SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

INQUIRIES,
INVESTIGATION
AND IMMERSION
3rd Quarter
Week 3

Disclaimer: This Learning Activity Sheet (LAS) is based from the Self-Learning Modules, Learner’s Materials, Textbooks and Teaching Guides
released by DepEd Central Office. Furthermore, utilization of duly acknowledged external resources is purely of non-profit, for educational use
and constitutes fair use. All Rights Reserved.
Development and Quality Assurance Team
Developer: RENELYN M. CASTAÑARES
Evaluator: GILBERT L. ARGUELLES, JAVIE L. LEGASPO
Illustrator: RENELYN M. CASTAÑARES
Learning Area Supervisor: EDNA E. TRINIDAD
Illustration Credits:
Title Page: MARIETO CLEBEN V. LOZADA
Visual Cues: IVIN MAE M. AMBOS

Disclaimer: This Learning Activity Sheet (LAS) is based from the Self-Learning Modules, Learner’s Materials, Textbooks and Teaching Guides
released by DepEd Central Office. Furthermore, utilization of duly acknowledged external resources is purely of non-profit, for educational use
and constitutes fair use. All Rights Reserved.
 ❖ Competency: selects related literature using sources according to
ethical standards (at least 4-6 local and international sources)

Objectives: At the end of the week, the learners have

▪ identified the ethical standards in citing literature review;
▪ selected a good source of literature review fit for your planned
research study; and
▪ appreciated the importance of writing a good literature review.

Learner’s Tasks

SELECTING GOOD LITERATURE REVIEW

Lesson Overview
Literature review is a process of studying what has already been written on
a particular topic. The process involves identifying, locating, and analyzing documents
that contain information related to a researcher’s research topic.

The word related means legal basis, literature, and studies that have a
direct bearing or relation to the present study.

In a research paper, thesis, dissertation, and research project, Related

Literature Review is divided into three parts. These are: (1) Related Legal Bases; (2)
Related Literature; and (3) Related Studies.

Related Legal Bases

Related Legal Bases as a section of a research paper, thesis, and

dissertation determines the relevance of the study to the government’s thrusts.

The major sources of Related Legal Bases are laws and department
directives such as circulars, orders, memoranda, etc. They all serve as legal bases for the

In presenting the Related Legal Bases, the researcher has to arrange them
chronologically from the most recent to the oldest. The relevance of each legal basis
should be explained. The lack of explanation of the legal basis makes the study
unscientific.

If the study has Related Legal Bases, it shows that the investigation is
important to respond to the government’s thrust.

Disclaimer: This Learning Activity Sheet (LAS) is based from the Self-Learning Modules, Learner’s Materials, Textbooks and Teaching Guides
released by DepEd Central Office. Furthermore, utilization of duly acknowledged external resources is purely of non-profit, for educational use
and constitutes fair use. All Rights Reserved.
2
Illustration 1

For instance, the study is on the “UTILIZATION AND COMMERCIALIZATION OF

MILK FISH BONES AS OFFAL OF BONELESS MILKFISH (CHANOS CHANOS FORSSKAL) INTO
LUNCHEON MEAT.” The related legal basis is on waste management so as to prioritize the
government’s thrust pursuant to Republic Act No. 9003 known as National Solid Waste
Management Act of 1999. To fight against waste, all waste materials must be reduced
or recycled into useful items and reused. An experimental study must be conducted on
the implementation of waste management in order to increase fish value-added
products from fish wastes like luncheon meat, burger, sausage, polvoron, quekiam, fish
balls, siopao, embutido, and other food products. By doing so “trash turns to cash.”

The foregoing related basis has an important bearing on the study because
boneless milkfish is the livelihood project for many Filipinos here and there, but the offal
are only thrown away, which pollute the environment. This study aims to utilize and
commercialize waste of boneless milkfish into fish value-added products, luncheon meat,
to make zero waste.

Republic Act No. 8550 known as The Philippine Fisheries Code of 1998 is also
a related legal basis of the study because it states among others that it is the policy of
the State “to provide support to the fishery sector…including women and youth sectors,
through appropriate technology and research, adequate financial production,
construction, of post-harvest facilities, marketing assistance, and other services.”

Moreover, Republic Act No. 8550 states, “The policy of the State is to
achieve food security as the overriding contribution in the utilization, management,
development, conservation, and protection of fishery resources in order to provide the
food needs of the population.”

