-

6
7
8
 Electrostatic Stress

:
Capacitance

(F)
V (C) Q
C
C = Q / V F (Coulomb / Volt) (1-1)
C = A /d
o r

r d A
o 4 10 7 ’ 0

9
 :C

(1 F =10–6 F

nF µF
pF
Prefix

10-12 0.000000000001 pico p

10-9 0.000000001 nano n
10-6 0.000001 micro µ
10-3 0.001 milli m

10
 Series-connected capacitors :

V = V1 + V2 + V3 (1-2)
Q
C= (1-3)
V

Q
V=
C

Q Q1 Q 2 Q3
= + +
C C1 C2 C3

11
1 1 1 1
= + + (1-4)
C C1 C2 C3

Q = Q1 = Q2 = Q3 (1-5)

1 1 1 C C2
= 1
C C1 C2 C1 C 2

C1 C 2
C (1-6)
C1 C 2

n
1 n 1 (1-7)
C i 1 Ci

(C3=5 F C2=4 F C1=20 F

600 V

1 1 1 1
= + +
C C1 C2 C3

12
1 1 1 1
= + + = 0.05 + 0.25 + 0.2
C 20 4 5
1 1
= 0.5 =C= = 2µF = 2×10-6 F
C 0.5

Q = Q1 = Q2 = Q3 = C×V
-6 -6
Q = 2×10 × 600 = 1200 ×10 C

6
Q 1200 10
V1 = 6
60 V
C1 20 10
6
Q 1200 10
V2 = 6
300 V
C2 4 10
Q 1200 10 6
V3 = 240 V
C3 6
5 10

V = V1 + V2 + V3 = 60 + 300 + 240 = 600V

13
 12 F 4 F
100 V

C1 C 2 4 12 48
C 3 F , C 3 10- 6 F
C1 C 2 4 12 16

Q = Q1 = Q2 = C×V
-6 -4
Q = 3×10 × 100 = 3 ×10 C

4
Q 3 10
V1 = 75 V
C1 6
4 10
4
Q 3 10
V2 = 25 V
C2 6
12 10
100V

V1 + V2 = 75 + 25 = 100V

14
 Parallel -connected capacitors

Q3 Q2 Q1 Q

Q = Q1 + Q2 + Q3 (1-8)

Q = V×C

15
V×C = V
V×C1 + V×C
V 2 + V×C
V 3 (1-9
9)

V = V1 = V2 = V3= ...... (1-10

0)

C = C1 + C2 + C3 (1-11
1)
n
C= Ci (1-12
2)
i 1

10 F 12 F 8 F
2200 V

C = C1 + C2 + C3 = 8 + 12 + 10 = 30 F

16
C = 8 + 12 + 10 = 30 F
-6
C = 30×10 F

V = V1 = V2 = V3 = 200V

Q1 = V×C1 = 200×8×10-6 = 1.6×10-3 C

Q2 = V×C2 = 200×12×10-6 = 2.4×10-3 C

Q3 = V×C3 = 200×10×10-6 = 2.0×10-3 C

Q = 1.6×10-3 + 2.4×10-3 + 2.0×10-3

Q = 6.0×10-3 C

Q = V×C= 200×30×10-6 = 6×10-3 C

8 F 2 F
300V

17
 ( - )
C1 C 2 2 8
C= = 1.6 F
C1 C 2 2 8

Q = C×V = 1.6 x 10-6 × 300 = 4.8 × 10-4 C

Q1 = Q2 = Q = 4.8 x 10-4 C

Q 4.8 10 4
V1 240 V
C1 2 10 6
Q 4.8 10 4
V2 60 V
C2 8 10 6

( - )

18
 C = C1 + C2 = 2 + 8 = 10 F

V1 = V2 = V = 300 V

Q1 = C1 V = 2 x 10-6 x 300 = 6 x 10-4 C

Q2 = C2 V = 8 x 10-6 x 300 = 2.4 x 10-3 C

C1 =8 F, C2=5 F, C3 =3 F
100V

( - )

