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General Mathematics
Quarter 2 - Module 7:
Propositions

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Quarter 2- Module 7: PROPOSITIONS
First Edition, 2020

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General Mathematics
Second Quarter – Module 7
Propositions

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 Propositions

What I Need to Know

Logic is defined as the “science of correct reasoning”. In this module, you will
will be able to learn and apply the key concepts of propositional logic.

Learning Competencies:

 illustrates and symbolizes propositions (Q2, Wk 7);

 distinguishes between simple and compound propositions (Q2, Wk 7);
 performs the different types of operations on propositions (Q2, Wk 7);
 determines the truth values of propositions (Q2, Wk 8);
 illustrate the different forms of conditional propositions (Q2, Wk 8)

What’s In
Aristotle claimed that humans are rational animals. Rationality is said to be
what distinguishes humans from animals. It is this rationality that concerns logic
which is a branch of philosophy. Logic, as the study of reasoning, seeks the rules
and principles of how people should reason correctly and rationally.

The goal of logic is to provide rules for rational

thinking, hence, it states what ought to be and not simply
what is.

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 What’s New
Consider the activity below.

Classify whether the sentence is declarative, imperative, interrogative, or exclamatory. Write

your answer on the space provided before each number.
1. The principal will visit classes starting next week.
2. Ouch ! I cut my finger.
3. Turn right at the fourth traffic sign.
4. Have you heard of the good news?
5. Please reserve December 7 for me.

Let’s recall on the kinds of kinds of sentences according to the purpose of the
speaker.

a. declarative
b. imperative
c. interrogative
d. exclamatory

What is it
Propositions

What are propositions? In your everyday life, you provide information about
yourself, people , things , and /or events. When you say for example, “ The weather
is hot,” you have just stated something which philosophers call a proposition. This
is a statement in declarative form which expresses a single and complete idea, and
bears either truth or falsity. What you say through proposition is your belief, doubt,
or knowledge.

A proposition is the basic building block of logic. It is defined as a declarative

sentence that is either True or False, but not both.

A proposition is a declarative sentence that can be classified as true or false,

but not both.

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 What’s More
Example 1
Decide whether each of the following is a proposition or not .
_____ a. The number 4 is even and less than 12.
_____ b. Malolos is the capital of Bulacan.
_____ c. How old are you ?
_____ d. Open your eyes.
____ e. Aaron’s solution is incorrect.
Answer
a. proposition b. proposition
c. not a proposition (a question ) d. not a proposition ( a command )
e. not a proposition ( a paradox )

Simple proposition – a proposition that conveys one thought with no connecting words.

Compound proposition – contains two or more simple propositions that are put together
using connective words.

If the proposition is compound, then it must be one of the following:

conjunction, disjunction, conditional, biconditional, or negation.

Conjunction

Two simple propositions connected using the word and.

The sentence “Today is Friday and tomorrow is Saturday” is a conjunction.

Sometimes the word “and” will be omitted and will be replaced by a comma (,) in the
given sentence. In the sentence “Roel was on time, but Tom was late” can also be
written as “Roel was on time, and Tom was late”

Disjunction

Two simple propositions that are connected using the word or

The sentence “I will pass the Math exam or I will be promoted” is an example
of disjunction.

Conditional

Two simple propositions that are connected using the words if…then.

The sentence “ If you will recite the poem, then you will pass the oral
examination” is an example of conditional.

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 The example can be written as:

a. If you will recite the poem, you will pass the oral examination; or

b. You will pass the oral examination if you will recite the poem.

Conditional Propositions. A proposition of the form “if p then q” or “p implies q”,

represented “p → q” is called a conditional proposition. For instance: “if John is from
Chicago then John is from Illinois”. The proposition p is called hypothesis or
antecedent, and the proposition q is the conclusion or consequent.

Biconditional

Conjunction of two conditional statements where the antecedent and

consequent of the first statement have been switched in the second statement.

The abbreviation for if and only if is iff.

Negation. The negation of a given statement is a statement that is false whenever

the given statement is true, and true whenever the given statement is false.

The negation can be obtained by inserting the word not in the statement or by
prefixing it with phrases such as “It is not the case that…”

The negation of the proposition “Herbert is good” can be written as :

“Herbert is not good.” Or “It is not the case that Herbert is good.”

Example 1
Give the negation of the proposition: “Her aunt’s name is Lucia.”

SOLUTION
By inserting not in the proposition:
“Her aunt’s name is not Lucia.”
By prefixing the phrase “It is not the case that”
“It is not the case that her aunt’s name is Lucia.”

