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გილგამეშიანი
გილგამეშიანი
mxatvari
nugzar meZmariaSvili
gilgameSis eposi
qalaqi
5
romelsac, farTo arealze gavrcelebis miuxedavad, identuroba ar
daukargavs, masTan erTad saerTo ganaTlebis sistema, skolebis (e-
duba) qseliT warmodgenili, cxadia, adgilobrivi Taviseburebebis
gaTvaliswinebiT; bolos, rac mTavaria, erTiani sarwyavi sistema,
romelic yvela qalaq-saxelmwifos sazrunavi iyo, radgan am erTia-
ni qselis wesrigze da gamarTulobaze iyo damokidebuli TiToeuli
maTganis keTildReoba.
qalaqi, romelsac am Cvens narkvevSi movixilavT, zogadic aris
da kerZoc, saxeldobr uruqi _ Cveni eposis gmiris samSoblo. igi,
rogorc yvela sxva qalaqi, mdinarisa Tu arxis napirzea gaSenebuli,
gars akravs daba-soflebi, Ria dasaxlebani, romelTaTvisac qalaqi
warmoadgens religiur, ideologiur, ekonomiur da politikur cen-
trs. qalaqis struqtura, Tu mas TvalsaCinoebisTvis koncentruli
wreebis saxiT warmovidgenT, Semdegi iqneba:
pirveli wre _ es aris sakuTriv qalaqi (uru), romelsac realu-
radac daaxloebiT wris forma aqvs: igi SemozRudulia galavniT,
romelic misi imedi da siamayea: igi icavs mas momxduri momTabare
tomebis Semosevisgan da aZlevs mas xilvad formas, ganasxvavebs ra
da gamoyofs mas usazRvro garesamyarosgan. galavani qalaqis Rirs-
SesaniSnaobaa, misi SesaZleblobis maqsimumi, rac mas qalaqad aqcevs.
galavans SigniT da galavans gareT _ gansxvavebuli sivrceebia. erT-
erTi Sumeruli qalaqis uruqis ori epiTeti ori sxvadasxva kuTxiT
gansazRvravs mas, rogorc qalaqs: “galavniani uruqi” da “moedniani
uruqi”. wre centrs moiTxovs da es centri, Tumca am SemTxvevaSi ara
geometriuli, qalaqSi taZris saxiT aris warmodgenili. taZris gar-
Semo Tavs ikrebs ara mxolod sakulto-religiuri, aramed sameurneo
cxovrebac. arqaul xanaSi yvelaferi, rac qalaqs abadia _ savargu-
lebi, saqoneli, baR-venaxebi, saZovrebi, arxebi sataZro sakuTrebaa.
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TiToeul qalaqs Tavisi sakuTari panTeoni aqvs qalaqis mTavari
mfarveli RmerTiT saTaveSi, romelic, rogorc wesi, enlilis Zea.
yovel qalaqs hyavs mfarveli deda-qalRmerTi, romelic ganasaxie-
rebs qalaqs, moqalaqeni ki _ misi Svilebi arian. iseve, rogorc bevr
sxva civilizaciaSi, SumerSic qalaqi dedruli saxiT aris warmodge-
nili, romelic Tavis kalTaSi ifarebs moqalaqeebs. am aspeqtSi qala-
qis qalRmerTis epiTetia “mravali Svilis deda” (ama-dumu-dumu-ne).
“Svili” (dumu) SumerSi, iseve rogorc yvelgan, Tavisufali adamianis
metaforaa, Tavisuflebas mxolod dedis (resp. qalaqis) wiaRSi hpo-
veben. amitomac am enaSi Sesityveba “dedasTan dabruneba” (ama-ar-gi)
“Tavisuflebis” aRmniSvnel idiomad iqca. sanam tyveobas Tavdaxsnili
dumu ar SeaRwevs qalaqis kedlebs SigniT da simbolurad ar dadebs
Tavs dedis (ama) kalTaSi, ar CaiTvleba Tavisuflad. amrigad, yove-
li qalaqi dasaxlebulia misi SvilebiT anu Tavisufali moqalaqee-
biT da sxvadasxva gradaciis araTavisufali xalxiT, romlebic sxva-
Ta da sxvaTa garemoebaTa (gaRatakeba, valis gadauxdeloba, tyveoba,
motaceba, ltolvileba...) mizeziT gadadian am kategoriaSi. amrigad,
qalaqs hyavs mis wiaRSi, qalRmerTis kalTaze, dabadebulni RviZli
Svilebi, mkvidrebi, romlebic floben sakuTrebaSi uZrav qonebas da
monawileobas iReben qalaqis politikur cxovrebaSi, da qalaqs hyavs
gerebi, xiznebi, monebi Tu moxarkeni, romelTac ar gaaCniaT amgvari
memkvidreobiTi sakuTreba, ris gamoc moklebulni arian mkvidro-
bis statuss. mkvidroba anu Tavisufleba dabadebiT eniWeba adamians,
magram igi SeiZleba ewyalobos mas sagangebo ritualiT, romelic
dedis saSodan dabadebis imitaciaSi mdgomareobs (Svilad miRebis ri-
tuali aRwerilia “gilgameSianSi”).
Tavdapirvelad, winaredinastiur an damwerlobamdel da Semdgom
adredinastiur xanaSi (Zv. w. XIX s.-mde), qalaqs (uru) marTavda
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sakrebulo (unqen), romelic Sedgeboda ori “palatisgan” _ senatis-
gan anu uxucesTa (abba) sabWosgan da moymeTagan (guruS). uxucesebi,
rogorc saxeli mowmobs (abba Sum. “mamebi”), didi ojaxebisa Tu sa-
gvareuloebis meTaurebi anu maTi warmomadgenlebi iyvnen. xolo
moymeni, guruSebi _ es sityva zogadad axalgazrda mamakacs aRniS-
navs _ iaraRis tarebis SemZleni. Tu uxucesebis bageTagan rCeva ga-
modioda, guruSebi realurad axorcielebdnen am rCevas. uxucesTa
iaraRi sityva iyo, moymeTa ki _ fizikuri Zala. rogorc romaeli
patriciebi (mamaTa mcodneni) iyvnen qalaqis mamaTa Svilebi, aseve
moymeni qalaqis uxucesTa memkvidreebi iyvnen. moymeobis asakis (anu,
socialur planSi: statusis) gasvlis Semdeg isini uxucesTa sabWo-
Si TavianTi mamebis adgilebze gadainacvlebdnen. eqstremalur da
krizisul viTarebebSi sakrebulo irCevda winamZRols, belads, mxe-
darTmTavars, lugals anu “did kacs”, romelic, rogorc wesi, moy-
meTa wridan iyo.
lugali qarizmatuli winamZRoli iyo: erTaderTi niSani, risTvi-
sac mas xalxi irCevda, mxneoba da siqvele iyo, rac adamianebSi ndobas
da darwmunebulobas iwvevda, rom arCeuli adamiani qveyanas krizisi-
dan gamoiyvanda. magram amomrCevelma isic icioda, rom es Tvisebebi
ara imdenad misi Tandayolili pirovnuli Rirsebebi iyo, ramdenadac
qalaqis panTeonis wyaloba mis mimarT. qalaqis RvTaebebi, TiToeuli
maTgani Tavis sferoSi, lugals aniWebdnen yvelafer imas, rac auci-
lebeli iyo winamZRolisTvis. xarizma am niWTa erTobliobaa, romle-
bsac is atarebda, vidre qalaqis panTeoni swyalobda mas.
qalaqis mefes religiuri funqciebic akisria. zogierT qalaqSi es
funqciebi win aris wamoweuli anu ar aris mkveTri zRvari samoqala-
qo da religiur xelmZRvanelobas Soris. aseTi gamgebeli ensis wode-
bas atarebs. en-si(g) SeiZleba niSnavdes etimologiurad “saZirkvlis
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ufals”, igulisxmeba taZris saZirkveli, rac imas niSnavs, rom qalaqis
miwieri patroni taZars uyris safuZvels; is principulad taZris mSe-
nebelia (uZvelesi romis qurumis saxelwodeba pontifeqs, rac “xidis
mSenebels” niSnavs, aseve religiur moRvaweobasTan aris dakavSire-
buli: qurumi agebs simbolur xids, romelic amqveyniur da miRmur
samyaroebs akavSirebs erTmaneTTan).
garda RmerTebis samsaxurisa, mefe-qurums aqvs kidev ori fun-
qcia, romelic asaxavs Sumeris qalaq-saxelmwifoTa meurneobis
saxeebs: igi Tavisi xalxis, romlis patronadac panTeonis mTavarma
RmerTma (qalaqis zeciurma patronma) ganawesa, erTdroulad mwyem-
sic aris da miwaTmoqmedic. aman asaxva hpova mis titulaturaSi: igi
aris, Sesabamisad, sipa da engar. rogorc mwyemsi (si pa), is valde-
bulia, saukeTeso sacxovrisi mouZios Tavis samwysos (“SavTaviane-
bs”). arqauli xanis sabeWdavebze Zroxebis win gamosaxulia lugali
Tu ensi, romelsac maTken TavTavebi aqvs gawvdili. is aris Tavisi
xalxis “WeSmariti mwyemsi” (sipa-zi). rogorc engari (miwismuSaki),
mefe-qurumi axorcielebs qveynis guTnisdedis movaleobas, am si-
tyvis farTo azriT. mas ara mxolod pirveli xnuli gahyavs yana-
Si, aramed axali arxis gayvanac an arsebulis ganaxlebac evaleba.
arxebze zrunva qveynis keTildReobaze zrunvis realuri da sim-
boluri gamoxatulebaa. mefis koronaciis teqstSi prioritetulad
swored es saqmianobaa wamoweuli (“vin gaTxris arxs, vin gaTxris
arxs?” am ritorikuli sityvebiT iwyeba teqsti, romelic axali me-
fis gamefebas auwyebs). mSvidobiani xanis mwyemsi da guTnisdeda
omianobis dros samxedro meTaurad evlineba xalxs.
arqaul xanaSi arCeuli lugali, rogorc ki krizisi daiZleoda,
rigiT moymeobas ubrundeboda. magram droTa ganmavlobaSi, gamudme-
buli saSiSroebis pirobebSi, arCeviTi lugaloba (nam-lugal) memkvi-
9
dreobiT mefobaSi gadadis. safuZvlianad icvleba mefobis koncepcia:
am dros panTeonis mier arCeuli lugalis xarizma mis memkvidreebzec
gadadis da ukve dinastiac xarizmebiT aRWurvili xdeba. dinastiis xa-
rizma gadadis mis yovel wevrze TaobebSi. amrigad, yoveli pirmSo
dabadebiTve ziarebulia mefobis xarizmas. da isev, sanam panTeoni an
misi meTauri swyalobs da keTili TvaliT uyurebs dinastias, misi yo-
veli warmomadgenlis warmateba garantirebulia. da rogorc yovel
mefes aqvs imTaviTve gansazRvruli bala (zeobis xangrZlovoba), aseve
yovel dinastias aqvs sakuTari bala, romlis manZilze is axorciele-
bs qveynis patronobas.
mefobis institutma sasaxle (e-gal “saxli didi”) daupirispira ta-
Zars (e-dingir “saxli RvTisa”), romelic warmoadgenda qalaqis yvela
ganzomilebis centrs, da sabolood misi uzurpacia moaxdina. sataZro
meurneobis gverdiT gaCnda samefo meurneoba, ris Sedegadac qalaqis
Svilebi (dumu-dumu), romlebic rogorc Tavisufali meTemeni, Cabmu-
li iyvnen mis meurneobaSi, mefis uuflebo da umkvidro msaxurebi aR-
moCndnen.
droTa viTarebaSi lugali RvTaebrivi auriT imoseba. Suamdina-
reTis istoriam icis gaRmerTebuli mefeebi da dinastiebi. gaRmerTe-
bulni iyvnen aqadis dinastiis mefeebi _ Sar-qali-Sari (“mefe yvela
mefeTa”), naram-sini (“mTvaris RmerTis nandauri”), romelic “aqadis
RmerTadac” iwodeba. GgaRvTaebrivebulia uris III dinastiis mefe
Sulgi (Zv. w. XXI s.) da yvela misi momdevno mefe am dinastiidan. Tu
lagaSis ensis gudeas warweraSi misi xarizmatuloba tradiciis obie-
qturi faqtia, romelic misi pirovnuli TvisebebiT ar aris ganpiro-
bebuli, RvTaebis rangSi aRzevebuli Sulgi Tavs nebas aZlevs, iamayos
am xarizmebiT, rogorc Tandayolili madliT:
10
“me mefe var, (dedis) saSoTganve gmiri var,
Sulgi var, SobiTganve Zlieri mamri var...
brwyinvale anis (cis RmerTis) gulSi arCeuli var,
enlilis mier bedgadawyvetili var...”
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arxebis meSveobiT stumrobdnen erTmaneTs (am stumrobaTa amsaxveli
Janric ki Seiqmna Sumerul literaturaSi).
qalaqis mesame wre. yanebi gadadis saZovrebSi... es udabnos piria,
sadac miwas mwiri mcenareuli safarveli mosavs. aq cxovroben mwyem-
sebi zustad imgvaradve Tav-TavianT binebSi, rogorc dRes, sadac
mwyemsuri kultura jer kidev boginobs.
qalaqis meoTxe wre. saZovrebs iqiT sanadiro sanaxebia: aq Zoven
qurcikis, kanjaris jogebi. monadires am adgilebSi gaTxrili aqvs or-
moebi, dagebuli aqvs xafangebi... es xelsawyoebi mis samonadireo osta-
tobasTan erTad, aris kulturis is minimumi, romliTac qalaqi udabnos
pirze amkvidrebs Tavs da ukacriel tramalebs upirispirdeba.
qalaqis mexuTe wre. udabno (eden). sanadiro adgilebi SeumCne-
vlad gadadis udabnoSi... es unayofo zonaa, aq mkvdaria sicocxle.
qalaqs, mis Semogarens, aqedan moelis xifaTi rogorc adamianTa-
gan, ise mxecTagan da stiqiisgan, rogoric aris samxreTis xorSaki
qari, romelsac moaqvs mxurvaleba da qviSa. bunebas maTi saxiT
ieriSi moaqvs kulturaze, romelsac qalaqi Tavisi zonebiT gana-
saxierebs da am zonebiTve icavs Tavs. aq binadroben, Tu miTosSi
gadavinacvlebT, demonebi, itimebi da udugebi, romlebic Tavs esx-
mian adamianebs da asneuleben.
istoria
12
erTmaneTTan TanxmobaSi iyvnen, cidan Camosuli mefoba, romelic
moicavs kulturis cnebasac, mSvidobianad gadadioda erTi qalaqi-
dan meoreSi: eridudan badTibiraSi, badTibiradan larakSi, lara-
kidan siparSi, siparidan SurupakSi. Zveli koncepciiT, mefoba er-
Tia da amitomac gamoricxulia erTdrouli mefobani. mefobas qa-
laq SurupaqSi mouswro warRvnam. warRvnis Semdgom mefoba kvlav
cidan Camovida da pirveli qalaqi, sadac aRdga igi miwis pirisagan
warxocil civilizaciasTan erTad, iyo qiSi. civilizacia ki aRdga,
magram amieridan mefoba brZoliT gadadis erTi qalaqidan meore-
Si. morigeobis warRvnamdel saSualebas _ Tanxmobas cvlis iaraRi
_ rkina.
metoqeobis periodi. qalaq-saxelmwifoTa urTierTobaSi Cndeba
bzari: hegemoniis pretenziiT morigeobiT Tavs wamoyofs xan erTi,
xan meore qalaq-saxelmwifo. Tumca damoukidebel qalaq-saxelmwi-
foTa erTi xelmwifebis qveS moqcevis mcdelobebi warumartebelia.
verc erTi qalaqi amas ver axerxebs. erT-erTi dawinaurebuli qa-
laqis _ umas mefe mxolod droebiT ipovebs qveynis mefis tituls
(lugal-qalama). metoqeoba, urTierTundobloba, gauTavebeli br-
Zola yvelasi yvelas winaaRmdeg, urTierTawiokeba (ris magaliTad
ikmarebs teqsti, romelic mogviTxrobs uma-qalaqis mier lagaSis
aklebas), sabolood, katastrofis winaSe ayenebs arxebis sistemas,
romlis simrTele TiToeul qalaqSi gamaval arxzea damokidebuli.
sxva obieqtur da subieqtur faqtorebTan erTad, romlebic saer-
Tod iwvevs imperiis warmoSobas, SumadinareTis pirobebSi ara-
naklebi iyo faqtori arxebze zrunvisa, rac axal pirobebSi centra-
lizebuli xelisuflebis gareSe SeuZlebeli iyo. Sumeris qveyana
unda gamoTxoveboda damoukidebel qalaq-saxelmwifoTa mamapapur
sistemas. roca damwerlobis meoxebiT istoriis konturebi gamoCn-
13
da, werilobiTma dokumentebma aCvena omis mdgomareoba, romelSic
Sumeris qalaq-saxelmwifoebi imyofebodnen.
imperiis periodi. qalaq-saxelmwifoTa erTi xelmwifebis qveS
gaerTianeba mxolod gareSe ZaliT moxerxda. pirvelad aqadeli sar-
goni (daaxl. Zv. w. 2316-2261) ipyrobs Sumerul qalaqebs da aarsebs
pirvel imperias, romelic as wels gastans. meored uris III dinastia
(Zv. w. XXII-XXI ss.) itvirTavs am amocanas. mis dros adgilobrivi
mefeebi da ensiebi imperators damorCilebuli “gubernatorebi” xde-
bian. Sumeris qalaq-saxelmwifoTa TavisTavadoba im saxiT, rogora-
dac klasikur xanaSi arsebobda, samudamod Cabarda warsuls.
rac ar unda iTqvas qalaq-saxelmwifoTa TviTkmarobis da damou-
kideblobis sasargeblod, istoria Zalauflebis erT xelSi moqcevis
mxareze iyo. Sida da gare procesebi imperiebis warmoqmnas uwyob-
da xels. istoriis suli gansxvavebuli saSualebebiT aRwevda amas _
Sumeris qalaq-saxelmwifoTa SemTxvevaSi es iyo arxebze zrunva, rac
mefeTa erT-erTi miucilebeli movaleoba iyo. istoriam aCvena, rom
tigros-evfratis auzSi irigaciis SenarCunebis erTaderTi piroba
qalaq-saxelmwifoTa Soris mSvidobiani urTierToba iyo. saocnebo
mSvidoba ki erTi mbrZanebeli xelis gareSe miuRweveli iyo.
imperias SuamdinareTis politikur istoriaSi Seuqcevadi xasiaTi
mieca. sargonis, uris III dinastiis, babilonis, aSuris, kvlav babilo-
nis, aqemeniduri iranis, aleqsandre makedonelis imperiebi memkvi-
dreobis principiT erTmaneTs enacvlebian am miwaze. TiToeuli impe-
ria iyo civilizaciis erTgvari Sejameba Secvlil viTarebaSi da, ama-
vdroulad, misi axali safexuric, erTgvari pasuxi warsulis mimarT.
