TRIGONOMETRY 1

The branch of mathematics that deals with the study

(iv) sinθ–1 =
sinθ
of relationships between the sides and angles of a
triangles is called trigonometry.
sinθ–1  sin –1θ
(v) The values of trigonometric ratios remain the
The word ‘trigonometry’ is derived from the greek same for the same angle of different right tri-
words ‘tri’ meaning three, ‘gon’ meaning sides and angles.
‘metron’ meaning measure. RECIPROCAL RELATION
1. TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS The reciprocal relations for the trogonometric ra-
In right ABC , AB is the hypotenuse, AC is the tios are
side opposite to C ( θ) and BC is the side adja- 1
(a)  cosecθ  sinθ.cosecθ =1
cent to θ. For the angle C, AB is called perpendicu- sin θ
lar, side BC is called base and AC is called 1
hypotenus. (b)  secθ  cosθ.secθ =1
The trigonometric ratios for angle θ: cosθ
A 1
(c)  cotθ  tanθ.cotθ =1
tan θ
2. TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS OF SOME SPE-
CIFIC ANGLES
From geometry, we are already familiar with the
construction of angles of 30º, 45º, 60º and 90º. In
 this section, we will find the values of the trigono-
B C metric ratios for standard angles i.e., 0º, 30º, 45º,
Perpendicular AB 60º and 90º.
(a) sinθ= = TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS OF 45º
Hypotenuse AC
In ABC , right-angled at B, if one angle is 45º,
Base BC then the other angle is also 45º.
(b) cosθ= = i.e., A = C = 45º
Hypotenuse AC
So, BC = AB as equal have equal sides opposite to
Perpendicular AB them.
(c) tanθ= = Now, Suppose BC = a
Base BC C
Hypotenuse AC
(d) cosecθ= =
Perpendicular AB
Hypotenuse AC
(e) secθ= =
Base BC
Base BC A B
(f) cotθ= = Then by Pythagorans Theoram, AC² = AB² + BC²
Perpendicular AB
= a² + a² = 2a² and therefore AC = a 2
Note: Using the definitions of the trigonometric ratios, we
(i) Sinθ is a single symbol. It does not mean the have:
product to sin and θ. side opposite to angle 45º
(ii) Only the term ‘sin’ has no meaning. sin45º =
hypotenuse
(iii) sinθ  ² = sin²θ (Read as sin square theta)
BC a 1
sinθ  ²  sin²θ² = =
AC a 2
=
2
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1
 side adjacent to angle 45º 1
cos45º= and cot 60º 
hypotenuse 3
AB a 1 TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS OF 0º & 90º
= = = Let us observe what happens to the trigonometric
AC a 2 2
sideopposite to angle 45º ratios of angle A, if it is made smaller & smaller
BC a in the right triangle ABC, till it becomes zero.
tan45º = side adjacent to angle 45º = = =1
AB a As A gets smaller & smaller, the length of the
1 side BC decreases. The point C gets closer to the
Also, cosec45º =  2
sin 45º point B, & finally when A becomes very close
1 1 to 0º AC becomes almost the same as AB.(see fig.)
sec45º =  2 & cot 45º  1
cos 45º tan 45º
C
C
TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS OF 30º AND 60º C
Consider an equilateral triangle ABC. Since each
angle in an equilateral triangle is 60º, therefore,
A  B  C  60º. A B A B A B
Draw the perpendicular AD fromA to the side BC.
Now, ABD  ACD
Therefore BD = DC C
and BAD  CAD C
A C
A B A B A B
º
30

