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Sacnobaro Masala (Tofuriadan)
Sacnobaro Masala (Tofuriadan)
Tfnplmfcvmj!hbnsbwmfcjt!gpsnvmfcj!
1. a 2 − b 2 = (a − b )(a + b ) ;
(
2. a 3 − b 3 = (a − b ) a 2 + ab + b 2 ; )
3. a + b
3 3
= (a + b ) (a 2
− ab + b ) ;
2
4. (a ± b )2 = a 2 ± 2ab + b 2 ;
5. (a ± b )3 = a 3 ± 3a 2b + 3ab 2 ± b3 ;
6. (a + b + c )2 = a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + 2ab + 2ac + 2bc ;
!
qspqpsdjfcj!
a c d c a b d b a±b c±d
1. Tu = , maSin a ⋅ d = b ⋅ c; = ; = ; = ; = ;
b d b a c d c a b d
a±b c±d a+b c+d
= ; = .
a c a−b c−d
a a a c a1 ± a2 ± L ± a n c
2. Tu 1 = 2 = L = n = , maSin = .
b1 b2 bn d b1 ± b2 ± L ± bn d
!
qspdfouj!
ak
1. a ricxvis k % tolia -is.
100
100
2. ricxvi, romlis k % aris b , tolia b ⋅ -is.
k
a a
3. a ricxvi aris b ricxvis nawili, anu ⋅ 100 procenti.
b b
4. a ricxvis rTuli n %-iT gadideba, ramodenime etapad,
niSnavs: yovel momdevno etapis dasawyisSi wina etapze
miRebul ricxvs daematos misive n %. Ggamomdinare aqedan Ak
ricxvi, romelic warmoadgens a ricxvis misi rTuli n %-iT
Tanmimdevrulad k -etapad gadidebuls, gamoiTvleba
formuliT
428
k
⎛ n ⎞
Ak = a⎜1 + ⎟ .
⎝ 100 ⎠
ybsjtyj!
1
3. a −n = , n ∈ N , a ≠ 0.
an
m
4. a n = n a m , m ∈ Z n ∈ N da a > 0.
a + a2 − b a − a2 − b
5. a± b = ± , a > 0, b > 0, a 2 > b .
2 2
!
nprnfefcfcj!ybsjtyfc{f!
n
⎛a⎞ an
1. (ab )n = a n b n ; 2. ⎜ ⎟ = n , Tu b ≠ 0 ;
⎝b⎠ b
3. a m ⋅ a n = a m+ n ; 4.
am
a n
= a m −n ; ( )
5. a m
n
= a mn .
ebnpljefcvmfcb!tbTvbmp!bsjUnfujlvmtb!eb!
tbTvbmp!hfpnfusjvmt!Tpsjt!
a1 + a2 + L + a n n
≥ a1a2 L a n ,
n
sadac a1 ≥ 0, a 2 ≥ 0,K, a n ≥ 0. tolobas adgili aqvs maSin da
mxolod maSin, roca a1 = a2 = L = an .
lwbesbuvmj!hboupmfcjt!bnpobytoUb!gpsnvmb!
Tu ax 2 + bx + c = 0 da D = b 2 − 4ac ≥ 0, maSin
− b ± b 2 − 4ac − k ± k 2 − ac
a) x1,2 = ; b) x1,2 = , Tu b = 2k .
2a a
!
429
wjfujt!Ufpsfnb!
b c
x1 + x2 = − , x1 ⋅ x2 = . !
a a
!
!
lwbesbuvmj!tbnxfwsjt!ebTmb!xsgjw!nbnsbwmfcbe
bsjUnfujlvmj!qsphsftjb!
a n = a1 + (n − 1)d ;
a1 + an 2a1 + (n − 1)d 2an − d (n − 1)
Sn = n, Sn = n, Sn = n;
2 2 2
a1 + a n = a2 + a n−1 = K = a k + a n−k +1 ;
a n −1 + a n +1
an = .
2
hfpnfusjvmj!qsphsftjb!
bn = b1q n−1 ;
b1 (q n − 1) b q − b1
Sn = , Sn = n , (q ≠ 1);
q −1 q −1
b1 ⋅ bn = b2 ⋅ bn−1 = K = bk ⋅ bn−k +1 ;
bn2 = bn −1 ⋅ bn+1 .
!
!
!
430
usjhpopnfusjb!
lvUyjt!hsbevtvmj!{pnjt!hbebzwbob!sbejbofcTj!eb!qjsjrjU!
a° α
α= π , a° = 180° ( α - radianuli zomaa, a - gradusi)!
180° π
!
usjhpopnfusjvm!!gvordjbUb!ojTofcj!
!
usjhpopnfusjvmj!gvordjfcjt!nojTwofmpcbUb!dysjmj!
{phjfsUj!bshvnfoujtbUwjt!