TiToeul maTgans Tavisi ganmsazRvreli niSani hqonda.
14
galavniani uruqi da misi mefeni
15
qis mefobis legitimaciis mwvervalia. uruqis mefes SeeZlo dumuzis
sityvebi gaemeorebina: “me ubralo kaci ar var, me inanas qmari var”.
mesame niSani uruqis gamorCeulobisa misi literaturuli (epikuri)
tradicaa.
uruqelma rafsodebma mTels SumerSi gauTqves saxeli mis mkvidrT
_ enmerqars, lugalbandas da gilgameSs, _ romelTa saxelebi erTma-
neTis miyolebiT ixsenieba uruqis e. w. I dinastiis mefeTa siaSi.
am sami mefis garSemo sinamdvilisa da miTosuris erTmaneTTan Se-
zavebiT droTa viTarebaSi dajgufda epikur TqmulebaTa ciklebi. ma-
gram maT Soris ukanasknels _ gilgameSs xvda wilad gamxdariyo gmiri
msoflio mwerlobaSi pirveli eposisa, romelic daiwera aqadurad
Sumeruli poemebis safuZvelze daaxloebiT oriaTasi wlis Semdeg
im xanidan, roca istoriuli gilgameSi uruqis qalaq-saxelmwifoSi
mefobda. ratom maincdamainc gilgameSi gamoirCa am samSi, roca sx-
vebs aranakleb warmtaci Tavgadasavali hqondaT, kerZod, lugalban-
das, miuval mTebSi anazdeulad dasneulebuls da martod darCenils,
roca Tanamgzavrebs mkvdari egonaT da Sua gzaze miatoves (im imediT,
rom ukanmobrunebisas waasvenebdnen uruqSi), is ki, gulSeRonebuli,
sasicocxlo sunTqvas evedreboda mzis RmerTs, uTus _
“deda ar maxlavs, mama ara maxlavs,
Zma ar maxlavs, megobari ar maxlavs,
deda ar metyvis: Svilo Cemo,
Zma ar metyvis: Zmao Cemo”.
16
cnobaze, rom man inana cidan Camoiyvana da mis miwier taZarSi daamk-
vidra? ratom ara mesqiagaSeri, Ze uTusi, da mama enmerqarisa, romlis
qmedebani oTxiode sityvas (“zRvaSi Cavida, mTaze avida”) SemorCa?
arc erTi poeti aqaduri xanisa ar dainteresebula mesqiagaSeris,
enmerqarisa da lugalbandas pirovnebebiT da RvawliT. erTaderTi
gilgameSi iyo, romelmac miizida igi.
gilgameSi
17
qronologiur jaWvs. sruliad gaurkvevelia _ rusuli bilinebis ms-
gavsad _ calke aRebul TavgadasavalTa adgili gmiris biografiaSi.
TiToeuli ambavi xdeba Tavis Caketil droSi, win ar uZRvis, an ar mos-
devs meores. Sumerul mwerlobaSi ar yofila cda am ciklebis gaer-
Tianebisa erT TxrobiT nakadad. maTi monaduri arseboba SeiZleba Se-
vadaroT isev klasikuri Sumeris erTmaneTisgan gancalkevebul, Tavis
sazRvrebSi Caketil da damoukidebel qalaq-saxelmwifoebs, romelTa
gaerTianebas amaod cdilobdnen Sumeris beladebi, vidre sargon aqa-
delma (Zv. w. XXIII s.) Tavis imperiaSi ar moaqcia da erTian istoriul
droSi ar CarTo isini. sargon aqadelis politikuri Zalisxmeva mog-
vianebiT (daaxl. Zv. w. XVIII s.) ganmeorda sityvier xelovnebaSi, roca
aqadelma poetma erTmaneTs daukavSira Sumeruli poemebi, gaxsna ra
maTi “daxSuli kari” da erT uwyvet droJamul mdinarebaSi moaqcia.
Sumerul TqmulebebSi gacxadebulma ambebma axali motivacia SeiZina:
sruliad garkveuli TvalsazrisiT gadamuSavebulni, isini ganlagdnen
Tanmimdevrul epizodebad, romelTagan erTi inaxavs meoris dvritas,
winamavali amzadebs momdevnos da ase jaWviseburad miedineba erTiani
epikuri dro, romelSic xorcs isxams gmiris Tavgadasavali. mTavari
gmiri _ da es niSandoblivia aqaduri eposisaTvis _ TiTqos xelaxla
ibadeba yoveli epizodis Semdeg, aRmaval gzaze gadis Tavisi ganviTa-
rebis etapebs, vidre wertili ar daesmis mis Tavgadasavals, romlis
dasasruls epikoss SeuZlia Tqvas masze, rom man “siRrme ixila”. epo-
si iwyeba swored am sityvebiT Sa nakba imuru. is mniSvnelovani ram,
rasac gmirma miaRwia Tavisi Tavgadasavlis bolos, naxsenebia eposis
dasawyisSi da amiT ikvris wre epikuri Txrobisa.
ra siRrme ixila gmirma iseTi, rasac sagangebod axsenebs epikosi
pirvelsave striqonebSi? Suamdinaruli miTosidan Cven viciT, ra Si-
naarsis Semcvelia es sityva. “siRrme” aris wyaro sibrZnisa, romelic
18
Tavis miTosur simbolod okeanis ufskruls saxavs. “siRrme” _ nakbu
_ aris zedwodeba enqis, sibrZnis RmerTisa, romlis samkvidrebeli
okeanis ufskrulebSia, sadac CaRrmavda gmiri siWabukis balaxis amo-
satanad. “siRrme” aris kacobriobis ufskero warsuli _ “Rrmaa ju-
rRmuli warsulisa” (Tomas mani), _ saiTkenac gaemarTa gmiri, roca
eZebda pasuxs adamianuri yofis ukidures saidumloze.
amrigad, roca eposis dasawyisis striqonSi amovikiTxavT, rom man,
romlis saxeli jer ar viciT, “siRrme ixila”, Zveli poetis Txzuleba
warmogvidgeba ara ubralo saTavgadasavlo romanad, aramed filo-
sofiur-eTikuri mimarTulebis nawarmoebad, sadac mTavari maxvili
gadatanilia gmiris sulier ganviTarebaze. aq pirdapir unda iTqvas,
rom werilobiT pirveldadasturebuli vrceli eposi, romlis mxo-
lod ori mesamedia Cvenamde moRweuli, amave dros iyo pirveli faus-
turi yaidis Txzuleba, romelic mxolod garegnul msgavsebas iCens
sagmiro-saTavgadasavlo eposebTan. aqadur eposSi, gansxvavebiT Su-
meruli TviTkmari poemebisgan, sagmiro epizodebi ar aris TviTmiza-
ni, aramed TiToeuli maTgani emsaxureba gmiris pirovnebis srulyo-
fas, TandaTanobiT sublimacias _ fizikuri gmirobidan sulier gmi-
robamde _ da es gamoxatulia swored dasawyis striqonSi.
“avtorisaTvis, _ wers Tomas mani (gulisxmobs sakuTar Tavs, “ja-
dosnuri mTis” avtors), _ sikvdilica da sneulebac, da yvela Semza-
ravi Tavgadasavali, romelsac igi Tavis gmirs SeamTxvevs, mxolod da
mxolod pedagogiuri saSualebaa, riTac miiRweva uzarmazari Zalis
“aqtivizacia”, Cveulebrivi gmiris amaRleba misi Tavdapirveli doni-
dan”. im tipis nawarmoebs, sadac amgvari saSualebebiT xorcieldeba
gmiris sulier-inteleqtualuri Zalebis “aqtivizacia”, mwerali “ini-
ciaciur Txzulebebs” uwodebs. maT ricxvs ekuTvnis “gilgameSianic”. aq
iniciaciis zRurblis rols asrulebs yoveli epizodi, yoveli Tavga-
19
dasavali, romlis wiaR gavliT gmiri erTi safexuriT maRldeba Tavis
adrindel yofaze. Cvens eposSi iniciaciis (anu zRurblis gadalaxvis)
_ siaxlis ziarebis yvelaze mniSvnelovani da qmediTi saSualebaa per-
sonaJTa Sexvedrebi, romelTac amave dros Tavisi funqcia aqvT siuJe-
tis ganviTarebaSi. gmiri xvdeba meore gmirs da am SexvedriT TiToeu-
lis buneba safuZvlianad icvleba: gmiri eziareba qalis saidumlos,
rac Tavs daaRwevinebs siveluridan da Seqmnis adamianur arsebad; an
eziareba megobrobas, risi wyalobiTac igi Tavisufldeba qvena insti-
qtebisgan da masSi zneobrivi kacis dabadebiT iwyeba axali cxovreba;
an igi pirispir dgeba sikvdilis winaSe, romelic SeZravs mis arsebas
da gaaRviZebs masSi moazrovne adamians; an igi xvdeba arsebas, romelic
cdilobs gadafiqrebinos mas SeuZleblis Zieba, Tumca aseTi rCeva ki-
dev ufro umZafrebs Ziebis wyurvils; an igi, sakvdilis wylebis gada-
mlaxavi, Seeyreba Tavis winapars da moismens misgan ukanasknel sityvas.
epizodebisTvis amgvari motivaciis misaniWeblad aqadel poets Su-
meruli masalis safuZvliani gadamuSaveba mouxda. pirvel rigSi unda
SeiniSnos, rom man enqidus pirovnebasa da ambavs sruliad gansxvave-
buli TvaliT Sexeda. gilgameSis erTguli msaxuri, misi Tanamdgomi
da mrCeveli gasaWirSi, magram socialur kibeze erTi safexuriT da-
bla mdgari enqidu, romelic sxvagvarad ar ixsenieba Sumerul Tqmu-
lebebSi Tu ar gilgameSis monad (arad), xolo gilgameSi _ mis bato-
nad, aqadur eposSi gardaiqmneba megobrad da RviZl Zmadac, Tavisi
Zveli batonis Tanasworad. waiSleba socialuri gansxvaveba, daviwye-
buli iqneba, rom gilgameSi uruqis mefea, xolo enqidu _ udabnodan
moyvanili, ufro sworad, Semotyuebuli uruq-qalaqSi monadirisa da
diacis mier. eposis saTanado adgilas sagangebod aris naCvenebi is
sayovelTao zrunva, rasac gamoiCens veluri enqidus mimarT jer dia-
ci SaSxaTi, mere mwyemsebi da uruqis moqalaqeni, romlebmac TavianTi
20
mefis oreulad miiCnies gankacebis gzaze Semdgari mxec-kaci, mere gil-
gameSi, romelmac orTabrZolis Semde daimegobra igi _ Tumca es am-
bavi winaswar iqna moswavebuli gilgameSis sizmrebSi, sadac man ixila
ucxo kacis oranebi, varskvlavebi da najaxi, “viTarca sasZlos rom
exveoda” ukiduresi siyvarulis niSnad, da dedas moutana, _ da uka-
nasknelad ninsuna, deda gilgameSisa, romelmac sagangebo ritualiT
sabolood xeli daasxa maT Zmobas da iSvila ucxo kaci, da udabnos
mkvidri uruqis moqalaqed gaxada.
am ori arsebis Zmadnaficoba mTlianad aqadeli poetis Semoqme-
debis nayofia (am motivs igi versad povebda Sumerul TqmulebebSi),
analogiuradve, swored aqaduri xanis xelovnebaSi Cndeba motivi
marCbivi gmirebisa, saxeldobr, cilindrul sabeWdavebze, sadac he-
raldikuri wyobiT gamosaxulia ori mamri arseba, TiToeuli Tavis
kerZ nadirs Serkinebuli. ar aris aucilebeli, rom maTSi gilgameS-
enqidu vigulisxmoT, Tumca erT maTgans cxadi zoomorfuli niSnebi
aqvs, magram aq niSandoblivia Sumeruli xelovnebisTvis ucxo motivi
marCbivobisa, rac aqadur eposSi ori gmiris Zmadnaficobis saxiT ga-
movlinda.
am axal motivs uaRresad didi mniSvneloba aqvs: misgan iRebs sa-
Taves eposis mTeli eTikur-filosofiuri paTosi. Zmadnaficoba aris
iniciaciis pirveli zRurbli, romlis gadalaxviT mTavari gmiri
erTi safexuriT maRldeba misi “Tavdapirveli donidan”. es gilgameSs
exeba ufro metad, razec Tavis adgilas iqneba naTqvami. xolo enqidus
rac Seexeba, mas sakuTari Tavgadasavali aqvs am Zmadnaficobamde, da
es ambavic ar ipoveba Cvenamde SemorCenil Sumerul Tqmulebebsa da
miTosSi da, SesaZlebelia, arc ki arsebula.
