ST.JOHN’S UNIVERSAL SCHOOL, PALAVAKKAM,CHENNAI-600041.

CLASS-X. GEO CH-1. RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT.

LEARNING NOTES.
Resource & Development

Resource

Resource means anything that is

 Available in nature
 Can be used for satisfying the human needs.
 Technologically accessible
 Economically feasible
 Culturally acceptable.

Interdependent relationship between nature, technology and institutions

 Human beings interact with nature through technology and create institutions to
accelerate their economic development.
 Resources are a function of human activities
 Humans transform material available in our environment into resources to use
them

Classification of resources

Basis of Class Example

classification
Origin Biotic Flora and fauna
Abiotic Soil, Minerals
Exhaustibility Renewable Air, Sun light
Non-renewable Fossil fuels
Ownership Individual Our house, plots
Community owned Public parks, village ponds
National River, mines
International International ocean territory starts
ST.JOHN’S UNIVERSAL SCHOOL, PALAVAKKAM,CHENNAI-600041.
CLASS-X. GEO CH-1. RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT.
LEARNING NOTES.
after 200 km of national boundary
Status of Potential resources – yet to be exploited Wind and solar energy
Development
Developed Coal and gold mines
Stock-potential can’t be exploited due Water in Antarctica region
to lack of technology
Reserves – subset of stock Geothermal energy

Result of human utilization of resources

 Depletion of resources for satisfying the greed of few individuals.

 Accumulation of resources in few hands,
 Indiscriminate exploitation of resources has led to global ecological crises such
as, global warming, ozone layer depletion, environmental pollution and land
degradation.

Sustainable development

 Sustainable development means development should take place without damaging

the environment
 Development in the present should not compromise with the needs of the future
generation
 Sustainable economic development is the way to conserve our resources for the
next generation

Rio De Janeiro Earth Summit and Agenda 21.

 Held in June 1992 in Brazil

 More than 100 states participated
 The aim of the summit was to address the urgent problems of environment
protection
ST.JOHN’S UNIVERSAL SCHOOL, PALAVAKKAM,CHENNAI-600041.
CLASS-X. GEO CH-1. RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT.
LEARNING NOTES.
 The summit adopted Agenda 21 – to combat environmental damage, poverty,
disease through global co-operation.
 One major objective of the Agenda 21 is that every local government should draw
its own local Agenda 21

Resource planning

 Due to the unequal distribution of resources, some regions are rich in certain types
of resources and deficient in some other.
 Arunachal Pradesh has abundance of water resources but lacks infrastructural
developmental
 Rajasthan has solar and wind energy but lacks water resources
 This calls for balanced resource planning at the national, state, regional and local
levels
 For sustainable development also we need resource planning

Process involved in Resource planning

The complex process of resource planning involves:

i. Identification of resources involving surveying, mapping, estimating and
measuring the availability of resources
ii. Planning the utilization with the help of technology and institution accompanied
by human skill
iii. Matching the plans with overall national development plans

What does our history reveals about our resources in the past?

 Our history of colonization reveals that the rich resources in India had attracted
the foreign invaders
 With the higher level of technological development, resources are exploited and
supremacy were established
ST.JOHN’S UNIVERSAL SCHOOL, PALAVAKKAM,CHENNAI-600041.
CLASS-X. GEO CH-1. RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT.
LEARNING NOTES.
 So, Resource planning in India involves availability of resources and technology,
human skill and historical experiences of the people

Importance of conservation of resources

 Irrational consumption and over-utilization of resources may lead to socio-

economic and environmental problems
 As per Gandhiji there is enough for everybody’s need and not for any body’s
greed
 He was against mass production and wanted to replace it with the production by
the masses

Land resources in India

Land pattern Land utilized for Determined for

Mountains Forest Topography
Plateaus Uncultivable land Climate
Plains Permanent pastures Soil types
Islands Land left uncultivated for 1 to 5 years Population density
Coastal areas Net Sown area Technological capability
Culture and traditions

Total geographical area of India

 Total geographical area of India is 3.28 million sq. km

 Only 93% of the land use data is available
 Data from North-eastern states other than Assam, Pakistan and china occupied
Jammu and Kashmir are not collected

Why the land under permanent pasture and forest has decreased?

 Poor quality fallow lands

 High cost of cultivation of fallow land
ST.JOHN’S UNIVERSAL SCHOOL, PALAVAKKAM,CHENNAI-600041.
CLASS-X. GEO CH-1. RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT.
LEARNING NOTES.
What is called as waste land?

 Waste land includes rocky, arid and desert areas

 It also includes land used for settlements, roads, railways, industry, etc.
 Continuous use of land without appropriate measures to conserve it leads to land
degradation.

Some reasons for land degradation in India

 Deforestation
 Over grazing in the states of Gujarat, Rajasthan, Maharashtra
 Mining and quarrying activities in the states of Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh,
Madyapradesh and Orissa
 Over irrigation in the states of Punjab, Haryana, Western Uttar Pradesh.
 Mineral processing and Grinding in the cement and ceramic industry

Land conservation methods

 Afforestation
 Proper management of grazing and waste lands
 Stabilization of sand dunes by plantation of thorny bushes.
 By proper irrigation and harvesting methods
 Control over mining activities.
 Proper management of land after completion of mining work.
 Discharge of industrial waste and effluents only after proper treatment.
 Plantation of trees along the road sides.

