Name: Abdul, Abdel Moqsith H.

Score: _________________________
Abduraham, Rayyan E.
Alhabsi, Syed-Abubakar J.
Amilhamja, Mulla Omar K.
Andres, Reano Zendrix P.

Topic 3: A. CARBOHYDRATES

Try this

You will find below 2 different structures. You examine them, scrutinize them, look at
them closely and try to find the ratio of carbon to hydrogen and oxygen.

Structure 1 structure 2

carbon hydrogen oxygen Ratio of C:H:O

Structure 1 6 12 6 1:2:1
Structure 2 6 12 6 1:2:1

Examine again the same structures above, identify the functional groups present and how
many of them are there. Find their similarities and differences.

Functional groups 1 2 3
present/how many are
present
Structure 1 Aldehyde Hydroxyl 2 functional group
Functional Group Functional Group present
Structure 2 Ketone Functional Carbon 2 functional group
Group Functional Group present

Similarities between structure 1 & 2

The similarities between structure 1 and 2 is first they are both Monosaccharide, and they
both have the same ratio of hydrogen, carbon and oxygen.

Difference between structure 1 & 2

The differences between structure 1 and 2 us the functional group that are present in them.
Structure 1 has am aldehyde functional group and a hydroxyl functional
 Feedback: Check your answers with the instructor. If you got 70-80% correct, that’s
Great. If not, lets us move on and learn more.

Think ahead!

You have classified the structures in activity 1 according to their similarities and
differences. You have identified the three functional groups present and have given the ratio of
carbon to hydrogen to oxygen.

What is the ratio of C:H:O in both structures? 1:2:1

Based on this ratio, what definition of carbohydrates can you give?

Based on the ratio of these structures I can define this carbohydrates as
Monosaccharides that contains a single carbons and oxygen for every hydrogen present, it
can also be define by the number of carbons present in this case there is 6 carbons present
thus it can be call as hexose.

Based on the different functional groups present and their similarity and difference, what new
definition for carbohydrate can you give?
Based on the different functional groups present and their similarities and
differences, the definition of these carbohydrates are Monosaccharides that have single chain
of carbon atoms that can either have a aldehyde or ketone functional group and can be
connected to hydroxyl or carbon functional group.

Feedback: Check your answer with the instructor. If you answered them correctly GOOD! If not
its okey just try again.

See if you can do this!

Let’s have more fun looking at the structures below. Can you identify which structures
are carbohydrates and which are not. You can also identify what kind of structure are those that
are not carbohydrates

Structure carbohydrate Not (identify)

1. D-Glucose
 2. 2-Hexanol

D-Ribulose

3.

4. Butyric acid

5. D-Glyceraldehyde

6.
Ketoheptose

Feedback: check your answer with the instructor. If you got them all correct,
congratulations! If not practice more.

Do you now know how to identify carbohydrates? You are now ready to move on the
next. Congratulations!!!

CLASSIFICATION OF CARBOHYDRATES

Lesson 3

Try this!
 You will find below 3 different structures per set. You examine them, look at them
closely and try to find similarities in them. Then try to name them. Don’t forget to use the ending
“OSE” to signify that it is a sugar.

CLASSIFICATION A
Set 1

All of the structures in set 1 have the same _______________________________________

number of carbons, which is 3, and functional group/Aldehyde
Thus, are called ____________________________________
Triose

Set 2

All of the structures in set 2 have the same _________________________________________

number of carbons, which is 4, and functional group/Ketone
Thus, are called ____________________________________
Tetrose

Set 3

All of the structures in set 3 have the same _________________________________________

number of carbons, which is 5, and functional group/Aldehyde
Thus, are called ____________________________________
Pentose
CLASSIFICATION B

Set 1
All structures in set 1 have the same ______________________________________________
group, which is aldehyde
And are called _____________________________________
Aldose

Set 2

All structures in set 2 have the same _____________________________________________

group, which is ketone
And are called _____________________________________
Ketose

CLASSIFICATION C

Set1

All structures in set 1 have __________________________simple

the same amount of 1 sugar and are called
________________________________________________________________________
Monosaccharides

Set 2
All structures in set 2 have the same ______________________________________________
amount of 2 simple sugars
And are called _____________________________________
Disaccharides

Set 3

functional group
All structures in set 3 have the same _______________________________________________
And are called _____________________________________
Polysaccharides

Feedback: Check your answers with the instructor. If you got 70-80% correct, that’s
Great. If not, lets us move on and learn more.
 Think ahead!