α π π π π 3π
0 = 00 = 30 o = 45 o = 60 o = 90 o π = 180 0 = 270 0
6 4 3 2 2
1 2 3
sin α 0 1 0 -1
2 2 2
cos α 3 2 1
1 0 -1 0
2 2 2
tgα 0
3
1 3 - 0 -
3
ctgα - 3 1
3
0 - 0
3
431
ebnpljefcvmfcb!fsUj!eb!jhjwf!bshvnfoujt!
usjhpopnfusjvm!gvordjfct!Tpsjt!
sin α
1. sin 2 α + cos 2 α = 1; 2. tgα = ;
cosα
cosα
3. ctgα = ; 4. tgα ctgα = 1;
sin α
1 1
5. 1 + tg 2α = ; 6. 1 + ctg 2α = .!
cos 2 α sin 2 α
!
psj!bshvnfoujt!kbnjtb!eb!tywbpcjt!
usjhpopnfusjvmj!gvordjfcj!
psnbhj!eb!tbnnbhj!bshvnfoujt!usjhpopnfusjvmj!
gvordjfcj!
432
obyfwbsj!bshvnfoujt!usjhpopnfusjvmj!gvordjfcj
α
1 − cosα α
1 + cosα
1. sin 2 = ; 2. cos 2 = ;
2 2 22
α 1 − cosα α sin α
3. tg 2 = ; 4. tg = ;
2 1 + cosα 2 1 + cosα
α 1 − cosα
5. tg = .
2 sin α
α α α
2tg 1 − tg 2 2tg
1. sin α = 2 ; 2. cosα = 2; 3. tgα = 2 .
α α α
1 + tg 2
1 + tg 2
1 − tg 2
2 2 2
α+β α−β
1. sin α + sin β = 2 sin cos ;
2 2
α−β α+β
2. sin α − sin β = 2 sin cos ;
2 2
α+β α−β
3. cosα + cos β = 2 cos cos ;
2 2
α+β α −β
4. cosα − cos β = −2 sin sin ;
2 2
433
sin (α + β ) sin (α − β )
5. tgα + tgβ = ; 6. tgα − tgβ = ;
cosα cos β cosα cos β
sin (α + β ) sin (β − α )
7. ctgα + ctgβ = ; 8. ctgα − ctgβ = .
sin α sin β sin α sin β
usjhpopnfusjvm!gvordjbUb!{phjfsUj!kbnjt!
hbsebrnob!
π π
1. y = arcsin x, Tu x = sin y da − ≤ y≤ ;
2 2
2. y = arccos x, Tu x = cos y da 0 ≤ y ≤ π ;
π π
3. y = arctgx, Tu x = tgy da − ; < y<
2 2
4. y = arcctgx, Tu x = ctgy da 0 < y < π ;
5. arcsin(− x ) = − arcsin x ; 6. arccos(− x ) = π − arccos x ;
7. arctg (− x ) = −arctgx ; 8. arcctg (− x ) = π − arcctgx ;
π π
9. arcsin x + arccos x = ; 10. arctgx + arcctgx = .
2 2
vnbsujwft!usjhpopnfusjvm!hboupmfcbUb!bnpobytofcj!
!
1. sin x = a; a ≤ 1, x = (− 1) arcsin a + πκ , κ ∈ Z ;
k
kerZod: a) sin x = 0, x = πκ , κ ∈ Z ;
π
b) sin x = 1, x = + 2πκ , κ ∈ Z ;
2
π
g) sin x = −1, x = − + 2πκ , κ ∈ Z ;
2
434
2. cos x = a; a ≤ 1, x = ± arccos a + 2πκ , κ ∈ Z ;
π
kerZod: a) cos x = 0, x = + πκ , κ ∈ Z ;
2
b) cos x = 1, x = 2πκ , κ ∈ Z ;
g) cos x = −1, x = π + 2πκ , κ ∈ Z .
3. tgx = a, x = arctga + πκ , κ ∈ Z ;
4. ctgx = a, x = arcctga + πκ , κ ∈ Z .!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
mphbsjUnfcj
kombinatorika
= n(n − 1)K (n − m + 1) ;
Pn
1. Pn = n! ; P0 = 1 ; 2. Anm =
Pn − m
3. An1 = n ; An0 = 1 ; 4. Anm +1 = (n − m )Anm ;
Anm n! n(n − 1)(n − 2)K (n − m + 1)
5. Cnm = = = ;
Pm m!(n − m )! m!
6. Cnm = Cnn − m ; Cn1 = n ; Cn0 = 1 .
cfs[ovmj!bocboj!
!
Α, α _ alfa Ν, ν _ niu
Β, β _ beta Ξ, ξ _ qsi
Γ, γ _ gama Ο, ο _ omikroni
∆, δ _ delta Π, π _ pi
Ε, ε _ efsilon Ρ, ρ _ ro
Ζ, ς _ Zeta Σ , σ _ sigma
Η, η _ eta Τ, τ _ tau
Θ, ϑ _ Teta Φ, φ _ fi
Ι, ι _ iota Χ, χ _ xi
Κ , κ _ kapa ϒ, υ _ ifsilon
Λ, λ _ lambda Ψ, ψ _ fsi
Μ , µ _ miu Ω, ω _ omega
436