Introduction to Globalization: Economic Perspective
in other countries instead of domestically doing business?
What is globalization?
Globalization is such a broad coverage that
composing its definite interpretation is still being widely
debated. To give us further understanding what globalization
is, here is of its different interpretation in terms of economic
perspective.
Globalization as Internationalization
 It is described as cross-border relations between
countries wherein interdependent countries earn
growth through international exchange through
enlarged movements between countries of people,
money, investments, messages, and ideas.
 In simple terms, internationalization refers to
any mutual activity between countries that
benefits both parties. The presence of foreign
companies, such as McDonalds, in the
Philippines is an example of internationalization.
McDonald’s, a US based company, gives
franchise and/or license to Philippine
businessmen to use its brand for
Filipinos to enjoy its offered products
and services. In return, McDonald’s
receives economic boost as it expands
its economic presence across the
country.
Globalization as Liberalization
 It is the process of removing state-imposed
restrictions on movements between countries in
order to create an “open borderless” world
economy.
Recently, Filipinos were given free
entry to Taiwan by the Taiwanese
government. This is an example of
liberalization. By granting the free-visa
privilege to all Filipinos, Taiwan will
enhance its bilateral relations with
Philippines through tourism, trade,
investment, technology, agriculture,
economic, cultural, educational, and
people-to-people cooperation and
exchanges.
Globalization as Westernization
 The social structures of modernity like capitalism,
rationalism, industrialism, bureaucratism, and so on,
are spread all over the world, normally destroying
earlier existent cultures and local self-determination
process. This may be referred to as Americanization.
Hollywood, for example, has dominated
the world market since 1920’s. It has
become the medium by which people
across the globe see American fashions,
culture, tradition, and recent trends.
Because of its vast influence, countries
afar adapt Hollywood lifestyle to their
respective communities. This is an
example of Westernization.
Globalization as Internationalization
Why Internationalization?
f. Managerial Urge
Why some companies have to extend their presence
There are several reasons why a business firm
decides to internationalize. Generally, they are subdivided
into two main parts: proactive reasons and reactive reasons.
*concept map of internationalization
PROACTIVE REASONS
Proactive means to act in advance, to anticipate
something happening, and plan for the situation. Companies
who are proactive in international business are, in most cases,
better positioned than companies that simply react. Here are
some proactive reasons:
a. Profit and growth goals
 Bayadog Group of Companies (BGC) aims to increase
its annual profit to $10B by 2020. Currently, its
domestic annual profit is $3.5B. To realize this aim,
BGC has decided to include India, China, and the
Philippines as potential market in the next few years.
b. Technology Competence
 Over the past 20 years, Amazon has developed from
a small seller working from a garage in Seattle, to a
global company with 285 million customers
worldwide. This is because of its continuous
development of cutting-edge technology to assist
their employees in their roles and deliver for their
customers.
c. Unique Product
 Netflix’s unique video streaming model has shrunk
Blockbuster’s 4000 stores to just 500. Hollywood
studios, meanwhile, are realizing that the company is
once again changing the home entertainment
market with its video streaming model – and are
wary about its still growing power. Its success has
spurred Apple and Amazon to invest heavily in video
streaming.
d. Cost Reduction
 Instead of creating its own telebanking customer
support in the US. Citibank has signed an agreement
with Convergys Philippines to serve as their
customer service frontline. Philippines offers lower
labor cost compared to the US.
e. Foreign Market Opportunities
 Exploring the rising market of construction in the
Philippines, Oliver’s Construction Firm, an Austrian
based firm, signed a deal with the Department of
Public Works and Highways.
 The management of PeopleTV has decided to expand its
 presence across Asia as part of its international
marketing strategy.
g. Access to resources
 China, being the world’s top gold producer, is being
eyed by jeweler companies as a top destination for
gold supplies.
REACTIVE REASONS
Unfortunately, firms cannot predict every event that
will occur in the future. Thus, sometimes when a company
decides to expand internationally it is a reactive action to an
event. The following are examples of reactive reasons for
expanding abroad.
a. Competitive pressure in the domestic market
 Red Alison Beer House is observing a consistent
