CONSTRUCTION

ENGINEERING AND
MANAGEMENT
 Group 4

Almira Jane Fuentes

Arnie Julience FloresAbogado
Ann Jennerie Vega
John Melard Pancho
 Construction
Engineering and
Management
Construction engineering management refers to the use of
critical thinking in technical and scientific fields to improve a
construction project. This often involves designing and executing
new solutions and faster processes that can help overcome worksite
obstacles and improve efficiency. Construction engineering
management can help improve safety, productivity, natural disaster
resilience—really any aspect of the construction industry could
be addressed by construction engineering management.
Construction Project
Project
A Project is defined as a temporaryendeavour undertaken to
create a unique product/service/results.

Product
The Product in case of a construction project is the
constructed facility such as a building, a bridge,a highway, a dam,
a canal, a factory etc.
 Construction Project
Construction projects involve varying manpower and
their duration can range from a few weeks to more than
five years.

Each construction project are unique and temporary

in nature and so is the management involved
Construction Projects:

U nique Features of a Construction Project

O ne-time activity
A start and finish
C omplexity
I nvolvement of several people on an adhoc basis
H igh Cost
A time frame for completion
H igh risk of failure
D ifficulty in defining quality standards
S equencing of activities and phases
N o practice/rehearsals
U niqueness of people relationship
L ack of experience of client/owner
F eedback mechanism
H igh level ofsubcontracting
U ncertainty exists
Phases of a Construction Project

Briefing Stage
Designing Stage
Tendering Stage
Construction Stage
Commission Stage
1. Briefing Stage
 This stage is also called the “Report Stage”.
 It is the stage where ideas originated
individuals are studied with regard to cost and
benefits so as to establish the economic
viability/social utility of a project.

Purpose
The purpose of the briefing stage is to enable
the client to specify project functions and
permissible costs.
 Activities in Briefing Stage
 To appoint a project commitee, if necessary.
 To appoint a project manager who will have a continuing
responsibility to the client through out the construction
project.
 To carry out technical and non-technical investigation so
that alternative proposals may be given dueconsideration.
 To study the various alternatives and identify the most
feasibleone.
 To prepare the project report which is the outcome of the
firststage.
 2. Designing Stage
 It is a very important stage in the field of construction because
any modification of the project after this stage would prove
expensive.
 A realistic and detailed cost estimate of the project can be
prepared during the designstage.

Purpose
The purpose of this stage is to complete the project summary
and determine the method of construction and estimated costs so
as to obtain necessary approvals from the client.
 Activities in Designing Stage
 To develop the project summary for the final adoption of the most
suitablealternative.
 To carry out technical investigations such as,
◊ Soil investigation
◊ Topographic investigation
◊ Materials surveys
◊ Market surveys
 To prepare detailed design, working drawings, specifications, bill
of quantities, final cost estimate and preliminary construction
programme.
 3. Tendering Stage
 During this stage tenders are invited and the contract is awarded
at the best available terms agreed mutually between the owner’s
team and thecontractors.

Purpose
The purpose of the tendering stage is to appoint a contractor
who will undertake the construction work on the most suitable terms
and conditions of quality, cost and completiontime.
 Activities in Tendering Stage

 To invite tenders from the contractors for the construction work and to
award thecontract.
 Pre-qualification of contractors involves an investigation of the
potential of contractor s financial, managerial and physical resources,
contractor s experience of handling similar projects,etc.
 To prepare contract documents,to be signed by the client and
thecontractor.
 Holding a pre-bid conference and providing the necessaryinformation.
 Negotiating contract price with qualified contractor.
 Reviewing documents submitted by contractor.
 4. Construction Stage
 The construction stage involves the execution of
construction work as per the design, drawing and
within agreed limits of time, cost and specified
quality.

Construction Planning Activities

 Construction schedule
 Manpower schedule
 Material delivery schedule
 Plant and equipment schedule
Control of Site Operation Activities

 Supply of materials and equipment

 Supervisio quality control
 Co-ordination among sub-contractors
 Supervision qualitycontrol
 Supply necessary drawing
 5. Commission Stage

 It is the stage in which the performance of the structure is

evaluated and the proposed nature of maintenance and repair are
considered.

