Module 3 - Dynamics of Fluid Flow and Practical Applications of Bernoulli's Equation

9/8/21, 11:26 PM MODULE 3 - DYNAMICS OF FLUID FLOW AND PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS OF BERNOULLI’S EQUATION
MODULE 3 - DYNAMICS OF FLUID FLOW AND PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

OF BERNOULLI’S EQUATION
Site: New Era University Printed by: Hedrei Anne D. Castroverde

Course: CE 313-18/CE 413 - Hydraulics Date: Wednesday, 8 September 2021, 11:26 PM
MODULE 3 - DYNAMICS OF FLUID FLOW AND
Book:
PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS OF BERNOULLI’S EQUATION
https://collvle.neu.edu.ph/mod/book/tool/print/index.php?id=59312 1/19
Description
Lesson 1: Dynamics of Fluid Flow
Table of contents
1. Introduction/Overview
2. Learning Outcomes
3. Equations of Motion
4. Euler's Equation of Motion
5. Bernoulli's Equation from Euler's Equation
6. Sample Problems for Bernoulli's Equation
7. Hydraulic Coefficients
8. Venturi Meter
8.1. Sample Problems for Venturi Meter
9. Orifice Meter or Orifice Plate
10. Pitot Tube
11. Discussion Forum 3
1. Introduction/Overview
This
module aims to provide learnings regarding dynamics of fluid flow. Fluid dynamics
is the study of fluid motion with the forces causing the
flow. The dynamic
behavior of the fluid flow is analyzed by the Newton's second law of motion,
which relates the acceleration with the forces.
The fluid is assumed to be
incompressible and non-viscous.
2. Learning Outcomes
1. Identify
the different types of forces causing fluid motions, their distinction and
importance to produce fluid motions.
2. Acquire
knowledge in solving flow parameters using equations of motion of a fluid
particle.
3. Apply
the Bernoulli’s equation to different laboratory and industrial apparatuses.
4. Compare
the different energy lines produced by forces causing fluid motions and how
they can be decreased or increased depending on
the necessities of design.
3. Equations of Motion
According
to Newton's second law of motion, the net force Fx acting on a fluid
element in the x-direction is equal to the mass m of the fluid
element multiplied by the acceleration ax in the x-direction. Thus
mathematically,
In the
fluid flow, the following forces are present:
Fg – gravitational force
FP – force induced
by pressure
Fν – force due to
viscosity
Ft – force due to
turbulence
Fc – force due to
compressibility
Thus,
in equation 3.1, the net force in the x-direction
If the force due to compressibility,

Fc is negligible, the resulting net force
and
equations of motions are now called Reynold’s
Equation of Motion.
For flow, where Ft is

negligible, the resulting equations of motion are known as Navier-Stokes Equation of Motion.
If the flow is assumed to be ideal, thus

viscous force (Fv) is zero and equation of motions are known as Euler’s Equation of Motion.
4. Euler's Equation of Motion
This
is equation of motion in which the forces due to gravity and pressure are taken
into consideration. This is derived by considering the motion
of a fluid
element along a stream-line as:
Consider
a stream-line in which flow is taking place in s-direction as shown in figure
3.1. Consider a cylindrical element of cross-section dA and
length ds. The
forces acting on the cylindrical element are:
1. Pressure
force pdA in the direction of flow.
2. Pressure
force
opposite to the direction of flow.
3. Weight
of element is ρgdAds
Let θ
be the angle between the direction of flow and the line of action of the weight
of element. The resultant force on the fluid element in the
direction of s must
be equal in the mass of fluid element x acceleration in the direction s.
5. Bernoulli's Equation from Euler's Equation
Bernoulli’s
equation is obtained by integrating the Euler’s Equation of Motion as:
ASSUMPTIONS
The following are the assumptions made in

