Chapter-1 Sequence and Series (Mathematics)

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Chapter 1: Sequences and Series
Q1) For each of the following sequences,
(a) Identify whether the sequence is arithmetic, geometric or neither.
(b) If it is arithmetic or geometric, find an expression for 𝑢𝑛
(c) If it is arithmetic or geometric, find the indicated term.
(d) If it is arithmetic or geometric, find the indicated sum.
i. 3, 6, 18, ... 𝑢8 , 𝑆12
ii. -16, -14, -12, ... 𝑢10 , 𝑆8
iii. 2000, 1000, 500, ... 𝑢9 , 𝑆7
iv. ∑∞𝑛=1 3 × 2
𝑛−1
, 𝑢5 , 𝑆10
v. The consecutive multiples of 5 greater than 104, 𝑢7 , 𝑆9
Ans 1:
i. This sequence is neither arithmetic nor geometric.
ii. This is a arithmetic sequence with 𝑢1 = −16 and 𝑑 = 2

We know that 𝑢𝑛 = 𝑢1 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑
Putting 𝑛 = 8
𝑢10 = 𝑢1 + 9𝑑
𝑢10 = −16 + 9(2)
𝒖𝟏𝟎 = 𝟐
𝑛
We know that, 𝑆𝑛 = 2 (2𝑢1 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑)
Putting 𝑛 = 8
8
𝑆8 = 2 (2(−16) + 7(2))
𝑆8 = 4(−32 + 14)
𝑺𝟖 = −𝟕𝟐
1
iii. This is a geometric sequence with 𝑢1 = 2000 and 𝑟 = 2
We know that 𝑢𝑛 = 𝑟 𝑛−1 𝑢1
Putting 𝑛 = 9
1
𝑢9 = (2)8 × 2000
𝒖𝟗 = 𝟕. 𝟖𝟏𝟐𝟓
𝑢1 (1−𝑟 𝑛 )
We know that 𝑆𝑛 = 1−𝑟
Putting 𝑛 = 7
1
2000(1−( )7 )
𝑆7 = 1
2
1−
2
𝑺𝟕 = 𝟑𝟗𝟔𝟖. 𝟕𝟓
iv. This is a geometric sequence with 𝑢1 = 3 and 𝑟 = 2
We know that 𝑢𝑛 = 𝑟 𝑛−1 𝑢1
Putting 𝑛 = 5
𝑢 5 = 24 × 3
𝒖𝟓 = 𝟒𝟖
𝑢1 (1−𝑟 𝑛 )
We know that 𝑆𝑛 =
1−𝑟
Putting 𝑛 = 10
3(1−210 )
𝑆10 = 1−2
𝑺𝟏𝟎 = 𝟑𝟎𝟔𝟗
v. The sequence will be- 105, 110, 115,120….

This is a arithmetic sequence with 𝑢1 = 105 and 𝑑 = 5
Putting 𝑛 = 7
𝑢7 = 105 + 6(5)
𝒖𝟕 = 𝟏𝟑𝟓
𝑛
We know that, 𝑆𝑛 = 2 (2𝑢1 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑)
Putting 𝑛 = 9
9
𝑆9 = 2 (2(105) + 8(5))
9
𝑆9 = 2 (250)
𝑺𝟗 = 𝟏𝟏𝟐𝟓
Q2) In an arithmetic sequence, 𝑢6 = −5 and 𝑢9 = −20. Find 𝑆20.

Ans 2: We know that 𝑢𝑛 = 𝑢1 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑
Putting 𝑛 = 6
𝑢6 = 𝑢1 + 5𝑑
Putting the value of 𝑢6
−5 = 𝑢1 + 5𝑑 ①
Putting 𝑛 = 9
𝑢9 = 𝑢1 + 8𝑑
Putting the value of 𝑢9
−20 = 𝑢1 + 8𝑑 ②
Subtracting equation ② from ①:

−5 − (−20) = 𝑢1 − 𝑢1 + 5𝑑 − 8𝑑
15 = −3𝑑
𝑑 = −5
Putting the value of 𝑑 in ①:

−5 = 𝑢1 + 5(−5)
𝑢1 = 25 − 5
𝑢1 = 20
𝑛
Now, we know that 𝑆𝑛 = 2 (2𝑢1 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑)
Putting 𝑛 = 20, 𝑑 = −5 and 𝑢1 = 20
20
𝑆20 = (2(20) + 19(−5))
2
𝑆20 = 10(40 − 95)
𝑺𝟐𝟎 = −𝟓𝟓𝟎
Q3) Write down the first five terms for the recursive sequence 𝑢𝑛 = −2𝑢𝑛−1 + 3 with 𝑢1 = −4.
Ans 3: 𝑢𝑛 = −2𝑢𝑛−1 + 3
Putting 𝑛 = 2
𝑢2 = −2𝑢1 + 3
Putting the value of 𝑢1 = −4
𝑢2 = −2(−4) + 3
𝑢2 = 11
Putting 𝑛 = 3 in 𝑢𝑛 = −2𝑢𝑛−1 + 3
𝑢3 = −2𝑢2 + 3
Putting the value of 𝑢2 = 11
𝑢3 = −2(11) + 3
𝑢3 = −19
𝑢4 = −2𝑢3 + 3
Putting the value of 𝑢3 = −19
𝑢4 = −2(−19) + 3
𝑢4 = 41
𝑢5 = −2𝑢4 + 3
Putting the value of 𝑢4 = 41
𝑢5 = −2(41) + 3
𝑢5 = −79
The first five terms are- −𝟒, 𝟏𝟏, −𝟏𝟗, 𝟒𝟏, −𝟕𝟗
Q4) For the geometric series 0.5 - 0.1 + 0.02 ... 𝑆𝑛 = 0.416. Find the number of terms in the series.
Ans 4:
1
Given 𝑢1 = 0.5 and 𝑟 = −
5
𝑢1 (1−𝑟 𝑛 )
1−𝑟
1
Putting 𝑆𝑛 = 0.416, 𝑢1 = 0.5 and 𝑟 = − 5
1 𝑛
0.5(1−(− ) )
5
0.416 = 1
1+
5
1 1
0.416 (1 + 5) = 0.5 − 0.5(− 5)𝑛
1 6
0.5(− 5)𝑛 = −0.416 ( ) + 0.5
5
(−0.2)𝑛 = 0.0016
(−0.2)𝑛 = (−0.2)4
𝒏=𝟒
Q5) For a geometric progression 𝑢3 = 4.5 and 𝑢7 = 22.78125. Find the value of the common ratio and
the first term.
Ans 5: We know that 𝑢𝑛 = 𝑟 𝑛−1 𝑢1
Putting 𝑛 = 3
𝑢3 = 𝑟 2 𝑢1
Putting the value of 𝑢3 = 4.5
4.5 = 𝑟 2 𝑢1 ①
Putting 𝑛 = 7 in 𝑢𝑛 = 𝑟 𝑛−1 𝑢1
𝑢7 = 𝑟 6 𝑢1
Putting the value of 𝑢7 = 22.78125
22.78125 = 𝑟 6 𝑢1 ②
Divide equation ② by ①
22.78125 𝑟6𝑢
4.5
= 𝑟 2 𝑢1
1
5.0625 = 𝑟 4
𝑟 4 = 1.54
𝒓 = 𝟏. 𝟓
Putting the value of 𝑟 in ①:

4.5 = (1.5)2 × 𝑢1
4.5
𝑢1 =
2.25
𝒖𝟏 = 𝟐
Q6) Which of the following sequences has an infinite sum? Justify your choice and find that sum.
1 1 1
(a) 4 , 8 , 16 , … (b) 0.06, 0.12, 0.24
1
Ans 6: (b) will have an infinite sum, because (a) has common ratio , which is less than one (it converges
2
to some value) and (b) has common ratio 2 which is greater than 1. Sequence (b) keeps on increasing
and hence diverges, which makes the sum infinity.
1 1 1
(a) , , ,…
4 8 16
1 1
𝑢1 = 4 and 𝑟 = 2,
𝑢 1
Sum to infinite geometric sequence is 𝑆 = 1−𝑟
1/4
𝑆 = 1−1/2
2
𝑆=4
𝟏
𝑺=𝟐
(b) The sum cannot be evaluated because it is infinite.
Q7) How many terms are in the sequence 4, 7, 10, ..., 61?
Ans 7: The given sequence is arithmetic with 𝑢1 = 4, 𝑑 = 3 and 𝑢𝑛 = 61
Putting all the values:
61 = 4 + 3(𝑛 − 1)
57 = 3𝑛 − 3
3𝑛 = 60
𝒏 = 𝟐𝟎
The given sequence has 20 terms
Q8) In a geometric sequence, the fourth term is 8 times the first term. If the sum of the first 10 terms is
765, find the 10th term of the sequence.
Ans 8: We know that 𝑢𝑛 = 𝑟 𝑛−1 𝑢1
Given that 𝑢4 = 8𝑢1
𝑟 3 𝑢1 = 8𝑢1
𝑟3 = 8
𝑟=2
𝑢 (1−𝑟 𝑛 )
We know that 𝑆𝑛 = 1 1−𝑟
Putting 𝑛 = 10 and 𝑆10 = 765:
𝑢1 (1−210 )
765 =
(1−2)
765 = 𝑢1 (1023)
255
𝑢1 = 341
Now, finding the 10th term:

𝑢10 = 𝑢1 𝑟 9
255
𝑢10 = 341 (29 )
13050
𝑢10 = 341
𝒖𝟏𝟎 = 𝟑𝟖. 𝟐𝟔𝟗
Q9) Three consecutive terms of a geometric sequence are 𝑥 − 3, 6 and 𝑥 + 2. Find all possible values of
𝑥.
Ans 9: We know that:
𝑢𝑛 = 𝑟 𝑛−1 𝑢1
Assume 𝑢1 = 𝑥 − 3, 𝑢2 = 6 and 𝑢3 = 𝑥 + 2
Putting 𝑛 = 2 in the formula:
𝑢2 = 𝑟𝑢1
Squaring the terms:
(𝑢2 )2 = 𝑟 2 (𝑢1 )2 ①
Putting 𝑛 = 3 in the formula:
𝑢3 = 𝑟 2 𝑢1 ②
Divide equation ① by ②:
(𝑢2 )2
𝑢3
= 𝑢1
Putting the values of 𝑢1 , 𝑢2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑢3 :
62
= 𝑥−3
𝑥+2
(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 2) = 36
𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 6 − 36 = 0
𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 42 = 0
Factorise:
(𝑥 − 7)(𝑥 + 6) = 0
𝒙 = 𝟕 or 𝒙 = −𝟔
Q10) A tank contains 55 litres of water. Water flows out at a rate of 7% per minute
(a) Write a sequence that represents the volume left in the tank after 1 minute, 2 minutes, 3
minutes, etc.
(b) What kind of sequence did you write? Justify your answer.
(c) How much water is left in the tank after 10 minutes?
(d) How much water has been drained after 15 minutes?
(e) How long will it take to drain the tank?
Ans 10:
7 𝑛
(a) 𝑢𝑛 = 55 (1 − 100)
𝒖𝒏 = 𝟓𝟓(𝟎. 𝟗𝟑)𝒏
(b) The sequence in the previous part is a geometric sequence. Since after every minute 7% of the
left over water flows out, we will need a multiplyig factor after every minute, which is only
possible with geometric sequence.
(c) After 10 minutes, 𝑛 = 10

Using the expression from part (a):
𝑢10 = 55(0.93)10
𝒖𝟏𝟎 = 𝟐𝟔. 𝟔𝟏𝟗 litres
(d) The water left after 15 minutes:

𝑢15 = 55(0.93)15
𝑢15 = 18.518 litres
Water drained after 15 minutes= 55 − 18.518 = 𝟑𝟔. 𝟒𝟖𝟏 litres
(e) Let 𝑢𝑛 = 0
0 = 55(0.93)𝑛
To empty the tank completely, 𝑛 will tend to infinity
Q11) Marie-Jeanne is experimenting with weights of 100g attached to a spring. She records the weight
and length of the spring after attaching the weight
Number of 100g weights attached to the spring 1 2 3 4
Length of spring (cm) 45 49 53 57
(a) Write a general formula that represents the length of the spring if 𝑛 weights are attached.
(b) Calculate the supposed length of a spring if a 1 kg weight is attached.
(c) Explain any limitations of Marie- Jeanne's experiment.
(d) If the spring stretches to 101 cm, what is the total weight that was attached to the spring?
Ans 11:
(a) It is clearly seen from the table that the length of spring increase in the form of an arithmetic
sequence with 𝑢1 = 45 and 𝑑 = 4
So we can write:
𝑢𝑛 = 𝑢1 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑
𝑢𝑛 = 45 + 4(𝑛 − 1)
𝒖𝒏 = 𝟒𝒏 + 𝟒𝟏
(b) 1kg= 1000g which means 10 weights of 100g