C2
a, b C3

Cab = C2 + C3 = 5 + 3 = 8 F

a, c C1 Cab

19
 C1 Cab 8 8
Cac = = 4 F , Cac = 4 x 10-6 F
C1 Cab 8 8

Cab , C1
Q
Q = Cac V = 4 x 10-6 x 100 = 4 x 10-4 C

Q 4 10 4
V1 = 50 V
C1 6
8 10
Q 4 10 4
V2 = 50 V
Cab 8 10 6

Q1 = Q1 = 4 x 10-4 C

Q2 = C2 V2 = 5 x 10-6 x 50 = 2.5 x 10-4 C

Q3 = C3 V3 = 3 x 10-6 x 50 = 1.5 x 10-4 C

Q2 + Q3= 2.5 x 10-4 + 1.5 x 10-4 = 4 x 10-4 C

V
dQ Q
dW = V dQ
dW = V×dQ
Q
Q = C×V

dQ = C×dV

20
dW = C×V×dV

V
V V
v2 1
W= C v dv C C V 2 Joules (1- 13)
0
2 2
0

Q
Q =CV , V=
C

1 2 1 1 Q2
W= CV QV Joules (1- 14)
2 2 2 C

A (m2)
d

1 CV2 1 A V2
W=
2 Ad 2 d Ad
1 V 2
( ) (1- 15)
2 d
1 1 1 D2
E2 DE Joules /m 3
2 2 2

10 F 1000V 20 F
100V

21
Q1 = C1 V1 = 20 x 10-6 x 1000 = 0.02 C

Q2 = C2 V2 = 10 x 10-6 x 100 = 0.001 C

C = C1 + C2 = ( 20 + 10 ) x 10-6 = 30 x 10-6 F

1 1
W1 = C1 V12 C 2 V22
2 2

1 1
W1 = 20 10 6 (1000)2 10 10 6 (100)2 = 10.05 Joules
2 2

1 Q2
W2 =
2 C
Q
Q = Q1 + Q2 = 0.02 + 0.001 = 0.021C

1 Q2 1 ( 0.021) 2
W2 = = 7.35 Joules
2 C 2 6
30 10

W = W1 - W2 = 10.05 – 7.35 = 2.7 Joules

Q 0.021
V = 700 V
C 6
30 10

22
2 F
200V 20 F 4 F

12 F 6 F
300V

C1 =15 F , C2= 6 F, C3=4 F

250V

C1 =5 F, C2=16 F, C3 =4 F
120V

23
C1 = 5 F, C2= 4 F, C3 =10 F , C4= 3 F, C5= 7 F
600V
V1 , V2 , V3

15 F 1100V 25 F
150V

24
25
–

26
27
 Laclanche Cell

( Manganic Cell

( Zn) (Mn O2)

(NH4 CI)

28
29
 .

30
 .

(Pb) .
(Pb O2)
( H2 SO4 )

31
1.21
2.2 1.18
1.8
2.6

:(Sulfation)

(Pb SO4)

32
 (Nickel – Cadmium )

20%

6.8 100
1.2 100

48% 50% 66.6%

H × A AH
(300AH) 300
600

33
 R

R=V/I

V = I×R

I V (Resistance) R
(Ohm) Volt/Ampere R

Ohm’s law ) Omega )

R V I

V _
+

I R

34
E n
r
nE
nr
R+nr

n E
I=
R n r
R << n r
n E E
I= =
n r r
I
n r << R
n E E
I= =n
R R
n
R

1/n) r

35
R+ (r/n)

E
I=
R (r / n)
r / n << R
I= E/R

n I = n ( E /r ) R << r / n

n
m
n× r

n× r /m m
R + ( nr /m )
En

n E m nE N E
I= =
R (n r / m) m R nr m R n r
N
N = m×n

36
 m×R + n×r

y = m×R+n×r
= ( m R )2 ( n r ) 2
=( m R n r ) 2 2 m R nr

m×R = n×r

m×n = N , m×R = n×r

output useful power

=
input total power produced

I2 R R
I2 R I2 r R r

R r

2 1.5V
2

37
E = 1.5× 4 = 6 V

rint. = 2 × 4 = 8

E 6
I 0.6A
rint rext 8 2

E = 1.5 V

rint. = 2/4 = 0.5

E 1.5
I 0.6A
rint rext 0.5 2

38
 E = 1.5 x 2 = 3V

1 1
2
4 4

E 3
I 0.75A
rint rext 2 2

E
ri
R
V
V = E – I×ri = I×R

E= I (R + ri)