downgrade of its earnings for the past year because
of the emergence of several beer houses in Sweden.
To save the company from bankruptcy, it has
decided to expand its establishments to other
European countries.
b. Domestic market small and saturated
 MLB Pancake House, located at the heart of Monaco,
has celebrated its first year in business. After careful
evaluation, Lourdes, owner of MLB, figured that
sales are up only when there is tourism boost in the
community. With less than 40,000 people living in
the country, Lourdes knew that the business won’t
thrive unless it internationalizes.
c. Overproduction/Excess capacities
 Jona’s Jewels is known to be a top producer of
accessories in Venezuela. It is estimated that Jona’s
Jewels can produce 1 million accessories per annum.
Annually an average of 600,000 jewels is sold.
(Continuation at letter f)
d. Unsolicited foreign market orders
 Two (2) years ago during the ASEAN Business Expo
2015, Zyper displayed his Kalinga-inspired ready-to-
wear (RTW) dresses. Zyper is successful with his
business locally. But this success is yet to double
after he learned from one of the participants of the
business expo two years ago that his wardrobes are
well accepted in New Zealand, Australia, and Papua
New Guinea.
e. Extend sale of seasonal products
 After graduating from fashion school, Trish focused
on making summer wear. Every summer, she figured
her creations sell like hotcakes. Because her product
was well received by clients, and because it sells only
in one season, she imported her products to tropical
countries.
f. Proximity to international customers
 As a result of excess capacity, Jona exported some
jewels to neighboring countries such as Colombia,
Ecuador, and Mexico.
Globalization as Trade Liberalization
Why Is Trading Liberalization Important?
Countries trade with each other because trading
typically makes a country better off. In international trade,
competition occurs at the firm level, while citizens of every
country can benefit from free trade. Citizens enjoy a greater
variety of goods and services, and generally at a lower cost.
Imagine a country that decides to isolate itself
economically from the rest of the world. In order to survive,
the citizens of this country would need to grow their own
food, make their own clothes and build their own houses.
However, if this country decided to open its border to trade,
its citizens would specialize in the activities they do best.
Specialization leads to higher productivity, higher income, and
better living standards.
Can every country benefit from free trade? A
fundamental principle of economics – comparative
advantage
– holds that when a country produces more of one product, it
will create less of some other product. This trade-off occurs
because resources are scarce and societies want to get the
maximum benefit from them.
Countries benefit from free trade because of their
comparative advantages, which means that there is no single
country in the world that can produce everything more
cheaply than others.
The benefits of comparative advantage are
particularly important to developing nations. In Thomas
Sowell’s Basic Economics, he quotes an unattributed
statement: “Comparative advantage means there is a place
under the free trade sun for every nation, no matter how
poor, because people of every nation can produce some
products relatively more efficiently than they produce other
products.”
The relationship between trade openness and
economic growth has been thoroughly analyzed, and the
findings in most papers support the notion that greater
openness to trade generates positive growth effects.
Pros of Trade Liberalization
Trade liberalization promotes a free trade
marketplace. This allows goods to cross international lines
without any regulatory barriers or their associated costs. This
can make it more cost effective for those looking to import or
export goods with other nations and, ultimately, may result in
lower costs to consumers due to lower fees and additional
competition.
It may also provide a mechanism by which a nation
can specialize in the production of a particular good in which
it has an advantage. This can lead to lower production costs,
which may also translate into savings for consumers.
Cons of Trade Liberalization
Trade liberalization can negatively affect certain
businesses within a nation. This can include increased
competition from foreign producers, as well as lower local
support for certain industries. There may also be higher risks
to certain environments if items or raw materials are
gathered from countries with lower environmental standards.
Trade liberalization may also pose a particular threat
to developing nations or economies as they likely cannot
effectively compete against more established economies or
nations. This can lower local industrial diversity or may result
in the failure of certain newly developed industries within a
particular economy.
 Forms of Globalization