21
enqidu
22
aqvT: Sexvedrebi daZravs gayinuli wertilidan siuJetur dros da
amasTanave warmarTavs gmiris svlas zemoxsenebul or punqts Soris,
xolo Cven viciT, rom es ori punqti, udabno da uruqi, kacobriobis
ganviTarebis xangrZlivi periodiT Soraven erTmaneTs. epikosi ga-
moiyvans enqidus udabnos uZraobidan da TiTqos “elvis siswrafiT”,
ukanmouxedavad gaatarebs am gzaze.
pirveli Sexvedra _ usaxelo monadirisa da enqidus Seyra udabnos
piras, TiTqos SemTxveviTia da, Tumca mas ar SevyavarT ambis Suagul-
Si, magram amzadebs sxva Sexvedras, ufro mniSvnelovans. amis garda,
es epizodi siuJetisagan damoukideblad sagulisxmo miTosuri azris
Semcvelia: aq erTmaneTs ejaxeba ara ubralod monadire da nadirT
batoni, aramed maTi saxiT _ kultura, umartives formaSi gamovleni-
li, rogoricaa Txrilebi da xafangebi, da buneba, romelic daJinebiT
cdilobs waSalos kulturis kvali, _ rogorc monadire Civis: velur-
ma “aavso Txrilebi, Cemi daTxrili; daSala maxeni, Cemi dagebuli”,
_ da aRidginos Tavdapirveli mdgomareoba. udabno moiwevs win _
enqidu moulodnelad Semodis Tavis jogiTurT monadiris sanaxebSi,
jer auqmebs monadiris namoqmedars, mere, SesaZloa, moadges uruqsac
da udabnod aqcios misi samkvidrebeli. aseTi safrTxe emuqreboda
mtkiced SemozRudul “galavnian uruqs”, amitomac gasagebia monadi-
ris uzomo SeSfoTebac _ “SiSma daibuda mis SiganSi, saxe gauxda Sori
gziT mavalis”, _ da is gulisyuric, rac gamoiCina am ucxo ambis gamo
jer misma mamam, mere gilgameSma, roca urCies, diaci SamxaTi waeyvana
nadirT batonis Sesacdenad. Tumca gilgameSi arc moeloda, rom is
ucxo moyme mis sabediswerod iyo gaCenili.
misi movlineba udabnos piras gagvaxsenebs gamoCenas sxva ucxo
moymisas, romeli “jda mtirali wylisa pirsa” da romlis ucnaur-
ma saqcielma da ukvalod gauCinarebam daasevdiana im qveynis mefe,
23
rodesac mis gazrdils winaTgrZnobis natamalic ar hqonia. mefis
asulma moixmo Tavisi satrfo da daakisra im moymis moZebna, rom
misi povniT ukuyroda mis patrons sevda da “arkacuri gardakoc-
na” warxociliyo. uxalisod wasuli moyme moZebnis sxva moymes da
mxolod amis Semdeg gairkveva, rom mefis danaRvlianeba martooden
sababi iyo am oris Seyrisa da maTi samudamo daZmobilebisa. aseTive
TiTqos umniSvnelo sababia aqadur eposSi monadiris marcxi, misi
yofiTi sazrunavi, ris wyalobiTac udabnos piras gamoCenil ucxo
moymes unda Seyroda uruqis mefe, raTa gacxadebuliyo misi bedi da
gamovleniliyo masSi _ rogorc im ufliswulis rCeulSi _ manamde
faruli eTosis potencia.
orivegan Suamavali qalia, orivegan qalis wyalobiT aRmoCndeba
megobari. magram uruqelma qalma jer velurs unda apovninos saku-
Tari Tavi. monadire waiyvans udabnos piras roskip SamxaTs, romlis
sakuTari saxeli gvareobiTi saxelia im diacebisa, iSTaris taZri-
sadmi rom arian Sewirulni da am qalRmerTis kults emsaxurebian
uruqSi. SamxaTebi ewodebaT maT anu “mxiarulni”, radgan iSTaris-
gan STagonebuli “diacuri saqmiT” (Sifir siniSTi) sixaruli moaqvT
mowifuli mamrisTvis. roskipi SamxaTi erT-erTi am diacTagania.
uruqSi momzadda SeTqmuleba veluri moymis mimarT, magram mona-
dire Tavisi martivi gonebiT verc ifiqrebda, Tu ra movlenis xel-
Semwyobi gaxdeboda momavalSi misda uneburad. monadires mxolod
erTi ram surda, gaeTavisuflebina Tavisi sanaxebi samonadiro saqmis
mtrisagan, diacis SewevniT moeSinaurebina jogis winamZRoli da dau-
brkoleblad enadirna. gilgameSis fiqrebic amaze Sors ar wasula.
amaT Soris yvelaze brZeni da mimxvduri is mxiaruli diaci iyo, rome-
lic guldajerebiT gahyva monadires udabnosken, raTa aResrulebina
Tavisi misia. ar iqneboda swori imis Tqma, TiTqos roskip SamxaTs
24
mxolod es “mxiaruli” saqmeni, romlebic “xorcTa xvdebian”, ebara
iSTarisgan.
am qalRmerTis impulsi, erTi himnis umartivesi sityvisamebr, `ma-
makacis diacTan mimyvani, diacis mamakacTan mimyvani~, vlindeba ada-
mianis cxovrebis erT mniSvnelovan xanaSi: dgeba iseTi asaki, roca
mamri aucileblad unda Sexvdes dedrs da am Sexvedram igi unda ga-
moiyvanos bavSvobis asakidan, “xeli daasxas” mis mowifulobas da ma-
namde faruli potencia sinamdviled aqcios. am misteriuli Sexvedris
wyalobiT xorcieldeba veluris saboloo gankaceba am sityvis or-
gvari azriT: pirvel yovlisa, enqiduSi sqesis gaRviZeba moaswavebs
mis Sesvlas mowifulobis asakSi; meore mxriv, iSTaris taZris mxeva-
li SamxaTi agrZelebs enqidus RvTaebrivi gamCenis, arurus, saqmes,
_ qalRmerTma Tu Seqmna enqidu viTarca xorcieli arseba, axla meo-
re qali, mokvdavi, gardaqmnis mas gonier da zneobriv arsebad, raTa
aziaros uruqis mowiful sazogadoebas. igi ver movidoda uruqSi im
Sinagani da garegnuli saxiT, rogorc gaCnda udabur velze. xolo
gaCnda igi gareuli jogebis batonis, sumukanis, aRiT (“banjgvlebs
daufaravs sxeuli misi... tanT sumukanis samosi mosavs”). qalTan Sex-
vedra, romelic aRwerilia yovelgvari narTaulobisa da evfemizme-
bis gareSe, sruliad Secvlis mis fizikur da sulier saxes. daibadeba
axali arseba, romelic veRar ivlis Zveli cxovrebis wesze. am fe-
riscvalebas igrZnobs jogis suli da mas zurgs Seaqceven misi bunebis
Tanaziari mxecebi. amieridan enqidus moeWra ukan dasabrunebeli gza,
samagierod igi ganmzadda uruqSi Sesasvlelad.
qali Seqmnis mas, qali zrunavs masze _ Semosavs, scxebs zeTs sur-
nelovans, daapurebs, aswavlis qcevas “qveynis wesisamebr”, aswavlis
adamianur sityvas; ucbad ar waiyvans xmaurian qalaqSi, aramed jer
mwyemsebis binebTan miiyvans, raTa nel-nela SeaCvios adamianTa sa-
25
zogadoebas; aq udabnodan mosuli kaci udabnos Semotevisgan ifaravs
mwyemsTa sabadebels, _ xelSi iaraRi upyria da lomebs ugeriebs maT
faras. gamoxdeba xani da qali Seatyobs, rom dadga dro saZovrebi-
dan misi daZvrisa, rom metxans misi aq gaCereba aRar iqneboda, rom
aq ar iyo misi samudamo samyofeli, aramed iq, sadac megobars unda
Sexvedroda; qali gaumxels mas gilgameSis arsebobas da megobrobis
mcnebas, xels CasWidebs da “RmerTiviT waruZRveba” uruqis gzaze.
ar aris Zneli imis mixvedra, rom es mokle gza udabnodan uruqa-
mde, romelsac enqidu gadis Cvens Tvalwin, SekumSuli gameorebaa im
Soreuli gzisa, kacTa modgmam rom gaiara Tavisi arsebobis manZilze.
igic qalRmerTma Seqmna miwis mtverisagan, bunebas gamostaca, moaTvi-
niera, aswavla wesrigiani cxovreba, qalaqi aaSenebina da samudamod,
SesaZloa, mis sazianodac, iq daamkvidra. enqidus cxovrebis gza uda-
bnodan uruqamde miTosurad aireklavs mTeli kacobriobis filoge-
nezs.
Sumeruli miTosi icnobs enqidus magvar naxevarkacs, romelsac ase-
ve qali aziarebs adamianur kulturas. es marTua, RvTaeba, romelic
ganasaxierebs semituri modgmis amorevelTa momTabare toms, rome-
lic Sumeris miTosur istoriaSi marginalurad aris miCneuli, rad-
gan igi moklebulia fundamentur koncepts _ “adamianobas” (Sumeru-
lad nam-lu-ulu, aqadurad ameluTu). marTus, rogorc kulturul
kacobriobas mowyvetili adamianis yofa, romelic arc Tu Sorsaa
enqidus cxovrebis nirisagan, qrestomaTiulia Sumerul mwerlobaSi.
magram gankaceba ar aris marTus problema. misi problema kulturo-
logiuria.
marTus miTosSi gveuwyeba kacis ambavi, romelsac, rogorc mTe-
li tomis RvTiur eponims, Tavisi xalxi kacobriul kulturaSi
Sehyavs, Tavad ki Sumer-aqadis panTeonSi imkvidrebs adgils. ai,
26
rogor axasiaTebs marTus Sumeruli teqstebi. erT kosmogoniur
miTosSi kacobriobis gulSematkivarma RmerTma enqim dovlaTis
ganawilebisas da xalxebis bedis gadawyvetisas “marTus, romelsac
qalaqi ara aqvs, romelsac saxli ara aqvs, cxovelebi aCuqa”. Su-
merul teqstebSi marTus Tansdevs stereotipi: “marTu, romelmac
xorbali ar icis”. am formulaSi xorbali (Se) ara mxolod miwaT-
moqmedebis, mkvidri cxovrebis da civilizaciis, aramed adamianobis
simboloc aris. puris codna da Wamaa, riTac adamiani sxva cocxal
arsebaTagan gamoicnoba. es misi privilegiaa. ai, es privilegia ar
mianiWa marTus yovlis ganmkargvelma RmerTma enqim iseve, rogorc
arurum ar mianiWa enqidus adamianuri sma-Wamis unari, mxolod cxo-
velebi misca sapatroneblad. marTus Sumereli adamiani ar Tvlis
srulyofil adamianad. “xorblis umecari” misi mudmivi epiTetia,
Tan sdevs mas teqstidan teqstSi, sadac ki ixsenieba igi. samagierod,
rogorc enqidus, mas aqvs didi Zala, rac SiSis zars scems civili-
zebul qveyanas. is eqspansiuria, miiwevs win, rogorc enqidu Tavisi
jogiTurT, magram Sumeri igeriebs mas, rogorc monadire igeriebs
enqidus:
27
“mudam udabnoSi daexeteba,
tyavebiT arian Semosilni,
karvebia maTi sacxovrebeli,
umi xorcia maTi saWmeli,
ar ician saxli, ar ician qalaqi,
roca kvdebian, ar imarxebian,” _
28
erTgan “me igi var, vinc wmida muxlebze, inanas muxlebze rokavs”, ms-
gavsi narTaulobiT, riTac gamoxatulia SeuRlebis ukiduresi aqti,
inana mimarTavs Tavis rCeuls, mefes: “brwyinvale xbosaviT irokeb
Cems wmida kalTaze” sakraluri qorwinebis ritualSi, romelic pir-
vel biZgs aZlevda qveynis nayofierebas, inanas rolSi gamodioda ta-
Zris mxevali da am dros misi saxeli iyo iSxara, ara mxolod misi,
aramed yoveli qalwulisa siZesTan Sexvedrisas qorwinebis pirvel
Rames. radgan iSxara warmoadgenda inanas aspeqts viTarca xorcieli
siyvarulis qalRmerTisas. mis niSans, Rriankals, davinaxavT saxviT
xelovnebaSi, kerZod, cilindrul sabeWdavebze, gamosaxuls sareclis
qveS, romelzedac SeuRlebuli wyvili wevs.
am wes-Cveulebam, rogorc mravalricxovani teqstebi mowmobs,
axalSumerul epoqamde moaRwia da sruldeboda igi uris III dinastiis
dros qalaq urSi, xolo misi dacemis Semdeg qalaq isinSi, sadac gadai-
nacvla imperiis dedaqalaqma. magram igi savsebiT qreba sxva Sumerul
tradiciebTan erTad babilonur xanaSi, roca nagulisxmevia gilga-
meSis aqaduri eposis Seqmna. am drois adamianTa SegnebaSi, rogorc
Cans, igi gaazrebul iqna barbarosuli xanis amoralur Cveulebad da
amgvarive negatiuri SefasebiT moxvda aqadur eposSi. igi aRar aris
kurTxeuli RvTaebrivi kanoniT da mTlianad miwerilia uruqis mefis
TviTnebobas, rac, eposis mizandasaxulobis mixedviT, unda aRikveTos.
Txrobis dasawyisSive uruqi warmodgenilia gilgameSis barbarosu-
li moqmedebis asparezad. mainc ras sCadis iseTs uruqis mefe, rom misi
qveSevrdomni iZulebulni gamxdaran, Seevedron RmerTebs, Seuqmnan
mas Tanaswori Zalis oreuli, romelic win aRudgeba mis Zaladobas
da Sveba miecema uruqs? raSi gamoixateba misi saqcieli? teqstSi ver
SevxvdebiT gilgameSis moqmedebis dawvrilebiT aRweras swored imis
gamo, rom epikoss bundovani warmodgena aqvs im Zvel sakralur ri-
29
tualze. magram man icis, rom rituali dakavSirebuli iyo seqsualur
momentTan da amitomac am motivze agebs igi gilgameSis daxasiaTebas,
oRond eposis aSurul versiaSi es gadmocemulia sxvagvarTqmiT, nar-
Taulad; warmoCenilia dauokebeli fizikuri energia, romelic, erTi
mxriv, vlindeba brZolis JinSi, meore mxriv, Tavis wminda saxiTac:
“ar uSvebs gilgameS qalwuls dedasTan, // asuls gmirisas, sasZlos
moymisas”. amrigad, gilgameSis energia ori mimarTulebiT icleba,
erTi saxidan meoreSi gadadis, rogorc iSTaris magaliTze vxedavT,
romelic morigeobiT warmarTavda sasiyvarulo da sabrZolo saq-
meebs. erTsa da imave himnSi igi warmodgenilia omis qalRmerTad _
“odes me, qalRmerTi brZolaSi viyivleb” da siyvarulis gamriged _
”mamris diacisTvis damamSvenebeli, diacis mamrisTvis damamSvenebe-
li”. iSTaris am ori aspeqtis ukidures da uzomo gamovlenas aujan-
yda uruqis mosaxleoba. amgvarad warmosaxavs gilgameSis TviTnebo-
bas aSuruli versiis avtori.
Zvelbabilonur versiaSi, romelic aSurulze adrindelia, ufro
konkretulad aris warmodgenili es motivi. aq aSkarad ismis gamo-
Zaxili sakraluri qorwinebisa, kerZod, misi erT-erTi saxecvlile-
bisa, romelic “pirveli Ramis uflebis” saxelwodebiT gaxda cnobili.
uruqis gzaze momaval enqidus Seeyreba daRvremili uruqeli kaci da
kiTxvaze, _ “ra gagWirvebiao”, aseT ambavs moaxsenebs: “sanTioboSi
veravin dadis, // morCilebaa mokvdavTa xvedri. // ers daekisra go-
drebis zidva, // mxiarul diacebs eris gamokveba. // mxolod galavnian
uruqis mefisTvis // xmianebs saqorwilo dafdafi...// sxvaTa wilxve-
dril sasZlos euRleba, // pirvelad igi, Semdgomad sasiZo...”
enqidus feri ecvleba am ambis mosmenisas. es mniSvnelovani momen-
tia: gulSi man ukve miiRo gadawyvetileba, igi momzadebuli Sedis
uruqSi, icis, ra unda moimoqmedos, icis am adgilis zusti misamarTic,
30
sadac gilgameSs unda Sexvdes. marTlac, maTi pirveli Sexvedra san-
TiobosTan xdeba, sadac “gaSlilia iSxarasTvis sareceli” da sadac
gilgameSi apirebs Cveulebisamebr Sesvlas, magram amjerad ver Seva,
radgan enqidu Ronieri muxliT gadauRobavs sanTiobos kars. am aqtiT
enqidum gilgameSis winandel cxovrebas gadauRoba gza da iSTaris
amoralur kultisTvis samudamod zurgi Seaqcevina.
enqidusTan damegobrebiT masSi gaiRviZa SamaSis, mziuri RmerTis,
zneobrivma sawyisma, radgan swored SamaSia megobrobis sulisCamdg-
meli, igia is RmerTi, romelic “martosul moymes megobars apovnine-
bs”. mis winaSe ideba megobrobis fici, rogorc viciT etanas Tqmule-
bidan, sadac megobrobis mowadine gveli da arwivi maRal mTaze adian
da iq, SamaSis TandaswrebiT, aRuTqvamen erTmaneTs erTgulebas. gil-
gameS-enqidus megobrobasac SamaSis xeli ifaravs, SamaSi miuZRveba
maT sikeTis damkvidrebis gzaze. man aRZra isini xumbabasken gasalaS-
qreblad, raTa gaeCexaT kedaris uRrani da mzis sxivisTvis gza gae-
kafaT; SamaSi mfarvelobs maT am saSiS gzaze da SamaSive esarCleba
maT RmerTebis winaSe, roca isini erT-erTis sikvdils gadawyveten.
amieridan, rogorc ityodnen, SamaSis Zali dasadgurda “maT SiganSi”.