Purpose
The purpose of this stage is to ensure that the construction
work has been carried out as per the drawing and specifications
and all the facilities developed function properly as envisaged
in the design.
 Activities in Commission Stage

 To keep various records of actual work.

 To inspect the construction work thoroughly and have any
defectsrectifies.
 To prepare operating instructions and maintenance
manuals.
 To carry out tests for performance,such as water
tightness, strength etc.
 CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
Project Management is the art and science of
mobilising and managing people, materials, equipment and
money to complete the assigned project work on time, within
budgeted costs and specified technical performance standards.

Construction Management may be defined as the

management in which group of people of different categories
works together, to execute the project economically without
affecting the quality in a well planned and organised manner.
Scopeof Construction Management
 Planning and estimating
 Execution ofworks
 Financial management
 Material management
 Equipment management
 Labour management
 Site layout
 Equipments and Materials plant location
 Labour relationships
 Industrial psychology for smooth flow of work
 Need of Construction Management

 Co-ordination between Different Agencies

 Economy in Construction

 Development of Management and Machinery

 Speed of Construction

 Quality Control of Materials and Workmanship

 Objectives of Construction Management
 Completing the work within estimated budget.
 Completing the work within specified time.
 The Quality and workmanship should be better.
 The work should be executed as perspecification.
 Providing safe and satisfactory working conditions
for all personnel and workers.
 Taking sound decisions at the lowest practical management level through
delegation of authority.
 Motivating people to give their best within their capacities.
 Creating an organisation that works as a team.
 Achieving economy in the construction.
 PHASES / FUNCTIONS OF
CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT

◊ Planning and Scheduling

◊ Organizing
◊ Staffing
◊ Directing
◊ Controlling
 PLANNING
Planning involves formulation of a number of alternative of
realistic work plans for achieving specified obiectives and
finally selecting a plan which is best suited from the standpoint
of available resources and constraints imposed upon the project.

Planning is the administrative process which translates the

policy into a method of achieving the objectives.

It essentially
covers the aspects of
“what to do” and
“how to do it”
 SCHEDULING
Scheduling is the
fitting of the final work
plan to a time scale. It
shows the duration and
order of various
construction activities.
It deals with the aspect
of “when to do it”.

Time plan Resources p lan Plan for controlling project

Schedule of design and drawing preparation Work quantities
Progress of work planned Resource allocations Budget costs
 ORGANIZING
Organizing is concerned with:
 Division of the total
construction work into
manageable departments/sections
 Systematically arranging
various operations by
delegating specific tasks to
individuals.
 The relationship between
various personnel are
established
 The organizational structure of
the project is depicted by a Organizing functions include
flow chart. 1. Development of Organization Structure
2. Delegation of Responsibility and Authority
3. Establishment of Relationships.
 STAFFING
Organizing involves the division of project work
into sections and staffing is provision of people
to fill the positions so created .

Staffing functions include

1.Recruiting the right
people
2.Arranging staff training
courses
3.Carryout proper staff
assessment
 The directing function is
concerned with training DIRECTING
subordinates to carryout
assigned tasks, supervising
their work and guiding their
efforts.

The essence of directing

lies in the ability to
motivate people individually
and as groups to utilize their
creative efforts in achieving
specified objectives.
 CONTROLLING
Controlling is necessary for
ensuring effective and efficient
working. It involves a constant
review of the work plan to check on
actual achievements and to discover
and rectify deviations through
appropriate corrective measures.