When A is very close to 0º, BC gets very close to

BC
0 and so the value of sin A  is very close to 0.
60

AC
º

B D C
Now observe that: Also, when A is very close to 0º, AC is nearly the
ABD is a right triangle, right-angled at D with BC
BAD  30º and ABD  60º. Let us suppose that same as AB and so the value of cos A  is very
AB = 2a. AC
close to 1.
1
Then BD = BC = a With the help of the above information, we can de-
2 fine the values of sinA and cosA when A = 0º.
and AD² = AB² – BD² = (2a)² – a² = 3a², We define: sin 0º = 0 and cos 0º = 1.
Therefore AD = a 3. Using these values, we have:
BD a 1 sin0º
Now, we have: sin 30º    , tan0º   0,
AB 2a 2 cos0º
AD a 3 3 1
cos 30º    , cot 0º   0, which is not defined.
AB 2a 2 tan0º
BD a 1
tan 30º    1
AD a 3 3 sec0º   1,
cos0º
1 1 2
Also cosec30º   2,sec 30º   , 1
sin 30º cos30º 3 cosec0º  , which is again not defined.
sin0º
1
& cot30º   3 Now, similarly, we can get the trigonometric ratios
tan 30º
Similarly, for the angle 90º when A is made larger and larger;
and hence C gets smaller and smaller. Therefore
AD a 3 3 1
sin 60º    , cos 60º  , the length of the side AB goes on decreasing i.e.,
AB 2a a 2 the point A gets closer to point B. Finally, when
2 A is very close to 90º, C becomes very close to
tan 60º  3  cosec60º  ,sec 60º  2
3 0º and the side AC almost coincides with BC.
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2
 C C C
IInd quadrant  sin θ , cosec θ +ve
– ve
IIIrd quadrant  tan θ , cot θ +ve – ve
IVth quadrant  cos θ , sec θ +ve – ve
A B A B A B 5. +y
C C C

+H +H
+P
B
A B A B A  
–x +x
–B +B 
–P

Trigono- 0º 30º 45º 60º 90º +H +H
metrical
ratio
1 1 3
sin 0 1
2 2 2 –y

3 1 1 • Ist quadrant P, H B +ve all

cos 1 0
2 2 2
trigonometric function+ve
tan 0 1 Not • IInd quadrant P+ve, H+ve sin,
1 3
3 defined cosec+ve
cosec Not 2 +P
2 2 1 –B
defined 3 cosθ = (–ve) tanθ = (–ve)
H –B
2
sec 1 2 2 Not • IIIrd quadrant P – ve, B – ve,
3 defined –P –P
cot Not 1 tanθ =  +ve , sinθ =  –ve
3 1 0 –B H
defined 3
–B
cosθ =  –ve
3. IMPORTANT RESULTS TO REMEMBER H
• IVth quadrant P–ve, B+ve, H+ve
sinn = 0 cos2n = 1 –P +B
sinθ =  –ve , cosθ =  +ve
(n = 1, 2....) (n = 0, 1, 2....) +H +H
sin +1 cos 0 –P
tanθ =  –ve
B
0 0 –1 1 6. 90º   [90º odd multiple 180º   [90º even multiple
270º   trigonometric function 360º   trigonometric function
–1 0
(T.F.) change (T.F.) change
sin0º = 1 sin90º = 1 cos0º = 1 cos90º = 0
(90º, 270º, 450º......)] (180º, 360º, 540º......)]
sin180º = 0 sin270º = –1 cos180º = –1 cos270º = 0 sin cos
sin360º = 0 cos360º = 1 tan cot
sec cosec
4. QUADRANT SYSTEM
(T.F.) value
90º method use
ASTC After school
to college (i) Sign (+ –) cartesian system according
S A(all)
sin, cosec
180º 360º II I
T C (ii) Value convert T.F.
(tan, cot) (cos, sec) III IV e.g. (1) sin120º  sin(180º – 60º) sin (90º
270º
+ 30º)
(i) Ans+ve sin120º II quadrant +ve
Ist quadrant  + ve

71
3
 (ii) +sin60º cos30º (as per above rule)
3
Ans + ( method use ) x
2 sin(90º+ ) = cos  sin(90 + ) = = cos
r
2. sec 240º  (i) Ans – ve, sec (180º + 60º) –y
cos(90º+ ) = –sin cos(90 + ) = –sin 
sec(270º – 30º) r
x –x
(ii) – sec60º – cosec30º tan(90 + ) = = –cot
A' y –y y
Ans. –2
3. cos1020º  360º × 3 – 60º [360º multiple P '(–y, x) M'
A
according quadrant ]
 P(x, y)
Here 4th quadrant
x'  x
1 O M
 + cos60º = y'
2
7. TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS OF ALLIED
ANGLES
y
In each of the foll'owing figures, x and y are posi- sin(180º– ) = sin  Now, sin(180 + ) = = sin
r
tive. Also triangles OPM, OP'M', or 'OP'M are con- y
cos(180º– ) = –cos cos(180 – ) = –cos
gruent. r
–y y y
sin(– ) = –sin  sin(– ) = – = – sin  and, tan(180 – ) = = –tan
r r –x
y
x y
cos(– ) = cos  cos(– ) = = cos tan(–) = = tan
r x A' A
Taking the reciprocals of these trigonometric P'(–x, y)
ratios, we have cosec (–) = – cosec, sec(–) P(x, y)
180 –
= secand cot (–) = –cot
x'   x
y M' O M
y'
P(x, y)
r

