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    17839822

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    SDD OAAA Soe BEFORE EUROPEAN HEGEMONY ‘The World System A.p 1250-1350 JANET L. ABU-LUGHOI) New York Oxfond OXFORD UNIVERSTTY pegs 1949 Lay oe ‘To the memory of my parents who encouraged in me an josatiable curiosity Preface 1 his The Smee of Scientfc Revolutions, Thoms Kun se El that one of the major ways in which corte pats ‘hout he work changes through the aecumulaton of aman thats observations and pees of dts that 8 ot "tk it ex ‘sting theories and generations or canna be accounted for by existing pratigns. The Kansan postion, however, areas overis nth "eal work” tat fore ehinking of approaches, This coves the hase postivism of his atumptons sts pt an be taken only ine bev awe Maton eal real tra “This book hens from » somewhat diferent premise. Pat larly inthe soil and cura scenes, anomalous fining ea nse from what sin he oberer a well hat tobe observed, This more relativistic ew ssumes tat scenic knowledge fe soxily constructed. ITknowlede sot sme deme a ‘ct womorphie witht word but rather i poco thc lective definition, that, it represents tansen hon “consensus abou the West the lows that malo ese information hut new vantage pens rom which clerce ‘xing ones can produce paraipmatc revolutions Several recent tansormatiany in sociisorcal work ine forced reformation of prior knowlege, Some hive ane fn now fats, tt most have Been made pile by changes th he ienies of knowers or have derived foun changes In ways owing Let me single out ow wl Prlce Fin, cetuinly not unprecedented but says prot ate vers iat eat ares dienes combining economies, pois, Stand story. Eat dsipline has sawn radon pe. Tree ach mean tha Omer from various dciplins wew ES Neal con somewhat eitfereny. Onpna inspire ‘ike ponte when scholars risk ers ueiplinay ies: one ‘Hatin ofthe incursions of anthropologist Ere Wolf ant ests seca mmangct Wallan and Chrioner Chase ‘Danita hisoy of historians sch a Fema Braudel nd Philip aldntun etmomeso ofthe nterdaipinry tering 0c SEeintn werk or Charts Tily, Perry Anerson and ts Hobs Teen Gramed this is pellows, and yet these may eB shout rk ‘My wn bckground stradsles many dine, Beste 1 have ceulte diepines a fund thor ineresting. Ube 3 ‘Rivccan urban solog!demograperplamer, sted cco san velopment penning di work thal wae tr de va peprahy wa impel (oan Mle Eastern History seacatare when Tied aed worked in Egypt a i times ex ‘Faeries terest to other parts of te Tind Word, Gach Ttnary and geographic shift neresed my understining Tee the con becoming marginal to mainstream American edolta hose parocit boundaes ave ony recenty expanded renege A Dronket, more Wstorcal an tmparative eapetv ‘eso sew way of viewing as come frm the rvs wo buing done in man fel of history and soc sence By TSE tom ouside the western word. Theres no past of the Tec Str Wert in wich the recived wisdon ofthe ‘one western sehlarhp has at been called no goestion By “Snces” es they are eed in nian istoogephy) who find ‘that own histories not the sas of edition but the dys Ey togene shoger aot the tackvardnes vive te west ames so afthondcly in wich western scholarsip. bat the DoetSpmen of underdevelopment trough sbbordinaion. 110 tot chtlenge to ros the atields that now le between ‘Shed wis and sobetern challenge, an et some new "at sees trom a perpen tht incorporates the iferprttions ae eee er ees Prete : ‘of vitims as wells victor. In this ok Tha dt dn upon Hoa present a more anced aes There & prhayn @thied wiy In which Koowcdge changes, any by changing the distance rm which ts re oseroed fn thechy changing the ses of wht fl ati he puree ‘Onl rarely hae strand ooking ply. Armold Toye bee and Wit MeNil zeman the few woe rcpuatione have survived stacks by scolis sessing In rom of time and ples The ‘ol ngavation ef Wray "markable phenomenon. Inthe historians’ matte, comtituted ver {Es hy ine, ny by ean hid meron Se tht ew pert tt a hh Skil they must bing to ti tsk, mt nly Huse utc ue cote ee itn oda ork the bans on whit al genesis mt des emealts ust depend Aa yet the cot fad ccna i of pr his book. by ema ser fo appt poem. How ‘vet am hope that he ight bt ty Hooking tthe ema mer rp hi ha yy Separate sco