The essentials in management control are

 Actual performance measurement (Progress, quality, cost)
 Comparison of actual and planned performance
 Analysis of shortfall in performance,identification and
implementation of suitable remedial measures
IMPORTANCE OF pLANNING,
sCHEDULING AND
CONTROLLING pROJECTS
◊ Project plan clearly defines project’s scope of work.
◊ Project planaidsthe management in performing its
functions efficiently and effectively.
◊ Project plan identifies critical activities.
◊ Project planprovides the yard-stick for measuring P
progress and evaluating resources performance.
L
◊ A project plan maintains continuity of work, specially when
project organisation is temporary and its staffing is A
transient in nature. N
◊ Project plans provide the basis of coordinating the efforts
of clients, consultants, architects, designers, quantity
N
surveyors, suppliers, contractors and the project staff. I
◊ Project plan creates healthy environment. N
It commits individuals to tasks and motivates them to achieve
challenging targets. G
S
C
◊ Schedule simplify a project plan.
H
◊ Schedule validates time objectives.
E ◊ Schedule aids in the optimization of resources
D employed.
U ◊ Schedule enables forecasting of input resources like
L man, materials and machinery.
I ◊ Schedule brings out implications of time and
N resources constraints.
G
 C
The control system aids the management at various
O
levels to perform its functions efficiently and N
effectively for achieving the overall project T
objectives.
R
◊ Benefits (At each level of management for Controlling)
O
(a)Operational control at supervisory level
L
(b)Administrative control at managerial level L
(c)Directional Control at General Manager (GM) I
(d) Project Manager (PM) level
N
G
C
(a) Operational control at supervisory level
O ◊ Minimizing unproductive man hours
N ◊ Preventing wastage of materials
T ◊ Economizing plant and machinery utilization
R ◊ Reducing activity execution time
O (b) Administrative control at managerial level
L ◊ Updating the work quantities status and determining the balance
scope of work
L ◊ Analyzing project time status
I ◊ Evaluating production cost status and forecasting future trends
N ◊ Calculating income status and forecasting cash in flows
G ◊ Computing budget status and forecasting cash inflows
C
(c) Directional Control at General Manager (GM)/
O Project Manager (PM) level
N ◊ Analyzing project time cost behaviour and making
T decisions on time saving when required
R ◊ Reviewing project cost and profitability, and making
profitability improvement decisions
O
◊ Auditing management’s performance
L
(d) Strategic control at corporate level
L ◊ Determining overall profitability
I ◊ Budgeting and allocating funds and resources
N ◊ Updating the company’s planning norms and unit rates for
G securing future works
 CONSTRUCTION PROJECT CATEGORIES

 Building construction

 Infrastructure construction

 Industrial construction

 Special purpose projects

 building Construction
► Residential buildings

► Commercial buildings

► Educational buildings

► Recreational buildings

► Hospitals and hotels

► Warehouse and marketing facilities

 Infrastructure Construction
► Highways and expressways
► Dams and canals
► Airports
► Railways
► Bridges
► Oil/Gas pipelines
► Large water supply and sewerage networks
► Docks and harbours
► Nuclear and thermal power plants
 Industrial Construction
► Construction of steel plants

► Petroleum refineries

► Chemical and Fertilizer plants

► Consumer goods factories

► Automobile and aircraft industry

 Special- Purpose Projects
► Environmental works
► Emergencies
► Remedial works
► Installation and commissioning of equipment
► Classification of projects based on completion time
► Large duration projects (over 10 years)
► Medium duration projects (3 to 10 years)
► Short duration projects (few months to 3 years)
► Special short term projects (less than 1 year)
 TYPE OF CONSTRUCTION