Soil

 Soil is the most important renewable natural resource needed for the growth of
living organisms
ST.JOHN’S UNIVERSAL SCHOOL, PALAVAKKAM,CHENNAI-600041.
CLASS-X. GEO CH-1. RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT.
LEARNING NOTES.
 It takes millions of years to form soil up to a few cm in depth.
 Relief, parent rock, climate, vegetation and time determines the formation of soil
 Temperature, action of running water, wind and decomposers contribute to the
formation
 Soil also consists of organic and inorganic materials

1. Explain land use pattern in India and why has the land under forest not increased much
since 1960-61?

 About 45% of land is used as net sown area, i.e. for farming.
 About 22% of the land is under forest and the rest of the land is used for various
purposes; like housing, recreation and industrial activities.
 Increasing population and subsequent increase in demand for resources is the
main reason that forested land has not increased much during this period.

Classification of soils in India

Types of Formation due to

States where found Rich in: Crops grown
Soils

Deposited by the
Potash and Lime
three Himalayan Mainly found in the plains of wheat, rice,
Alluvial rivers – Gujarat, Punjab, Haryana, UP, sugarcane, cotton,
Brahmaputra, Indus Bihar, jute etc.
More fertile soil
and Ganga.

Black Climatic condition Deccan plateau- Maharashtra, Lime, Iron, Cotton, sugarcane,
(Regur along with the Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Magnesia and Jowar, tobacco,
soil) parent rock material Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Alumina, Potash wheat, rice etc.
contributes to the Valleys of Krishna and
formation Godavari.
ST.JOHN’S UNIVERSAL SCHOOL, PALAVAKKAM,CHENNAI-600041.
CLASS-X. GEO CH-1. RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT.
LEARNING NOTES.
Made up of fine
clayey materials

Crystalline igneous
rocks in the areas of
low rainfall

Eastern and southern part of the

Red and Red colour – Wheat, rice,
diffusion of iron Deccan plateau, Orissa,
yellow Iron and Potash cotton, sugarcane
Chhattisgarh and southern parts
soil Yellow colour – and pulses
of the middle Ganga plain.
occurs in a hydrated
form

Formed in areas
with high
temperature and Karnataka, Kerala, Tamilnadu,
Iron oxide and Cashew nuts, tea,
Laterite heavy rainfall. Madhya Pradesh, Assam and
potash coffee, rubber
Orissa hills.
Humus content of
the soil is low

Range from red to

brown color. barley, millets ,
Arid soils Western Rajasthan Salt, Calcium cashew nuts,
Sandy in texture and maize and pulses
saline in nature

Soils are formed as

Forest Himalayan region, Sikkim, Humus, fertile and Coffee, tea, barley,
per the mountain
Soils Assam, Kashmir slightly acidic spices
environment

Different types of soil erosion.

ST.JOHN’S UNIVERSAL SCHOOL, PALAVAKKAM,CHENNAI-600041.
CLASS-X. GEO CH-1. RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT.
LEARNING NOTES.
 Sheet erosion:
 It is the fairly uniform removal of soil in thin layers from the
land surface
 Areas where loose, shallow topsoil overlies compact soil are
most susceptible to sheet erosion.
 Gully erosion: A form of water erosion in which gullies are produced by
combination of unattended rills.
 Wind erosion: When wind blows and makes the flat or slope land to lose its
soil
 Ploughing in a wrong way in the slope
 Human activities like deforestation, over-grazing, construction and mining.

Conservation of soil resource

1. Contour farming:
Crops are cultivated along the contour of the land. Even in heavy rain, the runoff is
checked by the plants growing along the contour. Tillage: contour tilling will prevent the
excess run of water.
2. Strip cropping:
This is an agricultural practice of growing plants in suitable strips in the field.
a. Contour strip cropping - This is cultivation of soil protecting crops in strips
alternating with erosion permitting crops. The strips should be across the slope.
b. Field strip cropping - Plants are cultivated in parallel strips across the slopes. Wind
strip cropping: Crops are planted across the slopes to prevent soil loss. These may be
legumes or grasses.
3. Crop rotations:
Alternatively growing a cereal and a legume in the same field will not only increase the
yield, but also increase the fertility of the soil. They also help in checking soil erosion.
4. Shelter belts stabilizes the sand dunes in the deserts
5. Terrace farming restricts erosion

How have technical and economic development led to more consumption of resources?
ST.JOHN’S UNIVERSAL SCHOOL, PALAVAKKAM,CHENNAI-600041.
CLASS-X. GEO CH-1. RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT.
LEARNING NOTES.
 Economic development creates demand for various resources
 Technical development gives the knowhow to exploit those resources.
 Thus, technical and economic development together lead to more consumption of
resources.

Regeneration of environment

 Regeneration of the environment leads to economic well-being

 As more resource are available it improves agriculture and animal care
 People’s management is essential for ecological restoration.

---S.LEELARANI.