Symbolic Representation Of Propositions

Symbols are used to simplify work in logic. If x and y are the frequently used
letters in algebra, the letters p, q, and r are often used to represent propositions in
logic. The table below shows the several symbols for connectives, together with the
respective types of compound proposition.

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 Connective Symbol Type of Statement
and ˄ Conjunction
or ˅ Disjunction
not ⁓ or ¬ Negation
if…then → Conditional
if and only if
↔ Biconditional
(iff)

Example 2
Let p represent the proposition “He has green thumb” and q represent the
proposition “He is a senior citizen.”
Convert each compound proposition into symbols.
a. He has green thumb and he is a senior citizen.
b. He does not have green thumb or he is not a senior citizen.
c. It is not the case that he has green thumb or is a senior citizen.
d. If he has green thumb, then he is not a senior citizen.

SOLUTION
a. p ˄ q p - He has green thumb
˄ - and
q - He is a senior citizen
b. ⁓p ˅ ⁓q ⁓p - He does not have green thumb
˅ - or
⁓q - He is not a senior citizen
c. ⁓ (p ˅ q) ⁓ - It is not the case
p - He has green thumb
˅ - or
q - He is a senior citizen
d. p → ⁓q p - He has green thumb
→ - then
⁓q - He is not a senior citizen

⁓ (p ˅ q) means the negation of the entire

statement p ˅ q. In ⁓p ˅ q, only p is
negated.

Negation of the Disjunction p or q

⁓ ( p ˅ q ) means ⁓ p ˄ ⁓ q

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Example 3
Let p the proposition “Mother loves his son,” and let q be the proposition “
Son loves his mother.”
Write the following in symbols and th en in words.
a. The conjunction of the negation of p and q.
b. the disjunction of the negations of p and q
c. the negation of the conjunction of p and q
d. the negation of the disjunction of p and q
SOLUTION

a. The negation of p and q are ⁓p and ⁓q, respectively. Thus, the

conjunction of the negations of p and q in symbols is ⁓p ˄ ⁓q.

In words: Mother and son do not love each other.

b. In symbols : ⁓p ˅ ⁓q

In words : Either mother does not love her son or son does not love his
mother.

c. The conjunction of p and q is p ˄ q. Thus, the negation of the conjunction

of p and q is ⁓(p ˄ q)

In words: It is not the case that the mother and son loves each other.

d. In symbols: ⁓(p ˅ q)

In words: It is not the case that either mother or son loves each other.

Punctuation marks like comma play an important role in writing propositions

in order to make sense out of them. The following examples point out this need.

Example 3
Identify each symbolic as a conjunction, disjunction, negation, conditional,
or biconditional.
a. p˅q↔r b. (p ˄ q) ˅ r

c. ⁓ (p ˅ q) d. ⁓p ˄q→ r ˅s

e. ⁓(p→q˄ r) f. p ˄ (q → r)

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SOLUTION
a. Biconditional: The double arrow is the dominant connective and there
are no parentheses.
b. Disjunction: The parentheses separate the statement at the “˅”
connective.
c. Negation: The statement is inside the parentheses.
d. Conditional: There are no parentheses. Thus, the conditional arrow
is stronger than any of the other connectives. The
antecedent is ⁓ P ˄ Q and the consequent is R ˅ S
e. Negation: The negative sign is outside the parentheses and the
conditional arrow is inside the parentheses.
f. Conjunction: The parentheses separate the statement at the “˄”
connective.

Truth Values of Simple and Compound Propositions

Truth table, in logic, chart that shows the truth-value of one or

more compound propositions for every possible combination of truth-values of the
propositions making up the compound ones. It can be used to test
the validity of arguments. The Truth Value of a proposition is True(denoted as T) if it
is a true statement, and False(denoted as F) if it is a false statement.

Type of Possible truth

Example
Proposition Values
Simple Tacloban City was devastated by
True False
Proposition typhoon Yolanda.
A conjunction is true if both the propositions are true; otherwise , the
conjunction is false.

p q p˄q
True True True
True False False
False True False
False False False

Example 1
First
Second Proposition Conjunction
Proposition
Proposition Plato is a Plato and Aristotle are
Aristotle is a philosopher.
philosopher. philosopher.
Truth Value True True True

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Example 2
First
Second Proposition Conjunction
Proposition
Proposition Plato is a Plato and Aristotle are
Aristotle is a philosopher.
philosopher. philosopher.
Truth Value True True True

