of data is
determined by the software installed on the PC, namely the OS.
Cache memory - has a short access time, serves for temporary storage of
intermediate results and contents of the most frequently used memory cells and MP
registers.
The amount of cache memory depends on the PC model and is usually 256
KB.
External memory. External memory devices are very diverse. The proposed
classification takes into account the type of media, i.e. a material object capable of
storing information.
The controllers are used to provide direct communication with the OP,
bypassing the MP, they are used for devices for fast data exchange with OP - floppy
disk drive, HDD, display, etc., to ensure operation in a group or network mode. The
keyboard, display, mouse are slow devices, so they are connected to the
motherboard by controllers and have their own memory areas in the memory.
Ports are input and output, universal (input - output), they serve to ensure the
exchange of information between the PC and external, not very fast devices. The
information coming through the port is sent to the MT, and then to the OP. There
are two types of ports:
serial - provides bit-by-bit information exchange, usually a modem is connected
to this port;
parallel - provides a byte-by-byte exchange of information, a printer is connected
to this port. Modern PCs are usually equipped with 1 parallel and 2 serial ports.
Video monitors are devices designed to display information from a PC to a user.
Monitors are monochrome (green or amber image, high resolution) and color.
Highest quality RGB monitors, have high resolution for graphics and color. It uses
the same principle of a cathode ray tube as a television. Portable PCs use
electroluminescent or liquid crystal panels. Monitors can work in text and
graphic modes. In text mode, the image consists of familiarity - special characters
stored in the video memory of the display, and in the graphic image it consists of
dots of a certain brightness and color. The main characteristics of video monitors
are resolution (from 600x350 to 1024x768 pixels), the number of colors (for color) -
from 16 to 256, the frame rate is fixed at 60 Hz.
Printers are computer output devices that convert information ASCII codes into
their corresponding graphic symbols and fix these symbols on paper. Printers are
the most developed group of external devices, there are more than 1000
modifications.
Printers are black and white or color according to the printing method, they are
divided into:
dot matrix - in these printers, the image is formed from dots in an impact manner,
the needle print head moves in the horizontal direction, each needle is controlled
by an electromagnet and hits the paper through the ink ribbon. The number of
needles determines the print quality (from 9 to 24), the print speed is 100-300
characters / sec, the resolution is 5 dots per mm;
inkjet - in the print head instead of needles there are thin tubes - nozzles through
which the smallest droplets of ink are thrown onto the paper (12 - 64 nozzles),
print speed up to 500 characters / sec, resolution - 20 dots per mm;
thermographic - matrix printers equipped with a thermal matrix instead of a
needle print head, special thermal paper is used for printing;
laser - an electrographic method of image formation is used, the laser is used to
create an ultra-thin light beam that traces the contours of an invisible point
electronic image on the surface of the photosensitive drum. After the development
of the image with a powder of dye (toner) adhering to the discharged areas,
printing is performed - transferring the toner onto the paper and fixing the image
on the paper using a high temperature. The resolution of such printers is up to 50
dots / mm, the print speed is 1000 characters / sec.
Scanners are devices for entering information into a computer directly from a paper
document. You can enter texts, diagrams, pictures, graphics, photographs and other
information. The file created by the scanner in the computer memory is called a
bitmap.
Manipulators - computer devices controlled by the operator's hands:
mouse - a device for determining the relative coordinates (displacement relative to
the previous position or direction) of the operator's hand movement. Relative
coordinates are transmitted to the computer and, using a special program, can
cause the cursor to move on the screen. Various types of sensors are used to track
the movement of the mouse. The most common is mechanical (a ball touched by
several rollers), there is also an optical sensor that provides a higher accuracy of
reading coordinates;
joystick - lever pointer - a device for entering the direction of movement of the
operator's hand, they are more often used for games on a computer;
digitizer or digitizing tablet - a device for accurate input of graphic information
(drawings, graphs, maps) into a computer. It consists of a flat panel (tablet) and an
associated hand-held device - a pen. The operator draws a pen along the graph,
while the absolute coordinates are sent to the computer.