P= V×I= E×I – I² ×ri

dP
= E – 2×I×r
dI

dP
dI
E = 2×I× ri

I (R + ri) = E = 2×I ×ri

R = ri

39
 m×R = n×ri
Imax

r.i << R

Imax

R << r×i

0.8 1.4 V 15
30

E = 15 x 1.4 = 21V

= 0.8 x 15 = 12

= 12 + 30 = 42

I = 21 / 42 = 0.5 A

V = I×R = 0.5 × 30 = 15V

V = E – I×r = 21 – 0.5×12 = 15 V

40
2 2.1 V 5

m×n = N , m×R = n×r

n R r
N m

m×R = n×r or 5 m = 2n or n = (5/2) m (4.1)

m×n = N = 24 (4.2)

4-2 4-1

m (5/2) m = ( 5/2 ) m2 = 24 or m2 = (24 )×(2 )/5 = 9.6

n=8 m=3

n E 8 2.1
I= = = 1.63 A
R (n r / m) 5 (8 2)/ 3)

41
 1.0 1.5V

1.5 2V

10

2.0 0.6A

12 0.2A

42
43
44
 Electric Current

45
 –3 2 -1

t Q I
dQ
Coulomb /second ( C / s) I (3-1)
dt

A Ampere
1 Ampere = Coulomb /second

46
 Q
I Ampere (A) (3-2)
t

0.001 A mA
(0.000001A) µA

3-2
dQ
I (3-2-a)
dt

dt vdt v
n A
n×A×v×dt dt
dt e
dq = e×n×v×A×dt (3-3)
dQ
I
dt
n e v A (3-4)

47
 J

J = I / A = n×e×v (3-5)

A
dA

J = dI / dA (3-6)

Quantity of Charge

Q=I×t Ampere – second ( Coulomb ) (3-7)

t I

48
 Electric Potential

Electromotive Force

V Volt E

49
 Resistance and Ohm’s law

R=V/I (3-8)

I V (Resistance) R
Ohm Volt / Ampere R

Ohm’s law (3-8) Omega)

R V I
V _
+

I R

V
I
R
.

50
 .

L
A

L
R ( ) (3-9)
A

Resistivity
A m L Ohm_meter _
2
m
(Conductivity
1 L
(mho) (3-10)
RA

1 siemens (S)= 1 (ohm)-1 S/m (Ohm- meter) -1

51
 G Conductance
-1
ohm) mho G G = 1 / R ( mho )
S (Siemens

T = 0 (1+ 0 T) (3-11)

0 T

T
L oL
RT ( ) , Ro ( )
A A

T
L o L (1
RT oT)
A A

RT = R0 ( 1+ 0 T) (3-12)

T2 T1

RT1 = R0 ( 1+ 0T1 ), RT2 = R1 ( 1+ 1T 2 ) (3-13)

RT2 = RT1 [ 1+ T1 ( T2 – T 1 ) ] (3-14)

52
 10

T
T

T1 = 0 /(1+ 0 T1 ) (3-15)

T1 T1

T R

5 mm 5m
20oC 20oC
1.72 10 8 .m

53
R= L/A

A L

A= D2 /4
D

A= D2 /4 = ( 5 x 10-3 )² /4 = 6.25 x 10-6 m2

R = L / A = (1.72 x 10-8) (5) / ( 6.25 x 10-6 ) = 4.38 m

200o C 7.8 0o C 7
200o C

RT2 = RT1 [ 1+ T1 ( T2 – T1)]

R0 = RT1 [ 1+ T1 ( T0 – T)]

7 = 7.8 [ 1+ T1 ( 0 – T)]

T1 = -.8/(7.8×200) = -5.128×10-4

5.128×10-4 C-1{ 200o C T1

54
 o
15 10% 25
20o C 50o C
30

RT = R0 ( 1+ 0 T)

R15 = 25 = R0 ( 1+ 15 0 ) ,
R50 = 25+2.5 = 27.5 = R0 ( 1+ 50 0 )

0 = 0.0029850 C-1 , R0 = 23.9286

30

RT =30 = R0 ( 1+ 0 T ) =23.9286 (1+ 0.002985 T )

