PHRASAL VERBS

EXERCISE I. Choose the best answer to complete these following sentences.

1. Brian asked Judy________ to dinner and a movie.
A. out B. on C. for D. of
2. My wife backed me _______ over my decision to quit my job.
A. down B. up C. of D. for
3. The racing car _______ after it crashed into the fence.
A. blew out B. blew over C. blew up D. blew down
4. Our car ________ at the side of the highway in the snowstorm.
A. broke into B. broke away C. broke in D. broke down
5. Mike _________ Alaska, so he's used to cold weather.
A. comes over B. comes in C. comes across D. comes from
6. Jane had a difficult childhood. She _______ a broken home.
A. came from B. came over C. came in D. came up with
7. The woman _______ when the police told her that her son had died.
A. broke down B. broke away C. broke in D. broke into
8. Our teacher broke the final project _______ into three separate parts.
A. in B. into C. away D. down
9. Somebody _______ last night and stole our stereo.
A. broke off B. broke in C. broke out D. broke up
10. The firemen had to break _______ the room to rescue the children.
A. off B. up C. out D. into
11. The bomb_______ when he rang the bell.
A. went over B. went on C. went out D. went off
12. No one really believed it when the news came through that the "Titanic" had _______ on her maiden voyage.
A. gone over B. gone on C. gone down D. gone off
13. Does this jacket_______ my trousers?
A. go with B. go through with C. go ahead D. go off
14. He _______ about his new car all the time.
A. goes over B. goes on C. goes out D. goes off
15. Do you think you could _______ this work with me some time, Peter?
A. go over B. go on C. go out D. go off
16. We have permission to_______ with the plan.
A. go ahead B. go over C. go on D. go off
17. I know you find the course boring, Pauline, but since you've started it, you might as well _____ it.
A. go with B. go through with C. go ahead D. go off
18. The building of the new bridge will_______ as planned.
A. go up B. put up C. go out D. go ahead
19. I see the price of bread has _______ again.
A. gone up B. put up C. gone out D. fallen out
20. He was caught shop - lifting but since this was his first offence he was_______ with a warning.
A. gone out B. gone ahead C. fallen out D. let off
EXERCISE II. Choose the best answer to complete these following sentences.
1. She _______ her father; everyone says how alike they are!
A. takes after B. takes off C. falls out D. lets off
2. There was a power cut and all the lights _______.
A. went up B. put up C. went out D. went ahead
3. You look upset, Sven. Have you and Niger _______ again?
A. gone out B. gone grey C. fallen out D. let off
4. Paul, do you think you could ____ me ____ for the night? It's a bit too late to go home now.
A. let me off B. go me out C. fall me out D. put me up
5. Children made their hair_______.
A. go out B. go grey C. fall out D. let off
6. The doctor asked me to _______ my shirt.
A. put off B. take off C. take out D. put out
7. Shall we go somewhere _______ a drink?
A. for B. from C. to D. of
8. Everyone can _______ in this school activity.
A. take off B. take on C. take part D. take
9.Do you want to stop in this town, or shall we _______?
A. turn on B. turn off C. go on D. look after
10.Who will ________ the children while you go out to work?
A. look for B. look up C. look after D. look at
11.Please ________ the light, it’s getting dark here.
A. turn on B. turn off C. turn over D. turn into
12.The nurse has to _________ at the midnight.
A. take care B. take on C. take over C. take off
13.There is an inflation. The prices __________.
A. are going on B. are going downC. are going over D. are going up
14.Remember to _______ your shoes when you are in a Japanese house.
A. take care B. take on C. take over C. take off
15.You can __________ the new words in the dictionary.
A. look for B. look after C. look up D. look at
16.It’s cold outside. __________ your coat.
A. Put on B. Put down C. Put off D. Put into
17.Frank never turns up on time for a meeting.
A. calls B. arrives C. reports D. prepares
18.Never put off until tomorrow what you can do today.
A. do B. let C. delay D. leave
19.My father still hasn’t really recovered from the death of my mother.
A. looked after B. taken after C. gone off D. got over
20.The bomb exploded with a loud bang which could be heard all over the town.
A. went on B. went out C. went off D. went away
EXERCISE III. Choose the best answer to complete these following sentences.
1.John, could you look after my handbag while I go out for a minute.
A. take part in B. take over C. take place D. take care of
2.Bill seems unhappy in his job because he doesn’t get _______ his boss.
A. up to B. on for C. on well with D. in with