x' x
O – M –y
sin(180º+ ) = –sin  sin(180 + ) = = –sin
r r
P'(x, –y)
–x
y' cos(180 + ) = –cos
r
–y y
cos(180º+ ) = –cos tan(180 + ) = = = tan
–x x
y A
x
sin(90º– ) = –sin sin(90 – ) = =cos 
r 180 –  P(x, y)
y M' x
x'
cos(90º– ) = sin  cos(90 – ) = sin  O M
r
x P'(–x, –y)
tan(90 – ) = cot
y y A' y'

A'
A 8. sin(–θ) = sin(0º – θ) = –sinθ IV quadrant
x)
y,

, y) cos(–θ) = cos(0º – θ) = +cosθ IV quadrant

P(

 P(x

tan(–θ) = tan(0º – θ) = –tanθ IV quadrant
x' x
O M' M cosec(–θ) = cosec(0º – θ) = –cosecθ IV quadrant
y'
sec(–θ) = sec(0º – θ) = +secθ IV quadrant
cot(–θ) = cot(0º – θ) = –cotθ IV quadrant
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4
9. TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES I + ve, II – ve, III + ve, IV – ve.
An equation involving trigonometric ratios of an y

angle (say θ ) is called a trigonometric identify, if it

+ +
is true for all value of the angle( θ ) involved. For
any acute angle θ , we have
– 3 – – 0   3 2
(i) sin θ .cosec θ = 1 or 2 2 2 2

1 1 – –
sinθ = or cosecθ =
cosecθ sinθ
(d) Range  [– , ] , y = cotx
(ii) cos θ . sec θ = 1 or
0º to 90º cotx
1 1
cosθ = or secθ = I + ve, II – ve, III + ve, IV – ve.
secθ cosθ
(iii) tan θ . cot θ = 1 or
+ +
1 1
cotθ = or tanθ =
tanθ cotθ x
– –   3 2
sinθ cosθ 2 2 2
(iv) tanθ = , cotθ = – –
cosθ sinθ
(v) sin²θ + cos²θ = 1
(e) Range  (– , –1]  [1, ) , y = secx
 sin² θ = 1– cos² θ  sin θ = 1 – cos ²θ
0º to 90º secx
and cos² θ = 1 – sin²  cos θ = 1 – sin²θ
No. value between –1 & 1
(vi) sec²θ + tan²θ = 1 I + ve, II – ve, III – ve, IV + ve.
x
 sec² θ = 1+ tan² θ  sec θ = 1  tan ²θ
and tan² θ = sec² θ – 1  tan θ = sec²θ – 1 + +
(vii) cosec²θ – cot²θ = 1
 cosec² θ = 1+ cot² θ  cosec θ = 1  cot ²θ 1
x
x 0 x x 3x 5x
and cot² θ = cosec² θ – 1  cot θ = cosec²θ – 1 2 2 2 2x 2
–1
10. GRAPH AND OTHER USEFUL DATA OF
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCITONS – –

(a) Range  [–1, 1], y = sinx

0º to 90º sinx (f) Range  (– , –1]  [1, ) , y = cosecx
I & II quadrant + ve, III & IV, –Ve 0º to 90º cosecx
y
No. value between –1 & 1
1
+ + I + ve, II + ve, III – ve, IV – ve.

/2 – –
3/2 2 5/2
– –/2 0 
–1
y
(b) Range  [–1, 1], y = cosx
+ +
0º to 90º cosx
I + ve, II – ve, III – ve, IV + ve. 1
y 0
x x
1 –x – 0 x x 3x 2x
+ 2 2 2
– +
x –1
–3/2 0 /2 –  – 3/2 2 – –
–/2 1

