ecurity 

- the predictable state or condition which is free from harm, injury, destruction,
intimidation or fear. Freedom from fear or danger or defense against crime.

Physical Security System - a barrier or system of barriers placed between the potential
intruder and the matter to be protected. Protective device against hazards, threats,
vulnerability and risks.

Purpose/Goals of Physical security

1. deter potential intruders - ex. warning signs, perimeter markings

2. distinguish authorized from unauthorized people - ex. using pass card
3. delay or prevent intrusion attempt - ex. wall, door lock, safe
4. detect intrusion and monitor/record intruders - e. CCTV, intrusion alarm
5. trigger appropriate incident responses - ex. security guards

How to deter potential intruders

1. install warning signs -

2. build fences
3. put vehicle barriers
4. install vehicle height restriction
5. implement restricted access point
6. install sight lighting and trenches

How to distinguish authorized from unauthorized people - access control at the

1. gates
2. doors
3. locks

How to detect intrusion

1. install alarms
2. install intrusion detection monitor
3. install video monitoring system - ex. cctv

Vigiles (in Rome) - origin of the watchmen although their principal duty was as a fire
brigade.

Notable security guards:

1.  Frank Wills - detected the Watergate burglars ultimately leading to the resignation
of US president Richard Nixon.
Target hardening - the reduction in criminal opportunity, generally through the use of
physical barriers, architectural design and enhanced security measures of a particular
location.
Defensible Space - the range of mechanisms that combine to bring an environment under
the control of its residents.

Demography - the study of the characteristics of population groups.

Principles of Physical Security

1. An intruder must be able to acquire access to the
    property in order to benefit.
2. The type of access necessary will depend upon a
    number of variable factors and therefore may be
    achieved in a number of ways.
3. There is no impenetrable barrier.
4. Security is built upon a system of defense in depth
    resulting to accumulated delay time which may lead
    to the apprehension of the intruder.
5. Each installation is different from the others.

2 Kinds of Barriers
1. Natural
2. Artificial

5 Types of Barriers
1. Human
2. Animal
3. Natural
4. Energy/Electrical/Electronic
5. Structural

3 Line of Defense
1. Perimeter Barrier - 1st line of defense.
2. Building Exterior - 2nd line of defense.
3. Interior Controls - 3rd line of defense.

Perimeter Barrier - main purpose is to deny or impede access or exit of unauthorized

persons.
Other Purposes
1. It defines the boundary of the property to be
    secured.
2. It creates a physical and psychological deterrent
    to unauthorized entry.
3. It delays intrusion, thus facilitating apprehension
    of intruders.
4. It assists in a more efficient and economical
    employment of guards.
5. It facilitates and improves the control of pedestrian
    and vehicular traffic.
Components:
1. Types of Fencing (solid/full view)
2. The top guard
3. Types of Protective Alarms Systems
4. Types of Protective and Emergency Lighting's
5. CCTV Cameras and other Electronic Security
    Systems/Energy Barriers

Building Exterior - Components:

1. walls
2. Doors
3. Windows
4. Roof Openings
5. Fire Escapes
6. Protective Alarm Systems
7. Protective and Emergency lightnings
8. CCTV Cameras and other Electronic Security
    Systems/Energy Barriers

Interior Controls - Components:

1. ID Systems
2. Protective Alarm Systems
3. Protective Emergency Lighting's
4. Communication Systems
5. CCTV Cameras and other Electronic Security
    Systems/Energy Barriers
6. Restricted Areas (storage areas/utilities)
7. Access Control
8. Key Control
9. Emergency Plans
10.Guards

Natural barriers or features - such as cliffs,ravines,and rivers which delay or make more
difficult to entry of intruders.

Barriers - any line of boundary and separation,natural or artificial,places,or serving as

limitation or obstruction.Anything that bars,keep out,obstruct progress,or prevents
encroachment or intrusion.

Structural barriers - features constructed by man regardless of their original intent that
tends to delay the intruder.ex.walls,ceilings,locks,safe,windows.

Human barriers - guards,charges of quarters,office personnel,shop workers etc. who stand

between the intruder and the matter to be protected.

Animal barriers - usually guard dog.ex. trained German shepherds used as

guards,goose,and turkeys can also be included.

Energy barriers - usually electrical or electronics devices used to provide assistance to

guard personnel.ex. protective lightnings,anti intrusion devices.

Full view fence - it is designed primarily to prevent physical access between two
areas.Constructed in such a way that visual access is permitted through the fence.

Physical Security Features:

1.Natural barriers - natural terrains features must be
   considered from the stand point of their values to
   intruder as cover and concealment.Normally the
   first type considered very often we have to accept
   and work around them.
2.Fences
   a. solid fence - one is constructed in such a way that
       visual access through the fenced structure is
        denied.
   b. full view fence - constructed in such a way that
       usual access is permitted through the fence.

Advantages of a full view fence

1. removing patrols and stationary guards are able to
    keep area surrounding of the installation under
    observation.
2. it does not create shadows which would provide
    cover and concealment for the intruder.

Disadvantages of a full view fence

1. It allows visual access to the installation,its
    personnel,its guard and its activities.
2. It allows the intruders to become familiar with the
    movements and the time schedule of the guard
    patrols thereafter allowing him to pick the time for
    attempting penetration which would most
    advantageous to the intruder.

Advantages of solid fence

1. Denies visual access of the installation of the
    intruder.
2. Denies the opportunity for the intruder to become
    familiar with the personnel,activities and the time
    schedule of the movements of guards in the
    installations.

Disadvantages of solid fence

1. It prevents the guards from observing the area
    around the installation.
2. It creates shadows which may be used by the
    intruder for cover and concealment.

Minimum acceptable requirements for fence used security barriers

1. Height - 8 feet at a minimum.
2. Slack at the bottom - not to exceed 2 inches.If the
    fences are not tight then it should extend even
    closer to the ground.
3. Wooden fence post - minimum horizontal dimension
    of 4X4 inches.
4.Steel fence post - the round type should at least be
    2 inches at the smallest diameter.
5. Fence post - should be set in concrete or in firm
    soil using commercial drive anchors to a depth of 3
    feet and the maximum distance post is 10 feet.
6. Fence top (Top Guard) - there should be something
    on the top of the fence to deter persons attempting
    to go over fence.ex.use of barb wire overhang.The
    arms holding the barbwire should be extended at 45
    degree angle in the direction of the expected
    approach.
7. Fence area - it should be declared trees and
    vegetation  and debris of other materials which
    would offer concealment of the intruder or would
    aid him in scaling the fence.
8. Fence Gates - gates should be limited to the no.
    necessary for efficient and sage operation of the
    installation.
9. Fence Opening - all opening in the fence in excess
    of 96 inches must be locked barbed or screen in
    such a way that they may be interlocked  and
    opened from the inside  and only by selected
    personnel.
10.Multiple fence - is used should at least be 10 feet
    apart  and the overhang on the top of the inner
    fence should point inward.

4 Basic functions that must be accomplished by the guard system

1. Detect intruders
2. Sound alarms
3. Apprehend unauthorized personnel
4. Identify authorized personnel