3.Why do they ______ talking about money all the time?
A. keep on B. give up C. take after D. stop by
4.My father gave up smoking two years ago.
A. liked B. continued C. stopped D. enjoyed
5.The government hopes to _________ its plans for introducing cable TV.
A. turn out B. carry out C. carry on D. keep on
6.When the tenants failed to pay their bill, the authorities decided to _____ the gas supply to the flat.
A. cut down B. cut out C. cut off D. cut up
7.Look out! There’s a car coming!
A. The car is behind you, so you should run.
B. Don’t go away because the car is coming.
C. Hurry up or you will be late for the car.
D. You should be careful because the car is coming.
8.I was born in Scotland but I ________ in Northern Ireland.
A. grew up B. raised C. brought up D. rose
9.How do you start the computer?
A. How does the computer turn on? B. How do you turn on the computer?
C. How do you turn the computer on? D. Both B and C are correct
10.I/ not accept/ offer/ turn down/
A. I couldn’t accept his offer to avoid turning down him.
B. I couldn’t accept his offer because he was turned down.
C. I couldn’t accept his offer, so I turned it down.
D. I couldn’t accept his offer whether I was turned down.
11.Both Ann and her sister look like her mother.
A. take after B. take place C. take away D. take on
12.I’ll be back in a minute, Jane. I just want to try out my new tape recorder.
A. resemble B. test C. arrive D. buy
13.She got angry when they started to………. her private life.
A. ask for B. enquire after C. ask about D. enquire with
14.She ran in a marathon last week but………. after ten kilometers. {withdraw}
A. dropped out B. closed down C. broke up D. made up
15.Gertrude takes……….her mother; she has blue eyes and fair hair too.
A. in B. up C. after D. down
16.It took him a long time to ………. the death of his wife.
A. take away B. get over C. take off D. get through
17.There were so many kinds of cameras………., and I didn't know which to buy.
A. to choose B. choosing from C. chosen D. to choose from
18.Billy hasn't been working; he won't………. his examinations.
A. get off B. get through C. keep up D. keep off
19.They arrived………. the airport………. good time for the plane.
A. in - on B. to - in C. at - in D. to - for
20.Did Mr. Tan………. the class while Miss Fiona was ill in hospital?
A. take away B. take over C. take up D. take off
EXERCISE IV. Choose the best answer to complete these following sentences.
1.Paula applied for the post but she was________.
A. turned down B. checked out C. kept under D. pushed ahead
2.If orders keep coming in like this, I'll have to________more staff.
A. give up B. add in C. gain on D. take on
3.Why do they________ talking about money all the time?
A. keep on B. side with C. take after D. work off
4.In addition to Mr. Thomas and Miss White, the principal________attend the school party.
A. is likely B. is going to C. are likely D. are going to
5.We were too tired to wash ________ after the meal.
A. over B. out C. up D. on
6.I don't know whether I'll go out tonight. It depends ________ how I feel.
A. in B. at C. on D. over
7.The police made an appeal ________ the public to remain calm.
A. by B. to C. at D. for
8.These policies ________ in many elderly and disabled people suffering hardship.
A. recalled B. succeeded C. resulted D. resigned
8.Part of the path had been ________ by the sea.` `
A. washed over B. washed away C. washed down D. made in
9. Do you want to stop in this town, or shall we _______?
A. turn on B. turn off C. go on D. look after
10. Who will ________ the children while you go out to work?
A. look for B. look up C. look after D. look at
11. Please ________ the light, it’s getting dark here.
 A. turn on B. turn off C. turn over D. turn into
12. The nurse has to _________ at the midnight.
A. take care B. take on C. take over D. take off
13. There is an inflation. The prices __________.
A. are going on B. are going down C. are going over D. are going up
14. Remember to _______ your shoes when you are in a Japanese house.
A. take care B. take on C. take over D. take off
15. You can __________ the new words in the dictionary.
A. look for B. look after C. look up D. look at
16. It’s cold outside. __________ your coat.
A. Put on B. Put down C. Put off D. Put into
17. Frank never turns up on time for a meeting.
A. calls B. arrives C. reports D. prepares
18. Never put off until tomorrow what you can do today.
A. do B. let C. delay D. leave
19. My father still hasn’t really recovered from the death of my mother.
A. looked after B. taken after C. gone off D. got over
20. The bomb exploded with a loud bang which could be heard all over the town.
A. went on B. went out C. went off D. went away

EXERCISE V. Choose the best answer to complete these following sentences.