the derivation of Bernoulli’s equation:
The
fluid is ideal (i.e. viscosity is zero)
The
flow is steady
The
flow is incompressible
The flow is irrotational
6. Sample Problems for Bernoulli's Equation
Problem 3.1. Water

is flowing through a pipe of 5cm diameter under a pressure of 29.43 N/cm2
(gauge) and with mean velocity of 2.0 m/s. Find
the total head or total energy
per unit weight of the water at a cross-section, which is 5m above the datum
line.
Problem 3.2. A
pipe through which water is flowing, have diameters of 20cm and 10cm at
cross-sections 1 and 2, respectively. The velocity of
water at section 1 is
given 4m/s. Find the velocity head at section 1 and 2 and also the rate of discharge.
Problem 3.3. The water is flowing

through a pipe having diameters 20cm and 10cm at sections 1 and 2,
respectively. The rate of flow through
pipe is 35liters/s. Section 1 is 6m
above datum and section 2 is 4m above datum. If the pressure at section is
39.24N/cm2, find the intensity of
pressure at section 2.
Problem 3.4. A
pipe of diameter 400mm carries water at a velocity of 25m/s. The pressures at
points A and B are given as 29.43N/cm 2 and
22.563 N/cm2,
respectively. While the datum head at A and B are 28m and 30m. Find the head
loss between A and B.
Problem 3.5. A
pipeline carrying oil of specific gravity 0.87 changes in diameter from 200mm
at position 1 to 500mm diameter at position 2
which is 4m higher than 1. If
pressure at 1 and 2 are 9.81 N/cm2 and 5.886 N/cm2,
respectively and discharge is 200 liters/sec, determine the
loss of head and
direction of flow.
7. Hydraulic Coefficients
The
hydraulic coefficients are:
1.
Coefficient of Velocity (Cv).
It is defined as the ratio between the actual velocity of a jet of liquid at
vena-contracta and the theoretical
velocity of jet. The value of Cv
varies from 0.95 to 0.99 for different orifices depending on the shape, size of
the orifice and on the head under
which flow takes place. Generally, the value
of Cv=0.98 is taken for sharp-edged orifices.
2.
Coefficient of Contraction (Cc).
It is defined as the ratio of the area of the jet at vena-contracta to the area
of the orifice. The value of Cc
varies from 0.61 to 0.69 depending
on the shape and size of the orifice and the head of liquid under which flow
takes place. In general, the
value of Cc may be taken as 0.64.
3.
Coefficient of Discharge (Cd).
It is defined as the ratio of actual discharge from an orifice to the theoretical
discharge from the orifice. The
value of Cd varies from 0.61 to
0.65. For general purpose, the value of Cd is taken as 0.62.
8. Venturi Meter
A
venturi meter is a device used for measuring the rate of flow of a fluid
flowing through a pipe. It consists of three parts:
(i) A short converging part,
(ii) Throat, and
(iii) Diverging part.
The
value of ‘h’ can be computed in two different cases.
CASE
1. Let the differential manometer contain a liquid which is heavier than the
liquid flowing through the pipe.
CASE
2. If the differential manometer contains a liquid which is lighter than the
liquid flowing through the pipe.
8.1. Sample Problems for Venturi Meter
Problem 3.6. A
horizontal venturi meter with inlet diameter of 30cm and 15cm diameter for
throat is used to measure the flow of water. The
reading of differential
manometer connected to the inlet and the throat is 20 cm of mercury (s=13.6).
Determine the rate of flow. Take Cd=0.98.
Problem 3.7.
An oil of s=0.8 is flowing through a venturi meter having
inlet diameter of 20cm and throat diameter of 10cm. The oil-mercury
differential manometer shows a reading of 25cm. Calculate the discharge of oil
through the horizontal venturi meter. Use sHg=13.6 and Cd=0.98.
Problem 3.8.
In a vertical pipe conveying oil of s=0.8, two pressure gauges have been
installed at A and B where the diameters are 16cm and
8cm, respectively. A is 2
meters above B. The pressure gauge readings have shown that the pressure at B
is greater than at A by 0.981N/cm2.
Neglecting all losses, calculate
the flow rate. If the gauges at A and B are replaced by tubes filled with the
same liquid and connected to a U-
tube containing mercury, calculate the
difference of level of mercury in the two limbs of the U-tube.
Problem 3.9. Find