SUMMARY OF TRUTH TABLES

Conjunctions Disjuctions (inclusive)

p q p˄q p q p˅q
T T T T T T
T F F T F T
F T F F T T
F F F F F F

Disjunctions (exclusive) Conditional

p q p˅q p q p→q
T T F T T T
T F T T F F
F T T F T T
F F F F F F

Biconditional Simple Proposition’s Negation

p q p↔q p ⁓p
T T T T F
T F F F T
F T F
F F T

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 What I Have Learned
In this module, you were introduced to the study of logic. The basic building
block of logic is proposition. This module also provided you with definitions of
propositions. It listed that there are simple and compound propositions, and it further
enumerated the types of compound propositions as conjunction, disjunction,
conditional, and biconditional. It also presented the standard form of categorical
propositions: A – universal affirmative, E – universal negative, I – particular
affirmative, and O – particular negative. This module also presented the first method
of analysing the truth of simple, compound and categorical propositions through the
truth table of values.

What I Can Do
Exercises

I. Vocabulary and Concepts. Match each proposition in Column A to its

respective symbol in Column B.

Column A Column B

1. Conjunction a. ⁓
2. Disjunction b. →
3. Negation c. ↔
4. Conditional d. ˄
5. Biconditional e. ˅

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 Assessment
Answer the following items below.

I. Let A =“Aldo is Italian” and B =“Bob is English”.

Convert into symbols:

1. “Aldo isn’t Italian”
2. “Aldo is Italian while Bob is English”
3. “If Aldo is Italian then Bob is not English”

II. Determine whether the following statements are propositions. If it is a

proposition, determine its truth value if possible.

1. Is the traffic heavy along Katipunan Avenue today?

2. Please close the door.
3. .
4. 144 is a perfect square.
5. Keep right while passing through the corridor.

Additional Activity
Determine the truth values of the following propositions.

1. Let p represent “7 > 5” and let q represent “12 < 0.” Find the truth value of p
and q.

p q p˄q

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 Answer Key
What’s More

a. proposition b. proposition
c. not a proposition ( a question) d. not a proposition ( a command)
e. not a proposition ( a paradox)

What Can I Do
Exercises
I. Vocabulary and Concepts
1. D 2. E 3. A 4. B 5. C

Assessment

I.

1. ¬A
2. A ∧ B
3. A → ¬B
II.
1. This is not a proposition since it is a question.
2. This is not a proposition since it is an imperative statement.
3. While this is a proposition (in English, it can be read as “x plus 2 is equal to 11”,
which is declarative), its truth value cannot be ascertained since the value of x is
unknown.
4. This is a true proposition, since it is declarative and we know that .
5. This is an imperative statement, and hence it is not a proposition.

Additional Activity

1. The statement 7 > 5 is true. Hence, p is true.

The statement 12 < 0 is false. Hence, q is false.

The second row of the conjunction truth table shows that p ˄ q is false.

P Q P˄Q
T T T
T F F ← p is true and q is false.
F T F
F F F

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References:
 https://www.britannica.com/topic/truth-table
 https://philonotes.com/index.php/2018/02/02/symbolic-logic/
 https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/proposition-logic/
 https://sites.math.northwestern.edu/~mlerma/courses/cs310-04w/notes/dm-propositions.pdf
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorical_proposition
 https://www.britannica.com/topic/categorical-proposition
 http://www.thelogiccafe.net/logic/ref1.htm
 https://images.search.yahoo.com/search/images;_ylt=Awr9DWtPXkJfPVMAQDGJzbkF;_ylu
=X3oDMTBsZ29xY3ZzBHNlYwNzZWFyY2gEc2xrA2J1dHRvbg--
;_ylc=X1MDOTYwNjI4NTcEX3IDMgRhY3R
 https://images.search.yahoo.com/search/images;_ylt=Awr4xJPWX0Jf3igAWpFXNyoA;_ylu=
X3oDMTB0NjZjZzZhBGNvbG8DZ3ExBHBvcwMxBHZ0aWQDBHNlYwNwaXZz?p=
 Dr. Debbie Marie B. Verzosa, Francis Nelson M. Infante ,Paolo Luis Apolinario, Jose
Lorenzo M. Sin, Regina M. Tresvalles, Len Patrick Dominic M. Garces. SHS General
Mathematics Learner’s Material First Edition 2016
 Albay, Eduard M., Batisan, Ronaldo S., Caraan, Aleli M., Sumagit, Katrina Grace Q. 2016.
General Mathematics Module.DIWA Senior High School Series
 Oronce, Orlando A. First Edition 2016. RBS General Mathematics

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