Chapter 4- Colonial Modernity and the Early Period the blues, and almost every musical style that
style that spurred the
of Philippine Contemporary Art(1900-1945)
Contemporary Art - is rooted in modernism, a conscious
movement of breaking away from the shackles of
traditional political thought and religious beliefs.
Modernity -making new things to serve the material
needs of humanity of the present making life more
comfortable and pleasurable
THE AMERICANIZATION OF FILIPINO CULTURE
Main thrust of colonial order – In early 1900's the main
force of the colonial order are public service, health and
education were oriented towards the Americanization of
the Filipino. Water tanks, piping, hoses and sewage
systems were established and came into use for public
sanitation and clean water. The trainor tranvia system
was slowly replaced by trucks and automobiles.
Automobile business that was established in the
Philippines on 1913:
Hupp
Bacharach
Ford Motors
New technologies were also introduced and developed
such as telegraph, radio, photography and etc. But still
needed continuous importation of gasoline, batteries and
machine parts from the USA. 
Tourism started to grew because of the interest in seeing
the "Pearl of the Orient".
The technological art of the previous century called
"Cinema" had already started in 1896.
The first silent featured films that were to be shown in
Manila:
 Edward Gross' La Vida de Jose Rizal  1905 to 1914.
 Albert Yearsley's El Fusimiento de Dr. Jose Rizal
but it was only in 1919.  INFRASTRUCTURES OF CULTURAL CHANGE
 Jose Nepomuceno's Dalagang Bukid– film version
of sarsuwelaby Hermogenes Ilagan and Leon
Ignacio
 Vincente Salumbides – Hollywood-trained director
made Miracle of Love (1926)
 George Musser's Ang Aswang (1932) – was the first
film with recorded sound
Cinematic peaks of the period
 Carlos Vander Tolosa's Diwata ng Karagatan(1936)
 Tor Villano's Ligaw na Bituin (1938)  with wide, tall windows all over to let in natural light
 Ramon Estella's Huling Habilin (1939)
Radio Transmission and Broadcast - known to have
begun in 1922 in Manila and 1929 in Cebu.
KZRH  (now DZRH) -  was founded in 1939 as the first
commercial radio station in the Philippines. The
language of transmission could only be English.
Through radio, Filipino listeners were initiated to jazz,
American songbook to evolve as popular art form.
Performers in radio programs included:
Classical Vocalists:
 Dalisay Aldaba
 Enya Gonzales
Classical Musicians:
 Ariston Avelino
 Rafael Artiga
Audiences, however, preferred singers who imitated
American timbre and diction like:
 Ding Yalong – touted as the Bing Crosby of the
Philippines.
 Francisco Trinidad – who was hailed as the Dick
Powell of the Philippines.
Ayuntamiento was transformed into the Municipio, the
walled city or Intramuros opened and expanded with
new roads and bridges built.
City of Manila –   was developed under the planning of
Daniel Burnham. He also balanced heritage and nature
preservation, and modernized the city with grid system
of streets between two main wide boulevards:
 Dewey (now Roxas Boulevard) 
 Taft Avenue – a set of governmental buildings
around a central forum (Luneta Park or Rizal Park)
Burnham also influenced the design of edifices and
urban planning in the country, patterned after the City
Beautiful Movement, establishing neoclassic architecture
as paradigm for design and construction.
William Parsons – successor of Burnham who served as
consulting architect of the Bureau of Public Works from
Under auspices of bureau, Manila engendered building
types that new government programs such as public
school, sanitariums, universities and many other public
edifices, which no local precedents. 
Neoclassical Capitol Buildings –The embodiment of
American republican ideas, was through style that the
processes of democratic apprenticeship were
demonstrated by Americans to Filipino colonial subjects.
Greek or Roman columns – entablature and pediments,
and ventilation.
Finest examples:
Antonio Toledo's designs of the City Hall of Manila, the
Tourism and Finance buildings
Juan Arellano's design Legislative building and Manila
Central Post Office.
An English language-based public school system was
also organized, and Gabaldon schoolhouses designed by
Parsons, with appropriate tropical design.
Pensionados was sent to US for advanced studies and
returned to engage in public service. The UP in Manila
was founded 1908, its Junior College of Liberal Arts in
Cebu was established in 1918.
FORGING THE FILIPINO IDENTITY THROUGH
ART
The transformation of the Filipino lifestyle into a
modernized economy and culture secured American
imperialist interests and resulted in Filipino dependence
on the United States.  
The Filipino psyche was conditioned to breed an
unconscious disdain for one's own culture. 
Classical Artists during Spanish to American
Colonization Periods
Isabelo Tampinco (1850-1933) — a neoclassic sculptor
of muses and saints better known for Filipinized art
noveau by incorporating ROCAILLE with local foliage
 -   E.A. Manuel called ESTILO TAMPINCO
Prominent Works:
 facade of Manila Cathedral
 molave door of Santo Domingo Church in
Intramuros
 wood carvings inside San Agustin Church
 Old Senate Session Hall of the National
Museum
 Malacañang Palace
 main altar of Laoag Cathedral 
2. Graciano Nepomuceno (1881-1974) — did relief
decorations of
• Malacañang Palace
• facade of Metropolitan Theater  Juliette Récamier
• religious sculpture
• busts of Jose Rizal
3. Fabian dela Rosa (1869-1937) — set tones for
academic painting of native landscapes, everyday
portraits, and scenes of Filipino activity during early
American period.  Angeles County Musseum
Exemplified by:
• Planting Rice (1921)
• El Kundiman (1930)
4. Illustrator Jorge Pineda (1879-1946) — best known
for his internationally-awarded canvases
• Campesina (1904)
• Las Buyeras (1904)
• Sungkaan (1924)
5.   Fernando Amorsolo (1892-1972) — painter and a
teacher
— integrated chiaroscuro techniques with impressionist
brushstrokes
Giovanni Baglione's Sacred and Profane Love
— established the visual ideal of Philippine human form
and Proportion 
— Dalagang Bukid (1949) – epitome of his artwork
Dalagang Filipina
— Designed for magazines and books and his style of
drawing became the paradigm for illustrators
— With the advent of lithography, photoengraving, and
zincography in the early 1900’s, advertising art
developed with the work of genre painters and
illustrators 
 Luis Viejo — Excelsior (1905-1941) 
 Jorge Pineda — Renacimiento Filipino (1910-
1915) 
Carmelo, Bauermann & Amorsolo—Pacific
Commercial Company 
 Amorsolo — “Marka Demonyo”
During the American period, the Philippine culture
experienced the tension between classic idealism and the
ferment of modernity.