(c) Range  [– , ] , y = tanx

0º to 90º tanx
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5
11. TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS FOR COM- 13. TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS OF MULTIPLE
POUND ANGLES: AND SUB-MULTIPLE ANGLES
(a) cos (A – B) = cosA cosB + sinA sinB Formulae for multiple angles:
(b) cos(A + B) = cosA cosB – sinA sinB (a) cos2A = cos (A + A) = cos²A – sin²A
(c) sin(A– B) = sinA cosB – cosA sinB = 1 – 2sin²A = 2cos²A–1
(d) sin (A + B) = sinA cosB + cosA sinB
1 1
Also sin²A = (1 – cos2A), cos²A = (1 + cos2A)
tanA + tanB 2 2
(e) tan  A + B  =
1– tanAtanB (b) sin2A = sin (A + A) = sinA cosA + sinA cosA
= 2sinAcosA
tanA – tanB
(f) tan  A – B  = tan A  tan A
1+ tanAtanB (c) tan2A = tan (A + A) =
1 – tan A tan A
SOME MORE RESULTS 2 tan
(a) sin (A + B) sin (A–B) = sin² A – sin²B = cos² B 
1 – tan ² A
– cos²A
(d) sin3A = sin (2A + A)
(b) cos(A + B) cos(A – B) = cos² A – sin² B = cos² B
= sin2A cosA + cos2A sinA
– sin² A
= 2sinA cosA cosA + (1 – 2sin²A) sinA
(c) sin (A + B + C) = sinA cosB cosC + cosA
= 2sinA cos²A + sinA – 2sin³A
sinB cosC + cosA cosB sinC – sinA sinB sinC
= 2sin A (1 – sin²A) + sinA – 2sin³A
= 2sinA – 2sin³ A + sinA – 2sin³A
(d) cos (A + B + C) =cosA cosB cosC – cosA sinB
= 3sinA – 4sin³A
sinC – sinA cosB sinC – sinA sinB cosC
(e) cos3A = cos(2A + A)
(e) tan (A + B + C)
= cos2AcosA – sinAsinA
tan A  tan B  tan C – tan A tan B tan C = (2cos²A – 1) cosA – 2sinA cosA sinA
=
1 – tan A tan B – tan B tan C – tan C tan A = 2cos³A – cosA – 2 cosA (1–cos²A)
12. TRANSFORMATION FORMULAE = 2cos³A – cosA – 2cosA + 2cos³A
Formulae to transform the product into sum or dif- = 4cos³A – 3cosA
ference. (f) sin2A and cos2A in terms of tan A
(a) 2sinA cosB = sin (A + B) + sin (A – B)
2sin A cos A
(b) 2cosA sinB = sin (A + B) – sin (A – B) sin2A = 2sinA cosA =
(c) 2 cos A cos B = cos (A + B) + cos (A – B) cos ² A  sin ² A
(d) 2 sin A sin B = cos (A – B) – cos (A + B) 2 tan A
Formulae to transform the sum or difference into =
1  tan ² A
product
[Dividing numerator and denominator by cos²A]
In above set of formulas substituting
cos2A = cos²A – sin²A
CD C–D
A and B  cos ² A – sin ² A 1 – tan ² A
2 2 = =
cos ² A  sin ² A 1  tan ² A
C D C – D [Dividing numerator and denominator by cos² A]
(a) sinC + sinD = 2sin   cos  
 2   2  1 – cos 2 A
Also tan²A =
C – D C D 1  cos 2 A
(b) sinC – sinD = 2sin   cos   (g) In the formula of tan (A + B + C), putting B
 2   2 
= A and C = A, we get
CD C – D 3tan A – tan³A
(c) cosC + cosD = 2cos   cos   tan3A =
 2   2  1 – 3tan²A
C D C – D Similarly, we can prove that cot3A
(d) cosD – cosC = 2sin   sin   cot ³ A – 3cot A
 2   2  =
3cot ² A – 1
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6
14. CONDITIONAL IDENTITIES tan A  tan B  tan C – tan A tan B tan C
Some standard identities in triangle: 1 – tan A tan B – tan B tan C – tan A tan C
(a) tanA + tanB + tanC = tanA tanB tanC (d) cot (A + B + C)
A B C B C A cot A cot B cot C – (cot A  cot B  cot C )
(b) tan tan  tan tan  tan tan  1
2 2 2 2 2 2
(c) sin2A + sin2B + sin2C = 4sinA sinB sinC
=
 cot A cot B – 1
(d) cos2A + cos2B + cos2C = –1– 4cosA cosB 17. (a) cosA + cosB + cosC + cos (A + B + C) = 4cos
cosC  A B  BC  C  A
A B C   cos   cos  
(e) cosA + cosB + cosC = 1 + 4sin sin sin  2   2   2 
2 2 2 (b) sinA + sinB + sinC – sin (A + B + C) = 4sin
A B C
(f) sinA +sinB + sinC = 4cos cos cos  A B  BC  C  A
2 2 2   sin   sin  
Note: tanA + tanB + tanC = tanA tanB tanC is true  2   2   2 
for A+B+C = nπ , where n  N 18. CONDITIONAL IDENTITIES
15. SOME IMPORTANT RESULTS AND THEIR (a) sin (A+B) = sin(180º – C) = sinC
APPLICATIONS (b) cos (B + C) = cos(180º– A) = –cosA
(c) tan (C + A) = tan (180º – B) = tanB
1
Result 1: cosAcos(60º – A) cos(60º + A) = cos3A cos C
4 (d) sin [(A + B)/2] = sin (90º – C/2) = 
2
1 (e) cos [(B + C)/2] = cos (90º – A/2) = sinA/2)
Result 2: sinAsin(60º – A) sin(60º + A) = sin3A
4
Result 3: tan α tan(60º – α ) tan(60º + α ) = tan3 α B
Result 4: Acos2Acos2²Acos³A....cos2n–1 A (f) tan[(C+A)/2] = tan (90º – B/2) = cot
2
sin 2n A
=  A B π–C
2n sin A (g) sin    sin  
 4   4 
Result 5: Angles are in A.P.
(a) sin α + sin ( α + β ) + sin ( α +2 β )+....+  π π+C   π+C 
= sin  –  = cos  
2 4   4 