iSTari
31
li. “Sen qmari iyav, me coli viqnebi!” _ ase etyvis saqorwino ritua-
lis sityvebiT. es winadadeba moulodneli ar unda yofiliyo uru-
qis mefisTvis. rogorc viciT, es iyo misi ara mxolod privilegia,
aramed saRvTo vali, romelic Sedioda mefis funqciebSi da usaTuod
unda aResrulebina, Tuki surda qveynis mefed darCeniliyo. gmiris
zneobrivi simaRlis SesanarCuneblad da srulyofilebis kidev erT
safexurze asayvanad epikosma uari aTqmevina mas am winadadebaze, rad-
gan mis TvalSi es iSTari aRar aris is didebuli qalRmerTi, dedo-
fali, rogorc Cans igi Sumeruli xanis ZeglebSi an, Tundac, mis Tana-
droul sataZro himnografiaSi. iSTaris is saxe, rasac mkvaxe sityve-
biT amxels gilgameSi, modis ara saRvTo kultidan, aramed desakra-
lizebuli miTosidan, romelic droTa viTarebaSi Seivso zRapruli
epizodebiT. xalxis warmodgenaSi iSTari, rogorc Cans, gardaisaxa
verag qalRmerTad, romelic boroti ganzraxviT siyvarulis qselSi
abams mimndob da gulubryvilo arsebebs da mere Rupavs, TiToeuls
_ sxvadasxvanairad. moaruli zRaprebis personaJebi iyvnen albaT, is
arsebani, romelTa tragikul beds gauxsenebs gilgameSi misi sivera-
gis dasamtkiceblad. esenia: “Wreli frinveli”, romelsac ratomRac
frTebi daulewa; “lomi”, ToTxmeti xaro rom gauTxara; “cxeni”, We-
nebiT gaoflils wyali rom asva; “mwyemsi”, akteonis msgavsad missave
ZaRlebs rom daaglejina; mebaRe iSulanu, romelmac maTgan gansxva-
vebiT uaryo misi siyvaruli, ris gamoc qalRmerTma obobad aqcia;
meeqvsea _ Tamuzi (Sum. dumuzi), Suamdinaruli miTosis tragikuli
figura, udrood daRupuli mwyemsi, rogorc nayoofierebis yvela
RvTaeba, sezonebis gardauval wrebrunvas damorCilebuli, romlis
sikvdilSi aranaklebi wvlili miuZRvis mis satrfo qalRmerTs, Ta-
vis sanacvlod rom Cagzavna qvesknelSi, Tumca Tavadve marTavs we-
liwdeul glovas daRupulze. magram am epizodSi, sadac sekularuli
32
miTosi eposis logikas aris damorCilebuli, Tamuzi iSTaris umizezo
msxverplia: “Tamuzs, sayvarels Seni siyrmisas, // wlidan wlamde glo-
va gaduwyvite”. ratom, risTvis? _ ar azustebs epikosi.
aq unda SevniSnoT, rom daRupulTa ricxvi eqvsia, arasruli ricxvi.
sakraluri (Cvens epizodSi: zRapruli), azriT igi arc aris namdvili
ricxvi, damoukidebeli odenoba. igi miiswrafvis Sesavsebad uaxloesi
ricxvisaken. meSvide daRupuli gilgameSi unda iyos. iSTari iwyebs
TamuziT da unda daasrulos gilgameSiT, romliTac Seikvreba misi
avbediTi sasiyvarulo wre. magram, rogorc zRaprebSi xdeba, swored
is imarjvebs, visi cdac sakralur ricxvze modis, iqneba es ricxvi
sami, Svidi, cxra Tu Tormeti. am gardauvali wesis ZaliT gilgameSi
uaryofs qalRmerTis siyvaruls. magram eposSi am aqts sxva motivic
udevs safuZvlad. pirvel rigSi, es aris misi Tavisufali nebis gamo-
vlineba, radgan igi ara mxolod uaryofs iSTaris siyvaruls, aramed
gmobs kidec, aginebs moaruli andazebiT _ “RriWe kari xar, qaris
verdamWeri, // sasaxle _ mamrTa damRupveli, // kupri _ damsvreli
misi mzidvelis, // ...kirqva xar, zRudiT monaSali, // ...xamlni, patronis
ferxTa mkbenelni”. narTaulad, magram gulisrevamde misuli zizRiT,
roca mebaRe iSulanus sityvebs umeorebs _ “deda Tu ar micxobs, sxva
purs ver SevWam, // puri viT vigemo, avi da binZuri?” am uarisyofaSi,
sabediswero Jams, _ mas mxarSi udgas SamaSi Tavisi mziuri eTosiT, _
gmiri gamoiCens sulier simSvides, rom ar dasces sanTiobis karTan
miRweuli simaRle, igi fxizlobs, ar xiblavs iSTaris macduri da-
pirebebi sibilwesTan ziarebis wil _ oqrovani etlebi, qariSxlis
raSebi, ama qveynis dideba (“Sens winaSe muxls moiyrian Tavad xelmwi-
feni, zepurni mTavarni”), nayofierebis saswaulni: sam-samad momgebi
Txis arve, marCbivad _ cxvrebi, rasac aRuTqvams sakraluri, misTvis
uwmiduri, qorwineba qalRmerTTan.
33
ra moelis gilgameSs am uarisTvis, rasac qalRmerTis Seuracxyofac
daerTo Tan? mis “winamorbeds” iSTaris satrfialo istoriaSi, mebaRe
iSulanus qalRmerTi Seexo RvTiur-magiuri SexebiT da obobad aqcia.
magram igi uSualod ver exeba gilgameSs, romlis sxeulSi ori mesame-
di RvTaebrivi xorci dgas. gamwarebuli qalRmerTi, eposis mixedviT,
ubralod, Wirveuli qali, mieWreba cis RmerTis kars CiviliT _ “gil-
gameSma gamixsena Cemi siaveni, // Cemi siaveni da mwikulebani”, razec
cis RmerTi, mis mamad xsenebuli _ “WeSmaritad Sen gamoiwvevdi, // da
gilgameSmac gagixsena siaveni...” _ upasuxebs Tavisi asulis danaSaulSi
darwmunebuli. arafris gagonebis msurveli, isteriamde misuli dia-
ci Tavisi uarismyofelis dasasjelad moiTxovs “zeciur mozvers”, Tu
arada, imuqreba qveynierebis wesrigis gaukuRmarTebiT: “Sevlewav bWee-
bs qvesknelisas, // da axal wesebs davamyareb, // mkvdrebs amoviyvan,
cocxlebis SemWmelT // da mkvdrebi cocxalT aRematebian”. xolo “ze-
ciuri mozveri”, romelic SeiZleba warmoadgendes iSTaris, “mZvinvare
furis”, mamrul saxecvlilebas, _ igia risxva misi, _ amgvari bunebisaa:
misma gamoCenam Svidwliani unayofoba da SimSili unda daasadguros
qveyanaSi. Tu gavyvebiT miTosis logikas, es asec unda moxdes: sakra-
luri qorwinebis gauqmebas gardauvalad unda mohyves stiqiuri ubedu-
reba, am kerZoobaSi, mozveris saxiT gacxadebuli, romlis cecxlovan
sunTqvaze piri eReba miwas da Tavis napralebSi STanTqmiT emuqreba
qveyanas. mozverma-gvalvam unda gadabugos miwis piri, msgavsad qarTu-
li Tqmis wiTeli xarisa, romlis naZovarze balaxi ar amodis. gilga-
meSma sakraluri ritualis uaryofiT Tavad gamoiwvia nayofierebis
mteri _ gvalva da Tavadve unda aaridos igi qveyanas.
gmirebi klaven mozvers, rasac iSTaris ufro meti damcireba mo-
hyveba. axla enqidu megobris mosarCle da misi zneobis damcveli, Sig
SublSi rom aZgera mozvers maxvili, Seutevs iSTars arnaxuli Ta-
34
vxedobiT: beWs mohglejs mozvers, _ beWs Tu “marjvena mxars”, rome-
lic samsxverplo nawilad iTvleboda, Cveulebriv, ritualebSi, _ da
esvris qongurze mdgar qalRmerTs mis yurTaTvis manamde gaugonar,
cinikur sityvebTan erTad: “netav SemeZlos Seni Sepyroba, // WeSma-
ritad masaviT gagxdidi, // gadagkidebdi mxrebze mis nawlavebs!” ase
moeqceodnen uruq-qalaqis ukanasknel meZavs, xolo iSTari miiRebs am
“Sesawiravs” da SamxaTebiT garSemortymuli masze godebas wamoiwye-
bs. amaze Sors sekularizaciiT gamowveuli profanacia ver wavidoda.
magram, miuxedavad imisa, rom epikosi TiTqos TanaugrZnobs da niSnis
mogebiT aRwers am profanaciul qmedebebs, is iZulebulia gza misces
sasjelsac, romelsac siwmidis xelmyofeli gmiri imsaxurebs.
xelixelCakidebuli gilgameS-enqidu Sedian uruqSi, sadac uruqeli
asulni _ winaaRmdeg maTi RvTaebrivi dedoflisa _ xotba-didebiT
egebebian gamarjvebulT: “gilgameS brwyinvalea moymeTa Soris, // en-
qidu qebulia mamacTa Soris!” amas mohyveba lxini, lxins _ Zili, Zils
_ sabediswero sizmari, sadac enqidus ecxadeba RmerTebis neba, rom
or megobarSi erTi auciloblad unda mokvdes, enqidu unda mokvdes.
maTi didebisa da sixarulis mwvervalze, roca RmerTebsac ki
Seswvdnen da aRar epuebian, roca daamarcxes daumarcxebeli, swo-
red maSin daesmeba wertili erT-erTis sicocxles. TerTmetdRiani
agoniisa da sizmareuli koSmarebis Semdeg, roca man ixila sakuTari
Tavi, cocxliv SaveTSi Camavali, _ xolo manamde mwared wyevlida
SamxaTs, Tavis macdunebels da mSobliuri velebidan “sikvdilis qa-
laqSi” Semotyuebuls, mere ki SamaSis SegonebiT adamianad sikvdilis
upiratesobaSi dajerebulma, ukan waiRo wyevlis sityvebi da sabo-
lood daloca qali, Tavisi kacmyofeli, _ meTormete dRes kvdeba
enqidu acremlebuli megobris Tvalwin.
35
maZiebeli gmiri
36
anu viT davdumde, // Zmobili Cemi miwad gardaiqca. // nuTu mis msgav-
sad mec daviZineb // da verasodes veRar avdgebi?”.
dasruldeba udabnoSi uazrod xetiali da isev sikvdilis SiSi Tu
sikvdil-sicocxlis idumalebaTa Secnobis wyurvili axali laSqro-
bisken aRZravs. magram es laSqroba ar hgavs winandels, igi sxvagvar
gmirobas moiTxovs misgan. gzaze ar Sexvdeba STasanTqmelad daRire-
buli gveleSapi, arc asTaviani urCxuli, magram moelis sxva gansacde-
li, ufro saSiSi, vidre xumbaba iyo an zecieri mozveri. ver uSvelis
Tavis anabara darCenils da arc dasWirdeba fizikuri Zal-Rone. su-
lier ZalTa ukiduresi mokreba iqneba saWiro, rom Seupovrad gaia-
ros moriel-kacebis Semzarav elvarebaSi, ukan mouxedavad ganvlos
Tormetmijniani gvirabi, _ sadac “zrqelia wyvdiadi, naTeli ar Cans”,
_ SamaSis kvalze, Zexorciels rom ar gauvlia manamde, isev gaaRwios
samzeoze da ar moixiblos zRapruli walkotis xilviT, iq rom daxv-
deba, da samudamod Sig ar CarCes; ar gautydes guli roca SamaSi, misi
mfarveli, sibraluliT gadmoxedavs da etyvis, rom amoa misi garja
_ “eha, gilgameS, rad daexetebi, // sunTqvas maradiuls ver moipoveb!”
igi mainc midis kacuris zRvars gadacilebuli, _ kiTxva-kiTxviT “mar-
qviT, maswavleT gza uTanafiSTisken”, _ da miadgeba okeanis napirs,
sadac daxvdeba qali vinme siduri, “meRvine qali”, romelic ecdeba
daabrunos uriqidan daZruli kaci, Seagonos, rom adamiani ar gaCe-
nila ukvdavebisTvis, arc sikvdil-sicocxlis saidumlos saZieblad,
rom ar unda eZebos imaze meti, rac RmerTebs miuciaT misTvis:
“aw savse gqondes stomaqi, gilgameS!
moilxine dRiTa da RamiT,
dReniadag marTavde nadims,
dRiTa da RamiT rokvide, mRerde,
37
spetaki gecvas tanze samoseli,
Tavs ganibande, tans ganibande,
zrunavde Svilze, xelT rom geWireba,
Sens mkerdze ixaros meuRlem Senma, _
rameTu esaa xvedri mokvdavisa”.
38
sikvdils nu vixilav, risac meSinis! // ambavi mamcne sikvdil-sicocxli-
sa”, _ winapari, romlis imediT gamoiara tanjvis gzebi, im siduri-
sirinoziviT ki ar ecdeba gaaxsenos siameni ama soflisa da dauamos
naRveli, aramed rogorc kaci kacs pirdapir gascems pasuxs kiTxvaze
da dauxatavs amaoebis naRvlian suraTs, etyvis:
39
am kosmiur saidumloebasTan ziarebuli kaci erTi safexuriT unda
amaRlebuliyo, amitomac akurTxa igi enlilma: “adre uTanafiSTi kaci
iyo, amieridan RmerTi unda iyos Cveni msgavsi”. uTanafiSTis gaukvda-
veba iseTi gamonaklisi iyo kacobriobis istoriaSi, rogorc warRvnis
movlena, rac RmerTebis aRTqmiT aRar ganmeordeba. yovel SemTxeva-
Si, gilgameSis saukunes igi ver mouswrebs, rom misTvis Seikribon
RmerTebi da saswaulebrivad mianiWon ukvdaveba, _ ase etyoda winapa-
ri, misi ukanaskneli imedi. winaparma ara mxolod uTxra sityvierad,
aramed mimarTa ukidures Rones: moulodneli gansacdeli mouvlina,
rom cdaSi daemtkicebina misTvis adamianis ususuroba sikvdilis wi-
naSe, raki sxvanairad ver daajerebda am Seupovar kacs. man moixmara
grZneulebis unari _ igi xom iyo magiis RmerTis, enqis, mosavi da
rCeuli, da warRvnis dros misganve xsnili, _ mohgvara Zili, sikv-
dilis tyupiscali _ “aba, Tu ifxizleb eqvs dRes da Svid dRes”, _ da
gmirTagmiri, romelsac TiTqos araferi darCa qveynad daumarcxebe-
li, romelmac uruqidan qveynierebis kidemde Zlevamosilad ganvlo
kacTagan uvali gza, sikvdiliviT waiRo Zilma _ “ha, kaci gmiri, ukvda-
vebis mZebneli”, ambobda misi Semyure winapari, _ da ase iqneboda mde-
bare usulo gvamiviT da iZinebda “uTvalavi wlebi” (risi gaxsenebac
hzaravda dReniadag), rom kvlav winapris magiur Sexebas ar gamoefxi-
zlebina. ra Svidi dRe-Rame da ra Svidi saukune, xolo gamofxizle-
buls moeCvena, rom mxolod erT wams moeria ZilquSi.
am ubralo, Tumca sastikma “eqsperimentma” sabolood mouspo mra-
valtanjul gmirs ukvdavebis mopovebis yovelgvari imedi. igi miad-
ga ukanasknel zRvars, romlis miRma ar igulveba arc realuri, arc
zRapruli samyaro. zambara, romelmac gastyorcna igi Soreul gzaze,
bolomde gaiSala, amoiwura yoveli SesaZlebloba, eposis droc iwu-
reba, _ “aw ra viRono, uTanafiSTi, sad wavide?” _ ekiTxeba winapars.
40
pirvelad marcxdeba igi Tavis mravalfaTerakian TavgadasavalSi,
xelcarieli brundeba ukan, winaaRmdeg imisa, rogorc xdeba sagmiro
eposSi Tu zRaprebSi, roca gmiri bevri marcxis Semdeg ambis dasas-
ruls usaTuod imarjvebs, eweva mizans _ miagnebs ukvdavebis wyaros
an xelT igdebs jadosnur sagans da Tavis qveyanaSi miitans faTera-
kiani mgzavrobis jildod da dasturad. gilgameSi amgvars verafers
waiRebs uTanafiSTisgan; ver waiRebs ganWabukebis balaxsac, TanamgrZ-
nobelma winaparma rom apovnina SeuZlebeli ukvdavebis sanacvlod;
man dakarga balaxi, risTvisac okeanis fskeramde CaRrmavda (da “si-
Rrme ixila”), gvelma mostaca igi da iqve mis Tvalwin misi gulis
dasawyvetad gamoscada Tavis Tavze mcenaris Zala: myisve gadaiZro
Zveli perangi, ganiaxla qvewarmavalma siWabuke.
ukuqceva
41
“risTvis damiSvrnen mklavni, ur-Sanabi?
ZarRvebSi sisxli risTvis mewureba?
sikeTe CemTvis ver movipove _
miwis lomisTvis vzrunavdi Turme.
axla Sors miaqvs zRvis talRebs balaxi...”
42
rako galavniT moqaduli mimarTavs ur-Sanabis, mezRvaurs, romelmac
TiTqos imitom moacila igi xmeleTis gzebiT, rom ukan waeRo uruqis
ambavi, uTanafiSTisTan mis eliziumSi, gaedo xidi warmaval awmyosa
da maradiulobas Soris. iseve rogorc preistoriuli Svidi brZenka-
cis Rvawlma uSoresi warsuli awmyosTan daakavSira:
43
galis _ qvesknelis meufis gverdiT, ufro metic: igi gaTanabrebu-
lia nergalTan _ “gilgameSi nergalia, romelic qvesknelSi zis”.
