Effects of Jeepney Modernization to the

Commuters of Grade 11 Students

At DHLA

___________________

A Thesis Proposal

Presented to

Dee Hwa Liong Academy

Pasig City

___________________

In Partial Fulfilment

Of the Requirements for the Degree

______________________

By

Ivy F. Calderon
Christian Joseph B. Feir
Nicole Kasandra S. Fegi
Vincent Cyruz R. Carlos
Lovely Maxine B. Eugenio
Jhon Mark D. Bolalin
John Kenneth E. Copon

MARCH 2021
 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

This chapter presents the background of the study, the statement of

the problem, the significance of the study and the scope and delimitation

of the study.

Background of the Study

“Traffic rules it all.” There is no bigger topic in the urban daily life of the

Philippines than traffic. Everyone who is living in or has visited Metro

Manila understands why. Long commuting times have reached

unprecedented levels and the traffic jams on different parts of the

Philippines are world-known. But at the same time, Metro Manila has

adopted a car-focused urban design approach with only four public railway

lines. Where Manila has too few high-capacity railway lines it has too

many old buses and jeepneys. While motorisation is still low relative to

other low-middle income countries in ASEAN, annual growth of the vehicle

fleet is approximated at 6-7% and the fastest growing market in ASEAN.

The independent variable is something that the researchers can

manipulate and in this study, effects of jeepney modernization is

something that we can change whether may it be on the positive or

negative side of the research however, the results will be based on the

outcome of the study.

The Jeepney Modernization Project of Land and Transportation Office to

implement their new rules on public utility jeepneys will affect a huge

number of students specifically the commuters of Grade 11 Students in

Dee Hwa Liong Academy. The study focuses on the Jeepney

Modernization, specifically in Metro Manila and Mega Manila is a project of

the government that was proposed during 2016 when the Duterte

Administration started. This issue was a big news during 2016 and up until

now it is still very timely to study this topic since majority of around 1450

Grade 11 students in Dee Hwa Liong Academy are commuters.

The researchers conducted this study to identify if jeepney modernization

is beneficial and environmentally safe for the students. The significance of

this study is to also tell if the fare is affordable to the students’ financial

capacity for daily transportation as public utility vehicles.

The researchers believes that the Jeepney Modernization would be a

huge impact for the financial status and the lifestyle of the students who

often commute since their daily budget would be moved because surely

the minimum fare on Public Utility Jeepneys would increase since the

maintenance for the vehicle would be on a higher price compared to the

past amount of money that the operators allocate on this activity.

Moreover, the amount of the traditional jeepney fare would be doubled if

modernization of jeepneys would happen. If that would transpire, surely

the daily allowance of a student would also need to increase in order to

meet the daily expenses and needs while on schooling.

The people who would benefit the this study, may it be in the present or

future are the commuters, students, parents, teachers, school

administrators, future researchers, environmentalists and most importantly

the government who would decide on whatever the decisions would be

when it comes to legal talks and papers.

Statement of the Problem

The public utility jeepneys are the number one mode of transpotation to

the mass since this is the most accessible and it is also the most cheap

when you really need to travel from one place to another but the situation

would be a lot different if the jeepney fare would increase and it will give

the people a reason to be on a tighter budget or even don’t use jeepneys

when it is not that far unlike today, as much as people want to stay at

home in the middle of a pandemic, huge number of population is using the

jeepneys since there are still many people who doesn’t have their own

cars. Implementing new jeepney modernization can cause a serious effect

for every jeepney drivers and the operators. That the jeepney drivers and

the operators can’t afford this e-jeep for the reason that it may be difficult

to them to reach the payment for their e-jeep. However, for this kind of

issues there are against by many jeepney drivers and the operators for the

reason that their financial isn’t enough to provide this kind of

transportation. They are protesting it for this implementation that they must

have a consideration for the traditional transportation for the sake of their

needs, not in the sake of the new modernization. several questions were

investigated in the conduct of this study, as stated below:

 a) Does the modernization can help to improve the transportation for

passengers?

b) Is there any safety benefits for the students and commuters in this

new e-jeep?

c) Does the modernization of Jeepney greatly affects the lifestyle of a

commuter in Dee Hwa Liong Academy?