6. Guillermo Tolentino (1890-1976) — an espiritista 
— deeply steeped in nationalism and the life of Jose
Rizal was a classical master of sculpture.
— His works: 
• Filipinas (Slave) - Tolentino's undated sculpture, was a
classic muse—youthful and defiant, bound in chains. 
• 1930-1933 - Tolentino created the Bonifacio
monument—a dynamic tableau of struggling figures
where at the center stands the dignified and defiant hero. 
• Oblation – the iconic symbol of the University of
Philippines, reflects the classical ideals of education-
freedom, discipline, order, symmetry, and fullness of
humanity.
Neoclassicism - adhered to principles of symmetry,
proportion, measure, perspective, and likeness to
physical perfection. François Gérard - Portrait de
Art Nouveau - a  reaction against classic simplicity,
which fancied the use of organic forms flowing in
flamboyant lines and rhythm. LACMA - The Los
Filipino Art Deco
— The dominance of neoclassicism was challenged by
the second generation of Filipino architects who returned
overseas studies and European trips. 
— Andres Luna de San Pedro, Fernando Ocampo, Pablo
Antonio and Juan F. Nakpil.
Art Deco
— more about rectilinear-based design
— Involved mass production and represented
commitment to technological progress
— combination of crafts and fine arts that uses
geometric forms
— Some architectural designs in the country that depicts
Art Deco are:
 Lyric Theater (1920) 
 Metropolitan Theater (1931) 
  Capitol Theater (1934)  First-generation of the Philippine Classical Ballet
 The University of Sto. Tomas Central Seminary  dancers, teachers, and choreographers:
 Far Eastern University  1. Anita Kane
 Rizal Memorial Coliseum 2. Remedios de Oyteza
Conducting and Performing Traditions 3. Leonor Orosa-Goquingco
4. Rosalia Merino-Santos
Kundiman 5. Maria Luisa "Inday" Gaston-Manosa
6. Joji Felix-Velarde
- best-loved form of the period
7. Pacita Madrigal Gonzales
- PoIgnant love songs 8. Elsie Uytiepo Torrejon
9. Fe Sala-Villarica
- expressions of the Filipino's love for the country 10. Esperanza Santos
Nicanor Abelardo ANITA KANE
- opened her school in 1934
- "Nasaan Ka Irog?" (1924)
- formed the Anita Kane Ballet Company-->1st company
- "Mutya ng Pasig" (1926) to tour the country
- produced the first original Philippine full-evening
Francisco Santiago ballet in 1939, "Mariang Makiling" (Philippine Legend)
- "Anak ng Dalita" (1917) - music composed by Ramon Tapales
LEONOR OROSA-GOQUINGCO
“Bayan Ko”(1929) -studied theater
- created the first Philippine folkloric ballet (1941)
- one of the most recognizable songs from this period 2. Modern Dance
- lyrics by Jose Corzaon de Jesus - first seen at the Manila Grand Opera House (1926 &
1927)
- music by Constancio de Guzman - with performances of Denishawn Company led by
Americans:
1920s-1940s
1. Ruth St. Denis 2. Ted Shawn
- numerous songs were created for Philippine movie: Trudl Dubsky Zipper
- first modern dance teacher in the Philippines
1. Noberto Romualdez - "Dalisay" - it was taught at the University of the Philippines
2. Tito Arevalo - "Estrellita" - former Manila Ballet Modern
3. Constancio de Guzman - "Takip-Silim" Filipino Dancers
4. Juan Silos Jr. - "Giliw Ko" - Manolo Rosado, Ricardo Reyes, Lucio Sandoval,
5. Miguel Vilarde Jr. - " Butuing Marikit" Carmen Generoso-Inigo, and Remedios Villanueva
Americal Period Pinon
Philippine Folk Dance
- most significant development in dance - subjected to minimal American Influence
1927 - Philippine Folk Dances and Games
- the advent of theatre dance 1946 - Philippine National Dances
- with introduction of two major dance forms of Western 1947 - Barangay Dance Company
expression - led by Paz Ceilo Belmonte
- Philippine Normal College
1.Classical Ballet 1949 - Philippine Folk Dance Society
1957 - Bayanihan Dance Company
- artistic dance form
- headed by Lucrecia Reyes in the Philippine Women's
- uses high formalized academic technique combined University
with: a. Music b. Costume c. Stage Scenery 1957 - FEU Folk Dance Group
- directed by Rosalia Merino-Santos
- movements of the body characterized by: a. Graceful b. 1958 - Filipinescas Dance Company
Light c. Fluid - headed by Leonor Orosa-Goquinco
1972 - Ramon Obusan Folkloric Group
- controlled, precise steps and gestures
Arthur Riggs
- use of pointe shoes - American Soldier
- "The Filipino Drama" (1907)
- 1920s - teaching ballet in the country started Amelia Lapena-Bonifacio
Luva Adameit - "The Seditious Tagalog Playwrights"
- "Early American Occupation" (1972)
