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5- قواعد اللغة الانجليزية لجميع المستويات
5- قواعد اللغة الانجليزية لجميع المستويات
5- قواعد اللغة الانجليزية لجميع المستويات
ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﺳﺘﺔ وﻋﺸﺮون ﺣﺮﻓﺎ أﺑﺠﺪﻳﺎ وﻟﻜﻞ ﺣﺮف ﻣﻦ هﺬﻩ
اﻷﺣﺮف ﺷﻜﻼن ﻓﻲ اﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ،ﻓﺈﻣﺎ أن ﻳﻜﺘﺐ آﺒﻴﺮا ) (Capitalوإﻣﺎ ان ﻳﻜﺘﺐ
ﺻﻐﻴﺮا) (Smallوﺗﺼﻨﻒ هﺬﻩ اﻷﺣﺮف ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻟﻔﻈﻬﺎ اﻟﻰ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﻦ هﻤﺎ:
ﺷﺮﻳﺤﺔ ،ﺣﺼﺔ ،sliceﺣﺠﻢ size اﻟﺤﺮف) ( iﻳﻠﻔﻆ ) ﺁي ( إذا ﺟﺎء ﻓﻲ وﺳﻂ -2
ﻳﺒﺘﺴﻢ ،smileإﻧﺒﻮب pipe اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﻬﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺮف ) .( e
ﺳﻌﺮ ،priceﻟﻄﻴﻒ nice
ل highﻟﻴﻠﺔ ، nightﻋﺎ ٍ اﻟﺤﺮف) ( iﻳﻠﻔﻆ ) ﺁي ( إذا آﺎن ﻣﺘﺒﻮﻋﺎ -3
ﻗﺎﺗﻞ ،fightﺿﻮء light ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺮﻓﻴﻦ ) .( gh
ﻳﻤﺸﺪود ،tightﺧﻴﺮright
وﻻدة ،birthﺑﻨﺖ ،girlﻃﺎﺋﺮ bird اﻟﺤﺮف ) ( iﻳﻠﻔﻆ آﺼﻮت /ɜː/إذا آﺎن -4
.ﻋﻄﺸﺎن ،thirstyﺛﺎﻟﺚ third
ﻣﺘﺒﻮﻋﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺮف ) ( rﺛﻢ ﺣﺮف ﺻﺎﻣﺖ.
(S, s) ﺣﺮف-14
.3إذا اﻧﺘﻬﻰ اﻟﻔﻌﻞ ذو اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ ﺑﺤﺮف ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﻣﺴﺒﻮﻗﺎ ﺑﺤﺮف ﻋﻠﺔ ،ﻧﻀﺎﻋﻒ
اﻟﺤﺮف اﻷﺧﻴﺮ ﺛﻢ ﻧﻀﻴﻒ ) ،(ingﻣﺜﻞ:
sit: sitting stop: stopping run: running rub: rubbing
ﻟﻜﻦ إذا اﻧﺘﻬﻰ اﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺑﺄﺣﺪ اﻷﺣﺮف اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ) ،( w, x, yﻻ ﻧﻀﺎﻋﻒ اﻟﺤﺮف اﻷﺧﻴﺮ ،ﻣﺜﻞ: -
. .2إذا اﻧﺘﻬﻰ اﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺑ ) (-s, -ss, -sh, -ch, -x, -z, -oﻧﻀﻴﻒ ﻟﻪ اﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ )،(es
ﻣﺜﻞ:
pass : passes/, wash : washes/, box : boxes/, buzz : buzzes/, go : goes .