So we put 𝑛 = 10 in the equation obtained in (a):
𝑢10 = 4(10) + 41
𝒖𝟏𝟎 = 𝟖𝟏 cm
(c) If the load is beyond elastic limit, the experiment will fail.
(d) 𝑢𝑛 = 101
𝑢𝑛 = 4𝑛 + 41
101 = 4𝑛 + 41
4𝑛 = 60
𝑛 = 15
1500g or 1.5 kg was attached to the spring
Q12) Kostas gets a four-year bank loan to buy a new car that is priced at €20 987. After the four years,
Kostas will have paid the bank a total of €22 960. What annual interest rate did the bank give him if the
interest was compounded monthly?
𝑟 𝑛𝑡
Ans 12: We know that 𝐴 = 𝑃 (1 + 𝑛)
Here, we have 𝑃 = 20987, 𝐴 = 22960, 𝑡 = 4 years, 𝑛 = 12(compounded monthly)
𝑟
22960 = 20987(1 + 100×12)12×4
(1200+𝑟)48
1.094 = 120048
(1200)48 (1.00187)48 = (1200 + 𝑟)48
1200 + 𝑟 = 1200(1.00187)
𝒓 = 𝟐. 𝟐𝟒𝟖 %
Q13) The first seven numbers in row 14 of Pascal's triangle are 1, 13, 78, 286, 715, 1287, 1716.
(a) Complete the row and explain your strategy.
(b) Explain how you can use your answer in part 𝑎 to find the 15th row. State the terms in the 15th
row.
Ans 13:
(a) The 14th row of Pascal’s triangle will have 14 terms. The first 7 terms in the descending order will
be the next seven terms, therefore the row becomes:
1, 13, 78, 286, 715, 1287, 1716, 1716, 1287, 715, 286, 78, 13, 1.
(b) We can calculate the terms in 15th row by summing consecutive pairs of terms of 14th row.
1 + 13 = 14
13 + 78 = 91
78 + 286 = 364
and so on.
The 15th row becomes- 1, 14, 91, 364, 1001, 2002, 3003, 3432, 3003, 2002, 1001, 364, 91, 14, 1
Q14) Using the binomial theorem, expand (3𝑥 − 𝑦)6 .
Ans 14: Binomal theorem –
𝑛
(𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑛 = ∑𝑛𝑟=0 ( ) 𝑥 𝑛−𝑟 𝑦 𝑟
𝑟
(3𝑥 − 𝑦)6 = 60𝐶(3𝑥)6 (−𝑦)0 + 61𝐶(3𝑥)5 (−𝑦)1 + 62𝐶(3𝑥)4 (−𝑦)2 + 63𝐶(3𝑥)3 (−𝑦)3 + 64𝐶(3𝑥)2 (−𝑦)4
+ 65𝐶(3𝑥)1 (−𝑦)5 + 66𝐶(3𝑥)0 (−𝑦)6
(𝟑𝒙 − 𝒚)𝟔 = 𝟕𝟐𝟗𝒙𝟔 − 𝟏𝟒𝟓𝟖𝒙𝟓 𝒚 + 𝟏𝟐𝟏𝟓𝒙𝟒 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟓𝟒𝟎𝒙𝟑 𝒚𝟑 + 𝟏𝟑𝟓𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟒 − 𝟏𝟖𝒙𝒚𝟓 + 𝒚𝟔
3
Q15) Find the coefficient of the term in 𝑥 2 in the expansion of (𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 4 )8.
Ans 15: Binomial theorem-
𝑛
(𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑛 = ∑𝑛𝑟=0 ( ) 𝑥 𝑛−𝑟 𝑦 𝑟
𝑟
3 8−𝑟
Taking a random term from the expansion 8𝑟𝐶 (𝑥 2 ) (−4𝑥 4 )𝑟 = 8𝑟𝐶(3)8−𝑟 (−4)𝑟 𝑥 6𝑟−16
The power of 𝑥 will be 6𝑟 − 16, we want this to be equal to 2
6𝑟 − 16 = 2
𝑟=3
8!
The coefficient will be - 83𝐶(3)8−3 (−4)3 = 5! 35 (−4)3 = −𝟓𝟐𝟐𝟓𝟒𝟕
2
Q16) In the binomial expansion of (𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 5 )𝑛 , the sixth term contains 𝑥 25 . Solve for 𝑛.
𝑛
(𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑛 = ∑𝑛𝑟=0 ( ) 𝑥 𝑛−𝑟 𝑦 𝑟
𝑟
2
Consider the 6th term from the expansion 𝑛5𝐶(𝑥 2 )𝑛−5 (−5𝑥 5 )5 = 𝑛𝑟𝐶(2)𝑛−5 (−5)5 𝑥 35−2𝑛
The power of 𝑥 in 6th term is 35 − 2𝑛, which in the question is given to be 25,
35 − 2𝑛 = 25
2𝑛 = 10
𝒏=𝟓
Q17)
(a) Find the term in 𝑥 5 in the expansion of (𝑥 − 3)9 .
(b) Hence, find the term in 𝑥 6 in the expansion of −2𝑥(𝑥 − 3)9 .
Ans 17:
(a) Binomial theorem-
