General

Physics 1 12
Earth Science – Grade 12
Quarter 1 – Module 3: Vectors and Addition of Vectors
First Edition, 2020

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 General
Biology 1 12
Quarter 1
Self-Learning Module 3
Vectors and Addition of Vectors
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

Welcome to the General Physics 1 Self-Learning Module 3 on Vectors and

Addition of Vectors

This Self-Learning Module was collaboratively designed, developed and

reviewed by educators from the Schools Division Office of Pasig City headed by its
Officer-in-Charge Schools Division Superintendent, Ma. Evalou Concepcion A.
Agustin, in partnership with the City Government of Pasig through its mayor,
Honorable Victor Ma. Regis N. Sotto. The writers utilized the standards set by the K
to 12 Curriculum using the Most Essential Learning Competencies (MELC) in
developing this instructional resource.

This learning material hopes to engage the learners in guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Further, this also aims to help learners
acquire the needed 21st century skills especially the 5 Cs, namely: Communication,
Collaboration, Creativity, Critical Thinking, and Character while taking into
consideration their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the
body of the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies that
will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this
module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to
manage their own learning. Moreover, you are expected to encourage and assist the
learners as they do the tasks included in the module.
 For the Learner:

Welcome to the General Physics 1 Self-Learning Module 3 on Vectors and

Addition of Vectors

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful
opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You
will be enabled to process the contents of the learning material while being an active
learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

Expectations - This points to the set of knowledge and skills

that you will learn after completing the module.

Pretest - This measures your prior knowledge about the lesson

at hand.

Recap - This part of the module provides a review of concepts

and skills that you already know about a previous lesson.

Lesson - This section discusses the topic in the module.

Activities - This is a set of activities that you need to perform.

Wrap-Up - This section summarizes the concepts and

application of the lesson.

Valuing - This part integrates a desirable moral value in the

lesson.

Posttest – This measures how much you have learned from the
entire module.
 EXPECTATIONS

The module is about scalar and vector quantities, vector addition using the
graphical method, analytical method, and component method.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. differentiate vector and scalar quantities;
2. perform addition of vectors graphically and analytically by using the
component method; and
3. display awareness of the uses of vectors in different fields like technology
and engineering.

PRETEST

Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter in your notebook.

1. Which of the following represents a scalar quantity?

A. A load weighs 5 Newton.
B. An airplane flies easterly of 100 km.
C. A car has reached his destination after 1 hour.
D. A car moves 60 kilometers per hour at 35 o East of North.
2. What term represents the magnitude of a velocity vector?
A. Acceleration
B. Momentum
C. Speed
D. Velocity
3. What is the direction of the resultant vector A + B?

A. 15º above the x-axis

B. 15º below the x-axis
C. 75º above the x-axis
D. 75º below the x-axis
 4. Vector A has a magnitude of 30 units. Vector B is perpendicular to vector
A and has a magnitude of 40 units. What is the magnitude of vector A +
B be??
A. 10 units
B. 50 units
C. 70 units
D. zero units
5. The pilot of a plane measures an air velocity of 165 km/h south relative to
the plane. An observer on the ground sees the plane pass overhead at a
velocity of 145 km/h toward the north. What is the velocity of the wind
that is affecting the plane relative to the observer?
A. 20 km/h to the north
B. 20 km/h to the south
C. 165 km/h to the north
D. 310 km/h to the south

RECAP

In your previous Physics subjects, you have learned the sign conventions for
coordinate systems. Using the figure below, identify the direction and the sign
convention of each coordinate system:

Coordinate System Direction Sign Convention

 LESSON

How conscious are you when it comes to

your body figure? How well do you manage your
healthy body? Are you aware of your BMI or your
Body Mass Index from your physical education
class? How does your mass differ from your weight?
It is often mistaken that mass and weight are
the same physical quantities. Mass is the amount
of matter in your body and it is measured in grams
or kilograms. On the other hand, weight is the
amount of gravitational force exerted on the matter
and it is measured in kilogram-meter per the Fig. 1: Comparison
second square or Newton. between mass and weight

Mass and weight are examples of quantities such as scalar quantity and
vector quantity. The figure below tells us the difference between scalar and vector:

Scalar Quantity Vector Quantity

➢ Only has magnitude ➢ Has magnitude and direction

Time has no direction. To fully describe force acting upon an

object, you must describe both the
magnitude (size or numerical value)
and the direction.