sin α  n – 1 β  19. A + B + C = 180º
n  tanA + tanB + tanC = tanAtanBtanC
sin
 2 sin   ( n – 1)    cotAcotB+cotBcotC+cotCcotA = 1
  2 
sin  20. A + B + C = 90º
2  cotA + cotB + cotC = cotAcotBcotC
(b) cos α + cos ( α + β ) + cos ( α +2 β )+....  tanAtanB + tanBtanC + tanCtanA = 1
n 21. A + B = 90º
sin  tanAtanB = 1
2 cos   (n –1)  
 
+ cos α  n –1 β 
 
 2   tanA= cotB
sin
2  cotAcotB = 1
16. TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS OF THE SUM  sin²A + sin²B = 1
OF THREE OR MORE ANGLES
(a) sin(A + B + C) = sinA cosB cosC + cosA  cos²A+cos²B = 1
sinB cosC + cosA cos B sinC – sinA sinB sinC  sinAsecB = 1
or  cosAcosecB = 1
sin (A + B + C) = cosA cosB cosC (tanA +  sinA = cosB
tanB + tanC – tanA tanB tanC) 22. A + B = 180º
(b) cos (A + B + C) = cosA cosB cosC – sinA sinB
cosC– sinA cosB sinC – cosA sinB sinC  cosA + cosB = 0
Or 23. A + B = 45º or 225º
cos (A + B + C) = cosA cosB cosC (1 – tanA tanB –  (1 + tanA) (1 + tanB) = 2
tanB tanC – tanC tanA)  (1 – cotA) (1 – cotB) = 2
(c) tan (A + B + C)

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24. Put – B in place of B sin θ θ θ
 A – B = 45º or 225º 36.  4cos cos
θ 2 2
 (1 + tanA) (1 – tanB) = 2 sin
4
 (1 – cotA) (1 + cotB) = 2
25. A + B = 135º or 315º sin θ θ θ θ
 8 cos cos cos
 (1 – tanA) (1 – tanB) = (1 + cotA) (1 + cotB) θ 2 4 8
=2 sin
8
26. A + B = 30º
sin θ θ θ θ θ
 