Objective of the Study

The study aims to determine the future effects of the jeepney

modernization and other scenarios that is possible to happen if jeepneys

are modernized. This is specifically intented to :

1.1 Know the differences of the lifestyle of a student on the different mode

of transportation

1.2 Compare the usual circumstances when jeepneys are modernized

1.3 Knowing the development and consequences of a modernized mode

of transportation

Significance of the Study

Commuters. The commuters might be able to estimate and know the

different effects of the modernization project through this study. Jeepney

modernization will be pleasant and convenient to all the commuters. It will

provide a feeling of ease or relaxation during the transportation. Traveling

some distance between one's home and place of work on a regular basis
and the cramped spaces inside jeepneys can oftentimes be frustrating. In

a modernized jeepney, there will be a continuous area or expanse which

is free, available, or unoccupied for people to sit in if they need to. This will

lead to an easy-going mood or temperament of the commuters.

Students would be more aware on the properties and outcomes of the

said modernization project and some of it are the student will have less

exposure to any danger or harm as it seeks to install CCTV cameras and

GPS in newer jeepney models. The cameras can film and record the

activities happening inside the jeepney the entire time it runs. It will be a

perfect equipment to monitor and watch the students and all the other

people for them to be protected from danger, risk, or injury. Further, the

drivers will be provided with teaching or training beforehand to not cause

any complications or difficulties.

People especially parents are not that techy to know and be aware of

some news that is blasted on the social media would be helped really

great by this study since they would be able to know some results of the

jeepney modernization such as when they need to go to their desired

destinations on time and heavy traffic can be a hassle. With jeepney

modernization, jeepney routes will change and it will become a huge

impact on the traffic jam which will lead to faster transportation on a

regular basis. With the government having full control of the PUV routes, it

will be easier to decongest roads and plan routes that will minimize traffic

conditions in highly saturated areas. Further, it will lessen the inhaled toxic
fumes from vehicles daily. This is a huge benefit for all the filipino people

because we all know that all the jeepney contributes so much air pollution.

Modernization will make jeepneys eco-friendly and can change the air that

we breathe in our country.

Teachers who are also one of the people who will benefit the study that

most of the time busy with their paper works and even take home their

works just to finish it would also have an insight of what can actually

happen if ever the proposed Jeepney Modernization is approved. There

were some effects that was found in this study that would greatly affect

them such as the teachers' commuters will be able to travel more easily

because the modern vehicles that will be used will speed up their journey

to their destination, thus making them less stressed and less crowded with

many commuters. they can ride and relax their mind while travelling

because of a comfortable seat, they feel better when they go to school

because they are not too stressed on the flight , this newer jeepney is air

conditioning and so that they come to their work in good condition they

can teach their students in a good mood and they can do their job well.

Also the government would benefit the study since some of the results can

be seen on the study such as With the introduction of new public jeeps,

more jeepney drivers will be given jobs where their income taxes will go to

the government and this will make it easier for commuters to get to work

safely. because the new models of jeeps have cctv installed to monitor the

situation inside and also avoid cases of crime and accidents,

transportation will be better in our country and traffic will be less traffic due

to the new roads they will pass through and the management will be

better and the country's economy will gradually develope.

Scope and Delimitation of the study

The study investigated the results and the different outcomes of the

jeepney modernization. The study focuses on the effects of the jeepney

modernization to the lifestyle of the student and also on the physical,

psychological and mental effect of the jeepney modernization to the

student since it would greatly affect their lifestyle and their financial status

when inside the school premises, it would also be an adjustment to the

students who are on a tight budget that does not have much time to

prepare their food before going to school and chooses to buy food on the

canteen which is we know the price is higher than the food outside, their

budget on their meals would also be affected. The limits of this study is

that this study only range on the impact and effects of the jeepney

modernization to the students.

CHAPTER II

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

This chapter presents the review of related literature and studies, the
conceptual models of the study, the research hypothesis and definition of
terms used in this study.

Review of Related Literature and Studies

A number of books, journals, articles, websites and studies which have
some relevance to this study were reviewed in order to get insights on
how to conduct this research study and they are here under presented.