You have seen from the different set of structures how carbohydrates are classified.

Thus, carbohydrates can be classified according to:

1. The number of carbons atoms.
2. The functional groups of the structure.
3. The open structure and cyclic structure.

Feedback: Check your answer with the instructor. If you answered them correctly
GOOD! If not its okey just try again.

See if you can do this!

Lets have more fun identifying the structures below. Remember to always use the ending
“OSE” to signify that it is a sugar.

Set A
Structure According to According to Generally called
functional group number of carbons

Aldehyde Pentose Pentose

Ketotriose Triose Dihydroxyacetone

or DHA
 Aldotetrose Tetrose D-erythrose

Ketopentose Pentose D-ribulose

Ketose Ketohexose Fructose

Set B
Classify according to number of simple sugars.

Structure classification

Polysaccharides
 Monosaccharide 5

Polysaccharides

Polysaccharides

Oligosacchiride 5

Feedback: check your answer with the instructor. If you got them all correct, congratulations! If
not practice more.

Do you now know how to classify carbohydrates? You are now ready to move on the
next. Congratulations!!!!!

Try this!

Given below is a structure. Try to examine the carbon in the structure and identify which
carbon is a chiral carbon.

Carbon 1 Carbon 2 Carbon 3 Carbon 4

 No. of different 1 4 4 1
groups attached
Chiral or achiral Achiral Chiral Chiral Achiral

1. How many possible isomers can the given structure above have? __4_______
2. Write the structure of all possible isomers.

1 2. 3. 4.

Feedback: Check your answers with the instructor. If you got 70-80% correct, that’s
Great. If not, lets us move on and learn more.

Think ahead!

The mirror image forms of a chiral compounds are called enantiomers or optical isomers.
When a molecule has more than one chiral centers it may have many possible stereoisomers not
all of which may be enantiomers. Such stereoisomers that are not enantiomers are called
diasteromers.

You have seen the structure of all possible isomers, can you identify which two are
mirror images of each other. Which are diastereomers?

Mirror images of each other: Structures_D-erythrose___ &__L-erythrose__

Structures __L-threose_ &_D-threose___

Diastereomers:____L-threose and D-threose__________________________

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its okey just try again.
 See if you can do this!

1. Encircle the chiral carbons in the given structures.

1 2. 3. 4.

2. Identify which structures are D and which are of the L series.

1. 2. 3. 4.

D-series L-Series D-series L-Series

3. Classify each pair of of structures as enantiomer, diastereomers or neither enantiomers or

diastereomers

1. 2.

DIASTEREIOMERS NEITHER IS ENANTIOMER NOR DIASTEREIOMERS

3.

4.

DIASTEREIOMERS NEITHER IS ENANTIOMER NOR DIASTEREIOMERS

5. 6.
 DIASTEREIOMERS ENANTIOMER

Feedback: check your answer with the instructor. If you got them all correct,
congratulations! If not practice more.

Do you now know how to classify carbohydrates? You are now ready to move on the
next. Congratulations!!!

STRUCTURES OF MONOSACCHARIDES

Lesson 5

Try this!

You have seen from the introduction how fischer projection is converted to the Haworth
structure.

1. Try doing the fischer and haworth structure of the following common monosaccharides

Fischer projection Haworth projection

1.galactose

2 Ribose
3.Fructose

Feedback: Check your answers with the instructor. If you got 70-80% correct, that’s
Great. If not, lets us move on and learn more.

Think ahead!