- first well-known ballet instructor Many of these writers used Tagalog as their medium
for writing as they supported the nationalist cause
- established the Cosmopolitan Ballet and Dancing
School in Manila in 1927 The transition from oral texts to written texts was
evident in the growing
- staged annual recitals and choreographies are Carinosa
and Planting Rice DULANG BINISAYA
- vied for audience attention
- challenged new writers to develop the field
Buenaventura Rodriguez
- known in Reflective Drama
Piux Kabahar
- known in Comic Drama
Dramang Binisaya came to be known as "dramang
hinonihan"
- introduction of songs; movements; moral lessons;
purposes
EXAMPLES:
- Joe Galicano's Loling Bihag (1909)
- Anak sa Kabukiran (Child of the Mountains) by
Antonio Abad (1915)
- Alberto Ylaya's Ang Sining sa Kabukiran (The Golden
Ring)
- Ang Sala sa Kinikanan by Florentino Borromeo and
Manuel Velez (1917)
Dramang Mahinoklogon conveys thoughtful message
EXAMPLES:
- Lampingasan (Brazen One) by Eulalia Hernandez
(1922) - Ang Pag-antus sa Usa ka Inahan by Manuel
Silva (1928) - Ang Napukan (the Fallen One) (1929)
Dramang Kataw-anan themed comedy and laughter
EXAMPLES:
- Ang Magsusulat (The Writer) by Juan Villagonzalo
(1916)
- Somos Todos Hermanos by Norberto Romualdez
(1917)
- Si Iryok, Detekrib dryok (the Detective) by Antonio
Kyamko (1918)
ILOCOS REGION
Filonila Tupas notes the development of written and
performed text from extemporaneous oral forms of the
life rituals
PANGASINAN
 Alejandro J. Casambre took notes of the rise of the
zarzuela's prominence in 1901
 Say Liman was well received by the public and
every town invited the troupe to perform
 The sedition law of 1901 was in place when
sarsuwela was a popular form of musical theater
 Aurelio Tolentino's Kahapon, Ngayon at Bukas,
which was staged at the Teatro Liberidad and best
known in 1903.
 The script required placing the American flag on the
floor to be trampled on by an actor.
 Tolentino himself got up on stage to perform the act,
after which all performers and audiences repeatedly
shouted "Mabuhay ang Kalayaan!"
 Sarsuwela remained popular in the provinces and
would soon cross over in the movies.
Popular and Classical Expressions
 Early Twentieth-century – Filipino composers
continued to write music for theater, particularly for
the Filipino sarsuwelas
 Major compositions for the Tagalog sarsuwelas are
the ff:
A. Bonifacio Abdon’s “LUHA AT DUGO”
B. Juan Hernande’z “MINDA MORA”
C. Leon Ignacio’s “ANG KIRI”
D. Fulgencio Tolentino’s “WALANG SUGAT”
 Sarsuwela - is a Spanish lyric- dramatic genre that
alternates between spoken and sung scenes
 Sarsuwela slowly faded away by the end of the
American Period
 Kundiman
-was also the traditional means of serenade in the
Philippines
- lighter type of song
 Jose Canseco Jr., Francisco Santiago, Francisco
Buencamino, and Ramon Corpuz made lighter
versions of kundiman
 The repertoire of Philippine music widened with the
coming of jazz music, which uses syncopation,
polyrhythms, and swing notes.
 Bodabil/Vaudeville was a popular genre during
1930's - an entertainment production comprised of:
A. Short-form comedy B. Solo C. Band D.
Orchestral Performances E. Magic F. Circus G.
Dance H. Acrobatics
CLASSICAL MUSIC GENRE
- Filipino musicians received better training and their
compositions expanded to the major forms such as:
a. Concerto b. Symphony c. Opera d. Sonata e. Concerto
Overtire f. Symphonic Poem
 The first group of art music composers:
a. Juan S. Hernandez b. Nicanor Abelardo c.
Francisco Buencamino d. Antonio Molina
Their works were influenced by the music of European
romantic composers such as Robert Schuman, Franz
Liszt, Guiseppe Verdi, etc.
 Writing in the late 19th-century European classical
music style were the succeeding Philippine
composers namely:
o ANTONIO BUENAVENTURA
wrote the tone poems "By the Hillside" (1941) and
"Youth" (1946)
o HILARION RUBIO's "Pilipinas Kong Mahal"
o RODOLFO CORNEJO w/ the symphony "The
Allies"
o RAMON TAPALES' "Philippine Suite" (1937)
o AVE LIBERATOR - honored the liberation of the
Philippines (1945)
 o LUCINO SACRAMENTO's "Maharlika"and "Ang
Bituin"
SEMI-CLASSICAL GENRE
- band music as a musical medium
 Philippine Band Formation
- originated from the Spanish regimental band
- became a prominent feature in many regions
- played an expansive repertoire, which ranged from:
a. marches b. medlies of popular tunes c. folk song
arrangements d. patriotic pieces e. concert overtures f.