3  tan A  
3  tanB  4
sin
θ
 16 cos cos cos cos
2 4 8 16
27. A + B = 60º 16
 1 
3 tan A 1 3 tanB  4 sin θ θ θ θ θ
 32 cos cos cos cos cos
θ
θ 2 4 8 16 32
28. cosθ+cos(120º– θ) + cos(120º + θ) = 0 sin
32
3 37. asinθ +bcosθ = m
cos ²θ+cos²(120º– θ) + cos²(120º + θ) =
2 acosθ – bsinθ = n
3 a ² + b² = m ²  n²
cos ³θ+cos³(120º– θ) + cos³(120º +θ) = cos 3θ
4 38. sin(A + B) sin(A – B) = sin²A – sin²B
29. tan θ  tan(60º θ)  tan(120º  θ)  3tan 3θ = cos²B – cos²A
tan θ  tan(60º θ) – tan(60º – θ)  3 tan 3θ cos (A + B) cos(A– B) = cos²A – sin²B
= cos²B – sin²A
tan A  tan B
30. tanA tanB = 2
cot A  cot B 39. tan θ +cotθ =
cot A  cot B sin 2θ
cotAcotB = 40. Maximum & minimum values
tan A  tan B
sinθ cosθ maximum &
1
31. sec θ+tanθ = minimum value +1 & – 1
sec θ–tanθ
1 But sin²θ & cos²θ maximum value –1
cosecθ+cotθ =
cosecθ–cotθ sinθ &cosθ power even –ve value
4 4
32. sin θ+cos θ = 1–2sin²θcos²θ minimum 0
Max. Mini.
sin 6θ+cos6θ = 1–3sin²θcos²θ even even
(sin θ) &(cosθ) +1 0
1  tan θ cosθ – sinθ
33. tan  45º  θ   1 – tan θ  cosθ + sinθ (sin θ)odd & (cosθ) odd +1 –1

1 – tan θ cosθ +sinθ (tanθ)even & (cotθ)even + 0

tan  45º – θ   
1  tan θ cosθ – sinθ (tan θ) odd & (cotθ) odd + –

34.
sin θ
 cosecθ–cotθ (secθ)even & (cosecθ)even + +1
1  cos θ
(secθ)odd & (cosecθ)odd + –
1  cosθ
 cosecθ+cotθ 41. Mini. Maxi.
sin θ
sinθ, sinnθ –1 +1
1  sin θ
35.  secθ + tanθ cosθ, cosnθ –1 +1
cos θ
tanθ – 
cosθ
 secθ – tanθ cotθ – 
1  sin θ
secθ – 
cosecθ – 
cosec²θ, sec ²θ 1 
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8
 
 
2
cot²θ, tan ²θ 0 a sin θ – bcosecθ  2 ab
cot³θ, sin³θ –1 +1
y min.  2 ab
sin²θ, cos²θ 0 +1
2sinθ –2 +2 when, a sin   bcosecθ
4cosθ –4 +4
b
27sin2θ – 27 + 27 sin²θ 
a
1 1
sinθcosθ –  y min.  2 ab if b  a
2 2
n n
 a  b if b  a
 1  1
[sinθcosθ] n
–    y max.  
 2  2
Similarly, a cos ²θ  b sec ²θ  y
Power n = odd
n y min.  2 ab if b  a
 1
0    a  b if b  a
 2
y max.  
Power n = odd
(i) a sin  b cosθ= y (v) y  asec²θ  bcosec²θ
Let a = R cos α .........(i) = a (1  tan ² )  b(1  cot ²θ)
b = Rsinα ...........(ii) = a  b  atan²θ  bcot²θ
y = R [sinθcosα+cosθsinα]
y min .  a  b  2 ab
y = R sin  θ+α 
y max.   
a b ²
y max.   R   a² + b² 42. Radian (R)
 1º = 60' (60 minutes)
y min.  – R  – a² + b²
 1' = 60'' (60 seconds)
Squaring & adding (i) & (ii)  60' = 1º (60 minutes)
a² + b² = R²  cos²α +sin²α  3600'' = 1º
60' 3600'' 1º
R   a²  b²
 180º  π c (π radian)
(ii) asin²θ  bcos²θ  y
πc
ya>b if a < b 10º  radian 
Max.  a max. = b 18
Mini.  b mini. = a  22 radian = 1260º
a b value maximum value
 180º 
y minimum value y  1c (1 radian) =   = 57º16'22'' (app.)
 π 
(iii) sin m θ  cos n θ = y
c
m, n even  π 
 1º    = 0.01746 radian (app.)
y max. = +1  180º 
y mini. =  at θ  45º  always Grade (G)
(iv) atan²θ  bcot²θ = y  90º = 100G (Grade)
 1G = 100'
Mini. value = 2 ab  1' = 100''
Maxi. value =  Relation between degree, grade & radian.
asin²θ  bcosec²θ  y D G 2R
 