Republic Act No. 8550 as legal basis to the said study has significant bearing
on the present study because it utilizes and commercializes boneless milkfish wastes into
luncheon meat; hence, food needs and food security can be attained.

Related Literature

Literature is defined as “written works collectively, especially that enduring

importance, exhibiting creative imagination and artistic skill, are written in a particular
period, language, and subject” (Funk and Wagnalls Dictionary, 1979). In other words, any
written materials published in a book, journal, magazine, novel, poetry, yearbook, and
encyclopedia are considered literature.

Presentation is in chronological order from the most recent to the oldest.

Some education institutions allow related literature to be arranged by topic or concept

Disclaimer: This Learning Activity Sheet (LAS) is based from the Self-Learning Modules, Learner’s Materials, Textbooks and Teaching Guides
released by DepEd Central Office. Furthermore, utilization of duly acknowledged external resources is purely of non-profit, for educational use
and constitutes fair use. All Rights Reserved.
3
order while others in alphabetical order provided, however, that the relevance of each
literature to the present study is explained.

Note: It is unscientific if related literature is presented without explanation

as to its relevance to the present study.

Illustration 1

Suppose the present research study is “Seaweed Puto With and Without
Moringa: Its Acceptability, Salability, and Profitability.” The related literature are as follows:

On September 16, 2007, seaweed puto of Calmorin was featured at the

Philippine Star entitled “Seaweed Puto, Anyone?” The article written by Rudy A.
Fernandez stated that seaweed puto is another new product developed through
research by Dean Laurentina Paler- Calmorin of the Northern Iloilo Polytechnic State
College, College of Fisheries and Allied Sciences, Estancia, Iloilo. Dr. Calmorin said that
the new seaweed puto’s acceptability had a mean score of 8.54 (liked extremely)
evaluated by 26 panelists. The shelf life of seaweed puto when stored at room
temperature is three days and when refrigerated, one week. The materials used in
making seaweed puto are Kappaphycus (seaweed) carrageenan extract, 2 cups;
coconut milk, 1 cup; sugar, 1 ½ cups; flour, 3 cups; and baking powder, 2 tablespoons.

The foregoing article has significant bearing on the present study because
it utilized seaweed puto with the same genus of seaweed, Kappaphycus. Acceptability
and shelf life were tested. With an additional ingredient, moringa, the acceptability,
salability, and profitability of seaweed puto were determined in the study.

Related Studies

Published and unpublished related studies are sources of materials that are
included in this section. The research studies, which have a direct bearing on the present
study, are segregated into foreign and local studies.

Foreign studies. Research that is conducted and completed outside the

Philippines even if the researcher is a Filipino is considered a foreign study. An example is
“Culture of Abalone Fish Cages in Japan”, a research study by a Filipino in Japan who
was completing requirements for his doctoral dissertation.

Local studies. Researches conducted and completed in the Philippines

wherein the subjects of the study are Filipinos residing in the Philippines even if the
researchers are foreigners fall on local studies.

Disclaimer: This Learning Activity Sheet (LAS) is based from the Self-Learning Modules, Learner’s Materials, Textbooks and Teaching Guides
released by DepEd Central Office. Furthermore, utilization of duly acknowledged external resources is purely of non-profit, for educational use
and constitutes fair use. All Rights Reserved.
4
 The presentation of foreign and local studies must also be arranged in
chronological order from recent to the oldest. Each related study, foreign or local must
have an explanation to the relevance of the present study. It is unscientific if no
explanation is given.

Previous studies can provide the rationale for your research hypothesis and
can help you justify the significance of your study.

Illustration

Calmorin (2007) published a study on the acceptability and shelf life of puto
with and without seaweed. Experimental method was used in her study, particularly, the
two-group design. The two groups were puto with seaweed (experimental group) and
puto without seaweed (control group). There were twenty-six panelists who evaluated
puto with and without seaweed using the 9-point Hedonic Scale (9, extremely like to 1,
extremely dislike). Kappaphycus was the genus of seaweed used and all-purpose flour
was used. The results showed that the mean score for the quality attributes of the
products were as follows: color, 7.65 (control group), 8.42 (experimental group); odor,
8.19 (control group), 8.35 (experimental group); flavor, 7.39 (control group), 8.51
(experimental group); texture, 8.14 (control group), 8.04 (experimental group); and
general acceptability, 7.58 (control group), 8.54 (experimental group). This means that
puto without seaweed (control group) is moderately acceptable and puto with
seaweed (experimental group) is extremely acceptable.