symphonic compositions
 Dalagang Bukid
- a favorite neoclassic subject of patriarchy
 Sarsuwela by Hermogenes Ilagan
-revolved around a love story between a country maiden
and a wealthy man
 Jose Nepomuceno
- created it as the first Filipino silent film (1919)
 Sarsuwela in ILOCOS
- known to have been advocated in the early 1900s
- by Mena Pecson Crisologo who wrote Noble Rivalidad
and Maysa a Candidato
Narrating the Nation
 Balagtasan
-is a form of poetic debate in Tagalog
- developed from the traditional DUPLO
- DUPLO - a folk poetic improvisation in the form of an
extemporaneous verbal debate
- first Balagtasan was performed on 1924 at the Instituto
de Mujeres in Manila
o Jose Corazon de Jesus became the Hari ng
Balagtasan
o Balagtasan is also known as:
1. Crisotan - Pampanga (named after Juan Crisostomo-
Father of Kapampangan Literature)
2. Bukanegan - Ilocano (named after Pedro Bukaneg-
Father of Ilokano Literature)
 Publications that were established:
1. Free Press - an English publication (1907)
2. Lipang Kalabaw - founded by Lope K. Santos (1907)
3. Liwayway magasin - founded in 1922 in Tagalog
- 1930 in Bisaya
- 1934 in Cebuano and Hiligaynon
4. Liwayway = Bannawag (Ilocano)
 "Ako ang Daigdig" by Alejandro Abadilla
- a landmark free-form modern poetry
 1939, the Surian ng Wikang Pambansa was established
by President Quezon
 Komiks established in local publications
 1922 - "Ganito Pala sa Maynila" by Lope K. Santos and
Fernando Amorsolo
 1929 - "Kenkoy" by Antonio Velasquez and Romualdo
Ramos
 1946 - "Halakhak" a komik book series established
featuring various artists and their works such as:
- Francisco V. Conching’s Bulalakaw
- Isaac Tolentino’s Mga Hind Sukat Akalain
- Jose Zabala Santo’s Kani-Kaniya nga Naman
- Larry Alacala’s Siopawman
 1947 - Tony Velasquez created for Don Ramon
Roce’s Ace Publications, Inc. the Pilipino Komiks
Magazine featuring the works of:
- Hugo Yonzon, Damian Velasquez, and Fred
Carillo
More komiks series published by them:
Tagalog Klasiks (1949)
Hiwaga Komiks (1950)
Espesyal Komiks & Kenkoy Komiks (1952)
MODERNIZING VISIONS
THE BUILDERS
In 1928 the painting exhibit of Victorio Edades , with
The Builders as a focal peace, appalled the conservative
public. It is for the reason that Edades was influenced
by the 1913 Armory show — featured experimental
styles of European modern and avant garde art, and Ash
Can School — informal movement of American art
about human condition and the grim realities of modern
life.
The Builders was a sheer composition that defied logic
and linear perspective — rough brushstrokes of yellow
ochres, burnt sienna, browns, and black built
up into rock-like formation of burlyhuman
bodies
Carlos Botong Francisco 1913-1969
Galo B. Ocampo 1913 – 1985
Mother Nature’s Beautiful Harvest
A symbolic ode to Mother Country, using the form of
papaya foliage as compositional fulcrum. Art-nouveau-
inspired landscape of sheaves, anahaw, palm, and abaca
plants presents Filipino world view of fecundity and
natural wealth as fruit of human toil under the guidance
of a triune Bathala.
Rising Philippines, Capitol Theater
Victorio Edades, Botong Francisco, and Galo Ocampo
were referred to as the Triumvirate of Philippine
Modern Art.
Brown Madonna
Galo Ocampo, 1928
Best known work of Galo Ocampo is a Filipinized
Madonna and child set against a halo that resembled a
Christmas parol against an anahaw leaf, with a bahay
kubo, bamboo branches, and tropical lilies on the side.
Progress of Philippine Medicine
Carlos “Botong” Francisco 1958
Best known work of Carlos Francisco which is
originally commissioned for the Philippine General
Hospital.
ART IN WAR
P R O P A G A NDA A ND R ES I S T A NC E
∫ The artistic developments during the World War
II were protracted. Paintings were more of neutral and
peaceful content except for Demetrio Diego’s “Capas”
∫ Greatest Asia Co-prosperity sphere and
Kapisanan sa Paglilingkod sa Bagong
Pilipinas(KALIBAPI) promoted the concept of “Asia
for Asians” with Tagalog language and Filipino culture
as feature of national identity.
∫ Works of art became subject to strict military
censorship.
∫ Abe Yutaka hada propaganda film, Dawn of
performances were utilized to disseminate pro-
guerilla support.
∫ 75% of the Philippine Artist League supported
the underground movement.
∫ Tandang Sora, a play in Avenue Theater, where
the Katipunan flag was shortly raised at the end of the
play and the director Lamberto Avellana was requested
to replace the show with a comedy.
∫ Maceda’s Tinig Mula sa Ibaba 1996 – songs
and skits during teach-ins and propaganda work
∫ Ang Gerilya Kung Orasyon (young guerilla’s
longing for home) and Sulong Gerilyero
(upbeat songs to lift the spirit of guerillas in
battle)
∫ Theater groups also presented legitimate plays
like those under the Philippine National Theater namely
the Musical Philippines, Metropolitan Theatre,
Dramatic Philippines.
∫ Avellana’s Barangay Theatre Guild also
produced plays in English
CHAPTER 5- Philippine Modernism and the Birth of
Philippine Contemporary Art (1946 to 2000)

Freedom with associate director Gerardo De Leon. Reconstruction And Building A New Nation
∫ Japanese imperial government prevail the backs -February 1945
of the Filipinos for a cultural policy to detach the
Filipinos from American ways. the Americans were set to reclaim Manila. Filipinos
moved on to rebuild their lives and found modernism the
∫ Sendenbu*, a Japanese military unit controlled foundation on which to erect a new nation.
all types of media and hand-outs pro-Japanese leaflets.
-July 1946
∫ The Tribune-La Vanguardia and Liwayway
were pre- war papers that was permitted to operate The Philippine Islands became the independent Republic
of the Philippines.
∫ Japanese became the national language along
with Tagalog and was taught in schools. The national POSTWAR AUSTERITY
anthem and raising of Filipino flag was banned.
"Form follows function“
∫ Felipe de Leon created a patriotic song , later
known as “Ang Awit sa Paglikha ng Bagong -the new doctrine proclaimed by "third generation“.
Pilipinas”
Filipino architects:
∫ The use of Tagalog was encouraged in 1943
through literary contests  Ceasar Concio

∫ The Japanese cultural program did not revoke  Angel Nakpil

many positive responses, instead, Filipinos made fun of
 lfredo Lu
Japanese who can’t communicate in Tagalog.
(Domei -Department of the Most Erroneous  Carlos Arguelles
Information, Ohayo - O Hayop, Banzai  Gabriel Formoso
-Bangkay!)