Related Literature

As stated by (PUVM) The Public Utility Vehicle Modernization Program of

the Philippines aims to transform the road sector of public transport
through the introduction of safer and climate-friendly vehicles, improved
regulation, and industry consolidation. The program aims to improve the
urban quality of life, reduce economic losses due to time lost in travel,
reduce health costs and premature deaths, reduce greenhouse gas
(GHG) emissions and improve the economic situation of the operators and
industry by improving service quality levels. Based on data derived from a
self-reported questionnaire survey, the current study was carried out to
determine the extent to which residents support a Low Emission Charging
Zone (LECZ) via a hypothetical referendum voting, examine the
relationship between intention to adopt Hybrid and Electric Vehicles
(HEVs) by voting for/against LECZ through employing the Theory of
Planned Behaviour (TPB), and investigate public attitudes towards the
proposed system. The results indicated that around two-thirds of the
participants voted against the LECZ scheme, and that latent psychological
factors had a stronger impact on voting against the LECZ than observed
variables. The results also revealed that people would be more likely to
adopt and less likely to oppose the LECZ if the price, maintenance, and
repair of HEVs were affordable. According to the International Air
Transport Association (IATA), air cargo transports over $6 trillion worth of
goods annually, which account for approximately 35 percent of world trade
by value, making it a vital part of the supply chain. With the continued
growth in e-commerce, spurred by the pandemic, many airports are
experiencing increased cargo activity, including airports with limited or no
cargo activity previously. Air cargo facilities, supporting infrastructure, and
operations at many of the nation’s airports are inadequate, inefficient and
need modernizing. ACRP Report 143: Guidebook for Air Cargo Facility
Planning and Development provided important guidelines for cargo facility
development. Updates and additional research is required to address
emerging trends and technologies that present potential enhancements to
cargo operations, facilities, and associated infrastructure. As reported by
Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement (BSEE), in seeking to
augment and improve its offshore oil and gas inspection program, should
focus less on inspecting all oil platforms and become more outcome-
based by focusing on the riskiest entities. These are among the findings in
TRB Special Report 338: Modernizing the U.S. Offshore Oil and Gas
Inspection Program for Increased Agility and Safety Vigilance, from the
Transportation Research Board of the National Academies of Sciences,
Engineering, and Medicine. This paper examines the effects of transport
accessibility on residential satisfaction and moving intention when travel
mode choice is limited. It uses the case of Yangon City in Myanmar,
where bus is the dominant transport mode, automobile dependence is low,
and the use of two-wheel vehicle is restricted in some areas of the city.
These characteristics altogether indicate that the potential bias arising
from the unobserved differences in people’s travel mode preferences can
be minimized. Based on a sample of about 5,200 residents living close to
bus stops, structural equation modeling is used to test the effects of
objective and subjective measures of bus stop accessibility on residential
satisfaction and moving intention. The results show that high perceived
bus stop accessibility—not short distance between the residence and the
nearest bus stop—is associated with high residential satisfaction, and
neither measures of bus stop accessibility is associated with moving
intention. As reported by Chinese government Replacing combustion
vehicles with electric vehicles has been promoted as a viable policy to
reduce fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. The purpose of
this study is to examine factors that influence Chinese taxi drivers’
adoption of electric vehicles for living. This study takes the Unified Theory
of Acceptance and Use of Technology 2 (UTAUT2) as the theoretical
framework and extends it to examine the influence of taxi drivers’
satisfaction over government’s invectives on their adoption of electric
vehicles for living (i.e., adoption intention and use behavior). A
questionnaire-based survey was conducted in Shenzhen and Guangzhou
from November 2018 to April 2019, and 725 valid samples were collected.
Many studies have been conducted to examine the direct effects of
airports on local economic development, however, there is little solid
evidence on spatial spillover effects and much less in the context of
China’s airport system. To fill this gap, this paper analyses the spatial
spillover effects of China's main hub airports on economic development.
The authors' results indicate that air passenger traffic, air cargo shipment,
and flight frequency can induce more positive and larger spillover effects
to all other neighboring cities connected through airport network contrast
to the direct effects. With other things being equal, increasing flight
frequency of existing air services has a greater impact on GDP compared
with expanding air services to new destinations. This paper contributes to
the literature by presenting new evidence on the spatial spillover effects of
airports on economic development in Chinese cities. This paper first
discusses the researchers' study of the travel behavior of Metro Manila
commuters and the status of its public transportation sector based on their
Metro Manila Public Transport Travel Survey. Information from the survey
was used to implement a multimodal public transportation route planner
for Metro Manila, which is designed to provide commuters with facts about
public transportation. This should change its negative image and entice
more people to use the services. The analysis of the publicly distributed
General Transit Feed Specification data provided by the government is
discussed. All these findings support the researchers' goal of improving
Metro Manila's public transportation.