 Economic, relating to the process or system by which goods and services are produced, sold, and brought.
 Economic globalization is responsible for the emergence of multinational corporations producing and exporting goods
as they obtain capital, technology, and access to distribution networks. It has also created global cities such as New
York, London, Tokyo, Shanghai, Hong Kong, Milan, Sidney, Zurich, and Chicago.

 Financial, any process that relates to the use of money. It is the high integration of global financial markets. There are four
basic developments that drive financial globalization.
 Consolidation of financial institutions,
Local banks were, until about two decades ago, largely locally owned and operated. Today, the local bank is likely to be owned
by a much larger bank in a major city. The number of independent financial institutions is declining as mergers and acquisitions result in
larger financial institutions.
 Globalization of operations
Banking conglomerates extend their reach by forming strategic alliances with similar institutions in different countries.
European, American, and Asian financial institutions increasingly linked, and major banks in the industrial world are acquiring banks in
developing countries.
 Emergence of new technologies
Money moves across national boundaries at the touch of a button. Internet banking and brokerage services compete with more
traditional financial conglomerates. Many financial institutions are using their online operation to expand into foreign markets without
having branches there.
 Universalization of banking.
Growing competition in financial markets, the increasing irrelevance of national borders, and the increasingly complex
relationships among businesses have contributed to a blurring of bank and nonbank financial services.

 Political, activities that relate to influencing the actions and policies of a government or getting and keeping power in
government.
 It is characterized by the acceptance of states, the relative power of states, the proliferation of international and
regional organizations composed of states, and the spread of non-state political actors.
Political issues in one part of the world directly or indirectly affect many other areas. For example, conflicts in the
Middle East have important ramifications for Europe, the US, and Japan. Another example is how the entire world
watch closely every US elections.

 Military, activities relating to soldier or the armed forces (such as army, navy, marines, and air force).
 It is characterized by extensive as well as intensive networks of military force. The most obvious example of military
globalization is the nuclear age and the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction.

 Cultural, relating to the particular group of people and their habits, beliefs, and traditions, etc.
 It involves the exchange of food, people, products, ideas, and technology across national borders. It is naturally
relative to economic and military expansion of a country. Fundamentally, it is beyond the tangible. It affects the
consciousness of individuals and their attitudes towards politics, religion, economics, and broader cultural values.

 Environmental, the conditions and influences that affect the growth, health, and progress, etc.
 It focuses on the interdependence among countries in relation to such problems as global warming, the spread of
infectious diseases, air and water pollution, deforestation, the loss of biodiversity, and threats to endangered species.

 Criminal, circumstances involving illegal activities relating to crime.

  It poses severe challenges to national and global security. Terrorists and criminals use the instruments of globalization
to achieve their objectives. It includes transborder crimes, such as drug trafficking, money laundering, prostitution,
alien smuggling, arms trafficking, and counterfeiting.

Globalization and Human Security

Human Security, it is a concept of security that deals with the everyday challenges humans face that don’t involve military issues.

Seven Categories of Human Security

Economic Security
 Strategies to enhance protection and empowerment
 Assured access to basic income
  Public and private sector employment, wage employment, self-employment
 When necessary, government financed social safety nets
 Diversity agriculture and economy
 Capacities needed
 Economic capital
 Human capital
 Public finance
 Financial reserves
 Diversified agriculture and economy

Food Security
 Strategies to enhance protection and empowerment
 Entitlement of food, by growing it themselves, having the ability to purchase it or through a public food distribution
system
 Capacities needed
 Diversified agriculture and economy
 Local and national distribution systems

Health Security
 Strategies to enhance protection and empowerment
 Access to basic health care and health services
 Risk-sharing arrangements that pool membership funds and promote community-based insurance schemes
 Interconnected surveillance systems to identify disease outbreak at all levels
  Capacities needed
 Universal basic education and knowledge on health-related matters
 Indigenous/traditional health practices
 Access to information and community-based knowledge creation

Environmental Security
 Strategies to enhance protection and empowerment
 Sustainable practices that consider natural resources and environmental degradation (deforestation, desertification)
 Early warning and response mechanisms for natural hazards and/or man-made disaster at all levels
 Capacities needed
 Natural resource capital
 Natural barriers to storm action (e.g. coral reefs)
 Natural environmental recovery processes (e.g. forest recovering from fires)
 Biodiversity
 Indigenous/traditional practices that respect the environment

Personal Security
 Strategies to enhance protection and empowerment
 Rule of law
 Explicit and enforced protection of human rights and civil liberties
  Capacities needed
 Coping mechanisms
 Adaptive mechanism
 Memory of past disasters

Community Security
 Strategies to enhance protection and empowerment
 Explicit and enforced protection of ethnic groups and community identity
 Protection from oppressive traditional practices, harsh treatment towards women, or discrimination against ethnic,
indigenous, refugee groups
 Capacities needed
 Social capital
 Coping mechanism
 Adaptive strategies
 Memory of past disasters
 Local non-governmental organizations or traditional organisms