 Felipe Mendoza
∫ Comic tandem Pugo and Tugo made to change their
names to Puging ang Tuging  Otillo Arellano
∫ Hidden message during stage shows (Bakit Hindi Ka MID-CENTURY MODERN AESTHETICS
Pa Dumating”- Japanese spies audience)
- was also influenced by new materials and scientific
∫ Literacy pieces became venues to vent criticisms developments, particularly space exploration, which
and outrage in support of the anti-Japanese Movement. fueled much faith in technology and the future
∫ Stage shows gave movie actors a living, gave
- so-called “Space Age” of the 1950s.
guerillas a place to generate support, and public
 Soft modernism
- experimented with the sculptural potential of concrete's
plasticity to come up with soft and organic forms with
the use of thin-shell technology such as the Church of
the Holy Sacrifice (1995) in UP Diliman.
Folded plate
- A roof structure whose strength and stiffness was
derived from a pleated or folded geometry.
The brise-soleil, sunbaffles, and pierced screens were
simple devices applied externally.
An improvement of the brise-soleil, the pierced screen,
was extensively adopted in the 1960s.
The modernist fervor fueled build a new Capitol
Complex, taking off from the visionary metropolis
imagined by President Quezon on the eve of the Second
World War.
The buildings of the New Republic were produced by
the office of Federico Illustre, Consulting Architect from
the 1950s to 1970s.
Postwar art and Cultural Expression of Early
Independence
The quintessential Filipino icon-the jeepney-evolved
from the four-seater General Purpose (GPs) vehicles
which the American G.I.s left behind after the war.
- Jeepney art considered of pointing vehicles and
adorning them with ornaments made of aluminum,
stainless, steel, and chrome.
- Commercial films, both local and imported from
Hollywood, proliferated in the cinemas during the
postwar period
-Philippine cinema became an industry with the success
of movie studios such as an LVN, Premiere, and
Sampaguita.
- Filipino films made were inspired by metrical
romances like the awit and the korido, and the sarsuwela,
and featured genres such as action, romance, fantasy,
horror, and comedy.
Orasang Ginto (1946) by Manuel Conde
Portrayed the heroic lives of the guerilla soldiers
Anak Dalita (1956) by Lamberto V. Avellana
A neo-realist reflection on the hardships of a veteran of
the Korean War.
Produced film classics by Gerardo de Leon's are:
• cinematic opera Sisa (1951)
• the colonial romance Sawa sa Lumang Simboryo
(1952)
• the political thriller Hanggang sa Dulo ng Daigdig
(1958)
• Noli Me Tangere (1961) and El Filibusterismo (1962)
considered the most faithful cinematic interpretations of
Rizal's novels.
Avellana's cinematic classics:
• Badjao (1957)
• the baroque drama Portrait of the Artist as a Filipino
(1965)
Adaptation of Nick Joaquin's elegy to Manila's romantic
past
• Conde's imperial romance Genghis Khan (1950)
• the picaresque Juan Tamad Goes To Society (1965)
•melodramatic gems Higit sa Lahat and Luksang
Tagumpay (1956) by Gregorio Fernandez
• Malvarosa (1958)
• Biyaya ng Lupa by Manuel Silos's (1959)
• Geron Busabos by Cesar Gallardo's (1964) his noir
masterpiece
Channel 3
-is the first television station in the country and it was
launched in 1953 and become an Alto Broadcasting
System
-imported American genre shows like the home video
anthology Candid Camera, the police adventure series
Highway Patrol, the legal drama Mr. District Attorney,
and the situational comedy I Love Lucy.
In 1950, the Don Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards for
Literature was established in honor of Don Carlos
Palanca, a businessman and ardent supporter of
education and literature.
This was further popularized by the establishment of the
Philippine recording industry are the following:
• Philippine vocal music which included folk songs in
vernacular languages
• kundiman
• love songs
• light classical pieces such as folk dance music and
marches
- Recording of Filipino music was pioneered by Villar
Records
- Record label established by Manuel P. Villar (1950)
- Kundimans composed by N. Abelardo, F. Santiago, F.
Buencamino, and J. Hernandez
- Movie songs by Mike Velarde, Josefino Cenizal, and
Juan Silos
- Songs by Leopoldo Silos, Manuel Velez, and Simplicio
Suarez
- Visayan songs by Baldz Gonzales (Giampingan, Gug-
ma) and Minggoy Lopez (Rosas Pandan)
- Illongo songs by I. Mirasol and T. Villa (Sa tubunin,
Dalawidaw)
Until the 1970s, Filipino love songs or ballads (of the
lyrical kundimans style) continued to enjoy great
popularity.
-1950’s-
The classical music composers who studied abroad
before the Second World War applied early twentieth-
century European and American modern techniques in
their compositions.
Eliseo Pajaro & Lucresia Kasilag
-Their works reflected the significant influence of
American neoclassicism.
-Both used elements native Philippine music (mainly
folk song melodies).
-1960’s-
-the influence of European and American avant-garde
movement in music inspired composers to explore
alternative directions in composition. -work and
scholarship of JOSE MACEDA in the field of
ethnomusicology.
MACEDA'S PIECES:
-Ugma-ugma (1966) -Udlot-udlot (1975)
-1970’s-
--the ideas of New Music
-notion of avant garde, and contemporary musical
expressions were taken up by another generation of art
music composers like Ramon Santos, Francisco
Feliciano, Josefino Toledo, Verne de la Pena, and
Conrado del Rosario.
In later decades, American popular entertainment and
mass culture brought in the taste for a genre of music
known as popular music.
-It is composed and okayed by individual musicians or
groups, and produces by recording companies for profit.
-Refers to a wide range of forms.
“Popular”- does not describe the roots of the music, but
rather the fact that it is accessible to many through mass
media.
From the 1950’s onward, several dance companies were
formed and these nurtured a second generation of dances
and choreographers
REMEDIOS DE OTEYZA
who composed abstract choreographers set to western
music.
