Hydrostatic Pressure

(Fluid Statics)

Reference:
- Engineering Fluid Mechanics by Clayton T. Crowe, Donald F. Elger,
John A. Roberson, Barbara C. Williams
Review of Fluid Properties

Mass Density, ρ

ρ = m/V

Specific Volume, Vs
Vs = V/m = 1/ ρ

Specific Weight or Unit Weight, γ

γ = ρg

Specific Gravity, S
γ𝒇𝒍𝒖𝒊𝒅 ρ𝒇𝒍𝒖𝒊𝒅
𝑺= =
γ𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 ρ𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓
Review of Fluid Properties

Ideal Gas Law

Viscosity

Kinematic Viscosity

Variation of liquid Viscosity with temperature

Review of Fluid Properties

Bulk Modulus of Elasticity

Surface Tension Force, Fσ

Fσ = σL
Surface Tension, Case a: Spherical Droplet

Surface Tension, Case b: Spherical Bubble

Review of Fluid Properties

Surface Tension, Case c: Cylinder supported by surface tension

(liquid does not wet cylinder)

Surface Tension, Case d: Ring pulled out of liquid (liquid wets the
ring)
Review of Fluid Properties
Review of Fluid Properties
Review of Fluid Properties
Review of Fluid Properties
Review of Fluid Properties
Review of Fluid Properties
Fluid Statics

 Fluid either at rest or moving in a manner that there is no relative

motion between adjacent particles.
 No shearing stress in the fluid
 Only pressure (force that develop on the surfaces of the particles)
Fluid Statics

 A fluid particle, is defined as a body of fluid having finite mass and

internal structure but negligible dimensions.
 The hydrostatic condition means that each fluid particle is in force
equilibrium with the net force due to pressure balancing the
weight of the fluid particle.
Pressure

 Pressure is defined as the ratio of normal force to area at a point.

For example, Fig. 3.2 shows fluid inside an object such as air inside
a soccer ball.
Pressure

 The reason that pressure is defined using a derivative is that pressure

often varies from point to point. For example, pressure acting on the
windshield of a moving car will vary at different locations on the
windshield.

 Pressure is a scalar quantity; that is, it has magnitude only. Pressure is

not a force; rather it is a scalar that produces a resultant force by its
action on an area. The resultant force is normal to the area and acts in a
direction toward the surface (compressive).
Pressure

For example, pressure in a balloon will push on a water column

upward about 8 inches as shown in Fig. 3.3. Engineers state that the
pressure in the balloon is 8 inches of water: p = 8 in-H2O.
Pressure

 Engineers use several different scales for pressure.

 Absolute pressure is referenced to regions such as outer space,
where the pressure is essentially zero because the region is devoid
of gas. The pressure in a perfect vacuum is called absolute zero,
and pressure measured relative to this zero pressure is termed
absolute pressure.
Pressure

 When pressure is measured relative to prevailing local

atmospheric pressure, the pressure value is called gage pressure.

 For example, a gage pressure of 50 kPa recorded in a location

where the atmospheric pressure is 100 kPa is expressed as either
Pressure

 When pressure is less than atmospheric, the pressure can be

described using vacuum pressure.
 Vacuum pressure is defined as the difference between
atmospheric pressure and actual pressure.
 Vacuum pressure is a positive number and equals the absolute
value of gage pressure (which will be negative).

 For example, if a gage connected to a tank indicates a vacuum

pressure of 31.0 kPa, this can also be stated as 70.0 kPa absolute,
or –31.0 kPa gage.
Pressure
Pascals Law

 A hydraulic machine uses components such as pistons, pumps,

and hoses to transmit forces and energy using fluids. Hydraulic
machines are applied, for example, to braking systems, forklift
trucks, power steering systems, and airplane control systems

 Hydraulic machines provide an example of Pascal’s law. This law

states that pressure applied to an enclosed and continuous body
of fluid is transmitted undiminished to every portion of that fluid
and to the walls of the containing vessel.
Pascals Law
Pascals Law

Solution:
Pressure Variation in ELevation

 The hydrostatic differential equation is derived by applying force

equilibrium to a static body of fluid.
 To begin the derivation, visualize any region of static fluid (e.g., water
behind a dam), isolate a cylindrical body, and then sketch a free-body
diagram (FBD) as shown in Fig. 3.5.
Pressure Variation in ELevation
Hydrostatic Equation

 The hydrostatic equation is used to predict pressure variation in a

fluid with constant density. This equation is derived by assuming
that specific weight is constant and then integrating Eq. (3.4) to
give
Hydrostatic Equation
Hydrostatic Equation
Sample Problem
Sample Problem
Pressure Variation in the Atmosphere

 This section describes how to calculate pressure, density and

temperature in the atmosphere for applications such as modeling
of atmospheric dynamics and the design of gliders, airplanes,
balloons, and rockets
Pressure Variation in the Atmosphere
Pressure Variation in the Atmosphere
Pressure Variation in the Atmosphere
Pressure Variation in the Atmosphere
Sample Problem
Sample Problem
Pressure Measurements

 This section describes five scientific instruments for measuring

pressure: the barometer, Bourdon-tube gage, piezometer,
manometer, and transducer.
 This information is used for experimental work, for equipment
testing and process monitoring
Barometer

 An instrument that is used to measure atmospheric pressure is

called a barometer.
 The most common types are the mercury barometer and the
aneroid barometer.
Bourdon-Tube Gage

 A Bourdon-tube gage, Fig. 3.9, measures pressure by sensing the

deflection of a coiled tube.
 The tube has an elliptical cross section and is bent into a circular
arc, as shown in Fig. 3.9b.
Piezometer

 A piezometer is a vertical tube, usually transparent, in which a

liquid rises in response to a positive gage pressure.
 For example, Fig. 3.10 shows a piezometer attached to a pipe.
Pressure in the pipe pushes the water column to a height h, and
the gage pressure at the center of the pipe is p = γh which follows
directly from the hydrostatic equation (3.7c).
Manometer

 A manometer, often shaped like the letter “U,” is a device for

measuring pressure by raising or lowering a column of liquid.
 For example, Fig. 3.11 shows a U-tube manometer that is being
used to measure pressure in a flowing fluid.
 In the case shown, positive gage pressure in the pipe pushes the
manometer liquid up a height
Sample Problem
Manometer

Pressure Difference measured by Manometer

Sample Problem
Manometer
Sample Problem
Pressure Transducers

 A pressure transducer is a device that converts pressure to an

electrical signal.
 Modern factories and systems that involve flow processes are
controlled automatically, and much of their operation involves
sensing of pressure at critical points of the system.
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