The shelf of puto for both control and experimental groups is three days if
stored at room temperature and one week if stored in a refrigerator.

The foregoing related study has significant bearing on the present study
because it used Kappaphycus as seaweed in making puto for the experimental group.
The present study also used Kappaphycus as a seaweed ingredient in making seaweed
puto with and without moringa. Salability and profitability of the products were
determined.

For Inquiries, Investigation and Immersion as a subject, you, the students,

have the choice what type of research (Practical Research 1- qualitative research or
Practical Research 2- quantitative research).

Disclaimer: This Learning Activity Sheet (LAS) is based from the Self-Learning Modules, Learner’s Materials, Textbooks and Teaching Guides
released by DepEd Central Office. Furthermore, utilization of duly acknowledged external resources is purely of non-profit, for educational use
and constitutes fair use. All Rights Reserved.
5
 Here are samples of literature review for each type of research:

Qualitative Research Literature Review

Chemistry and Students’ Drawings

Valderama (2006) cited that psychologists, cognitive scientists, and science

education researchers began to intensively examine children’s drawings,
scribbling, and artworks to better understand the childrens’s intelligence, their
conceptions of themselves, and their relationships with their families, and their
understanding of the world around them.

One of these was the study conducted by Hilbing and Barke (2000) about
attitudes towards chemistry and chemical education of pupils. The pupils were
asked to draw paintings to reflect their point of view of chemistry. Pupils without
experience in chemistry lessons show a broadly varied conception of chemistry
evaluate chemical education convincingly. Furthermore, the attitudes towards
chemistry and chemical education of experienced pupils interact slightly with
each other.
Source: Avilla,n R. Students’ images and views of chemistry: Its implication to student achievement.
Master’s Thesis. Philippine Normal University, Manila. 2009.

Quantitative Research Literature Review

Calmorin (2007) published a study on the acceptability and shelf life of puto
with and without seaweed. Experimental method was used in her study, particularly,
the two-group design. The two groups were puto with seaweed (experimental
group) and puto without seaweed (control group). There were twenty-six panelists
who evaluated puto with and without seaweed using the 9-point Hedonic Scale (9,
like extremely to 1, dislike extremely). Kappaphycus was the genus of seaweed used
and all-purpose flour was used. The results showed that the mean score for the
quality attributes of the products were as follows: color, 7.65 (control group), 8.42
(experimental group); odor, 8.19 (control group), 8.35 (experimental group); flavor,
7.39 (control group), 8.51 (experimental group); texture, 8.14 (control group), 8.04
(experimental group); and general acceptability, 7.58 (control group), 8.54
(experimental group). This means that puto without seaweed (control group) is
moderately acceptable and puto with seaweed (experimental group) is extremely
acceptable.

Disclaimer: This Learning Activity Sheet (LAS) is based from the Self-Learning Modules, Learner’s Materials, Textbooks and Teaching Guides
released by DepEd Central Office. Furthermore, utilization of duly acknowledged external resources is purely of non-profit, for educational use
and constitutes fair use. All Rights Reserved.
6
 The shelf of puto for both control and experimental groups is three days if
stored in room temperature and one week if stored in a refrigerator.

The foregoing related study has significant bearing on the present study
because it used Kappaphycus as seaweed in making puto for the experimental
group. The present study also used Kappaphycus as seaweed ingredient in making
seaweed puto with and without moringa. Salability and profitability of the products
were determined.

Sources for good literature review

● Books
● News articles
● Magazine articles
● Journal Articles
● Online Articles
● Governments’ Circulars, orders, memos
● Research Papers

Research Ethics
Scientific Writing can be a complex and arduous process, for it
simultaneously demands clarity and conciseness; two elements that often clash with
each other (Roig, 2002).
“Ethical writing is clear, accurate, fair, and honest” as mentioned by Kolin
(2002).

Basic Principles of Ethical Practice

The following is a general summary of some ethical principles that
researchers must observe (Noted: Adapted from Shamoo, A. and D. Resnik. Responsible
Conduct of Research, 2nd ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 2009).