Take note that in the structure of D-glucose both C1 &6 are achiral while carbons 2,3,4,5
are chiral. The cyclic form of monosaccharides results from the ability of the carbonyl group to
react intramolecularly with a hydroxyl group of the penultimate carbon. Such reaction causes
carbon one to be a NEW CHIRAL carbon. This carbon is then called anomeric carbon. Because
It is a chiral carbon then it can exist in two forms called the alpha and beta anomers depending
on the position of the OH group in the anomeric carbon. If the OH Is written below the ring it is
the alpha anomers. Consequently, if the OH is written above the ring then it is the beta anoner.

Identify the following structures as alpha-D monosaccharide or beta-D monosaccharide.

α orβ structure
 1. alpha-D
monosaccharide

2. beta-D
monosaccharide.

3. alpha-D
monosaccharide

4. beta-D
monosaccharide.

See if you can do this!

Write the alpha and beta structure of the following and give the importance and occurrences of
the common monosaccharides.

Monosaccharides Alpha anomer Beta anomer Occurences/

importance
Ribose Nucleic acid backbone
chains are constructed
from ribose, which are
the molecules' basic
building blocks. Ribose
is essential for the
synthesis of RNA,
DNA, and the energy-
rich compound
adenosine triphosphate
(ATP)
deoxyribose
In the synthesis of
deoxyribonucleic acid,
the pentose sugar
deoxyribose plays an
important role. Its
chemical structure
enables DNA's double
helix configuration,
which replicates cells.
 Glucose
All of our cells and
organs rely on it as a
major energy source.
Human metabolism
necessitates the use of
both alpha and beta
glucose.

Galactose
Galactoses are crucial
for the health of our
brain because they
serve as a source of
energy and are a
precursor to the
production of glucose.

fructose
Fructose serves as a
substitute metabolite
for glucose when
glucose is insufficient
to meet the body's
metabolic energy
requirements.

Feedback: check your answer with the instructor. If you got them all correct,
congratulations! If not practice more.

Do you now know how to classify carbohydrates? You are now ready to move on the
next. Congratulations!!!!!

MONOSACCHARIDES DERIVATIVES
Lesson 6

Try this!
Using glucose as your monosaccharide, draw and name all 6 monosaccharide derivatives.

Monosaccharide structure Name

derivative
Sugar alcohol Galactitol

Sugar amine D-Glucasamine

N-acetyl sugar N-Acetyl-

amine DGlucoseamine

Sugar acid Glucaric acid

Aldaric acid

Aldonic acid Gluconic acid

 Uronic acid D-Glucuronic Acid

Sugar phosphate D-Glucose 6-

Phosphate

Sugar sulfate Glucoside (Glucose

methyl glucoside)

Feedback: Check your answers with the instructor. If you got 70-80% correct, that’s
Great. If not, lets us move on and learn more.
 Think ahead!

You have seen especial features of the monosaccharide derivatives.

Draw the structure of the ff:

1. Xylose when converted to xylitol is used as sugar substitute in sugar free chewing gums,
mints, and other candies. As medicine it is used to prevent middle ear infections and can
prevent tooth decay and dry mouth.
2. Galactose when completely oxidized forms an insoluble, white, sandy crystals called
galactaric acid.
3. In glycolysis, one of the intermediate products is the formation of fructose 1,6
diphosphate which splits to 2 trioses.

1.

2.
 3.

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GOOD! If not its okey just try again.

See if you can do this!

Given above are important polysaccharides whose components are monosaccharide derivatives.
Can you identify the type of derivatives present in each?

Polysaccharide Monosaccharide derivatives

1. Chitin N-acetyl sugar amine
2. Hyaluronic acid Uronic acid
3. Chondroitin sulphate Sugar sulphate
4. Heparin Sugar amine
5. Pectin Uronic acid
6. agar Sugar sulphate

Feedback: check your answer with the instructor. If you got them all correct,
congratulations! If not practice more.

