GENED7

I N T E L L E C T U A L R E V O L U T I O N S T H AT
DEFINED SOCIETY
INTRODUCTION

• This lesson will give light to the development of science and scientific ideas in the heart of
society.
• The goal of this lesson is to articulate ways by which the society is transformed by science and
technology
SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION

• Science is as old as world itself

• No one knows when and where science began
• In the next slide we will know how can science be defined.
SCIENCE AS AN IDEA

• It includes ideas, theories and all available systematic explanation and observations about the
natural and physical world
SCIENCE AS AN INTELLECTUAL
ACTIVITY
• It encompasses a systematic and practical study of the natural and physical world
• This process of study involves systematic observations and experimentation
SCIENCE AS A BODY OF KNOWLEDGE

• It is a subject or discipline, a field of study, or a body of knowledge that deals with the process
of learning about the natural and physical world.
• This is what we refer to as school science
SCIENCE AS A PERSONAL AND SOCIAL
ACTIVITY
• This explains that science is both knowledge and activities done by human beings to develop
better understanding of the world around them
• It is a means to improve life and to survive in life.
• It is interwoven with people’s lives
• We humans have embarked in scientific activities in order to know and understand everything
around us.
• Developed noble ideas, later known as philosophy, to provide alternative or possible
explanations to certain phenomena
• Sometimes we also use religion to rationalize the origins of life and all lifeless forms
SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION??

• This idea is claimed to have started in the early 16th century up to the 18th century in Europe
• Why in Europe? The probable answer is the invention of the printing machine and the
blooming intellectual activities done in various places of learning and the growing number of
scholars in various fields of human interests
• Because of these scholars we can enjoy an easier life today and has a better understanding of
the world
• Each and every great civilization of the ancient world had their own sophisticated traditions
and activities related to science.
SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION

• The period of enlightenment when the development in the fields of mathematics, physics,
astronomy, biology, and chemistry transformed the views of society about nature
• This explained the mergence or birth of modern science as a result of these developments
• Because of modern science today, many disease could be healed
• The ideas generated during this period enabled the people to reflect, rethink, and reexamine
their beliefs and their way of life.
• Some rulers and religious leaders did not accept many of the early works of scientists leading
them to condemnation or painful death.
HOW ABOUT YOU?
DO YOU ACCEPT EVERYTHING
WITHOUT THINKING?
OR DO YOU WONDER WHY, WHAT,
HOW THESE THINGS CAME TO BE??
SOME INTELLECTUALS AND THEIR
REVOLUTIONARY IDEAS
• Here we will talk about the different individuals that contributed to science with their own
revolutionary ideas.
• These ideas have shaken and contested the dominant theories and ideas during this period.
– Ex. The flat earth theory
• Always remember that scientists are driven by their curiosity, critical thinking and creativity to
explore the physical and natural world
• Their love of science is driven by their deep passion to know and to discover
 Creativity

Scientists
Science Ideas
Passion to know
Science Discoveries
Curiosity
Technology
Passion to discover

Critical thinking

Variables that influence the development of Science Ideas, Science discoveries and Technology
NICOLAUS COPERNICUS

• His ideas were example of thought experiment

• He primarily observes heavenly bodies and invites people to test his ideas
• His interest is in astronomy and is influenced by a book entitled Epitome published in 1496 by a
german author, Johannes Mueller. This book contains the author’s observations of the heavens.
• His idea and model of the universe was essentially complete in 1510 and not long after, he
circulated a summary of his ideas to his close friends in a manuscript called Commentariolus
(Little commentary)
• He published a book to formally advance his career in astronomy which he titled De
revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres) in 1543
NICOLAS COPERNICUS

• In his book, he placed the sun to be the centerpiece of the universe. (some people theorized
that earth is the center of the universe)
• The earth and all planets are surrounding or orbiting the sun each year.
• In his model, he outlined two kinds of planetary motion
– The orbits of venus and mercury lay inside the orbit of the earth, thus, closer to the sun.
– The orbit of Mars, Saturn, and Jupiter lay outside the Earth’s orbit, thus, farther from the sun.
• Copernicus is also a courageous man. Although the Copernican model makes sense now,
during those times, it was judged to be heretic and therefore it was an unacceptable idea to be
taught to Catholics. The Catholic church banned the Copernican model and was ignored by
Rome for the rest of the 16th century
CHARLES DARWIN

• Famous for his theory of evolution

• He changed our concept of the world’s creation and its evolution
• He would spend time taking long walks to observe his surroundings while collecting specimens
and he pored over books in his father’s library
• Went to the best school but was observed to be a mediocre student
• He published his book The origin of species in 1589 and is considered as one of the most
important works in scientific literature.
• He collected many significant materials in order to present his theory with overwhelming
evidence. His book presented evidence on how organisms evolved over time and presented
traits of adaptation that differentiate species.
CHARLES DARWIN

• His observational skills were extraordinary that he moved from the realms of plants and
animals into the realms of humans
• His book The descent of Man was so controversial
• He replaced the dominant views of a religious or biblical design that places human beings in a
privileged position of having been created by God.
SIGMUND FREUD

• Field of psychology
• Developed an important observational method to gather reliable data to study human’s inner
life known as Psychoanalysis
• Psychoanalysis for him is a scientific way to study the human mind and neurotic illness.
• His method was proven effective in understanding some neurological conditions that were not
understood by medicine at that time
• His method was unorthodox, focusing on human sexuality and the evil nature of man
• His scientific revolution can be seen in many aspect of the human scene, including art,
literature, philosophy, politics, psychotherapy and even now, in education
NOW THEN…

• What can you say about these scientists?

• What do you think is their contribution in our modern science?
• How did their revolutionary ideas help us understand the world we are living?