Political Security
 Strategies to enhance protection and empowerment
 Protection of human rights
 Protection from military dictatorships and abuse
 Protection from political or state repression, torture, unlawful detention and imprisonment
 Capacities needed
 Good governance
  Ethical standards
 Local leadership
 Accountability mechanisms
GLOBALIZATION OF TERRORISM

Types of Terrorism

 Civil disorder – A form of collective violence interfering with the peace, security, and normal functioning of
the community. (Example: Illegal parades or protests, riots, illegal occupancy or trespassing of boundaries
or territory)
 Political terrorism – Violent criminal behavior designed primarily to generate fear in the community, or
substantial segment of it, for political purposes. (Example: Political disputes between Jerusalem and Israel)

 Non-Political terrorism – Terrorism that is not aimed at political purposes but which exhibits "conscious
design to create and maintain a high degree of fear for coercive purposes, but the end is individual or
collective gain rather than the achievement of a political objective". (Example: School mass shootings in the
US executed without an ideology in mind)

 Quasi-terrorism – The activities incidental to the commission of crimes of violence that are similar in form
and method to genuine terrorism but which nevertheless lack its essential ingredient. It is not the main
purpose of the quasi-terrorists to induce terror in the immediate victim as in the case of genuine terrorism,
but the quasi-terrorist uses the modalities and techniques of the genuine terrorist and produces similar
consequences and reaction. (Example: The fleeing felon who takes hostages is a quasi- terrorist, whose
methods are similar to those of the genuine terrorist but whose purposes are quite different)

 Limited political terrorism – Genuine political terrorism is characterized by a revolutionary approach;

limited political terrorism refers to "acts of terrorism which are committed for
 ideological or political motives but which are not part of a concerted campaign to capture control of the state". (Example:
ISIS and other militant groups for their ideological approach towards terrorism)

 State terrorism – "referring to nations whose rule is based upon fear and oppression that reach similar to
terrorism or such proportions". It may also be referred to as Structural Terrorism defined broadly as terrorist
acts carried out by governments in pursuit of political objectives, often as part of their foreign policy. (As
alleged by US Department of State, state sponsors of terrorism include North Korea, Sudan, Syria and Iran)