•Theme of paganini - set to tehaikovsky's serenade for
strings while rhapsody in blue is set to gerswhin.
Remedios Oteyza and Inday Gaston - found the hariyaya
dance company in 1968.
PACITA MADRIGAL GONZALES
ran the manila ballet academy in the 1950's and she
produced for the first time in the country which is the
french classical ballet giselle (1841).
ROSALIA MERINO SANTOS
she choreographed works with Philippine theme which
were included in the repertoire of the Far Eastern
University (FEU) in 1958
In 1968, Dance Theater Philippines was founded by the
Julie Borromeo, Felicitas Layag Radaic and Eddie Elejar
.
In modern dance, Ballet Phillipines has staged prominent
works under the guidance of Alice Reyes.
-acclaimed dancer and choreographer and one of the
most outstanding figures in Philippine modern dance.
In 1928, the modern art formally began to challenge
prevailing conservatism in art in the Philippines.
Different Western Art Styles:
*Post-impressionism
*Cubism
*Abstraction
*Expressionism
*Surrealism
Amarsolo School maintain it's strong and this led to
informal founding of “Mabini Art Movement“.
The trade in Cheap Art copied the styles of modern artist
such as,
• Vicente Manansala and,
• Romeo Tabuena
In 1978, Roger San Miguel and architect Jorge Ramos,
copied the lost Amorsolo mural Ritual Dance for the
Metropolitan Theater
 Paintings of Hernando R. Ocampo ( 1911-1978)
• Break of Day (1948)
• Mission Accomplished (1949)
• Abstract paintings
 Cubism as art style applied by Vicente
Manansala(1910-1981) into synthesis of layered
parts and transparencies
BEST WORKS: Jeepneys (1951) Madonna of
the Slums (1950)
 Cesar Legaspi painted Gadgets (1947)
 The Modernist
NAPOLEON ABUEVA
He pioneered modern sculpture in the neo-realist vein
influenced by cubism
Best Works:
• Kagampan (1953)
• Dambana ng Kagitingan (1966)
Abstract art reflected a change in the mode of thinking
for its own sake.
JOSE JOYA (1931-1996)
- The canon of abstract expressionism in the country.
- In 1958, his non objective painting won first prize in
the 11th Annual (PAG) Art Exhibition.
NENA SAGUIL (1914-1994)
- In 1957, she was the first Filipina artist to exhibit her
non-objective painting in Paris.
The Role And Image Of The Filipina
SAGUIL AND BITANGA
•Saguil decided to live as an artist in Paris and supported
herself with her full-time career in painting.
•Bitanga’s artistic path, however, was interrupted by her
roles as wife and mother.
*Women have had limited roles in the arts since the
Spanish and American colonial times.
*In the nineteenth-century Philippine society, the role of
women was limited to family and home, while in art,
women were mostly models for canvases and statues.
*Women were also not admitted to the only fine arts
school in Manila, the Academia de Dibujo y Pintura.
PAZ S. PATERNO (1867-1914)
- became a skilled painter of portraits and still life.
- Her Bodegon or Still Life (1884) is her most famous
extant work, where an arrangement of lanzones, susong
dalaga, balimbing, langka, mabolo, and buko is set
against a distant landscape and a hovering butterfly.
PELAGIA MENDOZA (1867-1939)
- was the first woman to be accepted to the Academia de
Dibujo y Pintura.
- In 1892, she won first prize in sculpture for a wax bust
of Christopher Columbus at an art contest celebrating the
Quadricentennial of Columbus’ Discovery of America.
1905- Asosiacion Feminista
1937- the passing of the Suffrage Law which granted
women the right to vote
During the postwar period, the Thirteen Moderns
counted among them one woman-
Anita Magsaysay-Ho (1914-2012)
- who pursued a full time career in painting, despite the
challenges of family life.
Expanding Forms Of Art and International Expose
Manuel “Maning” A. Rodriguez Sr.—revived the lost
tradition of printmaking, the drawing and engraving of
images and hand-transferring them onto paper.
Contemporary Art Gallery—1962 he established by
Manuel Rodriguez Sr.
Philippine Association of Printmakers (1967)—many
members were women printmakers; association has
since nurtured three more generations of creative
printmakers to date
Committee on Culture and Information—organized art
exchange programs and the promotion if SEA studies.
Conceptual art
—ideas and processes are given more importance than
an obejct of material beauty
Time, Action, Experience, Movement and Audience
Participation
—elements of conceptual art
Cloud Canyons
—David Cortes Medalla; series of bubble machines
which producee random sculptural forms
Medalla began this work 1963 and this was the first art
work of its kind to be publicly exhibited at signals Art
Gallery in London in 1964
ART IN NEW SOCIETY MODERN AS NATIVE
Philippine art and culture was used by the dictatorial
regime of President Ferdinand Marcos to protect the
image of his "Bagong Lipunan" or New Society.
Cultural Center of the Philippines (1969) - massive
infrastructure and architecture arose and folloed by the
development of the complex.
Two urgently built edifices:
Others structure built including:
- International Convention Center
1. Folk Arts Theater (1973)
- Trade Expo Center
2. Film Center (1981)
- it is also were built to support and showcase "the true,
the good and the beautiful" and projected an image of a
progressive and modene nation-state.
~ Bahay Kubo - designed the characteristics of bahay
Kubo by Leandro Locsin.
- crisp modernist vocabulary.
First Lady Imelda Marcos - supported as all new
buildings needed paintings abd scuptures, and the art
patrons.
Projects:
- "Kulay Anyo" - commissioned artists to recreate
paintings as blown-up on buildings.
- "Kasaysayan ng Lahi" - motivated to present to world
image of the Philippine as a revived society.
1973 - Architects began to realize the failures of modern
building in the tropical climate.
Francisco Mañosa - used an imitative and
straightforward approach for his 'Tahanang Filipino'.