Keyboard is a device for entering information into the computer's memory. There
is a microcircuit inside, the keyboard is connected to the motherboard, pressing any
key produces a signal (the character code in the ASCII system is a hexadecimal
serial number of the character in the table), in the computer memory a special
program by code restores the appearance of the pressed character and transfers its
image to the monitor .
A specific set of components included in a given computer is called its
configuration. The minimum PC configuration required for its operation includes
a system unit (there are MP, RAM, ROM, HDD, floppy disk drive), a keyboard (as
an input device) and a monitor (as an output device).
Software classification:
Self-control issues
11.1. ERGONOMICS
SELF-CONTROL ISSUES
The term information system (IS) is used in both broad and narrow sense.
In a broad sense, an information system is a set of information contained in
databases and information technologies and technical means ensuring its
processing.
In a narrow sense, an IS is a subset of IS components in a broad sense, including
databases, DBMS and specialized applications.
Distinguish:
• desktop (local) IS, in which all components (DB, DBMS, client applications) are
located on one computer;
• distributed IS, in which the components are distributed over several computers.
Desktop publishing systems are used for professional publishing. They
allow for electronic layout of a wide range of basic types of documents such as
newsletter, color brochure, catalog, reference book. They allow you to solve
problems:
1. compose (typeset) the text;
2. use all kinds of fonts and carry out printing images;
3. carry out text editing at the level of the best word processors;
4. process graphic images;
5. output documents of printing quality;
6. work in networks on different platforms.
Examples of such packages are: Corel Ventura, Page Maker, MS Publisher.
12.2. BASIC FUNCTIONALITY OF TEXT EDITORS
The data presented in tabular form are clear. Tables have always been an
essential feature of printed documentation.
A table is an object made up of rows and columns. The main structural
element of a table is a cell, which is formed at the intersection of a column and a
row. Table cells can contain various data: text, numbers, graphics, etc. It is
convenient to format documents using tables.
Creating a table. There are two ways to create tables: creating an empty
table and then filling it in, and converting the existing text into a table.
In this case, a special button is used on the Insert – Table.
Editing a table. Editing tables means changing the width (height) of rows
(columns), merging and splitting table cells, adding or removing rows and columns.
To perform these operations, you must first select the required area of the table, and
then use the appropriate commands of the context menu or buttons on the toolbars.
When you select a table, additional Design toolbars are added to the screen.
Inserting graphic images.
There are two types of graphics that you can use in Word documents:
pictures and pictures. These objects can be defined as follows:
Drawings are objects of vector nature. The simplest tools for creating
them are in the word processor itself. Images are bitmap objects. The word
processor does not have the means to create them, so they are inserted as external
objects. Pictures are always embedded in the document - they can be edited directly
in place. Images are inserted into a document by linking or embedding. Editing
them using a word processor is possible, but only to a limited extent.
Creation and editing of drawings. To work with vector drawings, use the
auto shape toolbar. Here are the blanks for creating lines, geometric shapes, curly
arrows and more. When creating and editing vector objects, it is possible to change
their size, line color and thickness, fill method, as well as set rotation. To create text
elements attached to autoshapes or pictures, use the special Caption tool from the
Insert section. The label creation is applied to the ready-made autoshapes. The
required text is entered in the inscription field, after which the inscription can be
edited.
It is resized to fit 23 of the text it contains by dragging the handles. Having
created the inscription object, it can be grouped with the picture, and then they will
represent a whole composition. For autoshapes there is a special tool for creating
text design - text can be placed in the autoshape field. This operation is performed
by the command. Add text to the autoshape context menu. Working with cliparts.
Creating complex compositions with autoshapes can be very time consuming. In
such cases, ready-made collections of drawings (clipart’s) are used. Working with
images.