1. John, could you look after my handbag while I go out for a minute.
A. take part in B. take over C. take place D. take care of
2. Bill seems unhappy in his job because he doesn’t get _______ his boss.
A. up to B. on for C. on well with D. in with
3. Why do they ______ talking about money all the time?
A. keep on B. give up C. take after D. stop by
4. My father gave up smoking two years ago.
A. liked B. continued C. stopped D. enjoyed
5. The government hopes to _________ its plans for introducing cable TV.
A. turn out B. carry out C. carry on D. keep on
6. When the tenants failed to pay their bill, the authorities decided to _____ the gas supply to the flat.
A. cut down B. cut out C. cut off D. cut up
7. I was born in Scotland but I ________ in Northern Ireland.
A. grew up B. raised C. brought up D. rose
8. Both Ann and her sister look like her mother.
A. take after B. take place C. take away D. take on

EXERCISE 6:

I (1)________ an old friend by accident the other day. I was going to (2)________ my son from school when

suddenly my car broke (3)________. I called (4)________ my husband on my cell phone. While I was waiting

for him to (5)________, a truck crashed into my car. The driver (6)________ the truck to check (7)________

the damage. It was my friend Patrick. I hadn’t seen him since I (8)________ college. Fortunately, nobody was

hurt. We (9)________ and it was nice to (10)________ the information about other friends while we were

waiting for my husband and the tow truck.

1. A. ran into B. came across C. ran across D. A, B, C are correct

2. A. pick on B. pick up C. drop in on D. take out

3. A. down B. off C. up D. away

4. A. up B. in C. away D. on

5. A. turn up B. show up C. come into D. Both A and B are correct

6. A. got away with B. got out of C. went out D. Both A and B are correct

7. A. up B. in C. out D. out of

8. A. gave up B. dropped off C. dropped by D. gave off

9. A. chatted awa B. talked into C. spoke up D. fell for

10. A. take back B. deal with C. catch up on D. carry out

EXERCISE 7:

The Terrys were sitting calmly having afternoon tea in their lounge when the van (1)______ up outside. The

words ‘Reliable Removals – you can (2)______ us’ were printed on the side of the van in large blue capitals.

Soon afterwards, an enormous man covered in tattoos appeared on the doorstep. Tim opened the door.

‘Sorry we’re late, guv,’ sail the tattoo man, ‘we hadn’t (3)______ all the traffic on the motorway, otherwise

we’d have been here sooner. Isn’t that right, Lester? His companion, an unshaven man roughly half his size,

joined in: ‘We didn’t budge for a good half hour, and we (4)______ up coming off the motorway and going

through the villages. I did try and phone, but I couldn’t get (5)______. Anyway, we’re here now, so let’s

(6)______ some serious work.’ Tim said, ‘Erm, I think there’s been some sort of misunderstanding,

gentlemen.’

1. A. drew B. followed C. cropped D. called

2. A. ask after B. bear out C. count on D. draw up

3. A. got up to B. faced up to C. bargained for D. added up

4. A. brought B. ended C. broke D. came

5. A. down B. across `C. over D. through

6. A. do away with B. fall out with C. get down to D. come up against

EXERCISE 8:

When the war (1)______ I must have been (2)______ 18 years of age, and like most boys of my age, I

received the news with a kind of naïve enthusiasm, born out of youthful ignorance and inexperience. When I

was (3)______, I still had a romantic vision of marching quickly to victory and being home in time for tea. I

have an old picture of myself standing proudly in my new uniform – a young man about to (4)______ his

responsibilities in life. I look like a boy pretending to be a man – and not quite managing to (5)______ it off.

Little did I realise just what I had (6)______.