~ Tahanang Filipino (1981) - more popularly knwon as
Coconot Place.
Roberto Chabet and Raymundo Albano - directors for
visual arts at the Cultural Center of the Philippines.
~ Art Forum Magazine - in the USA; advocated avan-
garde art.
- a guiding influence.
~ Thirteen Artist Award and Program of New Art at the
Main Gallery - informal group of artist was encourage to
do exhibitions.
Figurative Expressionists
- painted powerful pictures of suffering and oppression
on various level:
★Introspective
★Philosophical and
★Cultural
Marcus and the First Lady as culprit for the people
suffering the NEW SOCIETY did not consider then
threats to government power
Gomburza, Metamorphosis I, II, and III (Jaime de
Guzman)
- referred to as soci historical psychological paintings
works that we angry, dark, and foreboding
Danny Dalena
- lost his job and turned to painting the dregs of society
Alibangbang
-gamblers and bettors in jai alai, drunkards and bar girls
in a pub named
Sabel series
-BenCab; about the woman scavenger in his
neighborhood un bambang Manila
Larawan
-Bencab; nostalgia for the 19th-century Philippine
propaganda and revolution
ONib Olmedo
-painted distorted figures of the lonely and desperate
Singkong Suka
-Onib Olmedo; beggar musicians, prostitues, vagrants,
and dysfunctional characters inhabit his soulful, hunting
canvases, exemplified by his series entitled __
Nagkakaisang Progresibong Artista at Arkitekto (NPAA)
—organized by students from UP(1971-72), using
drawings and illustrations which they disseminated
during their teach ins, these artists revealed the other
side of the bagong lipunan.
—Under martial law, any critic of Marcus and the NEW
SOCIETY was subject to arrest, torture or disappearance
Pablo Baen Santos, Egai Talusan Fernandez Renato
Habulan, Jose Tence Ruiz, Neil Doloricon, Antipas
Delotavo, Orlando Castillo,and Al Manrique
—social realist movement of painting
— Defying traditions of the neoclassic Amorsolo school
and neo-realistic modernism school,they started that art
should reflect the true condition of the mass of rural and
urban workers
Baraha ng Buhay Pilipino
—Brenda Fajardo; focused on the themes of people
decolonizing their culture
Anna Fer
—did several drawings on human rights abuses during
martial law
Pasyong Bayan(1983)
—Imelda Cajipe Endaya; used sawali and nipa; depicted
violations of human rights djeing the dictatorial regime.
Balag(1976)
—Luis Yee Jr.
Bamboo Fugue(1980)
—Francisco Verano
Strands(1980)
—Paz Abad Santos
Santiago Bose(1949-2002)
—well known for his pioneering isntallation Pasyon at
Rebolusyon (1983) and Modern igorot contemplating on
his ancestors (1987)
bone cleaning ritual
—videol; combined indigenous Cordilleran materials
with tv technology
Imelda Cajipe Endaya
—May Bulas pa Inay(1982), Bintana ni Momoy(1983)
Roberto Feleo
—Sapinsapin series (1985)
Edson Armenta
—Patibong Series(1986–88)
Paraisado Abo't Ningas
—Jose tence ruiz; part of the artists kariton katedral
series, which critiques a nation known for religiosity of
its citizens vis-a-vis social justice and widespread
poverty
Bienvenido Lumbera, Jose Lacaba, Bonifacio Ilagan,
levy Balgos dela Cruz, Romulo Sandoval, Ricardo lee,
Domingo Landicho, Valerio Nofuente, Rogelio Sicat,
Rogelio Ordonez, and Ave Pares Jacob.
—popular writers of the period
Serious film artists
—ventured into depicting Filipino characters and
problems realistically rooted on social ills.
Theater
—proved to be the most viable medium for protest
PETA, UP repertory company, Palihang Aurelio
Tolentino
—theater groups
Lina Brocka
—expose the evils of authoritarian rule by showing how
manila deteriorated in the new society
Insiang(1976), Jaguar(1979), Bona(1980
—Lina Brocka, all set in the slums, with characters
caught up in various situations of failure, the only
chance to free oneself from suffering is to learn violence
Ishmael Bernal
—depictions of the ural provide us with more sordid
visions of the nation in crisis
Island in Nunal sa Tubig(1976) and barrio in
Himala(1982)
—are detached from the modern city, and yet such
distances allows us to think through values which have
amde people prone to abuse:
“Tradition”
- for the women of the isle
“Religion”
—for the miracle worker in the abuse
Maynila: sa mga Kuko ng Liwanag(1975)
—adaptation of the EdgardoReyes novel
Manila by night/ City after dark(1980)
—protest against power in the city itself
Maynila
—tells a singular story of violence
—portrait of various pains
Burlesk Queen (1997)
—Celso Ad Castillo, about a female dancer learning how
go resist a society run by men through her own body
Itim(1976)
—Mike de Leon; harnesses horror to comment on the
evils of a feudal family
Snake sisters(1983), Isla(1983, The Virgin People(1983)
—deals with taboo
Kisapmata(1981)
—Mike de Leon, elaborates trauma as rooted in society
but doubts that wounded people can ever fight back and
some extent, in the melodrama hindi nahahati ang
langit(1985)
Minsay Isang gamu-gamo(1976)
—Lupita Aquino Kashiwahara, stirring indictment of
American Imperialism, narrates the political transfot free
redrmation of a nurse
Nora Aunor
—played nurse in Minsay Isang Gamugamo
Brutal(1980), Moral(1982), Karnal(1983)
—Marilou Diaz abaya; women are subjected to
patriarchal oppression
Mababangong Bangungot(1977)
—Kidlat Tahimik; tale that explores how third world
creativity is confounded in the age of modern machines
Oliver (1983)
Nick de Ocampo; a documentary that juxtaposes the
spell of a transgender performer with her stark poverty
Ang Magpakailanman(1983)
—Raymond red; short film meditating on crime,
punishment and suicide
Aawitan kita
—Armida Siguion Reyna; encouraged due to its Tayoy mga Pinoy 1978
idealized portrayals of country life.