STRUCTURES OF DISACCHARIDES ANDPOLYSACCHARIDES

Lesson 7

Introduction

Disaccharides are compounds form by combining two monosaccharides together linked

by a glycosidic link. While polysaccharides are those that contains many monsaccharide either
of one type or a combination of two monosaccharides and other groups.
A monosaccharide in its cyclic form (Hemiacetal) can react with an alcohol to form a glycoside
(acetal). In disaccharide formation, one of the monosaccharide acts as a hemiacetal and the other
monosaccharide as an alcohol. Steps to follow in forming a disaccharide

1. First you need to identify which carbons are involved in the linkage.
2. Locate the position of the OH groups in these carbons.
3. Remove HOH leaving behind one oxygen atom.
4. Link the O to the carbon where OH is removed.

This link is called the GLYCOSIDIC bond. In a disaccharide it is always a carbon-

oxygen-carbon. In naming the linkage:
1. Identify whether the anomeric carbon of the first monosaccharide is alpha or beta.
2. Number the carbons to determine which two carbons are involved in the linkage.

In the above example the anomeric carbon is alpha and the carbons involved in the linkage are
carbons 1 & 4 thus the linkage is an α 1,4 link.

Try this!

You have seen from the example above how disaccharides are formed by removal of
water and how to identify whether the bond formed is alpha or beta. Now try doing this:

1. Using two molecules of glucose, show:

a. α 1,3 link b. β 1,4 link c. α 1,6 link
a.
b.

c.

2. Write the structures of sucrose by using the monosaccharide D-glucose and D-

fructose having an α 1,2 link and lactose using D-galactose and D-glucose linked by
β 1,4

Sucrose

lactose
 3. Identify the monosaccharide ( α or β) involved in the 2 structures and state the
linkage.

Structure 1 contains the monosaccharides

galactose, glucose , and fructose
and the linkage α 1,6 link and β 1,4 link.

Structure 2 contains the monosaccharides

glucose, galactose, and fructose
having the linkage α 1,3 link, α 1,6 link, and α 1,4 link.

Feedback: Check your answers with the instructor. If you got 70-80% correct, that’s Great. If
not, lets us move on and learn more.

Think ahead!

Now that you know how to form a disaccharide it would be easy for you to make polysaccharide.
Polysaccharides may be homopolysaccharide or heteropolysaccharide. Homopolysaccahride are
those whose repeating unit is of one type of monosaccharide while heteropolysaccharide is made
up of more than one type of monosaccharide. Common homopolysaccharides are: starch,
cellulose, glycogen, inulin among others.

1. Combine 3 glucose units having the alpha 1,4 link then 2 glucose unit having the beta
1,4 link and continue with more glucose units with alpha 1, 4 link.

See if you can do this!

1. Below are list of common disaccharides and polysaccharides. Give what

monosacharides are involved in the making of its structure, the type of link, its
occurrences or importance.
Monosaccharide Type of Occurrences/importance
that makes up the link
carbohydrate
 1.sucrose Glucose and α 1,2 link Its importance is to provides our body
fructose with the energy required to perform
physical and mental functions.
2.Lactose Galactose and β 1,4 link An important source of energy for
glucose babies and it is also commonly used in
food processing and pharmaceutical
drug manufacturing.
3.maltose Starch α 1,4 link Used in the food industry either as
food products or additives for
thickening, preservation and quality
enhancer in baked foods,
confectioneries, pastas, soups and
sauces, and mayonnaises.
4.amylose Glucose α 1,4 link It is important in plant energy storage.

5.amylopectin Glucose α 1,6 link It is important in plant energy storage.

6.cellulose Glucose β 1,4 link It helps plants to remain stiff and

upright.
7. glycogen Glucose α 1,4 link It serves as a form of energy storage
in animals, fungi, and bacteria.
8.inulin Fructose β 2,1 link It helps to improve digestive health,
control diabetes, and aid weight loss.
This is a dietary fiber that may benefit
gut health.

Feedback: check your answer with the instructor. If you got them all correct,
congratulations! If not practice more.

Do you now know how to classify carbohydrates? You are now ready to move on the
next. Congratulation!!!!

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