specs my ye ough we compensate for {he hur of takings ob ew. While wring sok ‘fen et anf Tre camry highwie walkers cering etost ‘ork ois, My ste net hax ben th orsheaanae nd gnc {rman of he best peas I eld fn, sited 3 he oh Poin the Woy at, ‘nd fy ame cng in iw acy the nate accumulation wii the mind a oa, a vere i of isrmatan ta et secon, To me exten the pos study grew, even before I ws avare ofits need, tof yd confor ver dicopancis btwcen “eect Heat at fist some fey accidental aceretions of anomalous sr he yo Ci al oil a te uroonitie view ofthe Dik Ages waited the ihe vent out in Europe, they wore certain ishing brightly tn eve Ea Vang stig mo the he oe Shics in that region ofthe word rem me tht Cai ta only JOSE Kao nnconcensnseenssnos . Price vin ape ina ity develope te of urban ation. Thi cea eth tc wel seamed work of Hen icone de a euomean ec ies and the ial in ey Wher on The Cy, which makes 2 sa fear pc meaatcy oft ont (which Whe sett ain he pay sos ye shat tr, when gracing 2 citi of eins om at Uibancanon ec oresagy on comtenierstY ao gh an nce to densa hat a8 sa sag ay tend the Wes thr Bed et a yea ta po that ead Get sty aims en ary Hangs then he Tet am ot “need iy the we a gin Pr dhe porto to Pend sa cameo he wo’ mst loin preseied sac mea cram bean oe nt. Phe a eT fl con tothe romance of Vets in a ere, gute by chance. come upon the Gis al sro afore Coys wc dese Toye ih he re ty nded, ong tore thee fo hs bok mat ser na candor inte ws Dig fred “btm om tee xpress iy or cat 1 ound anon thse pas (ond cal, tuna be wry fans for an a na ened what ha began tae a ba 95, ase Siig ct ine, 1d il ot (und se thou {hed rove increasingly sats with ‘Motte erste had fund Me te tt vt of Wats’ The Moder Peace Ind them oth wt great intrest Mo te ees of Kuan anomaly sine the ended a ea date wal sem hat ored i the te ray aif ad speared de noo. Ts eight ta Ce ad ong et out he works of the Ft Se cali Has Weber and ven boat MSPs tment tte erin a italon ar apt wu evr 9 book tat anc een Pian oforulat the esearch agen for at) Pelee » sy ct wth wars an ih me queso te aa lating those move versed in the mecesiry languages, het tained instr. and with deeper unrtaning ofEesese to vise the piture I have ied t draw. ese {he poe! wl oly sgl mt mk te hae ‘significant, sustained me when, with goo! reason, 1 tio ‘ally overwhelmed bythe enormity of what I had undertaken nay wih gt gence nd lode Paro ison the ern epn eamen av te wok a ae ‘pests and determined tha holy ny tpt ml gros errors of fact albeit not necessarily interpret gh ‘vow ml on the mery of thine who had devoted ines sand K.N. Chaudhuri. Among the many who suggested ational sourees were Andre Gunder Frank and Rober! Wid. rive and Chars Ty atthe New Sool for Sot Rea tea nd cen onthe ene mans, sking od a ators of Seis in Comparative nero Development ining (ch oo pat) conte eck = lee sniersary sis thus forcing eto fous my ideas, They ste are sot rm William McNeil, Alastair Taylor, Andre Se Ty Me Blau, and Anthony de Souza, oss fe Gamer Ene projet stimulated lento nd refinements ny work ret ool graduate siadens enol in my experiment ene eigen Goda Cotes in the fl of 197 served Soa svat forthe general reader” and offered important faith ae tent Arter New School graduate student, Sei ie pevfrmed te exacting tsk of seriing, Where este numerous mbgzpinc trees, (Rell errs Pee ely rep in for sources f examined in free f ‘iis tut which ould nt subsequently he vere inthe Unie Sates) ed money wet inapenablet ths book, Nowthwesert ann eral at which fought sociology for went) Ye. eae afta Urban Aas and Poy Research in prt. are et ated for a decade generously suport this wy avenge troduced teaching load for ae theeAeay 00 Py Mg ich mont of the marr ws esearch 3 Peto dai an! ens corontions were done By £90 5 writen Pe Slog Department at Northwestern; the cont Fare OF payin Gungor and Barbara, Willanson yg buon fy cds but sve doelyapprestte PY me ra pore aon eucial Norhwestern contribute small ea ar a ependn summer a Europe gatbering materials aang vais An Beg, France, and tly. Asher a withthe United Nations Habitat fice Noir. Haare ekel downgrading ociated wok i East fen th mt me a fara Pakistan and the Peon’ Republic of and on om the Social Resear Cente ofthe AMES Coin ay in Caio