KARABUK UNIVERSITY Lecture Content

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
STRENGTH OF
MATERIALS II 7.1 Introduction
7.2 Transformation of Plane Stress
7.3 Principal Stresses & Maximum Shearing Stress
SECTION 7-a
7.4 Mohr’s Circle for Plane Stress
TRANSFORMATIONS of
STRESS and STRAIN

Asst. Prof. Özden İŞBİLİR

Asst. Prof.
Özden İŞBİLİR Strength of Materials II 2

7.1 Introduction 7.1 Introduction

• The most general state of stress at a point may
be represented by 6 components, • Plane Stress - state of stress in which two faces of
the cubic element are free of stress. For the
σ x ,σ y ,σ z normal stresses
illustrated example, the state of stress is defined by
τ xy , τ yz , τ zx shearing stresses
σ x , σ y , τ xy and σ z = τ zx = τ zy = 0.
(Note : τ xy = τ yx , τ yz = τ zy , τ zx = τ xz )

• Same state of stress is represented by a

different set of components if axes are rotated. • State of plane stress occurs in a thin plate subjected
to forces acting in the mid-plane of the plate.
• The first part of the chapter is concerned with
how the components of stress are transformed
under a rotation of the coordinate axes. The
second part of the chapter is devoted to a
• State of plane stress also occurs on the free surface
similar analysis of the transformation of the
of a structural element or machine component, i.e.,
components of strain.
at any point of the surface not subjected to an
external force.
Asst. Prof. Asst. Prof.
Özden İŞBİLİR
Strength of Materials II 3 Özden İŞBİLİR Strength of Materials II 4

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 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Transformation of Plane Stress

Let us assume that a state of plane stress exists at point Q (with σz

= τzx = τzy = 0), and that it is defined by the stress components σx ,
σy , and τxy associated with the element shown in the figure.
We require to determine the stress components σx,, σy,, and τx,y,
associated with the element after it has been rotated through an
angle θ about the z axis.
Asst. Prof. Asst. Prof.
Özden İŞBİLİR
Strength of Materials II 5 Özden İŞBİLİR
Strength of Materials II 6

7.2 Transformation of Plane Stress 7.3 Principal Stresses

• Consider the conditions for equilibrium of a • The previous equations are combined to
prismatic element with faces perpendicular to yield parametric equations for a circle,
the x, y, and x’ axes.
(σ x′ − σ ave )2 + τ x2′y ′ = R 2
∑ Fx′ = 0 = σ x′∆A − σ x (∆A cosθ ) cosθ − τ xy (∆A cosθ )sin θ
where
− σ y (∆A sin θ )sin θ − τ xy (∆A sin θ ) cosθ
2
σ x +σ y σ x −σ y 
∑ Fy ′ = 0 = τ x′y ′∆A + σ x (∆A cosθ )sin θ − τ xy (∆A cosθ ) cosθ R =  2
σ ave =
2 2  + τ xy
− σ y (∆A sin θ ) cosθ + τ xy (∆A sin θ )sin θ  

• The equations may be rewritten to yield • Principal stresses occur on the principal
planes of stress with zero shearing stresses.
σ x +σ y σ x −σ y 2
σ x′ = + cos 2θ + τ xy sin 2θ σ x +σ y σ x −σ y  2
2 2 σ max,min = ±   + τ xy
2  2 
σ x +σ y σ x −σ y
σ y′ = − cos 2θ − τ xy sin 2θ 2τ xy
2 2 tan 2θ p =
σ x −σ y
σ x −σ y
τ x′y′ = − sin 2θ + τ xy cos 2θ Note : defines two angles separated by 90o
2
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Özden İŞBİLİR
Strength of Materials II 7 Özden İŞBİLİR
Strength of Materials II 8

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 7.3 Maximum Shearing Stress Example 7.01
SOLUTION:
Maximum shearing stress occurs for σ x′ = σ ave
• Find the element orientation for the principal
2 stresses from
σ x −σ y  2
τ max = R =   + τ xy 2τ xy
 2  tan 2θ p =
σ x −σ y
σ x −σ y
tan 2θ s = − • Determine the principal stresses from
2τ xy
2
Note : defines two angles separated by 90 and o σx +σ y σ x − σ y  2
For the state of plane stress shown, σ max, min = ±   + τ xy

offset from θ p by 45o
2  2 
(a) determine the principal planes,
σ x +σ y (b) determine the principal • Calculate the maximum shearing stress with
σ ′ = σ ave =
2 stresses, 2
σ x −σ y  2
(c) determine the maximum τ max =   + τ xy
 2 
shearing stress and the
corresponding normal stress. σx +σ y
σ′ =
2

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Özden İŞBİLİR Strength of Materials II 9 Özden İŞBİLİR Strength of Materials II 10

Solution 7.01 Solution 7.01

• Calculate the maximum shearing stress with
• Find the element orientation for the principal 2
σ x −σ y  2
stresses from τ max =   + τ xy
2τ xy 2(+ 40)  2 
tan 2θ p = = = 1.333
σ x − σ y 50 − (− 10) = (30 )2 + (40)2
2θ p = 53.1°, 233.1°
τ max = 50 MPa
θ p = 26.6°, 116.6°
σ x = +50 MPa τ xy = +40 MPa σ x = +50 MPa τ xy = +40 MPa θ s = θ p − 45
σ x = −10 MPa • Determine the principal stresses from σ x = −10 MPa θ s = −18.4°, 71.6°
2
σx +σ y σ x − σ y  2
σ max, min = ±   + τ xy • The corresponding normal stress is
2  2 
σx +σ y 50 − 10
= 20 ± (30)2 + (40)2 σ ′ = σ ave =
2
=
2
σ max = 70 MPa σ ′ = 20 MPa
σ min = −30 MPa

Asst. Prof. Asst. Prof.