LIGHT CONSTRUCTION HEAVY CONSTRUCTION

Residential Buildings Dams, barrages, tunnels

Educational Buildings Highways, railways, airports
Recreational Buildings Harbours
Commercial Buildings Multispan bridges with well
Schools
/pile foundations
Hotels
Small bridges & Water tanks
Shopping centers
 RESOURCES FOR
CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
 Man power
Man power in the form of technical and managerial personnel and work
force in various trades is essential to carry out project activities.
 Money
Adequate funds should be available for smooth implementation of the
project.
 Materials
Bricks, steel, stones, timber, aggregate, scaffolding, cement, water
supply and sanitary fittings, lime, petrol, oil, lubricants
 Machinery
Batching and mixing plants, mixers, crushers, trucks, dumpers, tractors,
rollers, powers, cranes, excavators, hoist, pumps, generators
 CONSTRUCTION TEAM
Owner
► Individual or group of individuals, private or public
undertaking
► Ultimate authority with major decision making power
► Controls resources
► Approves changes if any in scope/schedule
► Eg. PWD, NHAI, Indian Army,
Engineers and Architects
► Civil,Mechanical,Electrical,Architects,Specialists/Consultants
► Design, Supervision, Project Management Consultants
Contractor
► With a team of planning engineers, site engineers, surveyors,
suppliers, subcontractors
 RESPONSIBILITIES OF OWNER
► The owner is supposed to provide necessary site on which the
proposed work is to be constructed.
► The owner should appoint an engineer, to look after the technical
requirements of the work.
►The owner should supply necessary plans and working drawings
through his architect to the contractor in time, so that the work
is not unnecessarily delayed.
► The owner should respect the conditions of contract concerning
his powers and duties.
► The owner should provide necessary work front to the contractor so
that work is not delayed.
► The owner should make necessary arrangement for the funds required
for the construction of the work so that regular payments shall
be made to the contractor.
 RESPONSIBILITIES OF OWNER
► It is desirable that the owner should pass all the
instructions to the contractor through his engineer.
► The owner should supply materials and issue machinery, if it
is a part of the contract.
► The owner should make arrangements to record the measurement of
items in time before they are covered up in the subsequent
execution of work.
► The owner should not interfere with the progress of the work and
should not pass such instructions which will lead to the
problems of extra items, liquidated damages, etc.
► The owner should not suspend the work temporarily unless it
appears to be in his interest to do so.
► To take over possession of the completed work timely from the
contractor.
 RESPONSIBILITIES OF OWNER
► The owner should make arrangements to record the measurement
of items in time before they are covered up in the
subsequent execution of work.
► The owner should not interfere with the progress of the work
and should not pass such instructions which will lead to the
problems of extra items, liquidated damages, etc.
► The owner should not suspend the work temporarily unless it
appears to be in his interest to do so.
► To take over possession of the completed work timely from the
contractor.
 RESPONSIBILITIES OF ENGINEER
► To organize and supervise the execution of work and to see
that they are suitably and economically carried out with
specified quality of materials.
► It is the duty of the executive engineer to prepare estimate
of proposed works through his subordinates and submit the
same to his superintending engineer.
► The engineer is responsible for explaining the plans and
provisions of the specifications.
► The engineer is responsible for giving all lines and levels
required in connection with the work.
► It is his duty to invite tenders for works valued within his
power, after obtaining administrative and technical sanction.
 RESPONSIBILITIES OF ENGINEER
► In certain complicated items, the engineer should give the
sequence of operations and should explain method of
construction in detail to the contractor.
► It is duty of the engineer to prepare specifications for the
work and to see that these specifications are accurate, proper
and reasonable for the work.
► The assistant engineer is responsible for taking detailed
measurement of works during progress and to enter the same in
M.B. and prepare bills for payment.
► To see that machinery likely to be used on works are
properly maintenance and safely house.
 RESPONSIBILITIES OF ENGINEER
► To keep tools and plants in working conditions and arrange
to protect surplus stock from deterioration.
► To prevent encroachment on government lands under his
division.
► The engineer is responsible for the acts of his assistants
or other agencies employed by him.
► It is also the duty of the engineer to assist the court of
law or the arbitrator during the hearing of the dispute.
 RESPONSIBILITIES OF CONTRACTOR
► The contractor is responsible to provide all the materials,
labour, equipments, etc. required under the provisions of
the contract for the execution of the work.
► The contractor should carry out the work as per plans and
specifications and as per directions given by the engineer.
► The contractor should inform the supervising engineer
before taking up any new item and before covering up of any
work.
► The contractor should appoint a qualified person on site of
the work to whom instructions and directions can be
imparted.
 RESPONSIBILITIES OF CONTRACTOR
► The contractor is responsible for any damage to the persons
or adjoining properties during execution of the work.
► The contractor should submit the bills of work as and when
required.
► The contractor is responsible to respect all the prevailing
labour laws and should make regular payments to his
labourers as well as to the subcontractors.
► The contractor should give all the required assistance to
the engineer for establishing the lines and levels of the
work.
 RESPONSIBILITIES OF CONTRACTOR
► The contractor is responsible for arranging for the permit
of the controlled materials and for paying fees and
royalties for the use of patented articles.
► The contractor is responsible for the safety of all the
labourers and personnel working at the site and should
provide safety shoes, helmets etc. to the workmen.
► To handover the completed work in a sound condition.
► The contractor should submit his claims for extra items in
due time.
 Illustration of Relationship

between Construction Team