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STAS111: 1. Marcos Era 2. 5 Republic 3. Intellectual Revolution 4. Mesoamerican Civilizations
STAS111: 1. Marcos Era 2. 5 Republic 3. Intellectual Revolution 4. Mesoamerican Civilizations
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STAS111
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- Apparent revolution of the sun and stars around De revolutionibus
the earth was due to the rotation of the earth. - Copernicus’ book
- Did not reject the Ptolemaic vision of the fixed - Was published in 1543 and
spheres. also the year Copernicus
- His views did not make a big splash either pro or died.
con, but there was growing dissatisfaction with - It included an anonymous
the Ptolemaic view.
preface that stated, that the
- He found to his dismay that it better fit the
observed facts than geometric model. new model was merely an
aid to calculation and
suggested that Copernicus
really did not believe it.
Charles Darwin
- 1809 – 1882 AD
- British
- Studied medicine and to be priest for the Anglican
Church
- Spent most of his time collecting beetles and
butterflies
Seven points of the Copernican system:
- Went on a scientific expedition on
1. The celestial spheres do not have one common
center. The Earth is not at the center of everything. the Beagle voyage
2. Earth is not the center of the universe, only the - From his observations, he
center of gravity and the lunar orbit. Only the developed the theory of
Moon orbits Earth. evolution.
3. All the spheres orbit the sun. Spheres means the - Famous evidence: the tortoises of
planets. the Galapagos Islands in the Pacific.
4. Compared to the distance to the starts, the earth to
sun distance is almost non-existent. The stars are “I have called this principle, by which each slight variation,
very much farther away than the Sun. if useful, is preserved, by the term Natural Selection.”
5. The motion of the stars is due to the Earth rotating - CHARLES DARWIN
on its axis. • Darwin was the British naturalist who became
6. The motion of the sun is the result of the Earth’s famous for his theories of evolution and natural
motions. (rotating and revolution) selection.
7. The retrograde and forward motions of planets is
• Like several scientists before him, Darwin
caused by the earth’s motion. It is caused by the
believed all the life on earth evolved (developed
fact that earth’s orbit is a different length than the
gradually) over millions of years from a few
other planets.
common ancestors.
• From 1831 to 1836 Darwin served as naturalist
Copernican Model
aboard the H.M.S. Beagle on a British science
- Was not well accepted by scholars or the public.
expedition around the world.
- It violated the religious teaching of the time.
• In South America Darwin found fossils of extinct
animals that were similar to modern species.
• On the Galapagos Islands in the Pacific Ocean he
noticed many variations among plants and
animals of the same general type as those in
South America.
• The expedition visited places around the world,
and Darwin studied plants and animals
everywhere he went, collecting specimens for
further study.
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- Upon his return to London, Darwin conducted • Debate 1860 in Oxford: the Bishop of Oxford
through research of his notes and specimens. made a speech attacking Darwin
• Thomas Huxley defended Darwin’s ideas
Out of his study grew several related theories: • Unfortunately, people missed the important point
1. Evolution did occur
od Darwin’s work that he said “young animal
2. Evolutionary change was gradual, requiring
thousands to millions of years inherit their features from their parents but he did
3. The primary mechanism for evolution was a not have the evidence for it.
process called natural selection.