GLOBAL MIGRATION

Migration – the movement of people from one place to another – is an integral component of human behavior. There are several
categories of people who migrate. A migrant is a person who moves from one country or area to another country or location.
Migrants often move from one part of a country to another location within that country. The broad category of migrant is
subdivided into refugees, displaced persons, and immigrants. Refugees are essentially migrants who live outside their country
and are unable or unwilling to return because of documented cases of persecution or a well-founded fear of persecution.
Historically and today, conflicts, famine, natural disasters, and political, religious, and economic oppression have been dominant
factors contributing to the creation of refugees. Refugees who attempt to obtain permanent residence in the country to which
they fled are referred to asylum- seekers.
A displaced person is someone who has been forced to become a permanent resident. Many immigrants, both legal and
leave his or her home because of violence, conflict, illegal, tend to cross national boundaries frequently and do not
persecution, or natural disaster, but has not crossed an perceive themselves as permanent residents in the foreign
international border. Many displaced people eventually country.
cross national borders, thereby becoming refugees. An There are several types of migration. Regional migration is
immigrant is someone who goes to a foreign country to fueled by increasing economic opportunities in a country or
group of neighboring countries. For example, people from immigration center contain migrants from Ecuador, India, Cuba,
North Africa move to Spain, France, or Italy to find China, Russia, Albania, Russia, and more.
employment. Rural-to-urban is the dominant pattern of Forced and induced migration is an integral component of
migration in both rich and poor countries. Many rural areas human history. This involuntary movement of people have been
across the US are losing population as residents seek better routinely expelled from countries because of political, social,
opportunities in urban areas. Rural-to-rural migration, the ethnic, and religious differences. The Spanish crown forced Jews
movement of people from one rural area to another is to leave Spain in 1942; Africans were forcibly removed from their
common in the many parts of the world, despite the limited household and enslaved in the Americas, the Middle East, and
economic opportunities found in the area. Many migrants other parts of the world. One that is becoming common in age of
follow the planting, cultivation, and harvesting of crops. globalization is return migration. It is the movement of people
Urban-to-urban migration is when people move from one back to the country from which they originally emigrated.
city to another to find employment, to pursue studies, or to
be in a culturally dynamic area. Urban-to-rural migration is GLOBALIZATION OF RELIGION
usually designed to encourage the economic development The three major world religions (Buddhism, Islam, Christianity)
of the countryside and to relieve population pressures on differ in many respects, including how each
urban centers.
Another type of migration is seasonal migration. People
move from one area to another because of the seasonal
demand for labor. Agricultural industries often demand
more labor at certain times of the year than of others. This
type of migration is also driven by other industries, such as
tourism. Transit migration refers to people seeking to enter
a specific country to pass through another country or stay
there temporarily. Example, migrants use Mexico as transit
point for illegal entry into the US. Mexico’s main
 religion is organized and the belief system each
upholds. Other differences include the nature of belief
in a higher power, the history of how the world and
the religion began, and the use of sacred texts and
objects.
Buddhism
Buddhism was founded by Siddhartha Gautama around
500 B.C.E. Siddhartha was said to have given up a
comfortable, upper-class life to follow one of poverty
and spiritual devotion. At the age of thirty-five, he
famously meditated under a sacred fig tree and
vowed not to rise before he achieved enlightenment
(bodhi). After this experience, he became known as
Buddha, or “enlightened one.” Followers were drawn
to Buddha’s teachings and the practice of meditation,
and he later established a monastic order.
Buddha’s teachings encourage Buddhists to lead a moral
life by accepting the four Noble Truths: 1) life is suffering,
2) suffering arises from attachment to desires, 3)
suffering ceases when attachment to desires ceases,
and
4) freedom from suffering is possible by following the
“middle way.” The concept of the “middle way” is central
to Buddhist thinking, which encourages people to live in the
present and to practice acceptance of others (Smith 1991).
Buddhism also tends to deemphasize the role of a godhead,
instead stressing the importance of personal responsibility.
Islam
Islam is monotheistic religion and it follows the teaching of
the prophet Muhammad, born in Mecca, Saudi Arabia, in
570 C.E. Muhammad is seen only as a prophet, not as a
divine being, and he is believed to be the messenger of
Allah (God), who is divine. The followers of Islam, whose
U.S. population is projected to double in the next twenty
years (Pew Research Forum 2011), are called Muslims.
Islam means “peace” and “submission.” The sacred text for
Muslims is the Qur’an (or Koran). As with Christianity’s Old
Testament, many of the Qur’an stories are shared with the
Jewish faith. Divisions exist within Islam, but all Muslims
are guided by five beliefs or practices, often called “pillars”:
1) Allah is the only god, and Muhammad is his prophet, 2)
daily prayer, 3) helping those in poverty, 4) fasting as a
spiritual practice, and 5) pilgrimage to the holy center of
Mecca.
Christianity

Today the largest religion in the world, Christianity

began 2,000 years ago in Palestine, with Jesus of
Nazareth, a charismatic leader who taught his
followers about caritas (charity) or treating others as
you would like to be treated yourself.
The sacred text for Christians is the Bible. While Jews,
Christians, and Muslims share many of same historical
religious stories, their beliefs verge. In their shared
sacred stories, it is suggested that the son of God—a
messiah—will return to save God’s followers. While
Christians believe that he already appeared in the person
of Jesus Christ, Jews and Muslims disagree. While they
recognize Christ as an important historical figure, their
traditions don’t believe he’s the son of God, and their
faiths see the prophecy of the messiah’s arrival as not yet
fulfilled.

Different Christian groups have variations among their

sacred texts. For instance, Mormons, an established
Christian sect, also use the Book of Mormon, which they
believe details other parts of Christian doctrine and
Jesus’ life that aren’t included in the Bible.

Similarly, the Catholic Bible includes the Apocrypha, a

collection that, while part of the 1611 King James
translation, is no longer included in Protestant versions of
the Bible. Although monotheistic, Christians often
describe their god through three manifestations that
they call the Holy Trinity: the father (God), the son
 (Jesus), and the Holy Spirit. The Holy Spirit is a term
Christians often use to describe religious experience, or
how they feel the presence of the sacred in their lives.
One foundation of Christian doctrine is the Ten
Commandments, which decry acts considered sinful,
including theft, murder, and adultery.