the discharge of water flowing through a pipe 30cm diameter placed in an
inclined position where a venturi meter is inserted,
having a throat diameter
of 15cm. The difference of pressure between the main and throat is measured by
a liquid of s=0.6 in an inverted U-tube
which gives a reading of 30cm. The loss
of head between the main and throat is 0.2 times the kinetic head of the pipe.
9. Orifice Meter or Orifice Plate
Orifice
Meter or Orifice Plate is a device used for measuring
the rate of flow of a fluid through a pipe. It is a cheaper device compared to
venturi
meter. It also works on the same principle as that of venturi meter. It
consists of a flat circular plate which has a circular sharp edged hole called
orifice, which is concentric with the pipe. The orifice diameter is kept
generally 0.5 times the diameter of the pipe, though it may vary from 0.4 to
0.8 times the pipe diameter.
A
differential manometer is connected at section which is at a distance of about
1.5 to 2.0 times and at section which is at a distance of about
half the
diameter of the orifice on the down-stream side from the orifice plate.
Problem 3.10.
An orifice meter with orifice diameter of 10cm is inserted in a pipe of 20cm
diameter. The pressure gauges fitted upstream and
downstream of the orifice
meter gives readings of 19.62 N/cm2 and 9.81 N/cm2
respectively. Coefficient of discharge for the orifice is 0.6. Find
the
discharge of water through the pipe.
10. Pitot Tube
Pitot
tube is a device used for measuring the velocity of flow at any point in a pipe
or a channel. It is based on the principle that if the velocity of
flow at a
point becomes zero, the pressure there is increased due to conversion of the
kinetic energy into pressure energy. In simplest form, the
pitot-tube consists
of a glass tube, bent at right angles.
The
lower end, which is bent through 90 degrees is directed in the upstream
direction. The liquid rises up in the tube due to the conversion of
kinetic energy
into pressure energy. The velocity is determined by measuring the rise of
liquid in the tube.
Problem 3.11.
A pitot-static tube is used to measure the velocity of water in a pipe. The
stagnation pressure head is 6m and static pressure
head is 5m. Calculate the
velocity of flow assuming the coefficient of tube equal to 0.98.
11. Discussion Forum 3
If you have further queries regarding our topic, please click the link below.
https://collvle.neu.edu.ph/mod/forum/view.php?id=59503&forceview=1

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9/8/21, 11:26 PM MODULE 3 - DYNAMICS OF FLUID FLOW AND PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS OF BERNOULLI’S EQUATION

MODULE 3 - DYNAMICS OF FLUID FLOW AND PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Site: New Era University Printed by: Hedrei Anne D. Castroverde

Lesson 1: Dynamics of Fluid Flow

4. Euler's Equation of Motion

5. Bernoulli's Equation from Euler's Equation

6. Sample Problems for Bernoulli's Equation

9. Orifice Meter or Orifice Plate

10. Pitot Tube

11. Discussion Forum 3

If the force due to compressibility,

For flow, where Ft is

If the flow is assumed to be ideal, thus

4. Euler's Equation of Motion

5. Bernoulli's Equation from Euler's Equation

The following are the assumptions made in

The flow is irrotational

6. Sample Problems for Bernoulli's Equation

Problem 3.1. Water

Problem 3.3. The water is flowing

(i) A short converging part,

(ii) Throat, and

(iii) Diverging part.

8.1. Sample Problems for Venturi Meter

Problem 3.9. Find

9. Orifice Meter or Orifice Plate

10. Pitot Tube

11. Discussion Forum 3

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