T = 850 C
T
T = 85 –20 = 65° C

55
 Electric Power and Energy

R I
V
dt dQ
dQ = I dt

dW = V dQ = V I dt

P = dW / dt = V I dt / dt = V I (3-16)

joule/s P
(Watt
V = I×R , I = V / R
P
P = V×I = I2 R = V2 / R Watt (3-17)

P = E×I Watt (3-18)

E
W

W = P×t ( Watt-sec or Joules ) (3-19)

56
 Efficiency

= Po / Pi (3-20)

Pi Po

Pi = E×I Watt (3-21)

Pi I E
Pi = Po + Ploss (3-22)

Ploss
Ploss = I2 R
R I

= W o / Wi
Wi Wo

16 V 2K

I
I = V / R = ( 16 / 2000 ) = 8 m A
R V

57
 4A 5

P = I2 R = (4)2 (5) = 80 W

60 W

W = P×t = 60 (24) ( 365 ) / 1000 = 525.6 KWh

t P

80%
120 V 8A

% = ( Po / Pi ) (100 %)
Pi = V I = (120) (8) = 960 W

Po

0.80 = ( Po / 960)

58
 Po = ( 0.8 )×(960 ) = 768 W

hourse_ Power ( hp

Po = 768 W ( 1 hp / 746 W ) = 1.029 hp

200 C 110 V 220 W

1200 C 110 V
0.00393 C- 1 200 C

P120

P20 = V2 / R20
R20 = V2 / P20 = (110)2 / 220 = 55
R120 = R20 [ 1 + 20 ( 120 – 20 ) ] = 55 [ 1 + 0.00393 ( 100 )]
= 76.615

P120 = V2 / R120 = (110)2 / 76.615 = 157.93 W

59
 RT

RT = R1 + R2 + R3
N

RT = R1 + R2 + R3 + --------------- + RN (3-23)

I
I = E/RT A (3-24)

V1 = I×R1 , V2 = I×R2 , V3 = I×R3 , --------, VN = I×RN V (3-25)

60
 R1
P1 = V1 I1 = I12 R1 = V12 / R1 W (3-26)

Pdel = E×I W
N

Pdel = P1 + P2 + P3 + -------------- + PN (3-27)

(Pdelivered )

R3 R2 R1 V3 V2 V1
R3 R2 R1

3-23 RT
RT = R1 + R2 + R3 = 2 + 1 + 5 = 8
I
I = E / RT = 20 / 8 = 2.5 A
R3 R2 R1 V3 V2 V1

61
V1 = I R1 = (2.5) (2) = 5 V
V2 = I R2 = (2.5) (1) = 2.5 V
V3 = I R3 = (2.5) (5) = 12.5 V
V1 + V2 + V3 = 5 + 2.5 + 12.5 = 20V
R3 R2 R1
P1 =I12 R1 = (2.5)2 (2) = 12.5 W , P1 =V1 I1 = (5) (2.5)= 12.5 W
P2 = I22 R2 = (2.5)2 (1) = 6.25 W , P2 = V2 I2 = (2.5) (2.5) = 6.25 W
P3 = I32 R3 = (2.5)2 (5) = 31.25 W, , P3 = V3 I3 = (12.5) (2.5)= 31.25 W

Pdel = E I = (20) ( 2.5) = 50 W

P1 + P2 + P3 = 12.5 + 6.25 + 31.25 = 50 W = Pdel

R N
RT = N×R ( 5-6 )