INFLUENCES OF RELIGION ACROSS THE GLOBE

 Celebration of Christmas
 Belief of Santa Claus
 Wedding traditions
 Diet
 Yoga and meditation
 Arts
 Music (e.g. Hillsong worship songs)
 Rest Days on Sundays/ Saturdays
 Clothing (e.g. less to no skin exposure)
 Media Censorship
 Political decisions (e.g. abortion,
same sex marriage)
 GLOBALIZATION OF DISEASE

Factors of globalization of infectious diseases

Global Communications and Travel

Human beings are the most efficient transmitters of diseases that have historically affected relatively small isolate parts of the world.
In the past, large proportions of populations were killed by plagues as people traveled to distant places. At present, the speed of air
transportation and communications have combined to rapidly spread infectious diseases and information about them worldwide.

Trade
The rapid expansion of trade has exposed the world to many diseases. Example of which are trades of agricultural and dairy
products. Mad cow diseases, for instance, has become a contentious disease issue between the US and Japan. Japanese people feared to
be infected by imports of American beef.

Environmental Factors
Human activities have profoundly affected the natural environment. People have migrated to areas that bring them into contact with
animals and soils that play a role in the spread of infectious diseases. Furthermore, gradual increases in the earth’s temperature are
conducive to the global spread of diseases.

Ethnic Conflicts and Wars

Combatants are often more likely to die from infectious diseases than from actual fighting. It is estimated that more than two-thirds
of the roughly 600,000 deaths in the American civil war were caused by infectious diseases. When American soldiers were transported on
trains and troop ships, many perished.

Refugees and Migration

 Conditions that influence people to leave one area to settle in another initiate the downward spiral leading to infectious diseases.
The deterioration of health services, the destruction of infrastructure, food shortages, and the lack of proper sanitation make refugees
susceptible to communicable diseases. For example, following the Gulf War in 1991, roughly 400,000 Kurdish refugees fled Iraq and
ended up in squalid camps in adverse weather conditions. More than 70 percent of the deaths were attributed to diarrhea and cholera.

Poverty
The poorest countries are generally more vulnerable to contracting infectious diseases. Overcrowding, malnutrition, inadequate
medical care, and unsanitary conditions facilitate the growth and transmission of infectious diseases.

Modern Medical Practices

A growing problem that assists the spread of infectious diseases is overuse and misuse of antibiotics. The increasing use of antibiotics
in agricultural products has contributed to a process of pathogenic natural selection, which promotes the emergence of more virulent,
resilient, resistant, and powerful disease strains.
 Changing Social and Behavioral Patterns
Pervasive and instant communications, television programs, movies, and the Internet facilitate the global spread of information
about social practices that were once limited to smaller groups within societies. The global sex industry is an example of how changing
behavior contributes to the globalization of infectious diseases, such as HIV/AIDS. The spread of infectious diseases has focused
attention on human security.

Most common global diseases Influenza

The flu, or influenza, is a highly contagious viral infection
that mainly affects the respiratory system. It’s usually a seasonal illness, with yearly outbreaks killing hundreds of thousands of people
around the world.
Though rare, completely new versions of the virus may infect people and spread quickly, resulting in pandemics (an infection that
spreads throughout the world) with death tolls in the millions. Symptoms of the flu include sudden onset fever, coughing, sneezing, a
runny nose, and severe malaise, though it can also include vomiting, diarrhea and nausea.

Avian Flu
Although avian flu viruses usually do not infect people, rare cases of human infection with these viruses have been reported.
Infected birds shed avian flu virus in their saliva, mucous and feces. Human infections with bird flu viruses can happen when enough
virus gets into a person’s eyes, nose or mouth, or is inhaled. This can happen when virus is in the air (in droplets or possibly dust) and a
person breathes it in, or when a person touches something that has virus on it then touches their mouth, eyes or nose.
Rare human infections with some avian viruses have occurred most often after unprotected contact with infected birds or surfaces
contaminated with avian flu viruses. However, some infections have been identified where direct contact was not known to have
occurred. Illness in people has ranged from mild to severe.
The reported signs and symptoms of avian influenza virus infections in humans have ranged from mild to severe and included
conjunctivitis, influenza-like illness (e.g., fever, cough, sore throat, muscle aches) sometimes accompanied by nausea, abdominal pain,
diarrhea, and vomiting, severe respiratory illness (e.g., shortness of breath, difficulty breathing, pneumonia, acute respiratory distress,
viral pneumonia, respiratory failure), neurologic changes (altered mental status, seizures), and the involvement of other organ systems.

