DAY 5
OTHERS THEORIST WITH
THEIR CONTRIBUTION
PATRICIA BENNER
 Born in Hampton, Virginia and spent her
childhood in California, where she
received her early and professional
education.
--Caring, Clinical Wisdom and Ethics in
nursing practice theory
-Emphasize the difference between
“Knowing How” a practical    knowledge that
may elude precise abstract formulation and
“Knowing that” which lead itself to
theoretical explanations.
• Novice – the person has no background
experience of the situation in which he or
she involved
• Advanced Beginner – when the person
marginally acceptable performance, having
coped with enough real situations to note, or
IMOGENE M. KING
to have pointed out by a mentor, the
recurring meaningful components of the
situation 
• Competent – the learner begins to
recognize patterns and determine which
elements of the situation warrant attention
and which can be ignored.
. Proficient -the performer perceived the
situation as a whole ( the total picture )
rather than in terms of aspects.
•Expert – the expert performer no longer
relies an analytical principle (ex.rule,
guidelines) to connect an understanding of
the situation to an appropriate action. 
KATIE ERIKSSON
 Theory of caritative caring
 Was born on November 18,1943 in
Jacobstad, Finland
 She belong to the Finland –
Swedish minority in Finland and her
native language in Swedish
 She is a 1965 graduate of the
Helsinki Swedish school of nursing
and in 1967 she completed her
public health nursing education
there
 Caritas - Means “Love and Charity”
 Is the fundamental motive of caring
science 
 Constitute the motive for all caring,
The conception of the human being
in Eriksson’s theory is based on the
axiom that the human being is an
entity of body , soul and spirit
(Eriksson, 1987,1988). She
emphasizes that the human being is
fundamentally a religious being but
all human beings is fundamentally
holy, and this axiom is related to the
idea of human dignity, which means
accepting the human obligation of
serving with love and existing for the
sake of others.
 Conceptual system and middle range
theory of Goal attainment 
 Was born on January 30 , 1923 in
West Point,Iowa
 She died December 24, 2007 in
Petersburg Florida, and is buried in
Fort Madison, Iowa “concepts give
meaning to our perception and permit
generalizations about persons,
objects, and things ( King 1959 , P.
16)
 Health – Define as dynamic life
experiences of a human being which
implies continuous adjustment to
stressors in the internal and external
environtment through optimum use of
one's resources to achieve maximum
potential for daily living
 Nursing – defined as a process  of
actions, reactions  and interactions
whereby nurse and client share
information about their perceptions in
the nursing situation.
 Self – a composite of thoughts and
feelings which constitute a
person’s awareness of his individual
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existence his conceptions of who and
what he is
 -a person’s self is the sum total of all 
he can call his or hers.
BETTY NEUMAN
 System model
 Was born in 1924 and grew up on a
farm  in Ohio
 Her rural background helped her
develop a compassion for people in
need, which has been evident
throughout her career.   Adaptation problems are broad areas of
The Neuman system model is a unique,
open system based perspective that
provides a unifying focus  for approaching a
wide range of concerns.
A system acts as a boundary for a single
client, a group or
Even a member of groups; it can also be
defined as a social issue.
Wholistic approach –the Neuman  system
model is a dynamic, open system approach
to client care originally developed to provide
a unifying focus for defining nursing
problems and for understanding the client in
interaction with the environment
Open system- a system is open when or
there is continuously flow of input and
process,output, and feedback. Stress and
reaction to stress are basic component of
an open system.
SISTER CALLISTA ROY
 Adaptation model   Nursing Process Theory
 Was born on October 14, 1939 in
Los Angeles, California
 Received a bachelor’s degree in
nursing in 1963 from mount Saint
Mary’s college in Los Angeles and a
master's degree in nursing from
University of California.
A system is a set of parts connected to
function as a whole for some purpose and
that does so by virtue of  the
interdependence of its parts.
Adaptation level represents the condition of
like processes described on three levels as
integrated. Compensatory and
compromised
A person's adaptation level is
constantly changing points, made up of
focal, contexual and residual
Stimuli which represents the person's own
standard of the range of stimuli to which one
can respond with ordinary adaptive
responses.
concerns related to adaptation. These
describe the difficulties 
Related to the indicators of positive
adaptation
HILDEGARD E. PEPLAU
 Theory of Interpersonal Relations
 H.E Peplau has been described as the
mother of psychiatric nursing because of
her theoretical and clinical work led to
the development of the distinct specialty
field of psychiatric nursing.