➢ Only one dimensional ➢ It is multidimensional

Just like a number line.

Just like a number plane.
 ➢ This quantity changes with the ➢ This quantity changes with
change in magnitude magnitude and direction

An increase in the magnitude of the An object’s velocity changes its speed

temperature changes its quantity. and magnitude.

Scalar quantities are fully described by a magnitude (size or numerical

value) only. While vector quantities give both the magnitude and direction.

Table 1: Examples of Scalar and Vector quantities

Scalar Quantities Vector Quantities

Distance Displacement
Speed Velocity
Mass Weight

Energy Acceleration

Density Force
Power Impulse
Length, Area, Volume Pressure
Time Momentum
Temperature Gravity
Work Drag

Vectors can be represented by the use

of an arrow with a head and a tail. The
length of the arrow represents the
magnitude of the vector while the
direction of the arrowhead represents
the direction of the vector. The tail is
called the initial point or the origin of
the vector. Fig. 2: Parts of a vector
diagram
 Vector direction can be due East,
due West, due South or due North.
However, some vectors do not lie exactly
30° on the axis and are projected to a certain
degree. This kind of vector can be drawn
by moving the given degrees from the
Fig. 3: (a) Geographical direction using
reference axis. Example: 30o North of
compass (b) vector inclined at an angle
The magnitude of a vector in a scaled
vector diagram is shown by the length of the arrow
with a chosen scale. Example: The diagram shows
a vector with a magnitude of 20 miles. Since the
scale used for constructing the diagram is 1 cm = 5
miles, the vector arrow is drawn with a length of 4
cm. That is, 4 cm x (5 miles/1 centimeter) = 20
miles.

Addition of Vectors:

The resultant vector is the vector sum or difference of all the individual
vectors. It the result of combining the individual vectors. There are two ways of
adding vector quantities, the graphical method, and the analytical method:

Addition of Vectors Graphically

➢ Choose an appropriate scale and
frame of reference for the given
vectors.
➢ Draw the first vector starting
from the frame of reference.
➢ Draw the second vector from the
head of the 1st vector. And draw
the remaining vectors from the
head of the most recent vector
drawn. It must be connected in
the head-to-tail method.
➢ Draw a new vector connecting
the tail of the 1st vector to the
head of the last vector drawn.
This will be the resultant vector.
Addition of Vectors Analytically
➢ Vectors in the same or opposite
direction on the same plane – add
algebraically and use sign
convention; North & East
positive; South & West negative.
➢ Vectors perpendicular or in
right-angle – use the
Pythagorean Theorem (the
 square of the hypotenuse is
equal to the sum of the square of
two other sides) for the
magnitude and use
trigonometric functions for the
direction.
➢ Vectors not perpendicular – use
the law of cosine (the square of
one side is equal to the sum of
the square of two other sides
c2 = a2 + b2 – 2ab x cos C
minus twice their product
multiplied by the cosine of their
included angle) for the
magnitude and the law of sine
(the sine of any angle is directly
proportional to the length of the
sides) for the direction.
The component method is a more convenient and accurate way to add
vectors. In this method the x and y components of each vector are determined. The
x component is the projection of the vector on the x-axis and the y component is the
projection on the y-axis.

ACTIVITIES

Activity 1 – Addition of Vectors Graphically and Analytically

Add the following vectors on each problem. Write your answer and complete
the solution to the activity sheet provided.

1. Use the graphical method to find the total displacement of a person who walks
the following three paths on a flat field. First, she walks 25.0 m in a direction
49.0º north of east. Then, she walks 23.0 m heading 15.0º north of east.
Finally, she turns and walks 32.0 m in a direction 68.0° south of east.
2. Matthew leaves the base camp and hikes 11 km, north and then hikes 11 km
east. Determine Matthew's resulting displacement.

3. Jomar rode his bicycle in the eastern direction for 5 meters. After that, he
went 3 meters in a direction of 30° North of East. Determine Jomar’s
displacement.

