Good day to all! Another module, another learning!!

Start your day with positivity and

with a short prayer. May God bless you always!
Read these learning targets, this will tell you what specific knowledge and skills you need
to have for the fulfillment of the lesson.

MODULE 3: Problem Solving and Reasoning

Learning Outcomes:
1. Apply the different types of reasoning in justifying statements and
arguments made about mathematics and mathematical concepts
2. Construct clear and logical proofs
3. Solve problems involving patterns and following Polya’s four steps;
Materials
● calculator, mobile phones, reading articles, video discussions, Mathematics in the Modern
World book
● Can you solve Einstein’s Riddle by Dan Van der Vieren (video link:
https://youtu.be/1rDVz_Fb6HQ)

Inductive and Deductive Reasoning

MOTIVATION! Pag
Pag
e
Let us begin our lesson with this activity “Reason Out!” Tell whether the ePA
following is inductive or deductive reasoning. PA
GE
Deductive reasoning 1. 2 is an even number. 22 is an even number. GE
\*
122 is an even number. Therefore, all numbers ending in 2 are all even numbers. \*
ME
Inductive reasoning 2. Math teachers are strict. Ms. Ferrer is a Math teacher. ME
RG
Therefore, she is strict. RG
EF
Deductive reasoning 3. All prime numbers only have two factors. 5 has only 1 and 5 EF
factors. Therefore, 5 is a prime number.
OR
OR
MA
Deductive reasoning 4. 9 is divisible by three. 36 is divisible by three. Therefore all
MA
multiples of 9 are divisible by 3. T1
Deductive reasoning 5. If a number is divisible by 2, then it must be even. 12 is T1
divisible by 2. Therefore, 12 is an even number.

Did you get confuse while answering our activity? Are you sure with your answers?
Well, many people think that inductive and deductive reasoning are all the same. I guessed
you also think of that before aren’t you? But the thing is, they are actually different from
each other.

Inductive reasoning is a type of reasoning that forms a conclusion based on the

examination of specific examples. Most of us find it easier to form inferences if examples
are presented to us. Deductive reasoning, on the other point of view, starts from a general
rule which we know to be true that leads us into forming specific examples. Now, going
back in your previous activity, are your answers correct? Numbers 1 and 4 are inductive
reasoning while 2, 3, and 5 are all deductive reasoning. You may also refer reading your
textbook for more examples.

Covered under Copyrights Law of the Philippines

All rights reserved @OLSHCO
ANSWER ME!

In answering Mathematical problems, which do you prefer, inductive or

deductive method? Why? Share your insight.

Inductive reasoning’s precision is questionable. Because inductive

reasoning relies on the specific premises to reach a conclusion, the result
is not likely but not certain.

People have different perception when it comes to the method they want in
understanding Mathematics. For some, they understand it easier if the method used is
inductive, while for some it is best if deductive is used.

Logic Puzzles can be solved by deductive reasoning and a chart that enables us to
display the given information in a visual manner.

VIDEO WATCHING

Can you solve this Einstein’s Riddle?

https://youtu.be/1rDVz_Fb6HQ

EINSTEIN’S PUZZLE CLUES

1. The Brit lives in the house with red walls.
2. The Swede has a dog.
3. The Dane drinks tea.
4. The house with green walls is directly to the left of the house with white walls.
5. The owner of the house with green walls drinks coffee.
6. The person who smokes Pall mall cigars owns a bird.
7. The owner of the house with yellow walls smokes Dunhill.
8. The man living in the center house drinks milk.
9. The Norwegian lives in the first house.
10. The man who smokes Blends lives next to the cat owner.
11. The horse’s owner lives next to the man who smokes Dunhill.
12. The man who smokes Blue Master drinks Root Beer.
13. The German smokes Prince.
14. The Norwegian lives next to the house with blue walls.
15. The man who smokes Blends has a next door neighbor who drinks water.

House Wall
Own Animal Drink Cigar
Number Color
er
1 Norwegian Cat Water Dunhill Yellow
2 Dane Horse Tea Blends Blue
3 Brit Bird Milk Pall Mall Red
4 German Fish Coffee Prince Green
5 Swede Dog Root Blue White

Covered under Copyrights Law of the Philippines

All rights reserved @OLSHCO
 Beer Master

How did you find your activity? Is it fun? Are you able to get the answers? I’m
sure that this time you already know how to solve logical puzzles with deductive
method.