Malaria
Malaria is a serious and sometimes fatal disease caused by a parasite that commonly infects a certain type of mosquito which feeds
on humans. People who get malaria are typically very sick with high fevers, shaking chills, and flu-like illness, headache, muscle aches,
and tiredness. Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea may also occur.
Malaria may cause anemia and jaundice (yellow coloring of the skin and eyes) because of the loss of red blood cells. If not promptly
treated, the infection can become severe and
may cause kidney failure, seizures, mental confusion, coma,
and death. Yellow fever
Yellow fever is a serious, potentially deadly flu-like disease
Dengue spread by mosquitoes. It’s characterized by a high fever and
Dengue fever is transmitted by the bite of an Aedes jaundice. Jaundice is yellowing of the skin and eyes, which is why
mosquito infected with a dengue virus. The mosquito becomes this disease is called yellow fever. This disease is most prevalent
infected when it bites a person with dengue virus in their in certain parts of Africa and South America. It isn’t curable, but
blood. It can’t be spread directly from one person to another you can prevent it with the yellow fever vaccine.
person. Yellow fever develops quickly, with symptoms occurring
Symptoms, which usually begin 4 to 6 days after infection three to six days after exposure. The initial symptoms of the
and last up to 10 days, may include, sudden high fever, severe infection are similar to those of the influenza virus. They include,
headaches, pain behind the eyes, severe joint and muscle pain, headaches, muscle aches, joint aches, chills, fever and a more
fatigue, nausea, vomiting, skin rash (which appears 2 to 5 days serious symptoms which include, decreased urination, abdominal
after the onset of fever) and mild bleeding (such as nose bleed, pain, vomiting (sometimes with blood), heart rhythm problems,
bleeding gums, or easy bruising). seizures, delirium, bleeding from the nose, mouth, and eyes.
 they get HIV experience more benefits—that’s why HIV testing is
HIV/AIDS so important.
HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is a virus that attacks
cells that help the body fight infection, making a person more
vulnerable to other infections and diseases. It is spread by
contact with certain bodily fluids of a person with HIV, most
commonly during unprotected sex (sex without a condom or HIV
medicine to prevent or treat HIV), or through sharing injection
drug equipment.
If left untreated, HIV can lead to the disease AIDS (acquired
immunodeficiency syndrome). The human body can’t get rid of
HIV and no effective HIV cure exists. So, once you have HIV, you
have it for life. However, by taking HIV medicine (called
antiretroviral therapy or ART), people with HIV can live long and
healthy lives and prevent transmitting HIV to their sexual
partners. In addition, there are effective methods to prevent
getting HIV through sex or drug use.