Activity 2 – Addition of Vectors using Component Method

Using the component method, resolve the vectors on the given problem. Write
your answer and complete the solution to the activity sheet provided.

1. Emma went outside to jog. She jogged in the eastern direction for 5 meters,
then she jogged 7 meters, 30° North of East. After that, she went 3 meters to
the North and lastly, jogged 4 meters, 20° West of North. Find the
displacement from her initial position to her final position.
Activity 3 – Practice Problems

Write your answer and complete the solution to the activity sheet provided.

A. Determine if the following scenarios represent a scalar or vector quantity.

1. The football player was running 10 miles an hour towards North.
2. The volume of that box at the west side of the building is 14 cubic feet.
3. The temperature of the room was 15 degrees Celsius.
4. The car accelerated north at a rate of 4 meters per second squared.
5. Mike burned 4000 calories.
B. Find the resultant vector using the analytical method. Show your complete
solution on a clean sheet of paper.
1. A person drove his car 5 km East then 7 km North. Find the displacement.
C. Find the resultant vector using the component method. Show your complete
solution on a clean sheet of paper.
1. Max plays middle linebacker for South's football team. During one play
in last Friday night's game, he made the following movements after the
ball was snapped on third down. First, he back-pedaled in the southern
direction for 2.6 meters. He then shuffled to his left (west) for a distance
of 2.2 meters. Finally, he made a half-turn and ran downfield a distance
of 4.8 meters in a direction of 30° West of South before finally knocking
the wind out of the opponent’s wide receiver. Determine the magnitude
and direction of Max's overall displacement.

WRAP-UP

Complete the exit slip below about vectors and vector addition:
 VALUING
Are you familiar with the
Waze App? What does it tell us as a
commuter? Why do we use this app?

Aside from the Waze app, what

other applications of vectors can you
give in different industries? Fig. 4: Waze app screenshot

POSTTEST

Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter in your notebook.

1. What symbol is typically used to draw a vector?

A. Arrow B. Box C. Hashtag D. The letter X
2. Which of the following measurement is a vector quantity?
A. Mass
B. Speed
C. Velocity
D. Volume
3. Determine which is a scalar quantity on the following situations.
A. A car is speeding eastward.
B. The wind is blowing from the south.
C. The temperature outside is 15 degrees.
D. The water is flowing due north at 5 km/hr.
4. A motorboat heads due east at 5.0 m/s across a river that flows toward
the south at a speed of 5.0 m/s. What is the resultant velocity relative to
an observer on the shore?
A. 3.2 m/s to the southeast
B. 5.0 m/s to the southeast
C. 7.1 m/s to the southeast
D. 10.0 m/s to the southeast

5. A golfer takes two putts to sink his ball in the hole once he is on the green.
The first putt displaces the ball 6.00 m east, and the second putt displaces
the ball 5.40 m south. What displacement would put the ball in the hole
in one putt?
A. 11.0 m southeast
B. 3.32 m at 42.0o south of east
C. 8.07 m at 48.0o south of east
D. 8.07 m at 42.0o south of east
KEY TO CORRECTION
 REFERENCES

Faughn, J. S.; Serway, R. A. Holts Physics, Teacher’s Edition Textbook, 2006. Pages
86-94.

Tony Wayne. Physics Students Workbook. Creative Commons Attribution-

Noncommercial 3.0 United States License.

Difference Between Scalar and Vector. Byju’s The Learning App. Located at
https://byjus.com/physics/difference-between-scalar-and-vector/

Physics for Kids. Scalar and Vector. By Ducksters Education Site. Located at
https://www.ducksters.com/science/physics/scalars_and_vectors.php

Scalars and Vectors. By Physics Classroom. Located at

https://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/1DKin/Lesson-1/Scalars-and-Vectors

Vectors. By Math Worksheet Go. Located at https://www.lamission.edu/Life-

Sciences/Assets/Docs/vector-worksheet.aspx

Vector Addition and Subtraction. By Lumen Physics. Located at

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/physics/chapter/3-2-vector-addition-and-
subtraction-graphical-methods/

Vector Geometry. Chapter One. Retrieved from

http://home.cc.umanitoba.ca/~thomas/Courses/vectors.pdf