.3إذا اﻧﺘﻬﻰ اﻟﻔﻌﻞ اﻟﻤﺠﺮد ﺑ ) (-yﻣﺴﺒﻮﻗﺎ ﺑﺤﺮف ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ،ﻧﺴﺘﺒﺪل ) (yﺑ ) (iﺛﻢ
ﻧﻀﻴﻒ اﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ ) ،(esﻣﺜﻞ:
study: studies hurry: hurries dry: dries try: tries
-ﻟﻜﻦ إذا اﻧﺘﻬﻰ اﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺮف ) ( yﻣﺴﺒﻮﻗﺎ ﺑﺤﺮف ﻋﻠﺔ ،ﻧﻀﻴﻒ ) ( sﻟﻠﻔﻌﻞ دون اﺳﺘﺒﺪال اﻟـ
) ،( yﻣﺜﻞ:
play: plays enjoy: enjoys say: says pray: prays
11 English Grammar For All Levels Murad Sawalmeh
.3إذا اﻧﺘﻬﻰ اﻟﻔﻌﻞ ذو اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ ﺑﺤﺮف ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﻣﺴﺒﻮﻗﺎ ﺑﺤﺮف ﻋﻠﺔ ،ﻧﻀﺎﻋﻒ
اﻟﺤﺮف اﻷﺧﻴﺮ ﺛﻢ ﻧﻀﻴﻒ ) ،(edﻣﺜﻞ:
rub: rubbed stop: stopped sun: sunned sum: summed
-ﻟﻜﻦ إذا اﻧﺘﻬﻰ اﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺑﺄﺣﺪ اﻷﺣﺮف اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ) ،( w, x, yﻻ ﻧﻀﺎﻋﻒ اﻟﺤﺮف اﻷﺧﻴﺮ ،ﻣﺜﻞ:
bow: bowed mix: mixed play: played
.4إذا اﻧﺘﻬﻰ اﻟﻔﻌﻞ اﻟﻤﺠﺮد ﺑ ) (-yﻣﺴﺒﻮﻗﺎ ﺑﺤﺮف ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ،ﻧﺴﺘﺒﺪل ) (yﺑ ) (iﺛﻢ ﻧﻀﻴﻒ
اﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ ) ،(edﻣﺜﻞ :
study: studied hurry: hurried dry: dried try: tried
.5إذا اﻧﺘﻬﻰ اﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺮف ) (-yﻣﺴﺒﻮﻗﺎ ﺑﺤﺮف ﻋﻠﺔ ،ﻧﻀﻴﻒ ) (edﻟﻠﻔﻌﻞ دون اﺳﺘﺒﺪال
) ،(yﻣﺜﻞ :
play: played enjoy: enjoyed annoy: annoyed pray: prayed
.1إذا آﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ واﺣﺪ ﻧﻀﻴﻒ ) (erﻟﺘﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺻﻴﻐﺔ اﻟﻤﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ،وﻧﻀﻴﻒ
) (estﻟﺘﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺻﻴﻐﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﻀﻴﻞ ،ﻣﺜﻞ:
cheap cheaper cheapest
bright brighter brightest
.3إذا اﻧﺘﻬﺖ اﻟﺼﻔﺔ ذات اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ ﺑﺤﺮف ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﻣﺴﺒﻮﻗﺎ ﺑﺤﺮف ﻋﻠﺔ ،ﻧﻀﺎﻋﻒ
اﻟﺤﺮف اﻷﺧﻴﺮ ﺛﻢ ﻧﻀﻴﻒ ) (erأو ) ،(estﻣﺜﻞ:
big bigger biggest
-ﻟﻜﻦ إذا اﻧﺘﻬﺖ اﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﺑﺄﺣﺪ اﻷﺣﺮف اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ) ،( w,yﻻ ﻧﻀﺎﻋﻒ اﻟﺤﺮف اﻷﺧﻴﺮ ،ﻣﺜﻞ :
.1إذا اﻧﺘﻬﺖ اﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﺑ ) (-yﻣﺴﺒﻮﻗﻪ ﺑﺤﺮف ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ،ﻧﺴﺘﺒﺪل ) (yﺑ ) (iﺛﻢ ﻧﻀﻴﻒ )،(ly
ﻣﺜﻞ:
easy: easily heavy: heavily temporary: temporarily
.1إذا آﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺤﺮف ) (cﻓﻴﺠﺐ أن ﻳﺘﺒﻌﻬﺎ ) ،(eiﻣﺜﻞ :
ﻳﺨﺪع ، deceiveﺳﻘﻒ ، ceilingوﺻﻞ اﺳﺘﻼم ، receiptﺧﺪاع ،deceitﻳﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ receive
-ﻟﻜﻦ هﻨﺎك ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎت ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ) ( eiرﻏﻢ ﻋﺪم وﺟﻮد اﻟﺤﺮف ) ، ( cﻣﺜﻞ :
، اذا آﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﺘﺒﻮﻋﺔ ﺑﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺗﺒﺪأ ﺑﺤﺮف ﺳﺎآﻦ/ða/،( ﺗﻠﻔﻆ اداة اﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ) َذ-أ
: ﻣﺜﻞ
The door, the car, the moon, the film.