Polya’s Problem Solving

Let’s Solve This!

Try to solve the following problems below. Show your solution!

Proble Soluti
m on
1. Jan and Marissa both swim at the local Jan – swims every third day
pool for exercise. They met each Marissa – swims every fourth day
other while swimming on July 2. They met - July 2
Marissa asked, “How often do you Jan – 2, 5, 8, 11, 14, 17, 20, 23, 26, 29
swim?” “I swim every third day, so Marissa – 2, 6, 10, 14, 18, 22, 26, 30
my next workout will be on July 5,”
said Jan. “Well, I swim every fourth, = 14 and 26
so my next workout will be on July
6,” said Marissa. On what dates in
July will the 2girls both swim if they
stick to their schedules?
Proble Soluti
m on
2. A farmer has 15 animals, some of Let pigs be: n
them pigs and some chickens. Chickens be: y
n + y = 15
Together they have a total of 40 legs.
4n + 2y = 40
How many pigs and how many 2n + y = 20
chickens does the farmer have? n + y = 15
-----------------
n=5
y = 10

Problem solving is not easy especially if you are not mathematically inclined person.
A simple word problem of linear algebra or geometry can really make you crazy. But
George Polya, a famous Mathematician, believed that the skills and abilities when it comes
to problem solving can be taught. That is why he introduced the four (4) steps in problem
solving.

Step 1: Read and Understand

This step may seems so obvious that it is often not mentioned, yet students often stymied
in their efforts to solve problems simply because they do not understand it fully or even part of it.
Sometimes the problem lies in us and not in problem itself. That is why when analysing a
problem, you need to consider the following questions:
a. Do you understand all the words used in stating the problems?
b. What are you asked to find or show?
c. What are the given?
d. Can you restate the problem in your own words?
e. Is there enough information to enable you to find a solution?

Covered under Copyrights Law of the Philippines

All rights reserved @OLSHCO
Step 2: Devise a Plan
There are many reasonable ways to solve problems. The skills at choosing appropriate
strategies may differ on the ability of an individual who solves a problem. Some of the things
you can do in solving a problem are the following:
a. Guess and check
b. Making of list
c. Eliminate possibilities
d. Look for a pattern or formula
e. Draw a picture or diagram
f. Working backward
g. Solve a simpler problem

Step 3: Carry Out the Plan

This next step is usually easier than devising the plan. In general, all you need to do is
care and patience, given that you have the necessary skills. Persist with the plan that you have
chosen. If it continues not to work, discard it and choose another one. Keep on trying until
something works. Have plan A to Z if possible.

Step 4: Look Back

Polya mentioned that much can be gained by taking the time to reflect and look back at
what you have done, what worked and what did not. By doing this will enable you to predict
what strategy to use to solve future problems, if these relate to the original problem.

To provide you more examples and strategies, get your textbook and go to pages 80 – 85.

Are you ready to our problem solving? The next page is waiting for you! Again, just a
reminder, don’t be afraid to solve mathematical problems. Just follow Polya’s four steps in
problem solving.

ACTIVITY 3.2

Let’s Solve This!

Use Polya’s four – step problem solving strategy to
solve each of the following exercises.

1. The length of the rectangular swimming pool in Jake’s yard is 2ft more than
twice its width. Find the dimensions of the pool if the perimeter is 124 ft.

Step 1: Understand the Problem

We need to find the dimensions of the rectangular swimming pool.

Step 2: Devise a Plan

The formulas for pool capacity. L = length and W = width
To find the dimension of the rectangular pool, use perimeter 2 (l + w)

Step 3: Carry Out the Plan

L = 2 + 2w
Perimeter = 2 (l + w) = 124
l + w = 64

124 = 2l + 2w w + l = 64

Covered under Copyrights Law of the Philippines

All rights reserved @OLSHCO
 124 = 2 (w + l) = 124 2w + 2 = 64
2 2 2 2
w + l = 64 w = 62
l=2+2 2
w = 31 Dimensions: 31 x 33
l = 2 + 31 = 33
Step 4: Look Back
Problem solved

2. A housewife invested part of P12, 000 at 4% simple interest and the rest at 6% simple
interest. The total interest for one year was at most P640. Find the least amount that
could have been invested at 4%.