V2 I RT

R 1 = R3 = R4

RT = N×R1 + R2 = (3)×(7) + 4 = 25
I = E / RT = 50 / 25 = 2 A
V2 = I×R2 = (2) × (4) = 8 V

62
RT =12K
I = 6mA
E R1

R1
RT = R1 + R2 + R3
12 = R1 + 4 + 6
R1 = 12 – 10 = 2k
E
E = I RT = (6×10-3) ×(12×103) = 72 V

V1 = I R1 = (6×10-3) ×(2×103) = 12 V
V2 = I R2 = (6×10-3) ×(4×103) = 24 V
V3 = I R3 = (6×10-3) (5) × (6×103) = 36 V

V1 + V2 + V3 = 12 + 24 + 36 = 72V = E

63
 R =100

ET = E1 + E2 + E3
ET = 50 + 30 + 40 = 120 V

I = ET/R = 120/100=1.2 A

64
 R =10

ET = 20 - 25+ 50 + 30 - 15 = 100V

I = ET/R = 60/10=6A

65
 Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law

a
a, b, c, d, a
-I1 R1 –I2 R2 - I3 R3 +E = 0 , or
E= I1 R1 +I2 R2 + I3 R3

66
 a, d, c, b, a
- E + I 3 R3 + I 2 R2 + I 1 R 1 = 0 , or,

E= I1 R1 +I2 R2 + I3 R3

I V2
R3 R1

67
-E + V3 + V2 + V1 = 0

V2 = E - V1 - V3 = 54 - 18 - 15 = 21 V
I = V2 / R2 = 21 / 7 = 3 A
R1 = V1 / I = 18 / 3 = 6
R3 = V3 / I = 15 / 3 = 5

7 7

50 – 12.5 – I(4 + 4 + 7) =0
37.5 = 15×I

68
I = E / R T = (37.5) / 15 = 37.5 / 15 = 2.5A
V7 = I×R = (2.5)× (7) = 17.5 V
P7 = I2 R = (2.5)2×(7) = 43.75 W

I1 I2 I3

ABCDA

6 -10(I1 + I2) – 2I1 =0

6 = 2 I1 + 10(I1+ I2) ,
6 = 12 I1 + I2 ……….. (a)
DCEFD
-4 + 3I2 + 10(I1 + I2) =0
4= 10 I1 + 13I2 ……….. (b)
6 (b) 5 (a)

I2 = - 0.2143 A ,
I1 = 0.6786 A
(I1 + I2) = 0.6786 - 0.2143= 0.4643 A

69
 Voltage Divider Rule

R T = R 1 + R2
RT
E
I
RT

E R1 E
V1 I R1 R1
RT RT

E R2 E
V2 I R2 R2 I = E / RT
RT RT

Rx E
Vx
RT
(3-28)

V1, V2, V3… R1, R2, R3… x

R6 E V6 R6
V6
RT

70
 V3 V1

V3 V1

R1 E 2 103 45
V1
RT (2 5 8) 10 3
90
V1 6V
15

R3 E 8 103 45
V3
RT (2 5 8) 103
360
V1 24 V
15

71
GT G

GT = G1 + G2 + G3 + --------- GN (3-29)
(R = 1 / G ) R G

1 1 1 1 1
.............. (3-30)
RT R1 R2 R3 RN

RT

RT
GT

72
 1/RT = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3
= 1/2 + 1/4 + 1/5 = 0.95 S
RT = 1/0.95 = 1.053
GT = 0.95 S

R N

1 1 1 1 1 N
..............
RT R R R R R

RT
R
RT
N
G N GT

GT = N×G

73
 RT

RT

RT = R / N = 2 / 4 = 0.5

RT R2 R1

1 1 1 R1 R 2
RT R1 R2 R1R 2

R1 R 2
RT (3-31)
R1 R 2

RT R3 R2 R1

R1 R 2 R 3
RT (3-32)
R1R 2 R1 R 3 R 2 R 3

74
 I2 I1 RT
3-31

RT 3-31

RT = R1 R2/(R1 + R2) = (2)×(4)/(2 + 4) = 1.3333

= I× RT = 12×1.3333 =15.9996V

I1 = 15.9996/2 = 7.9998A

I2 = 15.9996/4 = 3.9999A

3-32

RT 3-32

75
RT = R1×R2×R3 / ( R1×R2 + R1×R3 + R2×R3 )
= (2)×(4)×(5)/[(2)×(4)+(2)×(5)+(4)×(5)] = 40/38 = 1.053

R3 R2 R1
RT = 16k R3 = 2R2 R2 = 2R1

1/RT = 1/R1 + 1/R2 +1/R3

R3 = 2R2 =2(2R1) = 4R1 R2 = 2R1
RT R3 R2

1/16 = (1/R1) + (1/2R1) + (1/4R1) = 1.75(1/R1 )

R1

76
R1 = 1.75 ×16 = 28
R3 R2
R2 = 2R1 = 2×28 = 56 , R3 = 4R1 = 4×28 = 112

I2 I1 IS RT

I2 I1 Is RT
RT = R1×R2/( R1 + R2 ) = (9×18)/(9 + 18 ) =162/27 = 6
IS = E/RT = 27/6 = 4.5 A
I1 = V1/R1 = E/R1 = 27/9 = 3A
I2 = V2/R2 = E/R2 = 27/18 =1.5A
IS = I1 + I2 = 3 +1.5 = 4.5A