—Heber Bartolome; spoke colonial mentality
Voltes V
Handog and Akoy Pinoy
—Japanese anime banned during marial law
—Florante
Nora Aunor
Masdan ang Kapaligiran
—became a prolific media figure in the musical variety
—folk rock group Asin
show Superstar and the drama anthology ang makula na
Daigdig ni Nora Apo Hiking Society
Flordeluna and Anna Liza —versatile in a range of pop music styles, Pumapatak
ang Ulan (1978) and American Junk (1986)
—prevailing soap opera
Yoyoy villame
John and Marsha
mixed Tagalog cebuano and english in witty lyrics to
—most lasying situational comedy
depict Filipino life and history, Magellan(1972),
MANILA SOUND:MUSIC AS DIVERSION Mageksersays tayo(1977) and si Felimon si
Felimon(1982)
Pinoy Pop
noy jazz
—emerge with increasing popularity among audiences
of local compositions —1970s
Eddie Munji with his first modern pinoy jazz album, and
broadcast media council(1975) Ryan Cayabyab
—required radio stations to play at least one filipino ——from Roots to Routes (1977)
composition every hour
★Lulay

ang himig natin 1973 ★Itik-Itk

—juan dela cruz band; first pinoy rock song Kay ganda ng atong musika — won at first Metro
Manila Popular Music Festival in 1978

Kamusta mga Kaibigan 1978 Ethnic pop (1980) —made use of indigenous instruments
and sought to incorporate the musical patters and
—Maria cafra rhythms
Bonggahan EDSA AND THE AESTHETIC REVOLUTION
—Sampaguita The assassination of Benigno Aquino, Jr. (1983)
Laki sa Layaw 1997 -fanned the flame of democratic movement
Mike Hanopol -Inflamed and expanded protest art where apolitical also
Hotdog began to participate

—broke into the.scene featuring a differemt musical

style The Malacanang Palace was opened to the public as a
museum of extravagance of the conjugal dictatorship.
★ Ikaw ang Miss Universe ng Buhay ko

★Pers lab The post-EDSA euphoria brought a myriad of artistic

expressions that signified the national struggle to survive
★Bongga ka Day 1974 amid political turbulence and social change after the
restoration of democracy.
Manila Sound
—Taglish and mushy lyrics, set a trend that was labeled
(1980s)Modernism began to lose its popular appeal due
_
to the lack of character.
Anak
—Freddie Aguilar; dealt with family issues
The minimalist dogma of modernism, "less is more",
—1978 was supplanted by a counter doctrine, " less is a bore"
Postmodernism
-adopted a populist aesthetic language heavily
influenced by classical architecture
-visually exemplified by garish application of color
The postmodern skyscrapers that allude to the
timelessness of the classical column.
-Tektite Tower (1995)
-Renaissance Tower (1995)
-World Trade Exchange (1996)
Fidel Ramos launched an ambitious economic program
called the "Philippines 2000"
Through this program, many foreign businesses invested
in the country, high-rise euphoria was in the air and
intelligent buildings were constructed.
The use of computing and drafting technologies helped
create more advanced and sophisticated designs.
The influx of foreign design consultants conscripted in
high-profile developments posed a threat to a local
designs, prompting local professionals to revaluate their
current practice.
The promise of burgeoning economy was foiled by the
Asian Financial Crisis in 1997.
The ad industry gained much leverage with the
innovations in animation, photography, computer
generated graphics, and printing.
In the post modern age, painters, graphic designers, and
art directors developed a distinct mix of local imagery.
Lao Lian Ben's minimalist paintings express a Zen
attitude, a sense of peace that comes from being
spiritually one with the world and everything in it, yet
being detached.
Gus Albor paints in grays, earth tones, tan, and white to
simply share an experience and illusion of atmosphere,
depth, space, and sheer appreciation of the depths of
being.
Philip Victor's Parik-Parik, Palikpik series, first
exhibited in 1979, featured minimal white embossments.
Spartan minimalism was also a great influence on many
designers. Although this was more obvious in product
design and architecture.
Film narratives that espoused gender sensitivity and
recognized same-sex relationships gave voice to the
marginalized sector of our society.
The pito-pito movies, where film production was done in
merely seven days and post-production completed in
also seven days, cost an average P2 million to produce
but yielded outstanding films that merited acclaim
abroad.
Examples of pito-pito movies
* Babae sa Bubungang Lata (1998)
* Sana Pag-ibig Na (1998)
* Sisa (1999)
* Hubad sa Ilalim ng Buwan (1999)
* Pila Balde (1999)
Francis Magalona - introduced Pinoy rap, locally, with
his iconic song "Mga Kababayan Ko" (1990s) and later
"Mga Praning" (1992).
Andrew E - debut single "Humanap ka ng Panget" was
also very popular.
(1947-1995) Roberto Villanueva's Archetypes: A
Cordillera Labyrinth (1989) - a major installation-cum-
performance which embodied the collective tendency of
visual artists to create innovatively from the material and
intangible heritage of indigenous communities like the
Cordillera region.
Black Artists of Asia
- compose of painters Norbeto Roldan, Nunelucio
Alvarado, Charlie Co, and Dennis Ascalon
- initiated the more cohesive Visayan Visual Artists
Conference and Exhibition (VIVA-EXCON) which
sought to strengthen, enrich, and project contemporary
visual arts practice, inspired by loval cultural heritage
Installation art
-stimulated new insights in the concept of space time and
process
-mostly focused on ecological themes and celebrated
indigenous world views, but a wider range of social
themes and issues about women's rights, migrant labor,
and children's welfare soon enriched the medium.
As with the early period of modernism, the present
generation of artists are continuing to forge an
independent, dynamic and liberating Philippines art.