1. Honesty. Strive for honesty in all scientific communications. Honestly report data,
results, methods and procedures, and publication status. Do not fabricate, falsify,
or misrepresent data.

Disclaimer: This Learning Activity Sheet (LAS) is based from the Self-Learning Modules, Learner’s Materials, Textbooks and Teaching Guides
released by DepEd Central Office. Furthermore, utilization of duly acknowledged external resources is purely of non-profit, for educational use
and constitutes fair use. All Rights Reserved.
7
 2. Objectivity. Strive to avoid bias in experimental design, data analysis, data
interpretation, peer review, personnel decisions, grant writing, expert testimony,
and other aspects of research where objectivity is expected or required.

3. Integrity. Keep your promises and agreements; act with sincerity; strive for
consistency of thought and action.

4. Carefulness. Avoid careless errors and negligence; carefully and critically examine
your own work. Keep good records of research activities such as data collection,
research design, and correspondence with agencies.

5. Openness. Share data, results, ideas, tools, resources. Be open to criticism and new
ideas.

6. Respect for Intellectual Property. Honor patents, copyrights, and other forms of
intellectual property. Do not use unpublished data, methods, or results without
permission. Never plagiarize.

7. Confidentiality. Protect confidential communications and personal information of

your respondents, if any.

8. Social Responsibility. Strive to promote social good and prevent or mitigate social
harms through research, public education, and advocacy.

9. Competence. Maintain and improve your own professional competence and

expertise through lifelong education and learning.

10. Legality. Know and obey relevant laws and institutional and governmental
policies.

11. Animal Care. Show proper respect and care for animals when using them in
research. Do not conduct unnecessary or poorly designed animal experiments.

12. Human Subjects Protection. When conducting research on human subjects,

minimize harms and risks and maximize benefits; respect human dignity, privacy,
and autonomy; take special precautions with vulnerable populations; and strive
to distribute the benefits and burdens of research fairly.

Disclaimer: This Learning Activity Sheet (LAS) is based from the Self-Learning Modules, Learner’s Materials, Textbooks and Teaching Guides
released by DepEd Central Office. Furthermore, utilization of duly acknowledged external resources is purely of non-profit, for educational use
and constitutes fair use. All Rights Reserved.
8
Activity 1: True or False
Directions: Write TRUE if the scenario below applies the appropriate ethical standards in
citing literature review and write FALSE if not. Use a separate sheet of paper in
accomplishing this task.
______1. Teacher Beth conducts research. She shares the data, results, ideas, tools and
resources. She is also very open to criticism and new ideas. She observes
carefulness as one of the ethical standards in conducting research.
______2. Dr. Tan conducts research about the life expectancy of leprosy patients. Patient
A was given treatment, but patient B was not given any treatment in order to
compare the life expectancy between two leprosy patients. This violates the
animal care ethics of research.
______3. Nurse Santos is conducting a research on the “Harmful Effects of the Lack of
Sanitation”. She did not honor patents, copyrights, and other forms of intellectual
property. This is a violation of honesty in research.
______4. Indicating the names of the person being interviewed as respondents is against
the ethical research standards under confidentiality.
______5. Researcher N conducted a research about the “Harvest Rituals of the Ifugao
Tribe in Benguet”. He promised to donate a wild pig but unfortunately, he failed
to bring a wild pig on the day of the harvest ritual. This violates integrity ethics of
research.

Disclaimer: This Learning Activity Sheet (LAS) is based from the Self-Learning Modules, Learner’s Materials, Textbooks and Teaching Guides
released by DepEd Central Office. Furthermore, utilization of duly acknowledged external resources is purely of non-profit, for educational use
and constitutes fair use. All Rights Reserved.
9
Activity 2: Finding a good source of Literature Review

Directions: Assuming that you have already chosen your research topic and have formulated a
statement of the problem. Select at least 4 – 6 sources that fit for your study. Cite information
relevant to your study. It is easier when you make your research questions serve as a guide in
finding a good source of literature review. Include only information that is relevant and applicable
to your research study. Comply the chart below on a separate sheet of paper.