AIDS is the late stage of HIV infection that occurs when the
body’s immune system is badly damaged because of the virus.
Without HIV medicine, people with AIDS typically survive about
3 years. Once someone has a dangerous opportunistic illness,
life expectancy without treatment falls to about 1 year. HIV
medicine can still help people at this stage of HIV infection, and
it can even be lifesaving. But people who start ART soon after
 SARS
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a viral
respiratory disease caused by a SARS-associated coronavirus.
It was first identified at the end of February 2003 during an
outbreak that emerged in China and spread to 4 other
countries. SARS is an airborne virus and can spread through
small droplets of saliva in a similar way to the cold and
influenza. It was the first severe and readily transmissible new
disease to emerge in the 21st century and showed a clear
capacity to spread along the routes of international air travel.
SARS is an airborne virus and can spread through small droplets
of saliva in a similar way to the cold and influenza. It was the
first severe and readily transmissible new disease to emerge
in the 21st century and showed a clear capacity to spread
along the routes of international air travel. SARS can also be
spread indirectly via surfaces that have been touched
by someone who is infected with the virus.
Cholera
Cholera is a bacterial disease usually spread through
contaminated water. Cholera causes severe diarrhea and
dehydration. Left untreated, cholera can be fatal within hours,
even in previously healthy people. Modern sewage and water
treatment have virtually eliminated cholera in industrialized
countries. The risk of a cholera epidemic is highest when
poverty, war or natural disasters force people to live in crowded
conditions without adequate sanitation.
Symptoms of cholera infection can include, diarrhea,
nausea and vomiting, dehydration, and muscle cramps. Cholera
is easily treated. Death from severe dehydration can be
prevented with a simple and inexpensive rehydration solution.
Typhoid fever
Typhoid fever is caused by Salmonella typhi bacteria.
Typhoid fever is rare in industrialized countries. However, it
remains a serious health threat in the developing world,
especially for children.
Typhoid fever spreads through contaminated food and
water or through close contact with someone who's infected.
Signs and symptoms usually include a high fever, headache,
abdominal pain, and either constipation or diarrhea.
Most people with typhoid fever feel better within a few
days of starting antibiotic treatment, although a small number
of them may die of complications. Vaccines against typhoid
fever are available, but they're only partially effective. Vaccines
usually are reserved for those who may be exposed to the
disease or are traveling to areas where typhoid fever is
common.
Polio
 Polio is a contagious viral illness that in its most severe
form causes nerve injury leading to paralysis, difficulty
breathing and sometimes death. Although polio can cause
paralysis and death, the majority of people who are infected
with the virus don't get sick and aren't aware they've been
infected.
Some people who develop symptoms from the poliovirus
contract a type of polio that doesn't lead to paralysis (abortive
polio). This usually causes the same mild, flu-like signs and
symptoms typical of other viral illnesses.
 Signs and symptoms, which can last up to 10 days, include, ever, sore throat, headache, vomiting, fatigue, back pain or stiffness, neck
pain or stiffness, pain or stiffness in the arms or legs, and muscle weakness or tenderness.
The most serious form of the disease is rare. Initial signs and symptoms of paralytic polio, such as fever and headache, often mimic
those of nonparalytic polio. Within a week, however, other signs and symptoms appear, includes, loss of reflexes, severe muscle aches or
weakness, and loose and floppy limbs (flaccid paralysis).
Poliovirus can be transmitted through direct contact with someone infected with the virus or, less commonly, through contaminated
food and water. People carrying the poliovirus can spread the virus for weeks in their feces. People who have the virus but don't have
symptoms can pass the virus to others.

GLOBALIZATION OF CRIME

The globalization of crime essentially means that crime can occur in one country and can be committed by people in another country.
If states or governments in these countries don't cooperate, then it can be impossible to convict criminals or track them down.
The detection, policing and prosecution of global crime requires international cooperation. Examples of international crime control
bodies are Interpol (international police organization) and Europol (European police office).

Types of global crime

 Arms trafficking
 Nuclear materials trafficking
 21st Century slavery - People trafficking, trafficking illegal immigrants/prostitutes
 Cyber crimes
 Sex tourism in developing countries
 Terrorism
  Drugs
 Money laundering

Claims globalization creates crime at both ends of the social spectrum:

 Lower social groups
 Lack of legitimate employment opportunities caused by outsourcing to cheaper labor pools means illegal options
become more rational.
 Higher social groups
 Globalization of money markets has led to an increase of insider trading, tax evasion and wide scale fraud.

Human Rights and State Crimes

Human rights involve:

 Civil rights – rights to vote, a fair trial, rights to own property, etc.
 Natural rights – issues involving life itself, freedom from slavery, freedom of thought, freedom of speech etc.
 A right refers to something you are entitled to. It is a basic philosophy underpinning all western societies. They are enshrined in law
– the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

Countries cover up or try to legitimize their human rights crimes for instance:
 Dictatorships, often deny acts of torture
 Democracies, often use complex laws to legitimize acts of torture

Techniques of Neutralization and why people commit atrocities

Techniques of Neutralization. An idea to show on how governments use the same techniques as people to explain/excuse their
actions.
 denial of victim - they are terrorists etc…
 denial of injury - they started it/it’s self defense etc…
 denial of responsibility - we were following orders
etc…
 Condemning the condemners - they are picking on/victimizing us etc…
 Appealing to higher loyalty etc…
*there is a bigger cause and sacrifices are inevitable

Three features that can result in ‘crimes of obedience’

 Authorization
This is where ‘acts’ are ordered by someone in charge, and are overruled by the need/desire to obey authority.
 Routinization
This is where pressure from the hierarchy/organization /government etc… Turns the act into a routine so it can be
 performed again, repeated in a detached manner.
 Dehumanization
The enemy is made to look as non-human as possible – e.g. refused clothing, shaved head, id number replaces name
etc… It makes it easier to do unpleasant thing to them (e.g. torture). The conditions where such acts have become more
acceptable and common.