Related Studies

The lack of attractive public transport stimulates the use of cars and
motorcycles, exacerbating the already extreme congestion experienced in
the larger cities in the Philippines, which in turn leads to economic and
environmental costs. If the quality of the public transport system is not be
improved significantly, its recent share in the modal split will further
decline, as GDP and car ownership grow. This would result in an increase
of GHG emissions by the transport sector. Some rather advanced
emerging economies have already undertaken serious efforts to formalize
parts ofbtheir public transport and can start moving on towards
electrification. The majority of developing countries however, including the
Philippines, currently still rely on semi-informal and fragmented minibus-
based low-quality public transport systems. This by far bigger group of
countries is responsible for the majority of GHG emissions from public
transport. Public transport is of particular importance for society because it
provides a possibility for people to get to work as well as to educational,
medical, cultural institutions or some other places on business or for
entertainment. This kind of transport is most commonly used by socially
supported or not well off people. According to the law on transport
payment, some groups of Lithuanian citizens have the right for 80 % or 50
% reductions in charges for road passenger transport, while children
under seven years can travel free of charge. Therefore, based on the
above considerations, public transport should be provided the status of
social transport. Moreover, the laws stipulating that public transport
services satisfy the needs of the inhabitants, including socially supported
people handicapped, old people and students should be developed. Public
transportation provides commuters with a convenient method to reach
their destination faster and cheaper compared with private vehicles.
However, this is not always the case for Metro Manila because many
Filipinos have a negative perception of using public transportation. This
paper first discusses the researchers' study of the travel behavior of Metro
Manila commuters and the status of its public transportation sector based
on their Metro Manila Public Transport Travel Survey. Information from the
survey was used to implement a multimodal public transportation route
planner for Metro Manila, which is designed to provide commuters with
facts about public transportation. This should change its negative image
and entice more people to use the services. The analysis of the publicly
distributed General Transit Feed Specification data provided by the
government is discussed. All these findings support the researchers' goal
of improving Metro Manila's public transportation.

Conceptual Model of the study

Figure 1

1.1 1.2 1.3

Input

Process
The 11th Grade
students of Dee Hwa
Liong Academy as
respondents to the
research
The survey form with
the survey questions
Output
The distribution of the The research shows
survey form that students totally
The validation of the prefer the traditional
answers ones and proposing of
the jeepney
Statistical Analysis modernization in
Interpretation of the traditional style and the
data received same fare rate.

The study is guided by the Figure above

The figure 1.1 is the input in which consists the 11 th Graders of Dee Hwa
Liong Academy as respondents to the research about the Jeepney
Modernization. Addition to that is the survey forms with its questions. The
figure 1.2 is the process that tells about the distribution, validation,
analyzation and interpretation in order to do the research. The output was
the result of all the process happened for the research to be successfully
accomplished.

Research Hypothesis

This study entitled Effects of Jeepney Modernization to the Grade 11

Students of Dee Hwa Liong Academy has one expected outcome among
the following hypothesis.

N0. The Jeepney Modernization has no effect to the Grade 11 Students of

Dee Hwa Liong Academy.
N1. The Jeepney modernization has an impact to the Grade 11 Students
of Dee Hwa Liong Academy.

Definition of Terms Used in the Study

For easier and better understanding. The following terms are

defined in the context of this research.

Chassis. The supporting frame of a structure.

Congestion/congest. To concentrate in a small or narrow space.

Crashworthiness/crashworthy. Resistant to the effects of collision.

Drastic. Acting rapidly or violently.

Fumes. A smoke, vapor, or gas especially when irritating or

offensive.

Hedonic. Of, relating to, or characterized by pleasure.

Methanol. A light volatile flammable poisonous liquid alcohol

CH3OH used especially as a solvent, antifreeze, or denaturant for ethanol
and in the synthesis of other chemicals.

Modernization. The act of modernizing : the state of being

modernized.

Saturated. Full of moisture : Made thoroughly wet.

Scrutinizing. To examine closely and minutely.

CHAPTER III

RESEARCH DESIGN

This chapter contains the method of research used, the sources of data,
the data gathering procedure, the data gathering instruments and the
statistical treatment of data.