   
2 2
y= a sin θ bcosecθ – 2 ab  2 ab 90 100 π

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9
43. VALUES OF TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS OF ements, there are many other things associated with
STANDARD ANGLES: triangles e.g., altitudes, medians, perpendicular bi-
(a) Value of sin18º: sectors, etc., which you have learnt uptil now. In
Let θ  18º , then 5θ  90º fact, there are too many things associated with tri-
angles which will be studied with their minute de-
or 2θ +3θ  90º
tail in this chapter.
or 2θ =90º – 3θ You must have used different properties of triangle
or sin2θ = sin(90º – 3θ) unconsiciously but after studying this chapter you
would have learnt where they are applied.
or sin2θ = cos3θ
For a  ABC, sides opposite to angles A, B and C i.e.,
or 2sinθ cos θ = 4cos³θ – 3cosθ BC, CA and AB are represented by a, b and c respec-
or [dividing by cosθ ]
2sinθ = 4cos²θ – 3 tively. We denote half of the perimeter of the triangle
by i.e., 2s,= a + b + c.
or 2sinθ = 4(1–sin²θ) – 3=1– 4sin²θ
Geometrical properties of A, B, C and a, b, c.
All these values are tabulated as follows:
1. A + B + C = 180º
7.5º 15º 18º 22.5º 36º 67.5º 75º 2. a + b > c, b + c > a, c + a > b
sin
8–2 6 –2 2 3 –1 5 –1 2– 2 10 – 2 5 2 2 3 1 3. a > 0, b > 0, c > 0
4 2 2 4 2 4 2 2 2
A
82 6 2 2 3 1 10  2 5 2 2 5 1 2– 2 3 –1
cos A
4 2 2 4 2 4 2 2 2 c b
10  2 5
tan  3– 2  
2 –1 2– 3
4
2 –1 5–2 5 2 1 2 3
B C
 2  B a C
cot  3 2  
2 1 2 3  52 5  2 1 1   2 –1 2– 3
 5
PROPERTIES OF TRIANGLE (  )
44. Some important points to remember ( Any triangle ABC has six components i.e., three
) sides (a, b, c) and three angles (  A,  B,  C).
• trigonometry The identities relating these components are called
value put trigonometry properties of triangle.
30-40% value put a b c
e.g., A + B + C = π ;   ;
sin A sin B sin C
a² + b² – 2ab cosC = c²
• score varieties
Most of these properties are cyclic in nature due to
periodicity of trigonometric functions.
• Value put maximum
SOLUTIONS OF TRIANGLE (  )
θ = 0º, 90º, 180º, 360º Given any three of the above six components, gen-
denominator zero erally it is possible to find the remaining three un-
known components of triangle using the properties
• question tanθ & cotθ of triangle, this process is known as solving the tri-
θ = 0º 90º θ = 45º try angle and the obtained components are called solu-
tions of triangle. For solving a  , we need some
• Trigonometry question basic tools such as sine formula, cosine formula
value put trigonometry Napier’s Analogy, contangent formulae, projection
formulae question link algebra formulae etc. Let us discuss them one by one.
questions (Keep in mind) SINE FORMULA
PROPERTIES OF TRIANGLE In any triangle ABC, the ratios of the sides to sine
Triangular shapes have fascinated us since our child- of the opposite angles are euqal. i.e.,
hood. A triangel has six basic elements namely, three a b c
  = 2R,
angles and three sides. Of these only three elements sin A sin B sin C
are independent. The remaining are dependent on Where R is circumradius of  ABC.
these three. This dependence can be expressed in Case I: Let the triangle ABC be acute angled, AD is
terms of trigonometric ratios. Apart from the six el- perpendicular to BC.