Tavisi vnebuli sicocxlis sanacvlod sikvdilis Semdeg man dideba
daimkvidra, rogorc SaveTs CamavalTa patronma da meoxem. gvian-
droindel biblioTekaSi mravlad inaxeboda religiuri Sinaarsis
dafebi, sadac gilgameSi RvTaebis rangSia ayvanili. ai, misi saxe,
viTarca qvesknelis ganmgeblisa:
“gilgameS, srulyofilo mefev, anunaqTa msajulo, romelic moixi-
lav qveynis kideebs! qvesknelis ganmgebelo, qvemourTa (e. i. mkvdarTa)
batono, Sen msajuli xar da RmerTiviT Wvret yovelives. qvesknelSi
dgaxar da samarTals aRasruleb. Senmieri samarTali ar Seicvle-
ba, Seni nabrZanebi ar daiviwyeba! Sen dahkiTxav, Sen gamoiZieb, Sen
asamarTleb, Sen Wvret da yovelives awaRmarTeb. SamaSma gangebani
da ganaCenni Sen mogando. mefeni, didebulni, ufliswulni Sens wina-
Se qeds ixrian. Sen Wvret maT niSebs da maT mowevnads Sen ganageb!”
rogorc egviptis faraoni erwymoda sikvdilis Semdeg osirisis bune-
bas, aseve gilgameSma Seizava SamaSis arsi, mziuri RmerTisa, romlis
gzaze araerTxel uvlia sicocxleSi.
gilgameSi, gansxvavebiT Sumerulisgan (ix. “gilgameSis sikvdili”),
aqadur eposSi ar kvdeba, ar Cadis qveknelSi, ar xdeba misi erT-
erTi msajulTagani. igi adamianad brundeba qveynis dasasrulidan
da adamianadve rCeba. es aris aqaduri eposis paTosi. qvesknelSi
igi msajulia, xolo qveyanaSi mis ukvdavsayofad uruqis kedelia da
asparezobebi, romlebic mis saxelze imarTeba. erTi Sumerul-aqadu-
ri bilingva gvauwyebs: “gilgameSis Tve. mecxre dRes (an cxra dRes)
Wabukebi erTmaneTTan saWidaod qalaqis karibWesTan gamodian”.
44
***
45
sis fragmentebi aRmoCenilia Crdilo siriis naqalaqar eblaSi, rome-
lic, rogorc qalaq-saxelmwifo, Zv. w. III-II aTaswleulSi yvaoda. ro-
gorc fragmentebidan Cans, am qalaq-saxelmwifoSi eposis Taviseburi
varianti Seqmnila, romelic sagrZnoblad unda yofiliyo gansxvave-
buli Zvelbabilonuri versiisgan. samwuxarod, metismeti fragmentu-
lobis gamo maTi gamoyeneba TargmanSi ver moxerxda.
miuxedavad Zvelbabilonuri versiis aRiarebuli originalobisa
da siZvelisa, aSuruli versia warmoadgens kanonikur teqsts da amo-
savals im hipoTeturi mTlianobis dasadgenad, sadac yvela sxva versia
poulobs Tavis adgils. igi gviCvenebs eposis ganviTarebis erT-erT da
saboloo etaps, romlis Semdeg igi aRar gadamuSavebula. aSurbanifa-
lis biblioTekaSi daculi teqsti (aris azri, rom zogierTi dafa Tavad
aSurbanifalis mier aris Cawerili). warmoadgens gilgameSis eposis uka-
nasknel saxes da masSia asaxuli ukanaskneli Tvalsazrisi mis Sinaarsze
da mizandasaxulobaze es garemoeba, upirveles yovlisa, Cans prologSi
da gvian damatebul me-12 dafaSi. Tu Zvelbabilonuri versia iwyeboda
uSualod gilgameSis portretiT, rogorc me-2 dafis kolofonidan Cans,
aSuruli versiis avtori garkveuli mxatvruli da ideuri mosazrebe-
biT eposs iwyebs prologiT, romelsac zogierTi mkvlevari interpola-
ciad miiCnevs. amgvari interpretacia amosavlad Zvelbabilonur versias
gulisxmobs, romelic arc SedgenilobiT da arc ideurad ar emTxveva
mogviano aSurul versias. magram ar iqneboda marTebuli am axali ga-
damuSavebisadmi interpolaciis cnebis miyeneba, radgan winaaRmdeg Se-
mTxvevaSi ara Tu prologi, aramed bevri sxva pasaJi, rac Zvel versiaSi
ar arsebula, interpolaciad unda CaiTvalos. aq ufro saqme gvaqvs axal
SemoqmedebasTan. aSuruli versiis saTauri (“romelman siRrme ixila...”)
garkveuli Tvalsazrisis gamomxatvelia, iseve rogorc me-12 dafis mima-
tebis faqti. dafaTa am ricxvis gamo Zveli mkvlevarebi gilgameSis eposs
46
miiCnevdnen astraluri mizandasaxulobis Semcvel nawarmoebad, sadac
TiToeuli dafa TiTqos dakavSirebulia zodiakos saxlTan, romelsac
mzesTan erTad gadis solaruli gmiri gilgameSi. Tumca yuradRebas
ipyrobs gmiris Tanaziareba mzis RmerTTan rogorc eposSi, ise xTo-
nur kultSi, da misi svla mzis gzaze (SamaSis gzaze), magram ramdenadac
es tendencia sxva punqtebSi (dafebis Sefardeba weliwadis TveebTan an
zodiakos niSnebTan) ar Cans, amdenad Zneli xdeba am Tvalsazrisis gazia-
reba. dRes igi uaryofilia mkvlevarTa absoluturi umravlesobis mier.
TiToeuli dafa mTavrdeboda Semdegi Sinaarsis minaweriT, kolo-
foniT: “dafa meamdene. vinc siRrme ixila. gilgameSis nakveTi. Tanax-
mad Zveli dednisa Cawerilia da Semowmebuli”. zogierT dafas axlavs
SeniSvna: “ar dasrulebula” (nu-til), bolo dafas – “dasrulda” (al-
Til). zogierTi kolofoni Caweris TariRsac iZleva. uaxlesi Canawe-
rebi elinistur xanas ekuTvnis (Zv. w. 127 w.). erTi versiis me-10 dafa
selevkosisa da antioqosis babilonSi mefobiT (Zv. w. me-3 s.-is dasawyi-
si) aris daTariRebuli. dauzianebeli, sruli saxiT TiTqmis arc erTi
dafa ar aris Semonaxuli. striqonTa Soris intervalis zoma saSuale-
bas iZleva ganisazRvros striqonTa raodenoba TiToeul dafaSi: 300
striqoni, rac 12 dafis kvalobaze iZleva 3600 striqons (sagulisxmoa,
rom es ricxvi warmoadgens erT-erT mrgval ricxvs Suamdinaruli
Tvlis samocobiT sistemaSi – 60×60).
eposis mTliani teqsti pirvelad gamoica gasuli saukunis dasawyis-
Si – P. Jensen, Assyrisch-babylonische Mythen und Epen, Berlin, 1900, axali
fragmentebis SevsebiT – 1930 wels: Reginald Campbell Thompson, The Epic
of Gilgamesh: text, transliteration, and notes, Clarendon Press, Oxford. bolos, di-
dixnis intervalis Semdeg, 2003 wels kvlav gamoqveynda eposis lurs-
muli teqstebis korpusi transkripciiTa da inglisuri sityvasityviTi
TargmaniTurT, romelic samocdaaTi wlis ganmavlobaSi mopovebul
47
fragmentebs Seicavs: A.R. George, The Babylonian Gilgamesh Epic: Introduc-
tion, Critical Edition and Cuneiform Texts, 2 vols. Oxford: Oxford University Press,
2003, XXXXVI, 986 gv. lursmuli teqstis transkripcia mocemulia wig-
nis pirvel tomSi (531-741 gv.). Tu 1930 wlis gamocemaSi sxvadasxva ver-
siisa da redaqciis 108 fragmenti iyo gamoqvenebuli, axali gamocema
184 fragments Seicavs, maTgan 25 manamde sruliad ucnobi iyo.
saqarTveloSi, gasagebi mizezebis gamo, didia interesi am uZvele-
si eposisadmi. pirvelad igi Targmna cnobilma sazogado moRvawem da
swavlulma mixeil (mixako) wereTelma (1878-1965), romelic eqvTime Ta-
yaiSvilis rCeviT dainteresda asiriologiiT da swavlobda mecniere-
bis am dargs londonis, laipcigisa da haidelbergis universitetebSi,
asiriologiis Zlier centrebSi. ocian wlebSi, im dros, roca germa-
nul, inglisur da frangul enebze jer kidev TiTo-orola Targmani
arsebobda, xolo sxva evropul enebze saerTod arc iyo Targmnili.
m. wereTelma gamoaqveyna qarTuli Targmani calke wignad, romelic
amJamad bibliografiuli iSviaTobaa da amitomac saWirod mimaCnia misi
satitulo warweris mTlianad motana: “gilgameSiani: babilonuri epo-
si mesame aTaswleulisa qr. w. babilonur teqstTagan Targmnili m. we-
reTlis mier mTargmnelis SeniSvnebiTurT. gamocema konstantinepolis
q. k. savanisa konstantinepoli. sabeWdavi qarTvelTa kaTolike savanisa
1924”. am wignSi, romelic Seicavs 138 gverds, mTlianad aris naTargm-
ni im droisaTvis arsebuli fragmentebi gilgameSis eposisa. Targmans
erTvis originaluri gamokvleva, sadac gamovlenilia paralelebi
homerosis poemebTan, dantes “jojoxeTTan”, msoflio folklorul
nimuSebTan da, rac mTavaria, “vefxistyaosanTan”. “movigonoT, – wers
mTargmneli gamokvlevaSi, – Cveni ukvdavi rusTavelis qmnilebac, “ve-
fxistyaosani”: gaWra tarielisa nestanis saZebnelad, cxovreba misi
mxecebTan, vefxistyaosnoba, lom-vefxis xocva, kveba nadiris xorciTa
48
– es xom gilgameSis saqmec iyo...” (gv. 107). manve pirvelma gaamaxvila
yuradReba megobrobis saerTo motivze am or eposSi, agreTve sxva mo-
tivebze, gansakuTrebiT: “SevadaroT agreTve locva avTandilisa cis
mnaTobTadmi da locva gilgameSisa SamaSisadmi, sinisadmi da iStari-
sadmi – RmerTTadmi, romelnic babilonelTa warmodgeniT cis mnaTob-
nic iyvnen” (gv. 108). es usaTuod sagulisxmo paralelia, miT umetes, rom
orivegan locva mnaTobTa mimarT gzaSi xdeba, xolo gzac orive eposSi
mniSvnelovani konceptualuri momentia. Sors wagviyvanda m. wereTli-
seuli gamokvlevis Tundac zerele ganxilva, is ki unda aRiniSnos, rom
asiriologiisa da, kerZod, gilgameSis eposis Seswavlis imdroindeli
donisaTvis igi qarTuli filologiuri mecnierebis Zvirfasi SenaZeni
iyo. mecnieri am problematikas Semdgom aRar Sehxebia da, samwuxarod,
arc “gilgameSianis” meore gamocemaze uzrunia.
m. wereTlis “gilgameSianis” Semdeg gilgameSis eposis sami gansxva-
vebuli Targmani gamoqveynda:
akademiuri Targmani:
1. gilgameSis eposi, aqaduridan Targmna da komentarebi daurTo
z. kiknaZem, saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis gamomcemloba,
1963. es aris akademiuri, bwkareduli Targmani yvela versiisa da
fragmentisa, axlavs vrceli filologiuri xasiaTis komentarebi da
gamokvleva.
mxatvruli Targmanebi:
2. gilgameSi, “romelman siRrme ixila...”, aqaduridan Targmna z. kik-
naZem, “nakaduli”, 1963. es aris mxatvruli Targmani.
3. gilgameSiani, Zveli Suamdinaruli eposi, aqaduridan da Sumeru-
lidan Targmna z. kiknaZem, “ganaTleba”, Tb., 1984. es gamocema sagrZ-
noblad aris gadamuSavebuli: gadaxalisebulia enobrivi qsovili,
teqstSi Camatebulia zogierTi, manamde gamouyenebeli fragmenti, zo-
49
gjer Secvlilia fragmentTa Tanamimdevrobac, ris gamoc dedniseul
dafebs aRar daemTxva Targmaniseuli dayofa Tavebad; swored amitom
Tavebs ewoda ara “dafa”, aramed “kari”; meTormete dafis teqsti, ro-
gorc eposisTvis araorganuli, gadatanilia damatebaSi, im teqstTan,
romlis nawilsac igi warmoadgens. erTiani teqstis aRqmis gasaad-
vileblad calkeuli epizodebi dasaTaurebulia mTargmnelis mier
da frCxilebSia Casmuli imis niSnad, rom isini dedniseuli ar aris.
m. wereTlis kvalze nawarmoebis saTaurad nacvlad “gilgameSisa” an
“gilgameSis eposisa” dasmulia “gilgameSiani”.
oriode sityva Cveni Targmanis axali gamocemis teqstis Sesaxeb. igi
ZiriTadad imeorebs 1984 wlis Targmanis teqsts, magram bunebrivia,
axal gamocemaSi aisaxeboda is masala, romelic eposis originaluri
teqstis ukanasknel gamocemaSia warmodgenili (ix. zemoT: A..R. George,
The Babylonian Gilgamesh Epic). kerZod, axali striqonebiT Seivso pro-
logi, romelic aris gilgameSis erTgvari Curriculum vitae; enqiduze
gilgameSis glovis teqsts aseve Seemata stiqonebi, ramac kidev ufro
dramatuli gaxada es pasaJi. striqonebi Caemata xumbabasa da uTanafiS-
Tis epizodebs, gasworda zogierTi uzustoba. unda iTqvas, rom bevri
axladgamovlenili teqsti imdenad fragmentulia, rom mxatvrul Targ-
manSi misi gamoyeneba ar xerxdeba. mas mxolod eposis SeswavlisTvis,
kerZod, epizodebis dasazusteblad SeiZleba hqondes mniSvneloba.
zurab kiknaZe
1983/2009
50
dafa pirveli
(winkari _ Sesxma)
53
iqneb gamomwvari ar iyos aguri?
iqneb Svid brZenkacs libo ar Caedos?
20 ixile dafaTa skivri kedarisa,
gaxseni misi brinjaos saketi,
amoiRe laJvardis dafa, waikiTxe
yvela gasaWiri, gilgameSs rac gadaxda.
yvela mefeze upiratesia,
uruqis mamaci naSieri, mrqeneli xari,
win midis – winamZRolia,
ukan midis – Tavis moZmeTa imedia,
Zlieri napiri, mcveli Tavisi xalxisa,
mZvinvare talRa, qvis kedlis mngreveli,
30 lugalbandas mozveri, srulqmnili Zalisa,
didebuli furis ZuZunawovi, fur-ninsunasi,
maRalia gilgameSi, srulqmnili, zardamcemi,
gamxsneli mTianeTis gadasasvlelTa,
gamTxreli Webisa mTaTa ferdobebze,
vrcel zRvaTa wiaRmsvleli mzis aRmosavlamde,
samyaros kideTa momxilveli, sicocxlis mZebneli.
mpovneli uTanafiSTisa Tavisi ZaliT.
aRmdgeneli sakurTxevelTa, warRvnam rom waleka,
kacTaTvis wesTa damamkvidrebeli.
40 vin aris misi msgavsi mefeTa Soris?
da gilgameSiviT vin ityvis: “mefe var!”
gilgameSi aqvs saxelad SobiTganve,
aRzevebulia kacTa modgmaze,
54
tanSi RmerTebis xorci Cadgmia,
ori mesamedi RmerTia, erTi mesamedi kaci,
misi sxeulis xati beleTcerim gamosaxa,
misi aRnaqvsi nudimmudma srulyo,
Tavs adgas uruqis samefo gvirgvini,
mozveriviT dadis qedmaRali,
50 toli ara hyavs laxtis moqnevaSi,
uruq-farexSi midi-modis,
(gilgameSis zvaoba)
(enqidus Seqmna)
(monadiris ambavi)
58
130 daZra monadirem bage, ametyvelda,
ase eubneba gilgameSs:
“gilgameS, vixile me moyme vinme,
udabnodan jogs Semohyolia,
mtkicea Zali misi am qveynad,
anus laSqariviT ganmtkicebula.
maradJams velad iareba,
maradJams jogTan erTad wyaros ewafeba.
maradJams wyaros win uwyvia fexebi,
SevSindi, axlos ver mivedi.
140 aavso Txrilebi, Cemi daTxrili,
daSala maxeni, Cemi dagebuli.
xelidan maclis udabnos nadirs,
aRar manebebs velze nadirobas.”