Step 1: Understand the Problem

Step 2: Devise a Plan

Step 3: Carry Out the Plan

Step 4: Look Back

Mathematical Patterns involving Patterns

Looking for a pattern in solving mathematical equations and problems is one of the
strategies that we use to some up with our solutions.

Covered under Copyrights Law of the Philippines

All rights reserved @OLSHCO
 Patterns are found everywhere in our world. It can be repeated shapes, items, colors,
images, or even numbers. And sometimes, a set of these are repeated to create a pattern. Some
math problems can be solved by finding a pattern. Sometimes patterns can be obvious, and
sometimes not.

ACTIVITY 3.3

Find the next term on the sequence.

1. Find the 10th term in the sequence 3, 7, 11, 15, …

2. Mark saves money from his allowance. Each day he saves 12 pesos more than the
previous day. If he started saving 8 pesos in the first day, how much will he set aside in
the 5th day?

3. Write the first three pattern of the sequence whose nt h term is given by the formula:
2n
a. a n=
n+3
b. a n=n+5

Recreational Problems using Mathematics

Recreational Mathematics is a term referring to Mathematical puzzles and games. Not

all problems in this field requires a knowledge for advanced Mathematics, and thus, recreational
Mathematics often attracts the curiosity of non – Mathematicians, and inspires their further study
of Mathematics. This genre of mathematics includes logic puzzles and other puzzles that require
deductive reasoning, the aesthetics of mathematics, and peculiar or amusing stories and
coincidences about mathematics and mathematicians.

Tangrams is a dissection puzzle consisting of seven flat shapes, called tans,

which are put together to form shapes. The objective of the puzzle is to form a
specific shape given only in outline or silhouette using all seven pieces which may
not overlap.

2 7 6

9 5 1

Covered under Copyrights Law of the Philippines

All rights reserved @OLSHCO
 4 3 8

Palindrome is a number or word or phrase sequence of characters or symbols which

reads the same backwards as forward. For example: 02022020 (February 02, 2020).
Palindromes maybe in form of palindromic number, palindromic triangle, primes and others.

Magic square is a square which is divided into smaller squares

and each smaller square usually contains distinct integers. In a magic
square, the sum of all the integers in every horizontal, diagonal, and
vertical line is the same (sum is 15).

Tower of Hanoi is a puzzle invented by

Eduard Lucas in 1883. The puzzle consist of three
pegs and a number of disks of distinct diameters
stacked on one of the pegs such that the largest disk is
on the bottom, the next largest is placed on the largest
disk, and so on as shown in the next figure. The object
of the puzzle is to transfer the tower to one of the
other pegs. The rules require that only one disk be
moved at a time and that a larger disk may not be
placed on a smaller disk. All pegs may be used.

Sudoku is a logic – based number placement puzzle. Its objective is to fill a 9x9 grid so
that each column, each row, and each of the nine 3x3 boxes contains digits from 1 to 9.

Before we end this module, share with me your learning by completing the statements below.

LEARNING SUMMARY

✔ There are two types of reasoning: _Inductive ______ and __Deductive

reasoning _____________ . __Inductive reasoning___ is a type of
reasoning that forms a conclusion based on the examination of specific
examples. __Deductive reasoning____ starts from a general rule which we
know to be true that leads us into forming specific examples.
✔ According to George Polya, there are _4__ steps in problem solving.
These are the _Understanding the problem__, Devise a plan_, Carry out
the plan , and _Look back___.
✔ __Polya______ can also be used in solving mathematical problems.
✔ _Recreational Mathematics_ is a term referring to Mathematical puzzles
and
games.

REFLECTION

One of the topics discussed in this module was Polya’s four steps in problem solving. As
a student how to you think this will help you in solving mathematical problems?
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________.

George Polya once said it is better to solve one problem in five different ways, than to solve five
problems in one way. How will you reflect on this saying?
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________

Covered under Copyrights Law of the Philippines

All rights reserved @OLSHCO
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________.

In this module, I need to understand more the concept/s on

___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________.

Covered under Copyrights Law of the Philippines

All rights reserved @OLSHCO