𝑛
(𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑛 = ∑𝑛𝑟=0 ( ) 𝑥 𝑛−𝑟 𝑦 𝑟
𝑟
9 9
9
(𝑥 − 3) = ∑𝑟=0 ( ) 𝑥 9−𝑟 (−3)𝑟
𝑟
The power of 𝑥 will be five, when 9 − 𝑟 = 5
𝑟=4
So the term will be- 49𝐶𝑥 5 (−3)4 = 𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟎𝟔𝒙𝟓
(b) The 𝑥 6 in the expansion of −2𝑥(𝑥 − 3)9 will be the 𝑥 5 term in (𝑥 − 3)9 multiplied by −2𝑥.
So the required term will be −2𝑥(10206𝑥 5 ) = −𝟐𝟎𝟒𝟏𝟐𝒙𝟔
𝑥3 𝑘 112640
Q18) In the expansion of ( 3 + 𝑥 )12, the constant is 27 . Find value of 𝑘.
𝑛
(𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑛 = ∑𝑛𝑟=0 ( ) 𝑥 𝑛−𝑟 𝑦 𝑟
𝑟
12 𝑛 𝑥 3 𝑛−𝑟 𝑘 𝑟 𝑛
𝑥3 𝑘 12
( 3 + 𝑥 ) = ∑𝑟=0 ( ) ( 3 ) (𝑥 ) = ∑12 𝑟=0 ( ) 𝑥 3𝑛−4𝑟 𝑘 𝑟 (3)𝑟−𝑛
𝑟 𝑟
The term will be constant when the power of 𝑥 will be zero:
3𝑛 − 4𝑟 = 0
We have 𝑛 = 12
3(12) − 4𝑟 = 0
𝑟=9
𝑛 112640
We have the constant term- ( ) 𝑘 𝑟 (3)𝑟−𝑛 =
𝑟 27
𝑛 = 12, 𝑟 = 9:
12 9 9−12 112640
9𝐶(𝑘 )3 = 27
12! 1 112640
(𝑘)9 33
= 27
9!3!
9
220𝑘 = 112640
𝑘 9 = 512
𝑘 9 = 2𝑘
𝒌=𝟐
Q19) Prove that: (2𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 3) − 3(𝑥 + 4)2 = −𝑥 2 − 31𝑥 − 45.
Ans 19: LHS: (2𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 3) − 3(𝑥 + 4)2 = 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 6𝑥 + 3 − 3(𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 + 16)
= 2𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 3 − 3𝑥 2 − 24𝑥 − 48
= −𝑥 2 − 31𝑥 − 45 =RHS.
Q20)
𝑥 2 −𝑥−6 𝑥 2 −16 𝑥 2 −7𝑥+12
(a) Prove that . 𝑥 2 +2𝑥 =
𝑥+4 𝑥
(b) For what values of 𝑥 does this mathematical statement not hold true?
Ans 20:
(a) LHS:
𝑥 2 −𝑥−6 𝑥 2 −16 (𝑥−3)(𝑥+2)(𝑥+4)(𝑥−4) (𝑥−3)(𝑥−4) 𝑥 2 −7𝑥+12
𝑥+4
. 𝑥 2 +2𝑥 = (𝑥+4)(𝑥+2)𝑥
= = = RHS.
𝑥 𝑥
(𝑥−3)(𝑥+2)(𝑥+4)(𝑥−4)
(b) The LHS can be written as (𝑥+4)(𝑥+2)𝑥
which clearly implies that 𝒙 = 𝟎, 𝒙 = −𝟐 and 𝒙 = −𝟒 are the values of 𝑥 for which the
statement will not hold true. (because these values will make the denominator zero).
Q21)
𝑥
(a) Find the binomial expansion of (1 − )5 in ascending powers of 𝑥.
4
(b) Using the first three terms from the above expansion, find an approximation for 0.9755.
Ans 21:
𝑛
(𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑛 = ∑𝑛𝑟=0 ( ) 𝑥 𝑛−𝑟 𝑦 𝑟
𝑟
𝑥 5
(1 − ) =
4
𝑥 0 𝑥 1 𝑥 2 𝑥 3 𝑥 4 𝑥 5
5 5
0𝐶1 (− 4 ) + 51𝐶14 (− 4) + 52𝐶13 (− 4) + 53𝐶12 (− 4) + 54𝐶11 (− 4) + 55𝐶10 (− 4)
𝒙 𝟓 𝟓𝒙 𝟓𝒙𝟐 𝟓𝒙𝟑 𝟓𝒙𝟒 𝒙𝟓
(𝟏 − 𝟒) = 𝟏 − + − + 𝟐𝟓𝟔 − 𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟒
𝟒 𝟖 𝟑𝟐
(b) Putting 𝑥 = 0.1 in the above expression and using first 3 terms:
5(0.1) 5(0.1)2
(0.975)5 = 1 − +
4 8
(𝟎. 𝟗𝟕𝟓)𝟓 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟖𝟏𝟐𝟓
Q22) The 15th term of an arithmetic series is 143 and the 31st term is 183.
(a) Find the first term and the common difference.
(b) Find the 100th term of the series.
Ans 22: We know that- 𝑢𝑛 = 𝑢1 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑
Putting 𝑛 = 15 and 𝑢15 = 143
143 = 𝑢1 + 14𝑑 ①
183 = 𝑢1 + 30𝑑 ②
(a) Subtract equation ① from ②:
183 − 143 = 30𝑑 − 14𝑑
40 = 16𝑑
𝟓
𝒅=𝟐
Putting the value of 𝑑 in ①:

5
143 = 𝑢1 + 14 (2)
𝑢1 = 143 − 35
𝒖𝟏 = 𝟏𝟎𝟖
(b) 𝑢𝑛 = 𝑢1 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑
5
Putting 𝑛 = 100, 𝑢1 = 108 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑 = 2
5
𝑢100 = 108 + 99 ( )
2
𝒖𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 𝟑𝟓𝟓. 𝟓
Q23) Angelina deposits $3000 in a savings account on 1 January 2019, earning compound interest of
1.5% per year.
(a) Calculate how much interest (to the nearest dollar) Angelina would earn after 10 years if she
leaves the money alone.
(b) In addition to the $3000 deposited on January 1st 2019, Angelina deposits a further amount of
$1200 into the same account on an annual basis, beginning on 1st January 2020. Calculate the
total amount of money in her account at the start of January 2030 (before she has deposited her
money for that year).
Ans 23:
(a) We know that 𝐴 = 𝑃(1 + 𝑟)𝑡
𝑃 = 3000 , 𝑟 = 1.5%, 𝑡 = 10 years
𝐴 = 3000(1 + 0.015)10
𝑨 = $𝟑𝟒𝟖𝟏. 𝟔𝟐
(b) Total amount will be-

3000(1 + 𝑟)11 + 1200(1 + 𝑟)10 + 1200(1 + 𝑟)9 … 1200(1 + 𝑟)1
From second term onwards we can see a geometric series. Looking at it from the last term we
have 𝑢1 = 1200(1 + 𝑟)1 and the common ratio- (1 + 𝑟) and 𝑛 = 10
𝑢1 (1−(𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜)𝑛 )
1−(𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜)
1200(1.015)(1−(1.015)10 )
So, the total amount will be- 3000(1.015)11 + 1−1.015
𝐴 = 3533.846 + 13035.914
𝑨 = $𝟏𝟔𝟓𝟔𝟗. 𝟕𝟔
Q24) Brad deposits $5500 in a savings account which earns 2.75% compound interest per year.
(a) Determine how much Brad's investment will be worth after 4 years.
(b) Calculate, to the nearest year, how long Brad must wait for the value of the investment to reach
$12 000.
Q25) Find the coefficient of the term in 𝑥 5 in the binomial expansion of (3 + 𝑥)(4 + 2𝑥)8
Ans 25: We need 𝑥 5 term in (4 + 2𝑥)8 which will be multiplied to 3, and 𝑥 4 term in (4 + 2𝑥)8 which
will be multiplies to 𝑥. And the sum of these terms will give us the term whose coefficient is required.
Binomial theorem-
𝑛
(𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑛 = ∑𝑛𝑟=0 ( ) 𝑥 𝑛−𝑟 𝑦 𝑟
𝑟
𝑛 𝑛
(4 + 2𝑥) = ∑𝑟=0 ( ) 48−𝑟 (2𝑥)𝑟 = ∑8𝑟=0 ( ) 216−𝑟 𝑥 𝑟
8 8
𝑟 𝑟
Term with 𝑥 5 will have 𝑟 = 5, hence the term will be- 85𝐶(216−5 )𝑥 5 = 114688𝑥 5
Term with 𝑥 4 will have 𝑟 = 4, hence the term will be 84𝐶(2)16−4 𝑥 4 = 286720𝑥 4
The required term will be – 3(114688)𝑥 5 + 𝑥(286720𝑥 4 ) = 630784𝑥 5