Özden İŞBİLİR
Strength of Materials II 11 Özden İŞBİLİR
Strength of Materials II 12

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 Example 7.02 Solution 7.02
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
• Determine an equivalent force-couple
• Determine an equivalent force-couple
system at the center of the transverse
system at the center of the transverse
section passing through H.
section passing through H.
P = 150 lb
• Evaluate the normal and shearing stresses T = (150 lb)(18 in ) = 2.7 kip ⋅ in
at H. M x = (150 lb)(10 in ) = 1.5 kip ⋅ in
• Determine the principal planes and • Evaluate the normal and shearing stresses
calculate the principal stresses. at H.
A single horizontal force P of 150 lb magnitude is Mc (1.5 kip ⋅ in )(0.6 in )
σy =+ =+
applied to center point D at the end of lever ABD. I 1 π (0.6 in )4
4
Determine Tc (2.7 kip ⋅ in )(0.6 in )
(a) the normal and shearing stresses on an element at τ xy = + =+
J 1 π (0.6 in )4
point H having sides parallel to the x and y axes, 2
(b) the principal planes and principal stresses at the σ x = 0 σ y = +8.84 ksi τ y = +7.96 ksi
point H.
Asst. Prof. Asst. Prof.
Özden İŞBİLİR Strength of Materials II 13 Özden İŞBİLİR Strength of Materials II 14

Solution 7.02 7.4 Mohr’s Circle for Plane Stress

• Determine the principal planes and • With the physical significance of Mohr’s circle
calculate the principal stresses. for plane stress established, it may be applied
with simple geometric considerations. Critical
2τ xy 2(7.96)
tan 2θ p = = = −1.8 values are estimated graphically or calculated.
σ x − σ y 0 − 8.84
2θ p = −61.0°,119° • For a known state of plane stress σ x ,σ y ,τ xy
θ p = −30.5°, 59.5° plot the points X and Y and construct the
circle centered at C.
2 2
σx +σ y σ x − σ y  σ x +σ y σ x −σ y  2
σ max, min = ±  2
 + τ xy σ ave = R =   + τ xy
2 2 2  2 
 
2
0 + 8.84  0 − 8.84  2 • The principal stresses are obtained at A and B.
= ±   + (7.96 )
2  2  σ max,min = σ ave ± R
σ max = +13.52 ksi 2τ xy
tan 2θ p =
σ min = −4.68 ksi σ x −σ y
The direction of rotation of Ox to Oa is
the same as CX to CA.
Asst. Prof. Asst. Prof.
Özden İŞBİLİR
Strength of Materials II 15 Özden İŞBİLİR
Strength of Materials II 16

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 7.4 Mohr’s Circle for Plane Stress 7.4 Mohr’s Circle for Plane Stress
• Mohr’s circle for centric axial loading:
• With Mohr’s circle uniquely defined, the state
of stress at other axes orientations may be
depicted.

• For the state of stress at an angle θ with

respect to the xy axes, construct a new P P
σx = , σ y = τ xy = 0 σ x = σ y = τ xy =
diameter X’Y’ at an angle 2θ with respect to A 2A
XY.
• Mohr’s circle for torsional loading:
• Normal and shear stresses are obtained
from the coordinates X’Y’.

Tc Tc
σ x = σ y = 0 τ xy = σx =σy = τ xy = 0
J J
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Özden İŞBİLİR Strength of Materials II 17 Özden İŞBİLİR Strength of Materials II 18

Example 7.03 Solution 7.03

• Principal planes and stresses
σ max = OA = OC + CA = 20 + 50
σ max = 70 MPa
σ max = OB = OC − BC = 20 − 50
σ max = −30 MPa

FX 40
tan 2θ p = =
For the state of plane stress shown, CP 30
(a) construct Mohr’s circle 2θ p = 53.1°
(b) determine the principal planes, SOLUTION: θ p = 26.6°
(c) determine the principal stresses, • Construction of Mohr’s circle
(d) determine the maximum shearing σ x + σ y (50) + (− 10)
stress and the corresponding normal σ ave = = = 20 MPa
2 2
stress.
CF = 50 − 20 = 30 MPa FX = 40 MPa
R = CX = (30)2 + (40)2 = 50 MPa
Asst. Prof. Asst. Prof.
Özden İŞBİLİR
Strength of Materials II 19 Özden İŞBİLİR
Strength of Materials II 20

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 Solution 7.03

• Maximum shear stress

θ s = θ p + 45° τ max = R σ ′ = σ ave

θ s = 71.6° τ max = 50 MPa σ ′ = 20 MPa

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Özden İŞBİLİR Strength of Materials II 21