To add images to the document, the method of inserting from an external
source is used. This uses the Picture button on the Insert toolbar. Interaction of
images with text. The main part of the tools for setting the properties of images in a
text document is located on the Format toolbar. Typically, when you select a picture
in the text of the document, this panel opens automatically. By the way they interact
with the text, two main types of images are distinguished: embedded in a line
(inline) and free (floating).
Images of the first type can be conventionally considered as separate
symbols: when the text moves during editing, the image moves with it and remains
in the place of the text where it was placed. The position of the free image on the
page is not related to the input position. The image interacts with the text by
wrapping.
CONTROL QUESTIONS
MIN (range), MAX (range) - return the minimum and maximum values from the
range;
AVERAGE (range) - calculates the arithmetic mean of the selected range of
values;
SRGEOM (range) - calculates the geometric mean from the selected range of
values;
COUNT (range) - counts the number of numbers in the specified range of values;
COUNT (range) - counts the number of nonblank cells in the specified data range;
COUNTIF (range; criterion) - counts the number of nonblank cells in the range
that meet the specified criterion;
FREQUENCY (data_range; interval_range) - calculates the distribution of values
from a data range over intervals of an interval range and returns a vertical array
(working with arrays); intervals are defined as follows: the first - all values up to the
first number of the range of intervals, the second - from the first value of the range
of +1 to the second value of the range of intervals ..., the last - from the last value of
the range of +1 and more.
TEST QUESTIONS
1. What is a spreadsheet?
2. What is called a cell?
3. What is called a cell address?
4. What is called a link?
5. What function in the formula calculates the arithmetic mean of the selected
range?
CHAPTER 14. UNDERSTANDING OF THE ORGANIZATION OF
DATABASES AND DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS.
By storage technology:
• DB in secondary memory (traditional)
• DB in RAM (in-memory databases)
• DB in tertiary memory (tertiary databases)
By content:
• Geographic
• Historical
• Scientific
• Multimedia, etc.
Monetary
Monetary amounts 8 bytes
TEST QUESTIONS
1. What is DB and DBMS?
2. List the main classifications of the database?
3. List the main functions of the database?
4. What are the main database examples?
Raster graphics
Raster (from the English raster) is the representation of an image in the form
of a two-dimensional array of points (pixels) arranged in rows and columns
One or more memory cells are allocated for each point of the image. The
larger the bitmap, the more memory it takes up.
Properties of raster graphics:
1. Large amounts of data to be stored and processed.
2. The inability to enlarge the image to view the details. This effect is called
pixilation.
Security questions
SELF-CONTROL ISSUES:
1. What is a computer network?
2. What functions do the computers connected to the network have?
3. What is internet technology?
4. Where are corporate computer networks used?
5. What networks
17. NETWORK SOFTWARE CAPABILITIES FOR ORGANIZING
COLLECTIVE ACTIVITIES IN GLOBAL AND LOCAL COMPUTER
NETWORKS.
Let's consider the types of services offered by the global network, as well as
the main methods of searching for the necessary information using the Internet.
Internet service services are types of services that are provided by servers of
the global network. Throughout the short history of the Internet, there have been
different types of services, some of which are currently no longer in use, others are
gradually losing their popularity, and others are experiencing the dawn.
Let's list those of the services that have not lost their relevance at the moment:
* World Wide Web - the World Wide Web is a service for searching and
viewing hypertext documents, including graphics, sound and video.
* E-mail – e-mail is an electronic message transmission service.
* Usenet, News - teleconferences, newsgroups – a kind of online newspaper or
bulletin board.
* FTP is a file transfer service.
* ICQ is a service for real-time communication using the keyboard.
* Telnet - remote access service to computers.
Consider the three most popular services:
* World Wide Web – the World Wide Web
• E-mail – e-mail
* Usenet, News - teleconferences, newsgroups
Self-control issues
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2021