toe a Vsting Distinguished Profs ie oF T9G6 made i posible fr me # thee mates in SMe Eat potion ofthe sty. Am eater tip 10 bn (er ae paste troup Fulbright shorter wi. a alt of grant rm te Socal Scene Research Coun aan aa irtavel to Southeast Asia to cond research aon a pub's cal tel Know-how greatly enced my te aier much done on the cps 10 Earope, Cina, ad ever ae vst mh omy teas wis Cena Aa, ut oe ‘must leave something to look forward. ate portant wa lam gf cir Vere Ay, ho wt ‘my most enthusiastic reader and trenchant new tat the adage that one picture equls a thousand words! ‘sty goodbye to this book with elutance. not only ec remit imperfect but ao beau hae never egy ny Do ‘ect as much, Tshull miss my obsession. cheat Neve York ‘get 1988 DAL. Contents Introduetion (Chapter 1. Studying» System in Foxmation, 3 Part I: The European Subsystem Emergence from Old Empires, 83 {Chapter 2. The Cites othe Champagne Fairs, 51 {Chaps 3. Bruges and Ghent: Commercial and Indus Cie oF Flinders, 78 Caper 4. The Merce! Mariners of Genoa and Venice 2 Part Ii: The Mideast Heartland The Thre Router tthe Eas, 137 Chapter 5. The Mongols nd the Northeast Pasig 19 Chaper 6, Sindhods Way: Baghdad an the Pers Gul 185. ) Chapter 7 Cuiro’s Monopoly under the Slave Sultans. 212 Part IM: Asia The tno Ocean Sytem: Disided into Tree Par, 281 Caper The lain Subcontinent: On the Way to Everywhere, 2 (Chapter 9. The Strut and Norrow, 291 (Chapter 10, Al the Siks of China, 316 Conclusion © chapter 11 Restrain the Tioenth-Cemtny ont System, 352 ‘itiograrhy. 374 Index, 29 Lise of Hlustrations and Maps Frew Tae igh Ci of he Titcnt-Cntny Wer Syne 3 Figure 2, The European Subaston. 48 Froye_ 3. The Economie Expansion a Beli 97 Fe Medternean owtes of Gen a Weis Mile ABs. 125 rogue 5. The Grae sation of Reus 07 Tee Grad acs Carl sia and Toad the Tndinn Oczans 18 ague_ 6 The Expansion af the Mong Empire 0 Grado Fragmentation, 182 gue 7 The Congroenc amen Trade Rate Te Get pe ek Dent ren 350 173 awe 8 Te etl Cresent, he Crasher Kingdoms on the Way to Fa, 157 tigwe 9: Te Sen Rots om he Me Et 0 Isa) Beyond, 202 srg 0. The Tice Cit of te tain Osean Tn, AF Tee. Mnscon Wind Patria tian sn Fe 2. Conner ia Showing Reso an es 252 gare 13 The St of Mace, 295 Fraue 1 System of Sik Prion, 12 fer 15, Te Growth of Sekt Cis ec HS, The Growth ot Bodo he Thirteenth Centr. 57 Yo ike pt nt ins on ey CHAPTER 1 Studying a System in Formation ‘The second hu ofthe thiteathcenary was &remarkle mu- ‘ment in world history. Never before fi 30 many reson of the (Old Word come in comet with toe another albert ay sper” At the begining of the Christan ers th Rosas aad Chinese empies had hoon in ines como. bat th co etions between them declined when both emp asm {nthe seventh and igh enti, Islam ured many parts of ‘he cent region tht lay between the European nnd Chinese ‘remiis, reaching out in both dtetons, ba the Tiere sta of thieving world economy sil ruined cael lated from one another. By the eleventh and, even more welt eatary, many parts ofthe Old Worl! ba to hocome npr ingo 2 stem af exchange frm which all appercly ested, ‘The apogee of ths eye eae between the eof the thiceath nthe st decades ofthe fourteenth century y whieh tne even Europe and China had extabinhe vcr, decd te, nae with each sate, “The thirteenth entry was remarkable in another way In region after rogion tere wat an efflorescence of cltral ani arse {bievemet. Never before had 80 many parts ofthe Old World lmultancosty enced clara matt fn Chin, the mest glo- iow pottery ves produce, Sung celadonwar,waseing rested nd in Perna lowing trguoite gazed toms constituted the aly {tious rival, In Mamlek yp, eraftsmen were fashioning el tate frre inlaid with conpiex arabesges of silver and gl nd in western Europe, cathedral bung reachcd is apex. The fen stained gn window adooed Sait Chapelle of Pais Was Fut n mi thrtenth century. just before St, Lois departed on frusade. The great Hindu temple complexes of south Indi ce tmaned at this sume Line. Almost everywhore thee was evidence of asorfitof weal being devoted to ormamentation and symbolic Clsplay The ra was equally productive inelectealy,nopgesting ‘hat the sup wes edo nly o produce things bu to support scholars a wel ‘These two quaies of the