78
10
 AD b c
sinB = or AD =csinB  b sinC = csinB  
c sin B sin C
Figure
A
AD
Again, sinC = or AD = bsinC
b c b
 bsin C = csin B
b c C –C
  .......(1) B a C D
sin B sin C
In the similar manner, we can prove that b a
Similarly, 
b a sin B sin A
 .......(2)
sin B sin A a b c
   ........(6)
a/2 sin A sin B sin C
From the diagram given below, sinA =
R
Figure
a a O R
 sinA =  =2R .......(3) R
–C A 90º
2R sin A c /2 C
From equations (1), (2) and (3), B CL
a b c
we have   = 2R c/2
sin A sin B sin C From the above figure, we have sin ( π – C) =
CaseII: Let the triangle ABC be right angled tri- R
angle, C = 90º, sinC = 1 c c
 sinC =  = 2R .........(7)
 sinA = a/c, sinB = b/c 2R sin C
a b c c therefore from (6) and (7), we have
    .......(4)
sin A sin B 1 sin C a b c
   2R
b sin A sin B sin C
Also sin B = • To solve a triangle with two angles and one side
2R
given.
A • To solve a triangle with two sides, an angle oppo-
A site to one of sides is given.
c
R b • To convert a relation consisting of angles of  into
90º a relation containing sides.
B C B a D e.g., Find all component of  ABC of which
(a) a = 5,  A = 60º,  B = 45º,  C = 75º
b (b) a = 4, b = 6,  A = 60º
or = 2R
sin B a b c
Sol. (a)  
From (4) and (5), we have sin A sin B sin C
a b c 5 b
   2R c
sin A sin B sin C  = =
3/2 1/ 2 sin 75º
Case III: Let the triangle ABC be an obtuse-angled
triangle such that C  90º . 5 2 10
 b  ;= sin 75º
AD 2 3 3
In  ABD, sinB =  AD =csinA
c
AD b
10
;c 
10  3 1   5 3 1
In  ACD, sin( π – C) =
b
 AD =bsinC
=  6 3 2 2  6

79
11
 (b) by sine formula a ²  c² – b² a ²  b² – c²
a b cosB = and cosC =
  2ac 2ab
sin A sin B
b sin A 6 3 3 3 Case2: Let ABC be an obtuse angled  , obtuse
 sinB =   1 angled at A. Draw BD perpendicular to AC. Then
a 2(4) 4
by Euclidean Geometry, we have
which is impossible as sin B  (0, 1) BC² = AB² + AC² + 2AC.AD
  does not exist
 AD 
COSINE FORMULA  a² = b² + c² – 2b.ccosA  c  cos( – A) 
In a right angled triangle, an angle can be expressed  
in terms of the sides of the triangle. Can we express b²  c ²  a²
an angle of any triangle in terms of the sides of the  cosA =
2bc
triangle?
Yes, there is formula, which relates all sides, an B
angle. The formula derived below is known as co-
sine rule.
a
b²  c² – a ² a ²  c² – b² c
i.e., cosA = , cosB = ,
2bc 2ac
A –A
a ²  b² – c²
cosC = C b A D
2ab
Case1: Let us consider ABC to be acute angled tri- Case3: Let ABC be a right angled  . Then by Eu-
angle, where AD is perpendicular to BC, as shown clidean Geometry.
in figure. a² = b² + c² and A = 90º
AB² = AD² + BD²
 a² = b² + c² – 2bc cosA ( cos A  cos 90º  0)
 AB² = AD² + (BC + CD)² {as BC = BD + DC}
 AB² = AD² + CD² + BC² – 2BC. CD b²  c ² – a ²
 AB² = AC² + BC² – 2BC (AC cos C)  cos A 
2bc
Properties and solution of Triangle Similarly, it may be shown that
A
a ²  b² – c²
cos B  and
2ac
c b
B

B c cos B D b cos C C
a a
c
 DC 
 as, D ²  DC ²  AC ² and  cos C 
 AC  C b A
 c² = b² + a² – 2a.b cos C
Applications of cosine formula
{given AB = c, BC = a, AC = b}
Cosine formulae are used to find the angles of tri-
a ²  b²  c² angle if all the three sides (a, b, c) are given.
or cosC =
2ab b²  c ² – a ²
Similarly, i.e., cos A  gives angle A when sides
2bc
b²  c ² – a² a ²  c² – b² a, b, c are given.
cosA = , and cosB =
2bc 2ac • cosA > 0  A acute;  b² + c² – a² > 0 
b²  c ² – a² b² + c² > a²
 cosA = • cosA > 0  A obtuse;  b² + c² < a²
2bc
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12
 • cosA= 0  A =  / 2  b² + c² = a² PROJECTION FORMULA
> 0  b² + c² > a² In a  ABC, BD and DC are the projections of AB
To solve the triangle if two sides and included angle and AC on BC where AD is perpendicular on BC.
(e.g., b, c, A ) are given. a = BC = BD + DC = c cos B + b cos C
To solve the triangle if two sides and any one angle Similarly, b = a cos C + c cos A and
c = a cos B + b cos A.
(e.g., a, b, A ) are given.
A
e.g., If a = 5, b = 7, c = 8, find angle B.
a ²  c² – b²
Sol. cos B  c b
2ac
25  64 – 49 40 1
= = = = cos60º
258 80 2 B c cos B D b cos C C
 B = 60º. a

81
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