Method of Research Used

The method used in the research was descriptive method. In order to find
the different effects of the jeepney modernization to the Grade 11
Students of Dee Hwa Liong Academy. From the research of Hossein
Nassaji of University of Victoria, Canada. The goal of descriptive research
is to describe a phenomenon and its characteristics. This research is more
concerned with what rather than how or why something has happened.
Therefore, observation and survey tools are often used to gather data
(Gall, Gall, & Borg, 2007). In such research, the data may be collected
qualitatively, but it is often analyzed quantitatively, using frequencies,
percentages, averages, or other statistical analyses to determine
relationships.

Descriptive research is one of three basic types of research design. It is a

quantitative research method that is considered conclusive and is used to
test specific hypotheses and describe characteristics or functions.
Descriptive research should have a clear and accurate research
question/problem. The reason for the usage of descriptive research was
because the goal of the research was to describe, ascertain and estimate.

Descriptive research can be either quantitative or qualitative. It can involve

collections of quantitative information that can be tabulated along a
continuum in numerical form, such as scores on a test or the number of
times a person chooses to use a-certain feature of a multimedia program,
or it can describe categories of information such as gender or patterns of
interaction when using technology in a group situation. Descriptive
research involves gathering data that describe events and then organizes,
tabulates, depicts, and describes the data collection (Glass & Hopkins,
1984). It often uses visual aids such as graphs and charts to aid the
reader in understanding the data distribution. Because the human mind
cannot extract the full import of a large mass of raw data, descriptive
statistics are very important in reducing the data to manageable form.
When in-depth, narrative descriptions of small numbers of cases are
involved, the research uses description as a tool to organize data into
patterns that emerge during analysis. Those patterns aid the mind in
comprehending a qualitative study and its implications.

Source of Data

Different sources was used in the research for it to be reliable and

dependable. There were various books and research that the researchers
used. The observation method was also used and as the researchers of
this paper, this study is reliable because the source is not just gossip and
chit-chats but from various authors that are patented on their research and
books that are used for years. The source of data was also the survey that
the researchers conveyed themselves.

The target respondents was about 500 students but due to the lack of
connection to each other, since the researchers are also from the 11 th
Grade of Dee Hwa Liong Academy that actually haven’t met each other
yet for the reason that the classes are held online. The target respondents
was reduced to 150 students and there were only 70 who exerted the
effort to help the researchers by answering the virtual survey form.

Data Gathering Procedures

The researchers had a brainstorming about the questions to be asked on

the respondents and was able to create something beneficial to the
research. The questions contributed by the members was put into a piece
of paper by the research leader and did the work on analyzing which
questions would be beneficial to the research but at the same time not
difficult for the respondents to answer.

The questions that is confirmed and going to be asked to the respondents

was separated. The next step is to find the most accessible to the
respondents and take the not that the biggest hindrance to the survey was
the distance between the respondent and the researcher. Virtual Survey
form is the best one that the researchers can do in order to convey the
survey.

The next step is to find the most convenient and easiest to use in the
comfort of both researcher and respondent. There are different social
media platforms that can be used and chose the one that most students
commonly use.

Data Gathering Instrument

The research entitled Effects of Jeepney Modernization to the Grade 11

Students of Dee Hwa Liong Academy is a qualitative research. The
instrument used is based on the statement of the problem which we
adjusted to the comfort of the respondents. The questionnaire was divided
into two parts. The part one consists of Name, age, section, gender and
their current residence. The second part were the questions that helped
the researchers in investigating the study.

Part I

Name :

Age :

Section :

Gender :
Current Residence (EXAMPLE : QUEZON CITY) :

Part II

1. Do you think Jeepney Modernization can improve the current traffic

situation? Why or why not?

2. What do you think would be the effect of Jeepney Modernizzation

to the safety of the passengers?

3. Do you think that the Jeepney Modernization will greatly affect your
lifestyle? In what aspect?

4. What do you prefer more, Modern Jeepney or Traditional Jeepney?

Statistical Treatment of Data

Chart Title
70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
Traditional Jeepney Modern Jeepney

YES NO ANY

It was found in the research that most of the

students prefers the traditional jeepney. It was
also discovered in the research that most of
the student’s reason is that their daily
allowance budget on food might be cut off
since there is a high tendency that fare rate
might increase.