P1 = V1×I1 = E×I1 = (27)×(3) = 81W

P2 = V2×I2 = E×I2 = (27)×(1.5) = 40.5 W
PS = E×IS = (27)×(4.5) = 121.5 W
W 121.5 = 81+ 40.5 PS = P1 + P2

77
4
IS E R3
P2 R2 I2

IS E R3
1 1 1 1
R T R1 R 2 R 3
1 1 1 1
4 10 20 R 3
1 1
0.25 0.1 0.05 0.15
R3 R3
1
0.1 , R 3 10
R3

E = V1 = I1 R1 = (4×10) = 40 V
IT = E/RT = 40/4 = 10A
P2 R2 I2
V2 E 40
I2 2A
R2 RT 20

P2 = I22×R2 = (2 )2×(20) =80W

78
 Kirchhoff’s Current Law

I3 = I1 + I2
I2 I1 I3

I2 I1
I1 = I2 + I3 + I4 I4 I3

79
 I5 I3

a I3

I3 = I1 + I2 = 4 + 3 = 7 A

b I5

I3 = I4 + I5

7 = 1 + I5
I5 = 7 – 1 = 6 A

80
I = V/RT I Rx Ix
V = Ix R x Rx V

I = V/RT = Ix Rx /RT
RT
Ix = (RT/Rx ) I (3-33)

I1

I1 = ( RT/R1 ) I

I2
I2 = ( RT/R2 ) I

RT
RT = R1× R2 / ( R1 + R2 )
I1 = ( RT/R1 )\I = [(R1 R2/( R1 + R2 ))/R1] I

81
 I1
I1 = I×R2/(R1+ R2) ( 3-34 )

I2
I2 = I× R1/( R1+ R2 ) ( 3-35)

I3 I2 I1

I1
I1 = [ R2/(R1+ R2)] I = [ (4)/(2 + 4) ]×(12) = 8 A
I2
I2 = [ R1/(R1+ R2)]×I = [(2)/(2 + 4) ]×(12) = 4 A
I2
I2 = I – I1 = 12 – 8 = 4 A

82
 I3
I3 = I1 + I2 = 8 + 4 = 12 A
I3
R2 R1

I3 = I = 12 A

R1

I1
I1 = [ R2 / ( R1+ R2 )] I

( R1+ R2 ) I1 = R2 I
R1 I1 + R2 I1 = R2 I

R1 I1 = R2 I - R2 I1 = R2 ( I – I1 )
R1 = [R2 ( ]/I1
R1 R2 I1 I
R1 =[R2 ( I – I1 )] / I1 =[(7) ( 27 – 21 )] / (21) = (7) (6) / (21) = 2

I2
I2 = I – I1 = 27 – 21 = 6 mA

83
 R1 V1 V2

V2 = I2 R2 = (6) (7) = 42 mV
V1 = I1 R1 = V2 = 42 mV
R1 = V1 / I1 = (42 mV) / (21 mA) = 2

Open and Short Circuits

I=0 Vab = E b a

V = I×R = (I)×(0) = 0V

84
 R
I = E/R = E / 0 A

V I
R2 V I

I
R3 R2 R1

RT = R1 + R2 = 2 + 10 = 12
I = E/RT = 6/12 = 0.5 A
V= I×R2 = (0.5)×( 10) = 5 V

RT = R1 R2
I

85
I = E/RT = E/R1 = 6 / 2 = 3A
V
V = I×R2 = (I)×(0) = 0 V

86
 RT

R2

R1

R3

RT

RT = RS + RP

RP RS

RS = R1 , RP = ( R2×R3 )/(R2 + R3 )

RT = RS + RP = R1 + ( R2×R3 )/(R2 + R3 )