thietecath century, increased ec som integration and etrl efflorescence, were not unrelated ‘Tecmnologeal and socal innovations prodoced sopises, which sree, ur, traded inerationaly farther iterly develop tment Parle adsancerin navigation and satcal faitated oot tac aniong stant sores, which generated even moresurplases In all rae, prorperiy—at least atthe tp—yeted high ealtre, tnd Earope, bette lest developed region, pera Bad the ‘mow tga rm the nee inks being fore Ti thibook we explore the thirteenth century “woed economy which fvitste ach pandemic prosperity for is Fults, and ex: Sine how it was forged. We aso examine why this promising ‘Mart ered bythe mil ofthe fourteenth entry. How much ‘1 remained when, inthe sixteenth century, Europe tok the Tea in forging what Wallerstein (1974) has termed the “moder ‘world system In ther word system, which has persisted for some five hundred year, the West was ceaty hegemonic. Butt un ‘erst if tote tie neceeary 1 examine the peti before European hegemony. Thats the descriptive task ofthis Book “There isan ana tsk a8 well. The world economy of the thimeenthcentry nt only Csiating i iself Bu, because t Contained ao tne hegemonic power, provides an important con af dana with cael oy Mam Baye ies ‘cay founcenth sntay Churesy ete Metepaitsn Musca tty bequest of Edad Seymour 199191 a eenee Celadon vase, Chinese, late shisenh ceca to ety fourteenth ena. Coury ofthe Metropolitan Mash oft anonyons bi es (e383, teat to the world sytem that grew out of it: the one Europe reshaped tits own ons and dominated for w ong. Tis contrat moment in tie, the prise world stem hat onated Sixteenth contry is nthe throes of change, Understanding the system hit preceded may help beter comprehending what in Museu of Are io Ele les ahead, We return to these themes atthe end ofthis book, a ist we nced to bnow mich more about the thitenth entry felt. "The Thirteenth Century: A World System? Besneen A.D. 1250 and 1350 an international trade economy ‘as developing tht stretched all the way fom northwest Ea ‘ope to China it involved merchant and producers aan extensive (orlwide) if nutow network of exchunge. Ahough print products lading bat nt conned to specly apse tems Ios spices) coniteted signa proportion of ll ems Traded, patel over short distances, manulactued goods were sarprsingy central the system, which probly could mot have been sustained ove long dataces without them. The production ‘ofthese goods had to be sufieatLo meet domestic nee a wl as those f export, Ths al te unis inthe sytem were producing urpluses, impossible unless the methods of mob abot snd ‘organizing the work pret were quit advanced Turthermore, the Wade ivolved & wide variety of merchant commits a various point the globe, These merchants id ‘ot necessary peak or wit the same languages, although Arabic Covered s wide area, as did Greck and the ernaclrs of Latin, ‘nd Mandarin Chinese was lingua francs fo the many vation slits inthe fr east. Nor were thet lca currencies the same ‘iver was highly valued in Europe, gold was used in the Middle East whereas copper cons wre the preferred specie In China Distnees, measured by tne, were clelted in weeks and ‘month at best, but it took yeast averse the entire cet And Yet, goods were transfered, prices sl, exchange rates agrend ‘Upon contracts entered int, crediton funds or on gn ated ‘hewhere—extended, partneahip formed, and, abviusy, re ‘rds kept and apreements honored hope to show how advanced this sytem was inthe hiteemhcenturyalthough whether i was “moder capitalism” and whether th coal be called "world system” remain ta be exalted. Tn this book Ihave no intention of engaging ina frites Studying a System Formation sument concerning the “origin” of “rue” or “modern” capita fs’ Nord intend to cnyape world yiem corsa sinany “Unproducive debate about he prise moment a istory at which ‘one moves from world empires toa more gl stem, ss to dstermine when "traional mor eonomies"metamorphos trenton moder world system. Wallerstein (1974) distinguishes Imutple and ordinary "word-conomes" and erpires frm the modern wold system.” Although he acknowledges the existence tt orld mptes before the sxe entry, he sl treats the ‘modern word sytem aft were the Bt But he ipl ane ‘tthe