1. A. came B. bore C. broke D. carried

2. A. getting on for B. falling back on C. getting round to D. feeling up to

3. A. counted on B. broken up C. called up D. asked after

4. A. draw up B. face up to C. do away with D. bring about

5. A. call B. break C. get D. carr

6. A. come in for B. come up against C. come down to D. come up with

EXERCISE 9:

The small resort of Palama (1)______ out rather in the 1990s, as the tourists flocked to the more obvious

attractions of the nearby resorts of Calapo and del Mare. But now, thanks to a major new hotel development

plan, business is (2)______, and Palama is more than (3)______ its poor past showing and unfashionable

image. The kindest thing one can say about Palama is that it (4)______ you if you’ve been staying there for

long enough. It is being (5)______ up as a shining example of the latest retro-style of modern hotel

architecture, but as far as this observer is concerned, it only occasionally (6)______ its billing.

1. A. held B. missed C. made D. gave

2. A. picking up B. making out C. paying back D. giving over

3. A. putting in for B. hanging on to C. hitting it off D. making up for

4. A. grows on B. hold with C. puts up with D. pushes on

5. A. played B. put C. held D. made

6. A. lives up to B. holds out C. makes for D. puts across

EXERCISE 10:

Phil West test drives the Mondo XJS

You’d be hard-pushed to find a more comfortable drive – the superb suspension system makes (1)______ an

easy drive over bumpy roads, although the performance is somewhat let (2)______ by the handling round

corners. Maybe I just drove this monster too fast! The construction manual (3)______ that the XJS can hit a

top speed of 240 kph: 200 would be nearer the mark – still not a figure to be sniffed at. The dashboard

controls are an absolute picture and easy to operate, although some of the electronics were a bit

temperamental on my trial run – at one point, alarmingly, the windscreen wipers decided to (4)______. Also I

did not (5)______ with the gearbox, and only found third gear with difficulty. But hey, I’m the world’s most

demanding critic – this thing is a beast! Don’t be (6)______ by the price, a cool £85,000.

1. A. out B. off with C. for D. up

2. A. up B. down C. in D. for

3. A. puts up B. pulls off C. makes out D. holds up

4. A. give away B. miss out C. put off D. pack up

5. A. hit it off B. pull it off C. have it out D. live it down

6. A. missed out B. owned up C. put off D. hit upon

EXERCISE 11:

Telesales have become the bane of my life. Recently I have been so inundated with them that I now refuse to

answer the phone between 6 and 9 in the evenings. Friends and relatives understand, and don’t bother

calling at these times. Last week I was almost (1)______ accepting a year’s subscription to a video company,

before the red mist descended just in time, and I slammed the phone down. If it’s not advisors promising to

(2)______ out your finances for you, or persuading you to (3)______ life insurance, it will usually be home

improvement companies.

My advice is, don’t be taken (4)______ by the friendly chat at the beginning of the conversation. You can

(5)______ all their charming chit chat with ease – all they really want is your custom and your money. So

(6)______ them, and, preferably politely, just say ‘no’.

1. A. set in B. stuck up for C. worn off D. talked into

2. A. try B. set C. sort D. run

3. A. run into B. take out C. set about D. stand by

4. A. in B. over C. up D. off

5. A. turn out B. take to C. tell off D. see through

6. A. stick up for B. tie in with C. stand up to D. run up against

EXERCISE 12:

Meetings with (1)______ too much of managers’ time are being blamed for inefficiency and lost revenue,

according to a report from the Institute of Managerial Affairs. The report concludes that a lot of meetings

which take place in the business world are a waste of time: the decisions made in them could be arrived at by

other means, or the manager’s presence delegated, with a capable deputy standing (2)______ the manager.

But it seems this message has not (3)______ in yet, for the number of hours devoted to meetings continues

to increase annually, in most countries of the world. In-house meetings are bad enough, but some companies

insist on lavish affairs in hotels or restaurants, (4)______ huge bills in the process. With delicious irony, one

leading finance company has (5)______ a committee to investigate the new scourge of unnecessary

meetings. The number of weekly meetings for the committee has just been (6)______ up from two or three!

1. A. run over B. set in C. turn out D. take up

2. A. by B. in for C. up to D. for

3. A. sunk B. set C. taken D. turned

4. A. taking on B. sending up C. working out D. running up

5. A. run into B. sorted out C. taken out D. set up

6. A. sent B. stepped C. run D. taken

EXERCISE 13:

Joe (1)______ the building work his team was doing on the new companies offices because he had heard

that the company was going to bankrupt. He knew the money was going to dry (2)______, so he was not

prepared to continue. Most of the team immediately (3)______ up what they were doing but some of them first (4)________
the task they were working on. Jow himself quickly (5)______ the last of his paperwork and

then packed (6)______ too.