87
10V 2 ab

1 2 I
a
+ I1 I2
V 6 12

-
b

10
I 5A
2

6 12
Rp 4
6 12
RT 1 2 4 7
Vab I RT 7 5 35 V

I2 I1 6

V2 10V , V1 I 1 5 1 5V

V6 Vab V2 V1 35 10 5 20V
20
I1 3.333 A
6
20 10
I2 A
12 6

88
 230V 110V 60W
110V

P = 4×60 = 240 W

I = P/V = 240/110 = 2.1818 A

R
VR = 230 – 110 = 120 V
R
R = VR/I = 120 / 2.1818 = 55

I R
+

230 V 110 V

89
 I R
+

230 V 220 V

-
)

P 240
I 1.0909A
VL 220
VR 230 220 10V R I
R
10
R 9.167
1.0909

Ploss 120 2 / 55 261.82 W I2R

Ploss 10 2 / 9.167 10.9W

R
300 W 3

1 R I
+ +
90 V V3 3 6
-
-

90
 V3 2
P3 300 W
3

V3 30V
V3 30
I3 10 A
3 3

V3 30
I6 5A
6 6
V V
I 10 5 15A
1 R (6 3) /(6 3) 3 R

V 45 15R 90 V

90 45
R 3
15

Ploss ( 30 2 / 6 ) ( 30 2 / 3 ) 3 15 2 1 15 2 1350 W

P = 15 x 90 = 1350 W

91
 15V
I I2
I1

+
15V
-
I4
I3

I RT

I
I1
I2
+
15V
-

( 2 6)
RT 1 1 (3 / 2 ) 2.5
2 6
I
V 15
I 6A
RT 2.5

92
 ( I= 6A )

I2 2 /( 2 6 ) 6 1 .5 A
2
2
P2 I 22 ( 2) (1.5) 2 4.5W

I1 = 6 [ 6/ ( 2+6 ) ] = 4.5A

6
I3 ( 4.5) 3A
3 6
3
I4 ( 4.5) 1.5A
3 6
( I2 = 1.5A)
P = I2 R

P3 ( 3) 2 3 27 W P2 (1.5) 2 2 4 .5 W P1 ( 6) 2 1 36 W

P6 (1.5) 2 6 13.5W P4 (1.5) 2 4 9W

PT
PT = 36 + 4.5 + 27 + 9 + 13.5 = 90W

93
 ( –Y

T Y

Y
Y
N1 N3

94
 Y
R 3R 2 R 2 R1 R 3 R1
Ra
R2
R 1R 2 R 2R 3 R 3 R1
Rb (3-36)
R3
R1R 2 R 2R 3 R 3 R1
RC
R1

Y
RaRb
R1
Ra Rb RC

RbRC
R2 (3-37)
Ra Rb RC

RaRC
R1
Ra Rb RC

1 , 34 12 R3 R2 R 1
Y
Ra , Rc , Rb

(3-36)

Rc[ ]? Rc[ ]? Rb [ ]? R2 [ ] R1 [ ] R3 [ ]
454 37.833 13.353 34 12 1 1
103.283 42.124 113.87 16.78 45.36 18.5 2
4221 2275 8121 657 2345 1264 3
82.829 24.113 1.593 18.402 1.216 0.354 4
683.886 453.333 272 220 132 87.5 5
140463 147864 29078 66453 12868 13546 6

95
27 , 76 , RB RC R A
Y 16
R2 , R1 , R3
(3-37)

RA [ ] RC [ ] RB [ ] R3 [ ]? R1 [ ]? R2 [ ]?
1 16 27 76 3.63 10.218 17.244
2 158 545 227 92.591 38.566 133.027
3 1320 725 38 459.434 24.081 13.226
4 0.76 1.45 3.12 0.206754 0.444878 0.84878
5 12000 45625 27210 6454 3849 14634

AB

96
 Rao = (9×3) /(3+6+9) = 1.5

Rbo = (6×3)/(3+6+9) = 1
Rco = (6×9) /(3+6+9) = 3

Rad = (1.5 + 4.5) (3 + 3)/(1.5 + 4.5 + 3 +3) = 3

Rab = Rbo + Rod = 1+ 3 = 4

97
18 12 % 28
20°C
35 20°C
20 V 4

850 W
120 V A8

98
(B) (A)

E R

99
(B) (A)

(B) (A)

IS

(B) (A)

100
 VL
VL 2.2 K
VL

101
I1 I
. I2, I3

( )

102
 IT
E

103
 IT

10
E

104
105
106
Mesh Current Method (Loop Method)