59
(enqidus Secdena)
60
maSin SamxaTma Seixsna mkerdi,
da kalTa Tvisi gadaiSiSvla,
enqidum aiRo simwife misi,
qalma ar imorcxva, jani waarTva,
samosi dafina, daawva enqidu.
diacis saqme aCvena velurs.
180 da vneba misi garsSemoenTo.
eqvs dRes da Svid Rames nerbavda SamxaTs,
da ra daucxra enqidus vneba,
piri ibruna Tavis jogisaken;
xedavs enqidu – garbis qurciki,
da velur jogsac zurgi uqcevia.
wamoxta enqidu – Sekvria sxeuli,
muxlebi daudga, jogs veRar mihyveba.
dasustda enqidu, ver irbens Zvelebur,
magram gabrZenda, ganevrco goneba.
(gilgameSis sizmrebi)
66
dafa meore
(enqidus gankaceba)
saWmeli daudes, –
dums da akvirdeba:
ar icis enqidum saWmelis Wama
67
da sma sasmelisa ar uswavlia.
daZra roskipma bage,
ase eubneba enqidus:
20 “igeme, enqidu, Wamadi,
sazrdo sicocxlisa,
da Sesvi sasmeli
qveynis wesisamebr.”
igema enqidum Wamadi ZRomamde,
da Svidi kaTxa sasmeli Sesva.
gancxra, Seecvala guneba,
guli moelxina, saxe gaunaTda.
xeli moisva faCvnier tanze,
zeTiT daizila, kacad gadaiqca.
30 Caicva samosi, siZes daemsgavsa,
moiRo maxvili lomebis devnad,
raTa moesvenaT farexSi mwyemsebs.
mglebs daereoda, lomebs Seipyrobda,
ros sarqlebs eZinaT.
enqidu maTi mfarvelia,
kaci mRviZare, uebro moyme.
72
qedze Camokides enqidus niSani,
qurumma qalebma xeli Cahkides
da adidebdnen RvTiurni asulni.
73
dafa mesame
74
miwis pirisagan aRmovfxraT boroti,
yoveli boroti, raic sZuls SamaSs...”
daZra bage enqidum,
20 ase eubneba gilgameSs:
“mTebSi gadavyrivar xumbabas, Zmobilo,
odes davyvebodi gareul jogebs.
erT berus manZilze tyeebs azanzarebs,
vis Zalucs mis gulSi SeRweva?
xumbabas Rriali – xma grigalisa,
xumbabas piri – piri cecxlisa,
xumbabas sunTqva – sunTqva sikvdilisa,
rad gangizraxavs amgvari saqme,
usworo omi, xumbabas damxoba?”
uruq-farexis uxucesni
gilgameSs sityvas ubruneben:
“jereT Wabuki xar, gilgameS,
guli gerCis!
ras epirebi, Tavad ar uwyi.
gvsmenia, xumbaba, ucxo qmnilebaa,
vin gauswordeba mis iaraRs?
130 erT berus sivrceze maRnars azanzarebs,
vis Zalucs mis gulSi SeRweva?
xumbabas Rriali – xma grigalisa,
xumbabas piri – piri cecxlisa,
xumbabas sunTqva – sunTqva sikvdilisa.
rad ganizraxe amgvari saqme,
usworo omi, xumbabas damxoba?
samoc beruze esmis tyis Sriali,
vis SeuZlia mis gulSi SeRweva?”
79
yurad ar iRo mrCevelTa sityva,
140 Tvali miabruna, Zmobils gauRima,
da ase etyvis gilgameS enqidus:
“Tundac gveSinodes, ukan ar davixevT,
wavalT kedrovanSi, xumbabas movklavT,
kedars gavCexavT, saxels davimkvidrebT.
wamo, Zmobilo, egalmaxs mivideT,
ninsunas winaSe, maRal dedoflisa.
brZenia ninsuna, uwyis yoveli,
nabijebs wrfelad wargvimarTavs.”
(ninsunas Tanadgoma)
85
dafa meoTxe
(mgzavruli sizmrebi)
86
Semipyro, mklavSi CameWida
da Ronemixdili miwad daveci.
20 merme movida viRac, aRmadgina,
wyali Semasva Tavis maTaridan.”
88
odes ganTiadma mtredisfrad inaTa,
kvlav gzas gaudga ori megobari.
oc berus manZilze gatexes puri,
ocdaT beruze saTevi moawyves.
70 SamaSis winaSe Wa amoTxares
da miwayrilze Sedga gilgameSi,
Sesawiravi Cayara WaSi.
“mTao, moavline sizmari...”
da mTam moavlina sizmari...
swrafad gadiqrola grilma niavqarma,
da gilgameSi miwad miawvina,
xorblis TavTaviviT Tavi daumZima.
nikapiT daeyrdno muxlis Tavebze.
da Ramis Rvari – Zili CaeRvara.
80 SuaRamisas gautyda Zili,
adga, eubneba megobars Tvisas:
“xom ar mixmobdi? ratom gameRviZa?
ar momkarebixar, raRatom SevkrTi?
RmerTs ar Cauvlia? raRam gamaSeSa?
Zmobilo, vixile mesame sizmari,
sizmari igi, romelic vixile,
Tavidan bolomde Semzaravia:
grgvinavda zeca, miwa gugunebda,
dRe iRrubleboda, wyvdiadi dgeboda,
90 elavda elva, ali enTeboda,
zrqeli Rrubeli sikvdils awvimebda.
89
elva ra gaqra, xanZaric Caqra,
da rac ecemoda, nacrad iqceoda.
gavideT velad, azri movikriboT.”
91
dafa mexuTe
(kedaris tyeSi)
92
ganrisxda xumbaba, mTeli xmiT yviris:
“Cems kedrovanSi vin Semosula!
xe vin Seuracxyo Cems mTebSi gazrdili?
20 kedari Cemi vin wamoaqcia?”
94
kedaris xeebi, Cems tyeSi gazrdili.
kedars mogiWri, saxlebs agigeb...”
95
wamoaqcevda xeebs gilgameSi,
totebs ki enqidu kafavda.
ase eubneba enqidu gilgameSs:
90 “gilgameS, gavCexeT kedaris tevri,
axla ki gavidoT mxrebze namorebi
da gavatanoT evfratis dinebas.
SamaSis winaSe wyali davRvaroT.”
96
dafa meeqvse
(iSTaris Segineba)
97
Tavad xelmwifeni, zepurni mTavarni.
xarkad mogiZRvnian nayofs mTa-barisas,
20 Txis arve Seni sam-samad giSobs,
marCbivad giSoben cxovarni.
viri datvirTuli jors wamoeweva,
etlis cxenebi srboliT ganiTqmian,
Sens uRlis xarebs tols vin mouZebnis”!
daZra bage gilgameSma, ityvis,
ase eubneba didebul iSTars:
“ra Zalmics mocemad, ukeTu giTxove?
uxvad gaqvs sxeulis zeTi da samosi,
uxvad gaqvs puri da sazrdeli,
30 Wamadi, RvTaebaTa saSveni,
sasmeli, meufeTa saSveni,
me wmida xorbliT agivseb beRlebs,
Zvirfasi samosiT kerpebs Segimosav,
magram colad ki ver wagiyvan.
vis daifarav qarSi da avdarSi?
RriWe kari xar, qaris verdamWeri,
sasaxle – mamrTa damRupveli,
xaro xar, mzakvrulad gaTxrili,
kupri – damsvreli misi mzidvelis,
40 tiki – damsvelebeli misi mzidvelis,
kirqva xar, zRudiT monaSali,
Sana, ucxoeTSi vermfaravi,
xamlni, patronis ferxTa mkbenelni.
98
romeli mwyemsi giyvarda marad?
romeli mwyemsi, rom saTno eyav?
aha, sayvarlebs Sensas CamogiTvli:
Tamuzs, sayvarels Seni siyrmisas,
wlidan wlamde glova gaduwyvite.
erTxel frinveli Wreli Segiyvarda,
50 Seexe, frTeni daulewe,
~Cemi frTebi!” – gahyviris tyeebSi.
srulZalovani lomi Segiyvarda,
Svidi da Svidi xaro gauTxare.
giyvarda cxeni, omSi didebuli,
dezebi, aRviri, Solti gaduwyvite,
Svid beruze Weneba gaduwyvite,
gaoflils wylis sma gaduwyvite,
dedamiss, RvTaebriv sililis,
glova gaduwyvite.
60 mwyemsi Txis arveTa giyvarda,
marad rom gicxobda nacarSi purebs,
maradRe Tiknebs rom giklavda,
Seexe, mglad gadaaqcie,
edevnebodnen misive biWebi
da misiv ZaRlebi TeZoebs uglejdnen.
iSulanu, mamaSenis mebaRe giyvarda,
maradRe finikis nayofs rom giZRvnida,
maradRe tablas rom gimkobda.
Tvali daadgi da vnebiT aRivse:
99
70 vigemoT Zali Seni, iSulanu!
xolo getyoda Sen iSulanu:
deda Tu ar micxobs, sxva purs ver SevWam,
puri viT vigemo avi da binZuri?
yinvaSi lerwami vis daifaravs?
odes moismine naTqvami misi,
Seexe, obobad aqcie,
wisqvilis borbalSi daasaxle,
maRla ver adis, verc dabla eSveba.
Tu Semiyvare, msgavsad momeqcevi.”
(qalRmerTis risxva)
80 ra gaigona es iSTarma,
ganrisxda iSTari, zecad aiwia.
warudga iSTari mamamiss, anus,
anTus, dedamiss, warudga iSTari.
“mamav, Seuracxmyo gilgameSma,
gilgameSma gamixsena Cemi siaveni,
Cemi siaveni da mwikulebani.”
daZra bageni anum, ametyvelda,
ase eubneba didebul iSTars:
“WeSmaritad Sen gamoiwvevdi,
90 da gilgameSma gagixsena Seni siaveni,
Seni siaveni da mwikulebani.”
100
ganaxvna iSTarma bageni, ametyvelda,
ase eubneba mamamiss, anus:
“mamav, Semiqmen zecieri mozveri,
gilgameSi, dae, moakvdinos.
da Tu zecier mozvers ar Semiqmni,
Sevlewav bWeebs qvesknelisas,
da axal wesebs davamyareb:
mkvdrebs amoviyvan cocxlebis SemWmelT,
100 da mkvdrebi cocxalT aRematebian.”
101
(cis xari)
104
dafa meSvide
(enqidus vnebani)
105
gilgameSis win iwva enqidu,
Rvarad sdioda gilgameSs cremli:
20 “tkbilo megobaro, Sens wil gamamarTles!
nuTu momelis mkvdris sulTan jdoma,
sikvdilis sulis bWeTa winaSe?
nuTu Cems Zmobils veRar vixilav?”
ganaxvna bageni enqidum, ametyvelda,
ase eubneba gilgameSs:
“megobaro, saqmeni Cveni gavixsenoT,
raic CavidineT SamaSis rCeviT.
kedaris xisgan kari gamovTaleT,
mis gamo SememTxva seni ukurneli.”
110
(SaveTSi)
112
(sasikvdilo sareceli)
113
dafa merve
(enqidus glova)
114
gitiros daTvma, jiqma da afTarma,
vefxma da lomma, jixvma da iremma,
qurcikma, xarma da qvewarmavalma!
gitiros ulam, wmida mdinarem.
20 romlis napirebi erTad mogvivlia!
gitiron wmida wylebma evfratisa,
riTac dReniadag maTarebs vavsebdiT!
gitiron uruqis vaJTa da asulTa,
romelTa Tvalwin cis xari movkaliT!
gitiros guTnisdedam Tavis guTanTan,
tkbil alalaSi gididos saxeli!
gitiros mwyemsma Tavis farexSi,
rZesa da erbos pirSi rom gawvdida!
gitiros meludem, luds rom Segasmevda,
30 gitiros, vinac purs mogawvdida,
gitiros, vinac sasmels Segasmevda!
gitiros roskipma, vinac sxeulze
zeTs tkbilsurnelovans gacxebda!
gitiros siZem, vinc Seni rCeviT
gulis sasurvel sasZlos iZenda!
gitiron Zmebma, viTarca debma,
Sens gamo Tmebi gaiSalon!
dagtiri, enqiduv, viT Seni ded-mama
Sens Zvel sanaxebSi dagitirebda!
115
40 mismineT, moymeno, mismineT me,
mismineT, farTo uruqis uxucesno, mismineT me!
Cems megobars, enqidus davtiri,
motirali qaliviT cxared movTqvam!
culi marjvenisa, imedi mklavisa,
maxvili sartyelisa, fari Cems winaSe,
samosi gancxromisa, qamari Svebisa,
borotma qarma SemomaZarcva.
Zmobilo Cemo umrwemeso, kanjarTa mdevaro,
mdevaro udabnos lomebisa!
50 enqiduv, umrwemeso, kanjarTa mdevaro,
mTebi rom erTad gadagvilaxavs,
zecieri mozveri rom mogviklavs,
xumbaba mogviklavs, kedrovanis mkvidri, –
axla ra Zili gWirs, rom Seupyrixar,
cnoba migxdia da veRar mismen?”
enqidus Tavi ver auwevia;
mkerdze exeba – guli ar uZgers.
saxe daufara viTarca sasZlos,
rogorc arwivi zed daboinobs,
60 midamouvlis megobris cxedars
rogorc Zu lomi, lekvebwagvrili.
Tmebs iglejs, irgvliv mimofantavs,
xevs da ganagdebs sxeulis mSvenebas.
eqvs dRes da Svid Rames ase dastiroda,
116
magram ver aRdga mis xmaze Zmobili.
ar miabara igi samares,
vidre nestoebSi matli ar SeuZvra.
117
odes ganTiadma mtredisfrad inaTa,
sartyeli Seixsna gilgameSma...
118
dafa mecxre
(velad gaWra)
119
da sartyelidan maxvili iSiSvla.
maT Soris Sevarda viTarca isari,
gaJlita lomebi, nakuwad aqcia.
[. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .]
(Rriankal-kacebi)
121
(SamaSis gzaze)
124
dafa meaTe
(siduri)
125
argani aRmarTa da karze dareka.
ase etyoda gilgameSi meRvines:
“ra mogeCvena, kari rom Cakete,
20 WiSkari Cakete, miugde sagduli?
karebs Segimtvrev, WiSkars Segilewav!”
ase eubneba gilgameSi meRvines:
“Rawvebi rad ar Camcvivdeboda,
50 saxe rad ar damiRondeboda,
guli cudad rad ar Semeqmneboda,
ieri rad ar wamixdeboda,
SiganSi sevda rad ar Semepareboda,
Sori gziT mavals rad ar davemsgavsebodi, –
yinva-armurisgan rad ar damewveboda saxe,
qars rad ar davedevnebodi velad moaruli, –
odes Zmobili Cemi umrwemesi,
kanjarTa mdevari, udabnos lomebis,
enqidu, Zmobili Cemi umrwemesi,
60 kanjarTa mdevari, udabnos lomebis,
kedaris mTaSi erTad rom avsulvarT,
mogviklavs xumbaba, mcveli kedarisa,
ciuri mozveri erTad rom mogviklavs,
Zmobili igi, Zlier rom miyvarda,
Cemi Tanamdevi yvela gansacdelSi,
127
enqidu, Zlier rom miyvarda,
Cemi Tanamdevi yvela gansacdelSi,
mokvdavTa weras ver wauvida.
eqvs dRes da Svid Rames mwared davtirodi,
70 magram ver aRdga Cems xmaze Zmobili.
ar mivabare igi samares,
vidre nestoebSi matli ar SeuZvra.
sikvdils SevuSindi velad moaruli,
mamZimebs Zmobilis ambavi,
Soreul gzebiT velad viarebi,
mamZimebs Zmobilis ambavi.
viT movisveno anu viT davdumde,
megobari Cemi, vinc miyvarda, Tixad gadaiqca,
enqidu, vinc miyvarda, Tixad gadaiqca!
80 nuTu mis msgavsad mec daviZineb,
da saukunod veRar avdgebi?
axla, meRvinev, Sens saxes vxedav, –
sikvdils nu Sevxedav, risac meSinis!”
(menave ur-Sanabi)
132
Tu SesaZloa, zRvas gadavlaxav,
190 Tu SesaZloa, udabnos gavivli!”
133
mexuTe, meeqvse da meSvide niCabi aiRe, gilgameS!
merve, mecxre da meaTe niCabi aiRe, gilgameS!
meTerTmete da meTormete niCabi aiRe, gilgameS!”
asoc beruze Semoelia niCbebi gilgameSs.
maSin Seixsna sartyeli ur-Sanabim,
gilgameSma samoseli tans SemoiZarcva
da afrasaviT aRmarTa maRla.