She identified four phases of the nurse
patient – patient relationship
1. Orientation (On Admission)
2. Identification (During, Intensive treatment
period)
3. Exploitation (Convalesence and
rehabilitation)
4. Discharge (Resolution)
IDA JEAN (ORLANDO) PELLETIER
 “Proposed that patients have their own
meanings and interpretations of
situations and therefore nurses must
validate their inferences and analyzes
with patients before drawing conclusions
(p. 243).
 Individualizing Nursing – Assessing,
Planning, Implementing, Evaluating.
JOYCE TRAVELBEE
 Human to Human Relationship Model
 - Proposed that the goal of nursing was
to assist an individual, Family or
community to prevent or cope with the
experiences of illness and suffering and,
if necessary, to find meaning in these
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experiences, with the ultimate goal
being the presence of hope (Travelbee
1966, 1971)
LYDIA HALL
 Core, Care and Cure Model
 Hall used three interlocking circles to
represent aspects of the patient and
nursing functions.
 The care circle represent the patient’s
body
 The cure circle represent the disease
that affect the patient’s physical
system
 The core circle represent the inner
feelings and management of the
person
 The three circles change in size and
overlap in relation to the patients
phase in the disease process
 A nurse functions in all three circles
but to the different degress.
 (For Example) : In the care phase, the
nurse gives hand on bodily care to the
patient in relations to activities of daily
living such is toileting and bathing
 -in the cure phase the nurse applies
medical knowledge to treatment of the
person
 -in the core pase, the nurse addresses
the social and emotional needs of the
patient for effective communication
and a comfortable environment (Touhy
and Birnbach, 2001)
NOLA J. PENDER
 Health Promotion Model
 Was born August 16, 1941 in Lansing,
Michigan.
 Pender’s first encounter with
professional nursing occurred at 7
years of age, when she observed the
nursing care given to her hospital
aunt.
The health promotion model is similar in
construction to the health belief model
(Becker 1974) which explains disease
prevention behavior; but the HPM differs
from the health belief model in that it does
not include fear or threat as a source of
motivation for health behavior. The HPM
expands to encompass behaviors for
enhancing health and applies across the life
span (Pender 1996, Pender Murdaugh, and
Parsons 2002)
MADELEINE M. LEININGER
 Theory of Culture Care Diversity and
Universality
 Founder of transcultural nursing and
leader of transcultural nursing and
human care theory 
 The purpose of the theory is to discover
human care diversities and universalities
in relation to worldview, cultural and
social structure dimensions, and ways to
provide culturally congruent care with
people of various cultures to maintain on
regain their well being or health, or face
death in a culturally appropriate way
(Leininger 1991 , 1995).
MARGARET A. NEWMAN
 Health as Expanding Conciousness
 • Health – is the “pattern of the whole”
of a person and includes disease as a
manifestation of the pattern of the
whole, based on premise that life is an
ongoing process of expanding
consciousness (Newman 1986)
 • Pattern – is the information that
depicts the whole and understanding of
the meaning of all the relationships at
one.
• Consciousness – is both the information
capacity of the system and the ability of the
system to interact with its environment
(Newman, 1994)
 The basic idea for the theory of health
as expanding consciousness
emanated from Newman's personal
family experiences , Her mother's
struggle with amyotropic lateral
sclerosis sparked her interest in
nursing. From the experience, the idea
that illness reflected the life patterns of
the person and that was needed was
the recognization of that pattern and
acceptance of it for what it meant to
that person (Newman 1986 p.3)
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ROSEMARIE RIZZO PARSE

Theory of Human Becoming: Three

principles constitute the human becoming
theory
Structuring meaning – is the imaging and
valuing of languaging (Parse 2014 p. 36).
This principle specifies that persons
structure, or choose, the meaning of their
realities,, and this choosing happens with
explicit – tacit knowing.
 Configuring rhythmical patterns –
is the revealing concealing and
enabling limiting of connecting
separating. This principle means
that human beings create patterns
in day to day life, and these
patterns tell about personal
meanings and values.
 Cotranscending with possibles –
is the powering and originating of
transforming. The meaning of this
principle is that persons
continuously change and unfold
in life as they engage with and
choose from infinite possibilities
about how to be, and what
interests or concerns to explore.