107
 R3 R2 R1 I2 I1

I2

A,B
B,C,D,A
1

-28 + 2((I1 + I2) + 4I1 =0

-28 + 2II1 + 2I2 + 4I1 =0
-28 + 6II1 + 2I2 =0
=

108
 2
-14 + 3I1 + I2 =0
14 = 3I1 - I2 ………………….. (a)

2 B,E,F,C,B

-7 – 2(I2 – I1) – 1×I2 =0

-7 – 2 I2 + 2 I1 – I2 =0
-7 = - 2 I1 + 3 I2 ……………… (b)

(b) (a),
2 b 3 (a)

I1 = 5A , I2 = 1A

I2 I1

109
 I1 , I2

I1
60 – 40 - 5 I1 – 6 I1 – 3(I1 – I2) - 1×I1 =0
20 - 5 I1 – 6 I1 – 3I1 + 3I2 - 1×I1 =0
20 = 15 I1 – 3I2 …………… (a)
I2
40 – 10 – 3(I2 – I1) – 3I2 – 4I2 - 2I2 =0
30 - 3I2 + 3I1 – 3I2 - 4I2 - 2I2 =0
30 = - 3I1 + 12I2 …………… (b)
(a), (b)
5 b
20 = 15 I1 – 3I2 …………… (a)
150 = - 15I1 + 60I2 …………… (b)
170 = 57I2 , I2 = 170/57 = 2.98A
(b) (a) I2

I1 = 5A , I2 = 1A

20 = 15 I1 – 3(2.98 )
I1 = {20 + 3(2.98 )}/15 = 28.94/15 = 1.929A

110
 Node Voltage Method

N1, N2, N3, …… Nn n

V1 , V2, V3, …… Vn

N KCL

Ia + Ib + Ic =0

111
 I=V/R

2 1
V1 1 0
V2 V1 0 V2 2 0
0

112
 1
1 0 1
2

[(V1 – 12)/3] + [(V1 - 0)/6] + [(V1 –V2)/10] = 0 …………. (a)

2
2 0 2
1
[(V2 – V1)/ 10 + [(V2 – 0)/12] - 2 =0 …………. (b)

V2 V1 b a
6
I2 = (V1 – 0)/6

, V2 V1

113
 1 40V 1
1
V1 = 40V …………….. (a)
2
(V2 - V1)/10 + (V2 - 0)/2 + (V2 - 0)/5 – 20 =0
V2 - V1 + 5V2 + 2V2 – 200 = 0

8V2 - V1 – 200 = 0 …………….. (b)

b V1
8V2 = 200 + 40, 8V2 = 240
V2 = 240/40 = 30V

Superposition Theorem

Short Circuit

Open Circuit

114
 6

3 6 3A

R = (3×6)/(3+6) = 2

115
 V = I×R= 3×2 = 6V
6
I1 = V/R = 6/6 =1 A

6 2

I2 = 18/(3 + 6) = 2 A

V2 = 2×6 = 12 V
6
I = I1 + I2 = 1 + 2 = 3A
V = 6 + 12 = 18 V

116
 20V 10V

0.0636A I1

I2 10V

117
I1 = 0.0636 A

I2 = 1.744 A

I = I1 + I2 = 0.0636 – 1.744 = -1.68 A

120V

118
 '
I1
R' = 10 + 20 + 10 = 40

Rab = 40/2 = 20

R = 20 + 15 + 15 +30 = 80

I1' = 120/80 = 1.5 A

b a I2'

Vab = I1' x Rab = 1.5×20 = 30V

I2' = 30/40 = 0.75 A
I3' = 30/40 = 0.75 A

240V

I1" = 1.5 A, I2" = 3.75 A, I3" = 2.25 A

119
 60 V

I1"' = 0.375 A, I2"' = 0.562 A, I3"' = 0.937A

I1 = I1' + I1" + I1"' = 1.5 + 1.5 + 0.375 = 3.375 A

I2 = I2' + I2" + I2"' = 0.75 + 3.75 – 0.562 = 3.938 A

120
 I2" I2' I2"'
I2" I2' I2

I3 = I3' + I3" + I3"' = 0.75 – 2.25 + 0.937 = -0.563 A

I3
I3"

121