1. A. called off B. called upon C. puts off D. A and C are correct

2. A. off B. up C. out D. away

3. A. thought B. called C. brought D. broke

4. A. finished off B. wrapped up C. got through D. A, B and C are correct

5. A. thought over B. gave up C. polished off D. broke down

6. A. up B. off C. out D. away

I. Choose the best answer to complete these following sentences.
1. Brian asked Judy________ to dinner and a movie.
A. out B. on C. for D. of
2. My wife backed me _______ over my decision to quit my job.
A. down B. up C. of D. for
3. The racing car _______ after it crashed into the fence.
A. blew out B. blew over C. blew up D. blew down
4. Our car ________ at the side of the highway in the snowstorm.
A. broke into B. broke away C. broke in D. broke down
5. Mike _________ Alaska, so he's used to cold weather.
A. comes over B. comes in C. comes across D. comes from
6. Jane had a difficult childhood. She _______ a broken home.
A. came from B. came over C. came in D. came up with
7. The woman _______ when the police told her that her son had died.
A. broke down B. broke away C. broke in D. broke into
8. Our teacher broke the final project _______ into three separate parts.
A. in B. into C. away D. down
9. Somebody _______ last night and stole our stereo.
A. broke off B. broke in C. broke out D. broke up
10. The firemen had to break _______ the room to rescue the children.
A. off B. up C. out D. into
11. The bomb_______ when he rang the bell.
A. went over B. went on C. went out D. went off
12. No one really believed it when the news came through that the "Titanic" had _______ on her maiden voyage.
A. gone over B. gone on C. gone down D. gone off
13. Does this jacket_______ my trousers?
A. go with B. go through with C. go ahead D. go off
14. He _______ about his new car all the time.
A. goes over B. goes on C. goes out D. goes off
15. Do you think you could _______ this work with me some time, Peter?
A. go over B. go on C. go out D. go off
16. We have permission to_______ with the plan.
A. go ahead B. go over C. go on D. go off
17. I know you find the course boring, Pauline, but since you've started it, you might as well _____ it.
A. go with B. go through with C. go ahead D. go off
18. The building of the new bridge will_______ as planned.
A. go up B. put up C. go out D. go ahead
19. I see the price of bread has _______ again.
A. gone up B. put up C. gone out D. fallen out
20. He was caught shop - lifting but since this was his first offence he was_______ with a warning.
A. gone out B. gone ahead C. fallen out D. let off
- Ask out: mời đi ăn
- back someone up = support (ủng hộ)
- blow up: = (explode) nổi giận, nổ tung, phóng đại
- break down = stop functioning (vehicle, machine) hư, hỏng (máy móc thiết bị)
- come from (đến từ. xuất thân từ)
- come from (đến từ. xuất thân từ)
- broke down = get upset = suy sụp
- break something down = divide into smaller parts
- break in = force entry to a building
- break into something = enter forcibly (đột nhập vào bằng vũ lực, hoặc không sin phép)
II. Choose the best answer to complete these following sentences.
1. She _______ her father; everyone says how alike they are!
A. takes after B. takes off C. falls out D. lets off
2. There was a power cut and all the lights _______.
A. went up B. put up C. went out D. went ahead
3. You look upset, Sven. Have you and Niger _______ again?
A. gone out B. gone grey C. fallen out D. let off
4. Paul, do you think you could ____ me ____ for the night? It's a bit too late to go home now.
A. let me off B. go me out C. fall me out D. put me up
5. Children made their hair_______.
A. go out B. go grey C. fall out D. let off
6. The doctor asked me to _______ my shirt.
A. put off B. take off C. take out D. put out
7. Shall we go somewhere _______ a drink?
A. for B. from C. to D. of
8. Everyone can _______ in this school activity.
A. take off B. take on C. take part D. take
9.Do you want to stop in this town, or shall we _______?
A. turn on B. turn off C. go on D. look after
10.Who will ________ the children while you go out to work?
A. look for B. look up C. look after D. look at
11.Please ________ the light, it’s getting dark here.
A. turn on B. turn off C. turn over D. turn into
12.The nurse has to _________ at the midnight. {take (sth) over: take control of or responsibility for}
A. take care B. take on C. take over C. take off
13.There is an inflation. The prices __________.
A. are going on B. are going downC. are going over D. are going up
14.Remember to _______ your shoes when you are in a Japanese house.
A. take care B. take on C. take over C. take off
15.You can __________ the new words in the dictionary.
A. look for B. look after C. look up D. look at
16.It’s cold outside. __________ your coat.
A. Put on B. Put down C. Put off D. Put into
17.Frank never turns up on time for a meeting.
A. calls B. arrives C. reports D. prepares
18.Never put off until tomorrow what you can do today.{ p ut off: postpone: delay}
A. do B. let C. delay D. leave
19.My father still hasn’t really recovered from the death of my mother.
A. looked after B. taken after C. gone off D. got over
20.The bomb exploded with a loud bang which could be heard all over the town.
A. went on B. went out C. went off D. went away