4. The millions of species alive today arose from a Darwin’s Theory of Evolution challenged Christian
single original life from through a branching Ideas
process called Speciation. Varied responses to Darwin:
- The Science vs Religion Battle over-simplifies
• Darwin’s theory of evolutionary selection holds responses to Darwin
that variation within species occurs randomly and - Many Christians welcomed and supported
that the survival or extinction of each organism is Darwin’s ideas from the start
determined by that organism is determined by that - Some Christians abandoned their faith
organism ability to adapt to its environment. a. Industrialization and Urbanization had done
much already to cut people’s links with the
• He set these theories 4th of his book called, On the
churches
Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, b. Some became Humanists; some supported
or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Social Darwinism
struggle in Life (1859) or The Origin of Species - Some Christians rejected evolution –interpreted
for short. Genesis literally; USA Bible Belt; Monkey Trials
• Darwin’s work hard a tremendous impact on Many Christians welcomed and supported
religious thought. evolution from the start, reinterpreting their
• Many people strongly opposed the idea of Christian message
evolution because it conflicted with their religious
convictions. Some Used Evolution as a Basis for Living: Social
Darwinism
• Darwin avoided talking about the theological and
- Some used Darwin's theory of evolution and
sociological aspects of his work, but other writers survival of the fittest to guide human society
used his theories to support their own theories - Competition weeds out the weak
about society. - Charity, benefits or aid wrongly allow weak to
• Darwin was a reserved, thorough, hardworking survive
scholar who concerned himself with the feelings Criticism:
and emotions not only of his family, but friends - Misapplied DESCRIPTIVE biological theories
and peers as well. - Became a PRESCRIPTIVE guide to how we
• It has been supposed that Darwin renounced should behave
evolution on his deathbed. Shortly after his death,
Sigmund Freud
temperance campaigner and evangelist Lady
- Born 1865 in Freiberg, Moravia to Jacob, his
Elizabeth Hope claimed she visited Darwin at his
wool-merchant father. Mother was Jacob’s third
deathbed, and witnessed the renunciation. wife.
• Her story was printed in a Boston newspaper and - Moved to Vienna in 1860 until 1938.
subsequently spread, Lady Hope’s story was - Vienna exciting place of opportunity and
refuted by Darwin’s daughter Henrietta who optimism. In 1867, Jews granted political rights
stated, “I was present at his deathbed… he never and accepted into society.
recanted any of his scientific views, either then or - Freud assimilated, identifying as a German.
earlier.” - About the time he was 15, liberal political
• Many people felt Darwin’s ideas clashed with the atmosphere evaporated and anti-Semitism
Bible’s story of Genesis. became virulent, shattering assimilation
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- Graduated from University of Vienna medical
school with strong interest in research but quickly Freud’s Psychosexual Stages
married and realized only private practice would
STAGE FOCUS
provide needed financial support.
Oral (0-18 mos.) Pleasure centers on the
- Published well received scholarly papers on
mouth sucking, chewing,
neurological disorders.
biting
- Outbreak of WWII forced him to flee to London,
where he died a year later in 1939. Anal (18-36 mos.) Pleasure focuses on bowel
and bladder elimination;
coping with demands for
Freud’s Theory is complex because… control
- He kept modifying it as he went along Phallic (3-6 mos.) Pleasure zone is the
- He never presented a comprehensive summary of genitals; coping with
his final views incestuous sexual feelings
- His theory is more comprehensive than must since Latency (6 – puberty) Dormant sexual interest
it has a number of aspects.
- For example, he gives us: Genital (Puberty on) Maturation of sexual
interest
• A theory of motivation
• A theory of thinking (which includes
dreaming, etc.) Defense Mechanism
• A theory of personality development - Tactics that reduce or redirect anxiety in various
(psychosexual theory) ways but always by distorting reality
• A theory of mental structures (id, ego, Repression
superego)
- Repression is the psychological attempt to direct
• A theory of psychopathology and one's own desires and impulses toward
symptom formation pleasurable instincts by excluding them from
• A theory of psychotherapy one's consciousness and holding or subduing them
in the unconscious.
Reaction Formation
Personality Theory According to Freud: - A defense mechanism that pushes away
threatening impulses by overemphasizing the
Personality – our characteristic pattern of thinking,
opposite in one’s thoughts and words
feeling and acting.
Regression
- Defense mechanism where one returns to an
- Freud’s psychoanalytic perspective proposed that earlier, safer stage of one’s life to escape present
childhood sexuality and unconscious motivations threats
influence personality.
- Freud called his theory and associated techniques MESOAMERICAN CIVILIZATIONS
psychoanalysis. Olmec (1300 B.C.)
- The first civilization of Mesoamerica
Unconscious – large below the surface area which - They were located in the hot and swampy
contains thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories, of lowlands along the coast of the Gulf of Mexico
which we are unaware. south of Veracruz.
Free association – the patient is asked to relax and say - They had large cities that were centers for
whatever comes to mind, no matter how embarrassing or religious rituals.
