Lecture 1: Introduction to Steel

Design
 Review of Completed Courses
• Engineering Mechanics: Support reactions and
fixed end moments
• Strength of Materials: Concrete, Steel
• Structural Analysis
– Calculation of Loads(dead, live, wind, seismic, snow
etc)
– Load Combinations
– Bending Moment, Shear Force, Axial Force, Torsion,
Deflection
• Design of Concrete Structures: Concept of limit
state design
 Review Questions
• Concrete or Steel: which is better and why?
• How do you compute wind loads for
– Roofs
– Buildings
– Surfaces
• Philosophy of Seismic Loads: location, height
shape, structural configuration of building
• Why there are different coefficients in load
combinations involving same loads
 Review Questions
• Concrete or Steel: which is better and why?
 Review Questions
• Why the characteristic compressive strength of
concrete is reduced by 33 %.
• Philosophy behind design for torsion
• Concepts involving foundation design
• How do you design a statically indeterminate
structure
• Design of Structural Components Vs Structural
Systems.
• Software: Etabs, Staad
 Basic concepts
• 6 fundamental quantitities for limit state of collapse
• Limit state of deflection: ratio of length by size
• Additional effects due to dynamic loading
• Connection design
• Compound sections
• Understanding Inputs and Outputs for each design
scenario
I/O Example: Concrete beam design
Length
Load
Grade of Concrete
Grade of Steel

Design Black Box

Shape, dimensions (e.g. depth, width)

No. and diameter of flexural reinforcement
Diameter and spacing of shear reinforcement detailing
Tension Members: Examples
Tension Members: Examples
I/O Example: Tension Member
Tensile force
Section type
Grade of steel

Design Black Box

width and thickness of the section

Section Types
 Steel Sections: Features
• Each section comes in standard sizes
• Steel tables: Familiarize with designations like
ISMB, ISA, RHS etc
• Each section has certain advantages and
disadvantages
• Different sections can be combined together to
form compound sections
• A given section can be either “rolled” or “built
up”
 Design Black Box
• Identify different failure scenarios and ensure
safety
• Failure scenarios for tension members
– Gross section yielding
– Net section rupture
– Block shear failure
Tension Member: Arrangement

Gross section

Net section
 Failure mechanisms: Tension
• Gross section yielding:
– when gross section reaches yield stress
– considerable deformation leads to unserviceable
structure

– where Ag, is the gross section area

– fy, is the yield stress, e.g 250 MPa for Fe 410
– γm0, is the partial safety factor = 1.1
 Failure mechanisms: Tension
• Net section rupture
– when net section reaches ultimate stress
– fracture happens in the member

– where An, is the net section area

– fu, is the ultimate stress, e.g 410 MPa for Fe 410
– γm1, is a partial safety factor = 1.25
Net Section Area

p is pitch
g is gauge
n is number of bolts
n’ is the number of
staggered paths
Effect of Shear Lag
 Effect of Shear Lag
• Modified formula

where Anc, is the net section area of connected leg

Ago, is the gross section area of outstanding leg
Lc , is the connection length, t is the thickness
 Failure mechanisms: Tension
• Block shear failure
– tearing out of a block of material
– both shear and tensile failure/yielding
 Block Shear Failure
• Shear yielding and tensile fracture

• Tension yielding and shear fracture

 Example 1
• A 300 ISF 8mm of grade Fe 410 is used as a tension member.
It is connected to a gusset plate by 18 mm dia bolts. Compute
the net area for the two cases shown below

• Fe 410 => fy = 250 and fu = 410 Mpa

• For 18 mm dia bolts holes need to be 2 mm larger at 20 mm
 Example 1
• For case (a) along each path 1-1, 2-2 and 3-3 there are 4 holes.
 Example 1
• For case (b) we need to check along multiple paths
• Along 1-2-3-4
– no of holes – 2
– no of staggers – 0

• Along 1-2-5-3-4

• Along 1-2-5-6-7
 Example 1
• Along 1-2-5-8-6-7 and 1-2-5-8-9-10

• Path 1-2-5-6-7 is the critical path as it has the least net area.
• The path along which there are maximum number of holes and
least no of staggers is usually the most critical path
 Example 2
• Determine the net area for the sections shown below. Grade of
steel is Fe 410. Diameter of bolts is 18 mm.

• For case (a)

• For case (b): the net area of the section is equal to the gross
area since there are no holes
 Example 3
• Determine the net area for the sections shown below. Grade of
steel is Fe 410. Diameter of bolts is 18 mm.
 Example 3
• Since both legs are connected the angle may be unfolded and treated
as a plate for calculation purposes
• The guage for the unfolded plate is the distance
between the bolts along the centerline of the
section

• Width of the equivalent plate

• Along path A-B-C

• Along path A-B-D-E

• Path A-B-D-E is the critical path

 Example 4
• Determine the tensile strength of the plate of grade Fe 410
connected to a 10 mm thick gusset plate by 20 mm dia bolts.
Assume block shear failure is prevented.

• Calculation of net area

x x x
 Example 4
• Gross section yielding

• Net section rupture

• The design tensile strength is the minimum of the above

 Example 5
• A single unequal angle 100 x 75 x 6 is connected to a 10 mm
thick gusset plate with 16 mm dia bolts. Determine the design
tensile strength of the angle for
a) 100 mm leg is connected to the gusset
b) 75 mm leg is connected to the gusset
 Example 5
• Case a) 100 mm leg connected
• Gross section yielding

• Net section rupture

 Example 5
• Net section rupture

• Block shear

x x x
x
x x

x x x x x
 Example 5
• Case b) 75 mm leg connected
• Gross section yielding

• Net section rupture

 Example 5
• Net section rupture

• Block shear

x x x
 Example 6
• Determine the tensile strength of a roof truss diagonal of
dimensions 100 x 75 x 6 is connected to a 8 mm thick gusset
by 4 mm thick welds
 Example 6
• Gross section yielding

• Net section rupture

• Assume length of connection as 225 mm

 Example 6
• Block shear
 Example 7
• Select a suitable Angle section to carry a factored tensile
force of 290 kN. The connection is a single row of 5 bolts of
20 mm diameter with a pitch of 60 mm.
• Step 1: Guess the section size
• Approximate required area

• Choose 90 x 90 x 8 angle whose area is 1380 mm2

• Gross section yielding

• Net section rupture

 Example 7
• Net section rupture

• Block shear Assume edge distance is 40 mm

22 1448

22 232

232/ 362.25
 Example 7
1448/ 319.5

• The tensile capacity of the section is greater than the

factored load hence the assumed section is safe.
 Example 8
• Select a suitable Angle section to carry a factored tensile
force of 350 kN. Connection contains 9 bolts of 20 mm
diameter with a pitch of 50 mm.
• Step 1: Guess the section size
• Approximate required area

• Gross section yielding

• Net section rupture

 Example 9
• A tension member ISLB 250 at 273.7 N/m is connected to two
plates 175 mm wide and 10 mm thick with two lines of 16 mm
bolts in each flange. Determine the design tensile strength of
the ISLB section. Find the tensile force that can be supported
by the plates. Assume block shear failure is prevented
 Example 9
• Step 1: Section properties for ISLB 250 from steel tables

• Gross section yielding

• Net section rupture

 Example 9
• For Plate
• Gross section yielding

• Net section rupture