(Soreuli uTanafiSTi)
138
dafa meTerTmete
(warRvna)
139
gmiri enlili – mrCeveli maTi,
ninurTa – mkvircxli morbedi maTi,
RmerTi enugi – merwyuli maTi,
20 ea, TvalnaTeli, maTTan izraxvida.
qoxs gaumxila maTi saidumlo:
qoxo, yuradiRe, kedelo, ismine!
hoi, Sen, kaco Surupakelo,
ubara-TuTus naSiero!
saxli daangrie, xomaldi aage,
ganagde dovlaTi, Tavi gadirCine,
uaryav qoneba, sicocxle ixseni!
yoveli suldgmuli xomalds aiyvane.
xomaldi igi, rasac aageb,
30 unda aago amgvari wyobiT:
erTurTs gautoldes sigrZe da gani,
abzus magvarad Weri dahxure.
mec mivxvdi, mivuge Cems ufals eas:
sityva, rac brZane, ufalo Cemo,
rogorc gavige, ise aRvasruleb.
magram ra mivugo uxucesobas,
ra vuTxra qalaqs da misTa mkvidrTa?
eam ganaxva bageni, ametyvelda,
ase meubneba mis mona-morCils:
40 Sen ki maT amgvarad etyode:
gavige, enlils davuwyevlivar,
veRar davdgebi Tqvens qalaqSi,
140
veRar gavivli enlilis miwaze,
zRvad Caval, Cems ufal easTan davdgebi.
Tqvenzed ki siuxves awvimebs ea,
gagimravldebaT caze frTosani,
TevziT aivseba myudro jileebi,
uxvi Wirnaxuli qveyanas aavsebs.
gariJraJisas, dilaadrianad,
50 xorblis wvima iwvimebs Zlierad.
odes ganTiadma mtredisfrad inaTa,
eri Semokrba winaSe Cemsa.
saxlebs angreven, arRveven kedlebs,
kuprian kalaTebs zidaven bavSvebi,
da saSen xe-tyes Zlierni zidaven.
xuT dReSi avage xomaldis ConCxi,
erTi iqua farTobi misi,
aTi garia kedlebis simaRle,
aT gars gausworda Txemis kideebi.
60 merme davxaze xomaldis sivrce:
eqvsi mivuCine Senobas sarTuli,
cxrawil davyavi wiaRi misi.
wyalsaketebi fskerze movawyve,
saWe SevarCie, davyare niCbebi.
quraSi kupri sami sawyauli,
sami sawyauli fisi gamovadne.
mtvirTavma muSebma zeTi momizides,
erTi sawyauli gazeTvam STanTqa,
141
menavem damala ori sawyauli.
70 Surupakelebs vuklavdi xarebs,
cxvarsa da batkans yoveldRe vuklavdi,
ludsa da badags, zeTsa da Rvinos
mdinaris wyaliviT svamdnen xelosnebi,
TiTqos zeimobdnen axalwlis dReebs.
nelsacxebelis gavxseni WurWeli,
surneli zeTi xelze gadavisxi.
SamaSis Casvlisas mzad iyo xomaldi;
magram gaZnelda zRvaSi Secureba.
zemoT da qvemoT ayiraves xomaldi
80 da or mesamedze zRvaSi Seacures.
(ZilquSi)
(ganaxlebis sabaneli)
151
(siWabukis balaxi)
152
ase eubneba gilgameSi mezRvaur ur-Sanabis:
“aRTqmuli balaxia es, ur-Sanabi,
misi ZaliT miaRwevs mokvdavi natvras,
waviReb uruq-farexSi, moxucs SevaWmev,
balaxis Zalas ase gamovcdi.
ukeTu moxucs ganaWabukebs,
SevWam, siWabukis dReebs davibruneb.”
(ukuqceva)
154
Sumeruli Tqmulebebi
gilgameSze
inana, gilgameSi da alvis xe
(enqidu qvesknelSi)
165
laSqroba kedaris tyisken
166
Tavisi kverTxi vercxlisa xelT ipyra,
zecier uTus amgvarad etyvis:
“im qveynad mivdivar, Semewie!
20 kedaris qveynad mivdivar, Semewie!”
zecieri uTu amgvarad miugebs:
“Zlieri moyme xar Sen, gilgameS!
garna ra ginda im qveyanaSi?”
xolo gilgameSi amgvarad miugebs:
“uTu, sityvas getyvi, sityva Cemi yurad iRe.
ambavs getyvi, ambavi igi gulisxma hyav:
Cems qalaqSi kaci kvdeba, – guli miwuxs;
kaci iwireba, – guli avad miZgers.
galavanze gavel, gadvixede,
30 gvamebi mihqonda mdinares.
mec ase momiva, ase iqneba:
romeli maRali Seswvdeba zecas?
romeli farTe moicavs xmeleTs?
im qveynad Seval, saxels davimkvidreb.
sadac saxeli damkvidrebula,
iq Cems saxelsac davamkvidreb,
sadac saxeli ar damkvidrebula,
RmerTebis saxels davamkvidreb.”
uTum cremli misi msxverplad Seiwira,
40 mowyale kaciviT mowyaled moeqca.
Svidi bumberazi erTi dedisani, –
erTi, Zma maTi ufrosi...
167
meore – gveleSapi, xaxadafCenili,
mesame – urCxuli, eSvebdaRrWenili,
meoTxe – warRvna, xmelis warmxoceli,
mexuTe – gveli momnusxveli,
meeqvse – [. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .]
meSvide – mogriale avi qariSxali,
Svidiveni qveSeTis macneni,
50 dRis naTelis damabnelebelni –
mTaTa mRvimeebSi Segzavna.
kedaris gamCexavi gamxiarulda,
batoni gilgameSi gamxiarulda;
Tavis qalaqSi erTi kaciviT [. . . . . .]
wyvili TanamgzavriviT [. . . . . .]
168
tirifi, vaSlis xe, bza moaWrevina,
moqalaqeebs, romelni Tan axldnen, Camouriga.
169
Cems mamas, brwyinvale lugalbandas vficav,
Cemi dedis, ninsunas, muxlebze
90 sakvirvelad mjdomi Seviqnebi!”
meoregzis kvlav uTxra:
“Cems mSobel dedas, ninsunas, vficav,
Cems mamas, brwyinvale lugalbandas, vficav,
vidre ar davamxob kacsa mas, ukeTu kacia,
vidre ar davamxob mas, ukeTu RmerTia, –
ferxTa CemTa im qveynad warvmarTav,
qalaqisken ar warvmarTav!”
174
gilgameSi da aga
175
meoregzis gilgameSi, qulabas batoni,
qalaqis moymeTa krebulis winaSe
20 sityvas daagdebs, sityvas gamoarCevs:
“Webs rom movuaroT, qveynis Webs rom movuaroT,
qveynis Webs da WurWlebs rom movuaroT,
Webi rom gavaRrmavoT, bagirebs movuaroT, –
qiSis winaSe qeds nu movidrekT,
iaraRiT SevebaT!”
qalaqis moymeTa krebuli
gilgameSs sityvas miubrunebs:
“romelni dgaxarT, romelni sxedxarT.
ufliswulTan erTad meomarno,
saxedris ferdebis mkumSavno,
30 visac ki Zali amisa SegwevT,
qiSis winaSe qeds nu moidrekT,
iaraRiT SeebiT!”
uruqi, qmnileba didi RmerTebisa,
eana, taZari ciT Camoziduli,
romlis nawilni RmerTebma Seqmnes, –
didi kedeli, Rrubels mibjenili,
maRali sadgomi, anis dadgenili,
gmiro belado, Sen daicev!
Semmusvrelo, anis nandauro Tavado,
agas mosvlas rogor SeuSindes!
40 mcire hyavs jari, dafrTxebian,
mag xalxma es ver gulisxmayo!”
176
maSin gilgameSs, qulabas batons,
moymeTa sityvebze guli gauxarda,
guneba gauxalisda.
Tavis monas, enqidus, ase eubneba:
“aw brZolis Zalam Toxi Sescvalos,
brZolis saWurveli Sens mklavs daubrundes,
Semzarav elvarebas iqmodes!
aq mosuli Cemma elvarebam dafaros,
gansja aerios, goni SeuZrwundes!”
50 ar gasula dRe xuTi, ar gasula dRe aTi,
aga enmebaragesis Ze uruqs Semoadga.
gansja aeria uruqs.
maSin gilgameSi, qulabas batoni,
amgvarad etyvis Tavis meomrebs:
“Subli SeuWmuxnavT Cems meomrebs;
guladi modges, agasTan gavgzavni.”
maSin birxurTuri, rCeuli mona,
Tavis patrons qebas moaxsenebs:
“me waval, patrono, agasTan.
60 gansja aerios, goni SeuZrwundes!”
karibWidan gavida birxurTuri,
da ra gascda birxurTuri karibWes,
karibWesTan Seipyres igi.
birxurTuris sxeuls hgvemen,
agasTan miiyvanes.
agas sityvas eubneba.
177
sityva Tvisi ver daasrula, –
zabardibunugi adis galavanze,
galavnidan gadmoixedavs;
70 aga Tvals Seavlebs,
birxurTurs etyvis:
“monav, is kaci batonia Seni?”
“is kaci ar aris batoni Cemi.
rom yofiliyo is kaci batoni Cemi,
saxe misi mrisxane iqneboda,
Tvali misi elvare iqneboda,
wveri misi lilaqvis iqneboda,
peSvi misi mowyale iqneboda!
180
gilgameSis sikvdili
(fragmentebi)
I
1 didi xari dawva, veRar adgeba verasodes,
batoni gilgameSi dawva, veRar adgeba verasodes,
gmiri, sartyelis Semomrtymeli dawva, veRar adgeba verasodes,
ZalaSi sworupovari dawva, veRar adgeba verasodes,
borotebis amomZirkveli dawva, veRar adgeba verasodes,
brZnulad molaparake dawva, veRar adgeba verasodes,
qveyanaTa dampyrobeli dawva, veRar adgeba verasodes,
mTaTa gadamlaxavi dawva, veRar adgeba verasodes,
qulabas batoni dawva, veRar adgeba verasodes,
10 bedisweris sawolze dawva, veRar adgeba verasodes,
oxvra-kvnesis adgilze dawva, veRar adgeba verasodes,
ver dgeba, ver jdeba, moTqvams,
ver Wams, ver svams, moTqvams,
bedisweris karibWes mibmulia, ver dgeba,
rogorc Tevzi, facerSi rom aris gabmuli,
rogorc qurciki, xafangSi rom aris gabmuli, dagdebulia,
bedisweras fexi ara aqvs, xeli ara aqvs [. . . . . . . . .]
[. . . . . . . . .] xelT upyria, veRar adgeba verasodes,
181
II
III
IV
185
komentarebi
gilgameSiani
dafa pirveli
189
boda saRvTo qorwinebis rituali (Sdr. saqarTveloSic da-
dasturebuli Cveuleba axaldaqorwinebulTa pirveli Ramis
gaTevisa beRelSi).
13. “Soridan motanils” – SuamdinareTSi samSeneblo qva ar ipovebo-
da, amitom ZvelTaganve igi Soreuli qveynebidan mohqondaT, rac
maSindel pirobebSi did siZneleebTan iyo dakavSirebuli. erTi Su-
meruli Tqmulebis mixedviT, legendarul araTas qveyanas daekisra
xarkad uruqis momarageba saSeni masaliT, “mTianeTis qvebiT”.
19. “Svidi brZenkaci” – igulisxmeba Svidi afqali, romelTac mi-
Tosis Tanaxmad kacobriuli cxovrebis gariJraJze civilizacia
daafuZnes. (ix. z. kiknaZe, Suamdinaruli miTologia, 2006, gv. 231-
238). Svidi brZenis tradicia gavrcelebuli iyo Zveli civili-
zaciis xalxebSi, mag., indoelTa Svidi riSi, ZvelberZenTa Svidi
pirveli filosofosi.
20. aSurel-babilonel mefeTa sasaxlis biblioTekebSi Tixis `wig-
nebi~ (dafebi) xis skivrebSi inaxeboda.
22. “laJvardis dafa” _ laJvardi yoveli Zvirfasi sagnis metaforaa.
30. lugalbanda – aqaduri eposis mixedviT gilgameSis piradi
RvTaebaa, misi mfarveli angelosi. magram Sumeruli tradiciis
Tanaxmad igi mis mamad da ninsunas qmrad iwodeba. cnobilia ram-
denime Sumeruli poema, sadac mTavar gmirad figurirebs Wabuki
lugalbanda – uruqis mefe.
31. “furis ZuZunawovari” _ furi am formulaSi gilgameSis dedis,
ninsunas epiTetia. Zveli Sumeris gaRmerTebuli mbrZaneblebi
qalRmerTis rZiT gamokvebilad iyvnen miCneuli.
44. “tanSi Cadgmia RmerTebis xorci” – Suamdinaruli samefo ideo-
logiis mixedviT mefe RvTiuri warmoSobisaa. Sdr. Tqma: “mefe
– mze Tavis xalxisa, RmerTebis xorci.”
190
51. “uruq-farexi” _ igive “galavniani uruqia”. am epiTetiT naTqva-
mia, rom moqalaqeni uruqSi iseve arian daculni, rogorc fa-
rexSi cxvris fara.
75-79. qalRmerTi aruru saSodan ki ar Sobs enqidus, aramed Zerwavs
danerwyvili Tixisagan da STaberavs sicocxlis sunTqvas, iseve
rogorc Zveli aRTqmis RmerTi – adams. amrigad, arurus moqme-
deba xelovanis Semoqmedebas edreba. isic cnobilia, rom meTu-
neobas Zveli kulturis xalxebSi qalebi misdevdnen upiratesad.
81-88. enqidus garegani aRweriloba migviTiTebs, rom igi jer kidev
ar aris srulyofili kacebrivi arseba, igi jer kidev bunebis
movlenaa. nisaba yanebis RvTaebaa da maTi simwifis personifika-
cia. misi simboloa TavTavi, xolo Tavad qalRmerTi warmodge-
nilia xnulebSi moaruli mSvenieri qalwulis saxiT. sumukani
nadirT patronia, gareuli jogebis RmerTi. maTi nayofierebis
gamomwvevi, RvTaebrivi mnerbavi.
98. “saxe gauxda Sori gziT mavalis” – Cveneburad: mkvdris feri
daedo. “Soreuli gza” qvesknelis gzaa, amitomac am gziT mava-
li “mkvdars” niSnavs. Sdr. dumuzis erT-erTi epiTeti “kaci So-
reuli” (lu-badu), imis aRsaniSnavad, rom dumuzi periodulad
gaudgeba xolme am “Soreul gzas” qvesknelisken.
146. SamxaT – roskipis saxeli aqadurad niSnavs “mxiarulebas”,
“sixaruls.” es sityva ixmareba agreTve saRvTo roskipTa sazo-
gado saxelad.
238. ninsuna – Sum. “qalbatoni-furi”, romlis epiTetia “galavnis
furi”, iTvleboda uruqis adgilobriv RvTaebad. uruqeli war-
moSobis mefeni, romelTac uris saxelmwifo daaarses, TavianT
Tavs ninsunas saSodan gamomavlad Tvlian da amis gamo gilga-
meSi maT “did Zmad” (SeS-gal) iwodeba.
191
dafa meore
dafa mesame
192
briobisadmi mtrulad ganwyobili RmerTia. misi iniciativiT
moxda sayovelTao warRvna. Tumca Sumerul xanaSi igi Sumeris
nacionaluri erTianobis RmerTi iyo.
50-51. SuamdinareTisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli gancda wuTisoflis war-
mavlobisa sxvagvaradac aris gamoTqmuli: “kacTa modgma da
misi naRvawi erTianad ganadgurdeba.” es naRvliani ganwyobi-
leba bolomde gasdevs aqadur literaturas. igi Zveli aRTqmis
wignebSic poulobs gamoZaxils: “saxeli Cveni daviwyebul iqmnes
Jamsa Sina da aravin moixsennes saqmeni Cvenni” (sibrZn. solom.).
amave motivzea agebuli eklesiastes wigni.
73. bilTu – wonis erTeuli, daax. 30 kg.
96. uxucesni – uZveles xanaSi qalaq-saxelmwifos mefe valdebuli
iyo uxucesTa sabWos rCevisaTvis moesmina, roca qveynisaTvis
mniSvnelovani saqme iyo gadasawyveti. arsebobda meore sabWoc
_ “moymeTa krebuli” (ix. “gilgameSi da aga”).
194. “Ramis modarajeni” – anu mxmilavni, romelTa Soris ganawile-
bulia sami sadarajo (ZvelqarTulad saxmilavi) Ramisa, sxva-
nairad, mamlis sami yivili: Jami “varskvlavTa amobrwyinebisa”,
Jami SuaRamisa da Jami ganTiadisa.
215. anSani – mxare Sumeris Crd.-aRmosavl., elamis qveyanaSi, sadac
mSvild-isari uZvelesi xanidan yofila cnobili. Sdr. “elams
kaparWi moaqvs” (esaia, 22:6). babilonur astronomiaSi erT-erT
Tanavarskvlaveds “elamuri mSvildi” (anSanis mSvildi) ewo-
deba.
