Psychological Statistics II LAB
CORRELATION Coefficient of Determination
Correlation
● It is used to find a relationship between
variables. It does not imply causation.
● Correlation analysis tells us the magnitude
and direction of the relationship.
● We will not know why the variables are
related. It does not answer, "by how much
will y change, as x changes?"
● We would also like to look at how fit the
variables to each other.
Direction of the Relationship
● Positive - Both variables go up
● Negative - One variable goes up, while the
other variable goes down
● Zero - No relationship
Strength/Magnitude of the Relationship
● Correlation Coefficient ( r )
○ Person’s r
○ “Multiple R” in excel
● A negative relationship is just as good as a
positive relationship.
● Perfect: 1.00 or -1.00
● Strong: (-)0.70 to (-)0.90
● Moderate: (-)0.40 to (-)0.60
● Weak: (-)0.10 to (-)0.30
● Zero: 0.00
Assumptions of Pearson’s r
● Variables should be an interval or ratio scale.
● The variable should be shared in a
continuous tail.
● The variable should be in related pairs.
● Normality
● There should be no significant outliers.
● There should be linearity or
homoscedasticity.
● There should be a normal distribution for
both variables.
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● Coefficient of Determination (r2) - Shared
variance, how much the variables co-vary,
how fit the variables are to each other in
terms of percentage, goodness of fit.
● The proportion of the variance in the
dependent variable that is predictable
from the independent variable.
● Unique Variance - The changes that happen
in one variable that cannot be accounted for
by the changes of the other variable.
● Excel Example: 43.70% of the changes of
short-term memory can be accounted for
by the changes of head size.
Degrees of Freedom
● Degrees of freedom (df) - The numbers
that are free to vary in the data set.
● N-1
● If 2 variables = n - 2
P-Value
● P-value will tell us that our relationship
occurred only by chance randomly.
● P-value tells us the probability that the
relationship between our variables
occurred by chance only.
● If p < 0.05, then we can say that our
relationship is statistically significant.
○ p < 0.05 = Significant relationship /
Reject Ho
● If p > 0.05, then our relationship is not
statistically significant.
○ p > 0.05 = Non-significant relationship /
Accept the Ho
● When writing the p-value, write the entire
value (p = 0.012).
● 0.000 is an exception. If the value is too
small, write it as p < 0.001.
 Psychological Statistics II LAB
REGRESSION
Regression
● Similar to Correlation Analysis.
● Extension of Correlation Analysis.
● Can predict and answer, “By how much
will y change, if x changes?”
● In regression, you are trying to predict
what will happen to y when x changes.
● Allows for the usage of “IV” and “DV.”

Independent Variable(s)
● Represented as x or IV
● Explanatory/Predictor variable
○ Explanatory - Explains the changes of y.
○ Predictor - You’re trying to predict how
much y will change when x changes.

Dependent Variable(s)
● Criterion variable
○ Criterion - Where the prediction is
based on.

P-Value
● p < 0.05 - significant relationship /
significant regression model
● p > 0.05 - non-significant relationship /
non-significant regression model

Equations
● Y = a + bx
● B = r ( sy / sx )
○ Slope of the line
● A = y - bx
○ Y-intercept