III. Choose the best answer to complete these following sentences.

1.John, could you look after my handbag while I go out for a minute.
A. take part in B. take over C. take place D. take care of
2.Bill seems unhappy in his job because he doesn’t get _______ his boss.
A. up to B. on for C. on well with D. in with
3.Why do they ______ talking about money all the time?
A. keep on B. give up C. take after D. stop by
4.My father gave up smoking two years ago.
 A. liked B. continued C. stopped D. enjoyed
5.The government hopes to _________ its plans for introducing cable TV.
A. turn out B. carry out C. carry on D. keep on
6.When the tenants failed to pay their bill, the authorities decided to _____ the gas supply to the flat.
A. cut down B. cut out C. cut off D. cut up
7.Look out! There’s a car coming!
A. The car is behind you, so you should run.
B. Don’t go away because the car is coming.
C. Hurry up or you will be late for the car.
D. You should be careful because the car is coming.
8.I was born in Scotland but I ________ in Northern Ireland.
A. grew up B. raised C. brought up D. rose
9.How do you start the computer?
A. How does the computer turn on? B. How do you turn on the computer?
C. How do you turn the computer on? D. Both B and C are correct
10.I/ not accept/ offer/ turn down/
A. I couldn’t accept his offer to avoid turning down him.
B. I couldn’t accept his offer because he was turned down.
C. I couldn’t accept his offer, so I turned it down.
D. I couldn’t accept his offer whether I was turned down.
11.Both Ann and her sister look like her mother.
A. take after B. take place C. take away D. take on
12.I’ll be back in a minute, Jane. I just want to try out my new tape recorder.
A. resemble B. test C. arrive D. buy
13.She got angry when they started to………. her private life.
A. ask for B. enquire after C. ask about D. enquire with
14.She ran in a marathon last week but………. after ten kilometers. {withdraw}
A. dropped out B. closed down C. broke up D. made up
15.Gertrude takes……….her mother; she has blue eyes and fair hair too.
A. in B. up C. after D. down
16.It took him a long time to ………. the death of his wife.
A. take away B. get over C. take off D. get through
17.There were so many kinds of cameras………., and I didn't know which to buy.
A. to choose B. choosing from
C. chosen D. to choose from
18.Billy hasn't been working; he won't………. his examinations.
A. get off B. get through C. keep up D. keep off
19.They arrived………. the airport………. good time for the plane.
A. in - on B. to - in C. at - in D. to - for
20.Did Mr. Tan………. the class while Miss Fiona was ill in hospital?
A. take away B. take over C. take up D. take off

IV. Choose the best answer to complete these following sentences.

1.Paula applied for the post but she was………..
A. turned down B. checked out C. kept under D. pushed ahead
2.If orders keep coming in like this, I'll have to………. more staff.
A. give up B. add in C. gain on D. take on
3.Why do they………. talking about money all the time?
A. keep on B. side with C. take after D. work off
4.In addition to Mr. Thomas and Miss White, the principal………. attend the school party.
A. is likely B. is going to C. are likely D. are going to
5.We were too tired to wash ________ after the meal.
A. over B. out C. up D. on
6.C
7. B
8. B
8. D
9. C
10. C
11. A
12. C
13. D
14. D
15. C
16. A
17. B
18. C
19. D
20. C
V. Choose the best answer to complete these following sentences.
1. D
2. C
3. A
4. C
5. B
6. C
7. A
8. A