245. Webis amoTxra didad mniSvnelovani aqti iyo rogorc Suamdi-
nareTSi, ise palestinis uwylo udabnoebSi (ix. “gilgameSi da
aga”). Zveli aRTqmis patriarqebi – abraami, isaki da iakobi –
gamudmebiT Txridnen Webs sxvadasxva adgilas. udabnoSi mogzau-
193
robisas aucilebeli xdeboda Wis amoTxra sasmeli wylis mo-
samarageblad.
dafa meoTxe
dafa mexuTe
194
ZaliT gamovlinebuli melami iseT garemos qmnis, sadac mokv-
davisTvis SeRweva SeuZlebelia, Tu mas tanSi “RmerTebis xorci
ar udgas”, rogorc gilgameSs. aseTive SemaZrwunebel elvarebas
asxiveben moriel-kacebi, mzis aRmosaval-dasavals rom darajo-
ben (dafa IX, 28). Sdr. qarT. zRapars: “... mividnen Tu ara mTis
ZirSi, mefis Svili aakankala devis Suqma, magram irmisam gaama-
gra. roca oriode adlis siaxloves mividnen, oriveni daabrmava
Suqma” (xalx. sibrZne, 1, 1963, gv. 59).
86. anunaqebi – qvesknelis demonebi Sumerul panTeonSi. ras gu-
lisxmobs “idumali bina anunaqTa” gaugebaria; SesaZloa, romeli-
Rac dakarguli miTosis gamoZaxili iyos. yovel SemTxvevaSi gva-
gondeba vefxistyaosnis “devTa qvabi”, romelic Selewes gmirebma
da “poves saWurWle usaxo, kvla unaxavi Tvalisa” (1366,1) da sxv.
dafa meeqvse
195
RmerTi Tavisi neba-surviliT irCevs saqmros. es privilegia
qalisa asaxulia xamurabis kanonebSic (Zv. w. XVIII s.), sadac
qals garkveul SemTxvevebSi ufleba aqvs misTxovdes “Tavisi
gulis sasurvel kacs”.
14. Sdr. “sarTulni saxlisa Cvenisa kedarisani” (qebaTa qeba, 1:16) –
ase eubneba qali Tavis satrfos.
38. “xaro xar...” – amgvari Sedareba xSiria aqadur teqstebSi, mag.:
“qali Wa aris, Wa, ormo da Txrili”.
39. Sdr. sawuTros mimarT naTqvami: “gabasruli xar mwikvliTa,
arodes ganirecxebi, vinc rome Sena gexebis, fisiviT zeda ecxebi”
(“daviTiani” – “kacisa da sawuTrosagan ciloba...”, str. 50).
44-47. aq CamoTvlil iSTaris satrfoTagan mxolod Tamuzia cnobili
aqadur literaturaSi. Tamuzi Wabuki mwyemsia, iSTaris Seyva-
rebuli, romelic qvesknelidan amosulma qalRmerTma Tavis
nacvlad Caabara qvesknelis demonebs da dasaRupad gaswira.
sxva teqtebSi inana cxared moTqvams Tamuzis daRupvas.
60-65. am mwyemsi biWis ambavi gvagonebs monadire akteonis Tqmulebas,
romlis Tanaxmadac, igi, artemisis mier irmad qceuli, sakuTar-
ma ZaRlebma daglijes.
70. “Zali Seni” – igulisxmeba seqsualuri Zala an pirdapir penis.
97-100. es striqonebi mcire cvlilebebiT imeorebs pasaJs aqaduri mi-
Tosidan “iSTaris Casvla qvesknelSi”. am sityvebiT imuqreba iS-
Tari, rodesac mas qvesknelis karibWes ar uReben. aseve imuqre-
ba heliosi, rodesac zevsisgan odisevsis Tanamgzavrebis das-
jas moiTxovs: “Caval hadesis samefoSi da mkvdrebs gavunaTeb”
(odisea, XII, 387).
104. “futuro bze” – mousavlianobisa da SimSilis niSani. asevea
Zvel aRTqmaSi, sadac siymilis Svidi weli simbolizebulia “Svi-
196
di fSute da xorSakisgan daxrukuli” TavTaviT (dab. 41:6), rac
Seesatyviseba aqadur bzes (Tu Calas).
151. xaris beWi – cxovelis es nawili xSirad gvxvdeba ritualur te-
qstebSi msxverplSewirvasTan dakavSirebiT. fiqroben, TiTqos
es sityva am pasaJSi falosis mniSvnelobiT aris naxmari (enqi-
du xaris beWis sroliT TiTqos kicxviT Seaxsenebs iSTars misi
kultis amoralur xasiaTs).
156. SamxaTebi da xarimaTebi – saRvTo roskipTa, iSTaris kultis
msaxurTa, saxelwodebani (Sdr. enqidus macTunebeli roskipis
saxeli – SamxaT).
161. mana – wonis erTeuli, daax. 0,5 kg. guri – siTxis sawyao, sakmaod
didi moculobisa.
175. Sdr. “roca brundeboda daviTi filistimelTa damarcxebis
Semdeg, gamodiodnen qalebi israelis yvela qalaqidan saul
mefis misagebeblad simReriT da rokviT, dafdafebiT, mxiaru-
li SeZaxilebiT. gahyvirodnen mxiaruli qalebi, ambobdnen: Se-
musra saulma Tavisi aTasi, xolo daviTma Tavisi aTi aTasi!”
(1mef. 18:6-7).
dafa meSvide
197
romlebic SaveTSi privilegiebiT sargebloben. Sdr. “qveskneli
SeiZra Sens gamo, raTa Segegebos Sesvlisas; gaaRviZa SenTvis
micvalebulni, yvela beladi miwisa” (esaia, 14:9).
155. “wyvdiadis saxlSi...” – es monakveTi imeorebs aqaduri miTosis
(“iSTaris Casvla qvesknelSi”) dasawyis striqonebs. irqala –
qvesknelis dedofali, igive ereSqigali.
174. eTana – mefe-mwyemsi, romelic arwivma aiyvana caSi “Sobis balaxis”
mosapoveblad (ix. Zveli Suamdinaruli poezia, 2009, gv. 287-298).
erT Sumerul elegiaSi eTana gilgameSTan erTad ixsenieba Save-
Tis binadarTa Soris. sumukani qvesknelis droebiTi mdgmuria, vi-
Tarca momkvdari da mkvdreTiT aRmdgari RvTaeba.
176. beliT-ceri – aqad. “velis (udabnos) qalbatoni”, qvesknelis qa-
lRmerTi, SesaZlebelia, Tavad ereSqigalis sxva saxeli iyos.
“veli” (an “udabno”) aq qvesknelis sinonimia.
dafa merve
198
dakrZalvis ritualebi erTmaneTis msgavsi iyo, ufro sworad,
am ori, TiTqos erTmaneTis sawinaaRmdego movlenis dros erTi
da igive ritualebi sruldeboda.
dafa mecxre
199
101. “CrdiloeTis qari” – winaaRmdeg samxreTis mxurvale qarisa,
SuamdinarelisaTvis Svebisa da imedis momcemi grili da saamu-
ri qaria. Sdr. “Crdilo qari Seni gonebisa kacTaTvis keTil-
mqrolia”, “marduqis brZanebiT, RmerTTa meufisa, dabera Crdi-
loeTis qarma, keTilma qarma RmerTTa uflisa”.
130. “uWvretdes mzis Tvals...” – Sumeruli rwmeniT, mzis RmerTi uTu
Tavis droze mkvdrebsac gaunaTebs: “odes didi uTu bnel adgi-
lebs naTelad aqcevs...”
dafa meaTe
200
dafa meTerTmete
201
warRvnis gmirma Caabara fuzur-amurus, sad gaqra es ukanaskne-
li warRvnis Semdeg? erTi sityviT, es adgili Zalze bundovania.
120. “ZaRlebiviT miyuJdnen RmerTebi” – Suamdinarul RvTismosavo-
bas ar bRalavda amgvari Tqmebi RmerTebis mimarT. ix. amave
karSi str. 181: “RmerTebi Seesien mzorvels mwerebiviT”; Sdr.
agreTve: “nu Seswirav, batono Cemo, nu Seswirav (RmerTs msx-
verpls)! ZaRliviT Sens ukan devnas SeaCvev!” (“batoni da mona”,
Zveli Suamdinaruli poezia, 2009, gv. 347-351).
150. niciris mTa – am mTis saxeli aqaduri warmoSobis unda iyos
(nacaru niSnavs “xsnas”, “mfarvelobas”). aSuris mefeTa analebSi
naxsenebia am saxelwodebis mTa. mag., aSurbanipali wers: “qalaq
babeTidan gamovedi, mivadeqi niciris mTas, romelsac lulue-
lebi qinifas uwodeben”.
162-170. Sdr. Zveli aRTqmidan: “da gauSva yorani da mifrinavda igi da
ukanve brundeboda, vidre daSreboda wyali miwaze. gauSva mtre-
di, rom gaego, Tu daiklo wyalma miwis pirze. ver ipova mtred-
ma brWyalis mosaWidi da ukanve moubrunda kidobanSi, radgan
jer kidev idga wyali mTels miwis pirze. da gaiwoda xeli noem
da aiyvana igi da Seiyvana kidobanSi. Svid dRes kidev daicada
da xelaxla gauSva mtredi kidobnidan. da dabrunda mtredi sa-
RamoJams da, aha, zeTisxilis nedli rto eWira niskartiT. da
mixvda noe, rom damwdariyo wyali miwaze” (dab. 8:6–11). Semdeg
naTqvamia, rom kvlav gaSvebuli mtredi aRar dabrunda, radgan
damSral xmeleTze fexi moikida.
173–178. Sdr. “da augo noem samsxverplo ufals, TiTo-TiTo amoarCia
yoveli wmida pirutyvidan da yoveli wmida frinvelidan da aR-
savlenad miitana samsxveploze. da iynosa ufalma keTilsurne-
leba...” (dab. 8:20-21).
202
183. yelsabams am mniSvnelovan momentSi igive mniSvneloba unda
hqondes, rac bibliur cisartyelas (“mSvilds”): “da vdeb Cems
cisartyelas RrubelSi niSnad aRTqmisa Cemsa da miwas Soris”
(dab. 9:13).
208-215. erTi aqaduri eposis (“aTraxasisi”) mixedviT, sadac ZiriTadia
warRvnis epizodi, enlilma warRvnamde swored es sasjelebi
mouvlina qveynierT; warRvna mxolod ukiduresi zoma iyo (ix.
Suamdinaruli miTologia, 2006, gv. 370-373). Sdr.: “ase ambobs
ufali RmerTi: Cemi oTxi mZime sasjelic rom movuvlino ieru-
salims _ maxvili, SimSili, sastiki mxeci da Jami...” (ezek. 14:21).
215. era _ Savi Wiris momavlinebeli RmerTi, igive nergali, an misi
erTi aspeqti.
229. “wylebis dasabamTan” – Sdr. bibliur samoTxes, edems, sadac sa-
Taves iRebs samyaros oTxi mdinare.
246. “swuxs kacTa modgma...” – TiTqos arsebobs sxvagvari wakiTxvis
SesaZleblobac: “borotia kacTa modgma, Senc giborotebs”.
362. gaugebaria, ratom da rogor miacilebs mezRvauri ur-Sanabi
gilgameSs uruqamde saxmeleTo gziT. str. 359 ambobs, rom gil-
gameSma xomaldi zRvis napiras daagdo, sadac wesiT ur-Sanabic
unda darCeniliyo. uTanafiSTis menavis mosvlas uruqSi gil-
gameSTan erTad is gamarTleba aqvs, rom gilgameSs saSuale-
ba eZleva daanaxos ucxo kacs uruqis didebuli zRude, romlis
libo, misi rwmeniT, Svid brZenkacs Caudevs. eposi imave sityve-
biT mTavrdeba, riTac daiwyo.
203
Sumeruli Tqmulebebi gilgameSze
205
70–71. etyoba, am sadurgloSi daukveTa gilgameSma inanasaTvis taxti,
xolo TavisTvis fuqu da miqu. magram am ambis Semcveli teqsti
ar ipoveba Sumerul-aqadur literaturaSi.
81-95. qveskneli antipoduria samzeos mimarT, amitomac iq Cams-
vlelma tabu unda daicvas, – cocxalTa Cveulebis sawinaaR-
mdegod unda moiqces, rom masSi cocxali arseba ar Seicnon
da ar daakavon.
97. ninazus deda – qvesknelis dedofali ereSqigali, xolo
Tavad nin-a-zu – “kurnebis ufali”, qvesknelis erT-erTi
RvTaebaa.
121. namTari – bediswerisa (Sum. nam-Tar ) da sikvdilis demoni.
Tavad saxeli misi ( nam-Tar ) “bedisweras” niSnavs Sumeru-
lad.
122. azag – ukurnebeli senis demoni; gamoTqma “azags ar daukavebia”
niSnavs: “sens ar mouklavs”, iseve rogorc “namTars ar daukave-
bia” unda niSnavdes: “Tavisi bediT ar momkvdara”.
123. “qvesknelma daakava” – niSnavs: “mokvda”.
124. nergali – qvesknelis RmerTi, romelic xan caSia, xan qvesknelSi.
206
75. “TavaRmarTuli uTu mivals...” – mzis Casvlis SekumSuli miTosi,
rac sxvagvaradac gamoiTqmis: “uTu dedasTan brundeba”, “uTu
dedis saxlSi brundeba”.
80. “Sens mSobel dedas...” – Znelad gasagebi adgilia. am sityvebis
azri SeiZleba ase gavigoT: gilgameSis uRirsi saqcielis gamo
dedamisi sajarod ar Searcxvinon qalaqis moedanze (?).
113-115. am sam striqonSi sami andazaa, romelTa azri am konteqstSi
gaurkvevelia.
131-132. “Seni patara fexebisTvis...” – rogorc Cans, xalxSi gavrcelebu-
li Tqma, romlis zusti azri, miT umetes xuvavas mimarT, gaugeba-
ria.
133. “elva” – anu elvareba (Sum. ni-Te), igivea, rac melam; ix. SeniSvna,
dafa V, str. 25.
164-165. “deda, mSobeli Cemi...” – Tavis Sebralebis, Sevrdomebis sity-
vieri formula. Sdr. lagaSis mTavris, gudeas (Zv. w. XXII s.)
mimarTva qalRmerTisadmi:
deda ar mivis, deda xar Cemi!
mama ar mivis, mama xar Cemi!
170. “gilgameSma zeca daifica...” – zustad aseTsave fics warmoTqvamen
homerosis gmirebi: “netar RmerTebsac ki aSinebT amgvari fici:
de, mowme iyos ca, dedamiwa da qveskneli...” (odisea, V, 185–186).
173. Sumeruli gamoTqma “dedis wiaRSi dabruneba” an, ubralod, “de-
dasTan dabruneba” ama-ar-gi niSnavs tyveobidan daxsnas, ganTa-
visuflebas.
179. gipari – sataZro beReli (ix. SeniSv. dafa 1, str. 10), sadac srul-
deboda saRvTo qorwinebis rituali, romlis drosac mamri
qurumi euRleboda RvTis mxevals, inanad gansaxierebuls. gipa-
ri faqtiurad mTavarqurumis rezidencia iyo.
207
198-200. am sami striqonis azri unda iyos: xuvavas mokvlis gamo gmire-
bs mosveneba ar eqnebaT, xuvavas suli sasmel-saWmelSi daezia-
reba maT(?).
gilgameSi da aga
208
krebuli upirispirdeba uxucesobas, rogorc mebrZoli Zala
da swored mis rCevas dahyveba gilgameSi, qveynis samxedro
beladi _ “didi kaci” (lu-gal)
29. “saxedris ferdebis mkumSavni” – asea daxasiaTebuli meomarTa
fizikuri Zliereba, an mxedris erTianoba saxedarTan.
108-113. gaugebaria gilgameSis sityvebis azri, gansakuTrebiT str.
112: “agam sunTqva momca, agam sicocxle momca”. es fraza
gamarjvebuli gilgameSis piridan kuriozulad JRers.
saerTod, bundovania legendis bevri adgili da, kerZod,
dasasruli.
gilgameSis sikvdili
209
III, 8. ereSqigali _ Sum. “didi miwis qalbatoni”, qvesknelis mbrZane-
beli qalRmerTi. IV, 10. ziusudra _ Sum. “Soreuli (maradiuli)
sicocxlis mZebneli”, uTanafiSTis Sumereli oreuli.
IV, 31. ningiSzida _ dumuzis ciklis RvTaeba, masaviT daRupuli da aR-
mdgari. aq qvesknelis msajuli.
IV, 48. “didi qalaqi~, arali _ mkvdarTa samefos erT-erTi saxeli.
210
sarCevi
zurab kiknaZe
gilgameSis eposi 5
gilgameSiani 51
komentarebi 187
qarTuli wignis mxardaWeris fondi
“memkvidreoba”