Therefore, the requried coefficient is 630784
Q26) The coefficient of 𝑥 2 in the binomial expansion of (1 + 3𝑥)𝑛 is 495. Determine the value of 𝑛.
𝑛
(𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑛 = ∑𝑛𝑟=0 ( ) 𝑥 𝑛−𝑟 𝑦 𝑟
𝑟
𝑛 𝑛
(1 + 3𝑥)𝑛 = ∑𝑛𝑟=0 ( ) 1𝑛−𝑟 (3𝑥)𝑟 = ∑𝑛𝑟=0 ( ) (3𝑥)𝑟
𝑟 𝑟
The 𝑥 2 term will be when 𝑟 = 2, so coefficient of that term becomes:
𝑛 2 𝑛!
2𝐶 (3) = 2!(𝑛−2)! × 9
Which is given to be equal to 495
𝑛(𝑛−1)(𝑛−2)!×9
= 495
2!(𝑛−2)!
𝑛(𝑛−1)
= 55
2
2
𝑛 − 𝑛 = 110
𝑛2 − 𝑛 − 110 = 0
Factorising:
(𝑛 − 11)(𝑛 + 10) = 0
𝑛 = 11 or 𝑛 = −10
The value of 𝑛 will be 11
2
Q27) Find the constant term in the expansion of (𝑥 3 − 𝑥)8 .
𝑛
(𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑛 = ∑𝑛𝑟=0 ( ) 𝑥 𝑛−𝑟 𝑦 𝑟
𝑟
2 8 8 8 8−𝑟 2 𝑟 8
(𝑥 − 𝑥) = ∑𝑟=0 ( ) (𝑥 3)
3
(− 𝑥) = ∑8𝑟=0 ( ) (−2)𝑟 𝑥 24−4𝑟
𝑟 𝑟
The power of 𝑥 in the constant term will be zero, 24 − 4𝑟 = 0
𝑟=6
8!
So the term will be- 86𝐶(−2)6 𝑥 0 = 6!2! (−2)6 = 𝟏𝟕𝟗𝟐
Q28)
1
(a) Find the binomial expansion of (2𝑥 − 𝑥)4 in ascending powers of 𝑥.
1
(b) Hence, or otherwise, find the term independent of 𝑥 in the binomial expansion of (3 − 𝑥)3 (2𝑥 −
𝑥)4 .
Ans 28:
𝑛
(𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑛 = ∑𝑛𝑟=0 ( ) 𝑥 𝑛−𝑟 𝑦 𝑟
𝑟
1 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3
(2𝑥 − 𝑥)4 = 40𝐶 (2𝑥) (−𝑥)4 + 41𝐶 (2𝑥) (−𝑥)3 + 42𝐶 (2𝑥) (−𝑥)2 + 43𝐶 (2𝑥) (−𝑥)1 +
4 1 4 0
4𝐶 (2𝑥 ) (−𝑥)
𝟏 𝟑 𝟏 𝟏
( − 𝒙)𝟒 = 𝒙𝟒 − 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + − +
𝟐𝒙 𝟐 𝟐𝒙𝟐 𝟏𝟔𝒙𝟒
(b) The term independent of 𝑥 in (3 − 𝑥)3 will be 33 = 27

1 3
The term independent of 𝑥 in (2𝑥 − 𝑥)4 from part (a) is 2
3 81
So that corresponding term in their multiplication will be 27 × 2 = 2
The term with 𝑥 2 in (3 − 𝑥)3 will be 9𝑥 2

1 1 1
The term with 𝑥 2 in ( − 𝑥)4 from part (a) is −
2𝑥 2𝑥 2
9𝑥 2 9
So that corresponding term in their multiplication will be − = −2
2𝑥 2
1 81 9 72
So, the term independent of 𝑥 in (3 − 𝑥)3 (2𝑥 − 𝑥)4 will be 2
−2 = 2
= 𝟑𝟔
Q29) A convergent geometric series has sum to infinity of 120. Find the 6th term in the series, given
that the common ratio is 0.2.
𝑢1
Ans 29: We know that sum to infinity is - 𝑆 = 1−𝑟
We are given 𝑆 = 120 and 𝑑 = 0.2
𝑢1
120 = 1−0.2
𝑢1 = 120 × 0.8
𝑢1 = 96
Now we also know that - 𝑢𝑛 = 𝑟 𝑛−1 𝑢1

𝑢6 = 𝑟 5 𝑢1
𝑢6 = 0.25 × 96
𝒖𝟔 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟎𝟕𝟐
20
Q30) The second term in a geometric series is 180 and the sixth term is . Find the sum to infinity of the
9
series.
Ans 30: We know that:
𝑢𝑛 = 𝑟 𝑛−1 𝑢1
180 = 𝑟𝑢1 ①
Putting 𝑛 = 6 and 𝑢6 = 20/9
20
= 𝑟 5 𝑢1 ②
9
Dividing equation ② by ①
20
9×180
= 𝑟4
1
𝑟 4 = 34
1
𝑟=3
Putting the value of 𝑟 in equtaion ①:

1
180 = 3 𝑢1
𝑢1 = 540
𝑢
1
Now we know that the formula for sum to infinity is- 𝑆 = 1−𝑟
540
𝑆= 1
1−
3
540×3
𝑆=
2
𝑺 = 𝟖𝟏𝟎
Q31) Find the value of ∑15 𝑛

𝑛=0(1.6 − 12𝑛 + 1), giving your answer correct to 1 decimal place.
Ans 31:
∑15 𝑛 15 15
𝑛=0 1.6 − 12 ∑𝑛=0 𝑛 + ∑𝑛=0 1
The first term is geometric series with 𝑢1 = 1, 𝑟 = 1.6 and 𝑛 = 16

The second term is arithmetic series with 𝑢1 = 0, 𝑑 = 1 and 𝑛 = 16
The third term is the summation of 1, 16 times.
So the expression becomes:

1(1−𝑟 𝑛 )
− 12(0 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑) + 16(1)
1−𝑟
1−1.6 16
− 12(0 + 15(1)) + 16
1−1.6
3072.79 − 180 + 16 = 𝟐𝟗𝟎𝟖. 𝟕𝟗
Q32) A ball is dropped from a vertical height of 20 m. Following each bounce, it rebounds to a vertical
5
height of 6 its previous height. Assuming that the ball continues to bounce indefinitely, show that the
maximum distance it can travel is 220m.
Ans 32:
The total distance the ball will travel will be:
5 5×5
𝐷 = 20 + 2 ( × 20 + × 20 + ⋯ )
6 6×6
𝑢
1
The expression in the bracket is a infinite geometric series whose sum we know is equal to 𝑆 = 1−𝑟
5
( )(20)
6
𝐷 = 20 + 2 ( 5 )
1−
6
5×20×6
𝐷 = 20 + 2 ( )
6
𝐷 = 20 + 200
𝑫 = 𝟐𝟐𝟎
𝑛 𝑛−1 𝑛−1
Q33) Prove the binomial coefficient identity ( ) = ( )+( ).
𝑘 𝑘 𝑘−1
Ans 33: RHS:
𝑛−1 𝑛−1 (𝑛−1)! (𝑛−1)!
( )+( ) = 𝑛−1𝑘𝐶 + 𝑛−1
𝑘−1𝐶 = 𝑘!(𝑛−1−𝑘)! + (𝑘−1)!(𝑛−1−𝑘+1)!
𝑘 𝑘−1
(𝑛−𝑘)(𝑛−1)! 𝑘(𝑛−1)!
= 𝑘!(𝑛−𝑘)(𝑛−𝑘−1)! + 𝑘!(𝑛−𝑘)(𝑛−𝑘−1)!
(𝑛−𝑘)(𝑛−1)!+𝑘(𝑛−1)!
=
𝑘!(𝑛−𝑘)!
(𝑛−1)!(𝑛−𝑘+𝑘)
= 𝑘!(𝑛−𝑘)!
𝑛(𝑛−1)!
= 𝑘!(𝑛−𝑘)!
𝑛! 𝑛
= =( ) = LHS.
𝑘!(𝑛−𝑘)! 𝑘
Q34) Find the sum of all integers between 500 and 1400 (inclusive) that are not divisible by 7.
Ans 34: First we will find the sum of all integers from 500 to 1400 and then subtract the sum of intergers
divisible by 7 between 500 and 1400.
Sum of all integers between 500 and 1400:
Number of integers=901
We know that this is an arithmetic sequence with 𝑢1 = 500, 𝑢901 = 1400, 𝑛 = 901 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑 = 1
𝑛 901
We also the sum will be- 𝑆 = (𝑢1 + 𝑢𝑛 ) = 2 (500 + 1400) = 855950
2
Sum of multiples of 7 between 500 and 1400:

We know that it will be an arithmetic sequence 𝑢1 = 504, 𝑑 = 7 and 𝑢𝑛 = 1400
First we need to find the number of terms:
1400 = 504 + 7(𝑛 − 1)
7𝑛 = 896 + 7
𝑛 = 129
𝑛 129
Now, 𝑆 = 2 (𝑢1 + 𝑢𝑛 ) = 2 (504 + 1400) = 122808
The required sum will be – 855950 − 122808 = 𝟕𝟑𝟑𝟏𝟒𝟐

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Chapter 1 Sequences and

ii. This is a arithmetic sequence with 𝑢1 = −16 and 𝑑 = 2

v. The sequence will be- 105, 110, 115,120….

Q2) In an arithmetic sequence, 𝑢6 = −5 and 𝑢9 = −20. Find 𝑆20.

Subtracting equation ② from ①:

Putting the value of 𝑑 in ①:

Putting the value of 𝑟 in ①:

Now, finding the 10th term:

Putting 𝑛 = 3 in the formula:

(c) After 10 minutes, 𝑛 = 10

(d) The water left after 15 minutes:

Water drained after 15 minutes= 55 − 18.518 = 𝟑𝟔. 𝟒𝟖𝟏 litres

(b) 1kg= 1000g which means 10 weights of 100g

1500g or 1.5 kg was attached to the spring

(a) Subtract equation ① from ②:

Putting the value of 𝑑 in ①:

(b) Total amount will be-

The required term will be – 3(114688)𝑥 5 + 𝑥(286720𝑥 4 ) = 630784𝑥 5

The value of 𝑛 will be 11

(b) The term independent of 𝑥 in (3 − 𝑥)3 will be 33 = 27

The term with 𝑥 2 in (3 − 𝑥)3 will be 9𝑥 2

Now we also know that - 𝑢𝑛 = 𝑟 𝑛−1 𝑢1

Putting the value of 𝑟 in equtaion ①:

Q31) Find the value of ∑15 𝑛

The first term is geometric series with 𝑢1 = 1, 𝑟 = 1.6 and 𝑛 = 16

So the expression becomes:

Sum of multiples of 7 between 500 and 1400:

The required sum will be – 855950 − 122808 = 𝟕𝟑𝟑𝟏𝟒𝟐

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