- They carved colossal
trivial.
stone heads
- They may have been to
represent their ancestors
or gods.
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Accomplishments:
Language
- The Maya developed an
independent
- Hieroglyphic language.
- The Spanish destroyed
most of the Mayan writings.
They were not seen as having any value. Their
language was not translated until the 20th century.
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Chichén Itzá
Aztec Emperor
- Ruled over the Aztec Empire.
- Was the supreme leader of the
people.
- He claimed that he was
divine.
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People
- Made up of commoners, indentured workers, and
slaves.
- Most people were farmers, but they also traded
with people in the surrounding areas.
- Men were to be the warriors, while a woman’s
role was to be in the home. Women were allowed
to own and inherit property and enter contracts.
Women wove textiles and raised children. They
could also be priestesses.
Religion
- Had a polytheistic religion based on warfare.
Huitzilopochtli
- Their chief god. He was the god of the sun. The
Aztec
- offered him human sacrifice to give him strength
to battle the forces of darkness each night so that
he could rise each morning. Incan civilization
Quetzalcoatl - Located in the Andes
- The feathered Serpent Mountains of South
- He believed he had left the valley of America
- Mexico and promised to return in triumph. - Represented by Machu
Human Sacrifice Picchu
- Each Aztec city contained a pyramid where they - Ruled by an emperor
- practiced human sacrifice as a way to postpone - Economy based on high-
- the end of the world. altitude agriculture
- Polytheistic religion
- Road system
Late 1300’s Inca
- The Inca started as a small group that were located
in Cuzco. They did not begin to become powerful
until after the fall of the Moche of Peru.
Pachacuti
- Unified the Inca and established the Inca Empire.
Destruction of the Aztec Organization of the Empire
- The subjugation of the people of the Aztec Empire - Incan state was built on war.
bred hatred and discontent among the people. - The conquered peoples were all taught the same
- When the Spanish arrived they did not have a language.
difficult time finding allies to fight the Aztec. - Each region was appointed a governor who
Hernán Cortés 1519 answered to the Emperor.
- Spanish Conquistador who came to the valley of Road System: 24, 800 miles of Road
Mexico in 1519 with 550 soldiers and 16 horses. - The Inca built roads to unify their people. Roads
- He was at first greeted by the Aztec Emperor made travel and communication throughout the
Montezuma (Moctezuma). empire more efficient.
- The Spanish later kidnapped the Emperor and
made him a puppet. The people rebelled and the - There were rest houses and storage depots along
Emperor was killed. The Spanish barely escaped. with bridges to span ravines and waterways.
- The Spanish returned several months later. Many
of the natives had fallen ill with Smallpox. Cortés
and his allies destroyed the Aztec capital and
subjugated the Aztec people.
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Culture Smallpox
- Were required to marry from within their own - Devastated the Population
social group. Civil War
- Women were expected to live at home, the only - After the death of the Inca Emperor a civil war
alternative was to be a priestess. broke out, Pizarro took advantage and defeated
- Most people were farmers, they also herded the people.
llamas and alpacas. Defeat
Quipu - Pizarro and his men established Lima as the new
- A system of knotted strings used by the Inca to capital of the Spanish Colony in 1535.
keep records.
Achievements of Mayan, Aztec, and Incan civilizations
• Calendars
• Mathematics
• Writing and other record-keeping systems.
Great Builders
- They had great buildings made of stone held
without mortar. Their roads also show their
ability as great builders. Lahat ng pictures nayan galing lang sa ppt ni sir! Pero
Machu Picchu tingnan nyo pa rin yung pictures sa ppt, may d ako
- City built at 8,000 ft above sea level. nasama ee pero konti lng naman. Tsaka baka lumabas sa
Urubamba River exam yung pictures tas iidentify natin kung ano yorn.
- River below Machu Picchu Aral maigi!! Goooood luuuccck!!!!! – Aki
Defeat
- The Spanish arrived in 1531
1531: Francisco Pizarro
- Spanish Conquistador led a
band of 180 men with
superior weapons.
- The Inca, like the Aztec, were
devastated by disease.
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