more recent nent he ry (ao Exim, 98 Nan, 19h6;Senctee 177 Chase-Dunn, 1). Historians ave traionally agreed about the dating of he capita (ee opposed tothe chsse world economy. Even Mary ‘vas ambiaont atone time tacing capitalism bck tothe 0 teenth centay, but Tser changing is mind and oping for the siscenthcontry.Stadens of the thiecath-cntuy texte i ‘ney of Phnders (se Chapter for spina, 1925; Laure, 1935) “rg forcefully onthe bass of the mode of production and the {rowing opposition Between oaners and worker (ace conic that reached is peak nthe lator part of the entry), hat ‘osralzation ha area cured tered hat hs adsl ‘yscm was nextel Hed to an alvcdy established “word Irarket™ Braudel (198) acknowledges thatthe commerce Sluon of the thiteenh century cary inated European ‘workteconom" that, although t may hive temporary aborted inthe trough of the mid fourteenth century, everson fore hadowed the sytem that was to come. Ad Ee Wall (1982), in Fa book that bine with 140, also stresses tat the Euroentredt ‘rid system that developed fer that date was bulk on the hse ‘fan existing system ar previously dominated by Europe. These ebats, in the lst analy, are over definitions niceties rather ‘than empirical rales. 1 seems more important examin the ‘camlest wh ofthe later than io Rpt verte prise boundaries One empirical bis for sistingushing between the “teationa ‘and macern” periods might be toiferentte socatin organic for proostion for the market tht do no! separate ownerp Capital from ovmershipof labor power trom the soctis that fewecnncacacercacsnneanono “o, But upon ose inspection, this distinction doesnot od on Tee eBor an monetvation of exchange lng pede “moder (ein rection sve tbr and barter pers fr int the ine od thee probly never was a wan society in Cthch “owners” were not lesued Met te dination often ade betwee the “commer ude’ ad the industrial revoution but to dave the line De Pete tmo would fen be to ata ad indeed, tae seine developed of iterent eso dferent places. The He development of Chinese meal inthe twelfth entry TEaGH ot be sehicvd ia Earope unt te uiteeth century (He wo. ast), and Chinas paper Making and piting tech MSlley oak a ve duphattin the West for several cenunes Tet fy; Needham, 1984-85, 1981). Aug we know kes (eae process of production i the Mille East and Asia TRE Patou tho fo Earope the fact that trge quantities Sra were produced (cot and linen nthe Ara eon coon SES oi, a ie Cia) suggests hat he techniques an production mt have Goa cua to dose other aes {Goths Flanders for wich we do have information. SU Lit sat tlw wt iterate the thitesnth fom the sistent contry_ One mist acknowledge that the sae of pro ‘fiom and ade ithe titecnth centr was fs than wat freed in he sistecoth cer, although it was higher than in {HS tech. ot that sbarly ir measure, ta comparison wih se intcrntona commerce today, he exchanges ofthe {he ea century ate mine. The important comparison #64 aise tauren the past Dia sient nereas i rade TINS tnc mitecnh contery? And id unite many devetoning oe est otis a tt tid. The comment by Lope (6: 99-98) are quite relevant: ‘avis ance, we compar th pater of ade i the Commer Anna nee Indo Revlon, enn ile ae MAD prepotons ae mos ety malt Tas cis end fo ay more port le han om La emus conto, Many ans meh SN BEE srs sng rat mais hon ering te mambo see slum fechas the dtc ‘Sefiepreaie [te su rade a Geo 183 wy tee ve RR Aas nas33732 3A sir het cm he Regn a the Tene rales inte a crt ae ws ctserved Sang China irk En 1973 PTC 12) dese the {hentncetery epunonol Chin's nto aden ‘that by then China was exporting iain ‘npr an tom gods, selina tie Fan Ei rl ny ea et a ra ‘particularly if we recognize that technology had not ck aged tess. sty iy sitson cuar Novae es ueanies _nologically determined resolution of this probler ining tha ‘tuted for animate.* we brad best abandon th ra pean hte weld stm. neat opnan eel ee terme—dulyseparicd and enjpraily Ired—to anal cm oe ‘moments in history in conerete places. ae Waletin an rtn writs ty Mare aes tht rapcan worl-economy bas changed! shape several times ince the thirteenth century” (198; 70) he fils o make what ro me isthe arenegal point Before Eusope became one ofthe worK

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