Title:

Research Questions:

Local/National Source Foreign/International Source

Books Books

News Articles News Articles

Journal/Magazine article Journal/Magazine article

Research Study Research Study

Government issued Memo, Government issued Memo,

Order or Circular Order or Circular

Disclaimer: This Learning Activity Sheet (LAS) is based from the Self-Learning Modules, Learner’s Materials, Textbooks and Teaching Guides
released by DepEd Central Office. Furthermore, utilization of duly acknowledged external resources is purely of non-profit, for educational use
and constitutes fair use. All Rights Reserved.
10
Activity 3: Complete Me!

Directions: Complete the given statement with your reflection on the importance of writing a
good literature review. Use a separate sheet of paper for your answer.

1. In writing a good literature review, I must avoid ________________________________

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________.

2. To make my literature review comprehensive, I must look for ______________________

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________.

3. Literature review is important in every research because _________________________

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________.
Rubric for Reflection
Category (5) (4) (2-3) Score
The content relates The content The content does
to the topic. The somehow relates to not relate to the
Content ideas are clearly the topic. The ideas topic. The ideas ____/5
stated. are somehow are not clearly
stated. stated.
The ideas are well- The ideas are not The ideas are
Organization ____/5
organized. so organized. disorganized.
The sentences are There are few errors There are many
written correctly in in grammar, errors in
Accuracy terms of grammar, punctuation, and grammar, ____/5
punctuation, and spelling. punctuation, and
spelling. spelling.
Total Score ____/15

Disclaimer: This Learning Activity Sheet (LAS) is based from the Self-Learning Modules, Learner’s Materials, Textbooks and Teaching Guides
released by DepEd Central Office. Furthermore, utilization of duly acknowledged external resources is purely of non-profit, for educational use
and constitutes fair use. All Rights Reserved.
11
 Formative Test

Let us see how far you have learned the lesson. Answer the items below
by choosing the letter of the correct answer. Write your answer on a separate
sheet of paper.

1. “Utilization of Pineapple Peelings and Banana Peelings into Soap” is a good

source of Literature Review under ____________________.
A. Related Study C. Related Literature
B. Related Legal Basis D. None of the above

2. “CSC Memorandum No. 28, s. 2014” is a good source of Literature Review

under ____________________.
A. Related Study C. Related Literature
B. Related Legal Basis D. None of the above

3. “Mathematics in Modern Living” is a good source of Literature Review under

_____________.
A. Related Study C. Related Literature
B. Related Legal Basis D. None of the above

4. Researcher Gina conducted a research study titled” Correlation of

Mathematics Scores and English Scores of K to 12 Learners in Private and
Public Schools in Iloilo City”. She has already written tabulated data of the
research survey. Unfortunately, her 4-year-old younger sister soaks the
tabulated data in a pail of water making it unreadable. What research
ethical standards did she fail to observe?
A. Confidentiality C. Honesty
B. Carefulness D. Social Responsibility

5. In presenting a literature review, it is considered unscientific when there is an

absence of_______________.
A. Analysis of the information of the study
B. Explanation of its relevance to the study
C. Implication of the information of the study
D. Recommendation of its relevance to the study

Disclaimer: This Learning Activity Sheet (LAS) is based from the Self-Learning Modules, Learner’s Materials, Textbooks and Teaching Guides
released by DepEd Central Office. Furthermore, utilization of duly acknowledged external resources is purely of non-profit, for educational use
and constitutes fair use. All Rights Reserved.
12
 Answer Key
TRUE 5.
TRUE 4.
FALSE 3.
FALSE 2.
FALSE 1.
Activity 1

Activity 2
Answers will vary.

Activity 3
Answers will vary.

References

Calmorin, Laurentina P. PhD. Research and Thesis Writing with Statistics Computer
Application. Quezon City, Philippines: Rex Book Store, INC (RSBI)., 2016.
Faltado III, Ruben E. EdD., et. al. Practical Research 2 Quantitative Research. Quezon
City, Metro Manila, Philippines: Lorimar Publishing, Inc., 2016.
Avilla, Ruel A. Practical Research 1, Makati City, Philippines: Diwa Learning Systems Inc.,
2016

Disclaimer: This Learning Activity Sheet (LAS) is based from the Self-Learning Modules, Learner’s Materials, Textbooks and Teaching Guides
released by DepEd Central Office. Furthermore, utilization of duly acknowledged external resources is purely of non-profit, for educational use
and constitutes fair use. All Rights Reserved.
13