، اذا آﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﺘﺒﻮﻋﺔ ﺑﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺗﺒﺪأ ﺑﺤﺮف ﻋﻠﺔ/ði:/( ﺗﻠﻔﻆ اداة اﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺴﺮﻩ) ِذ-ب
:ﻣﺜﻞ
The end, the apple, the idea, the air.
( وﻟﻜﻦ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ أﺻﺒﺤﺖ هﺬﻩ اﻷﺳﻤﺎءFord, Audi) ( ﻗﺒﻞ اﻻﺳﻢa) ﻻﺣﻆ إﻧﻨﺎ اﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﻨﺎ اﻷداة
. ( ﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ هﺬﻩ اﻷﺳﻤﺎءthe) ﻣﻌﺮوﻓﻪ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﻤﻊ واﻟﻤﺘﻜﻠﻢ اﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﻨﺎ اﻷداة
: ﻣﺜﻞ،( ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﺘﺎرﻳﺦ اﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ )اﻟﻴﻮم واﻟﺸﻬﺮ واﻟﺴﻨﺔ-16
-20ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻊ أﺳﻤﺎء اﻟﻤﻮاد إذا آﺎﻧﺖ ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺧﺎﺻﺎ وﻟﻴﺲ ﻋﺎﻣﺎ ،ﻣﺜﻞ:
-21ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻗﺒﻞ أﺳﻤﺎء وﺟﺒﺎت اﻟﻄﻌﺎم إذا آﺎﻧﺖ ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺧﺎﺻﺎ وﻟﻴﺲ ﻋﺎﻣﺎ ،ﻣﺜﻞ:
-22ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻗﺒﻞ أﺳﻤﺎء اﻟﻔﺼﻮل اﻷرﺑﻌﺔ إذا آﺎﻧﺖ ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺧﺎﺻﺎ وﻟﻴﺲ ﻋﺎﻣﺎ ،ﻣﺜﻞ:
-23ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻷﺳﻤﺎء اﻟﻤﻔﺮدة )ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻧﺘﺤﺪث ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎم( ،ﻣﺜﻞ:
أ -ﺗﻠﻔﻆ أداة اﻟﺘﻨﻜﻴﺮ) (aآﺎﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ،/ə/إذا آﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﺘﺒﻮﻋﺔ ﺑﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺗﺒﺪأ
ﺑﺤﺮف ﺳﺎآﻦ ،ﻣﺜﻞ:
a car a letter a man a book
ب -ﺗﻠﻔﻆ أداة اﻟﺘﻨﻜﻴﺮ) (anﻣﺜﻞ )أن( ، /ən/اذا آﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﺘﺒﻮﻋﺔ ﺑﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺗﺒﺪأ ﺑﺤﺮف ﻋﻠﺔ،
ﻣﺜﻞ:
an apple an umbrella an eagle an orange
-1ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ أداة اﻟﺘﻨﻜﻴﺮ ) (anﻣﻊ اﻻﺳﻢ اﻟﻤﻔﺮد اﻟﻤﻌﺪود اﻟﺬي ﻳﺒﺪأ ﺑﺄﺣﺪ أﺣﺮف اﻟﻌﻠﺔ
) ،( a, u, e, i, oوﻣﻊ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎت اﻟﻤﻔﺮدة اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺒﺪأ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺮف ) ( hوﻳﻜﻮن ﺻﺎﻣﺘﺎ ﻻ
ﻳﻠﻔﻆ وﻣﺘﺒﻮﻋﺎ ﺑﺤﺮف ﻋﻠﺔ ،ﻣﺜﻞ:
an article an umbrella an egg an index an oven an hour
an heiress an honest man an honor an honorable person
-2ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ أداة اﻟﺘﻨﻜﻴﺮ ) (aﻣﻊ اﻻﺳﻢ اﻟﻤﻔﺮد اﻟﻤﻌﺪود اﻟﺬي ﻳﺒﺪأ ﺑﺤﺮف ﺳﺎآﻦ ﻣﺜﻞ
) ( b, c, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, q, r, s, t, v, w, x, zوﻣﻊ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎت اﻟﻤﺒﺪوءة
ﺑﺤﺮف ﻋﻠﺔ و ﻳﻠﻔﻆ ﻣﺜﻞ ) ،(youﻣﺜﻞ:
a plane a camel a hand a man a child a university
a European a uniform a useful book a eulogy
18 English Grammar For All Levels Murad Sawalmeh
-3ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻻﺳﻢ اﻟﻤﻔﺮد اﻟﻤﻌﺪود اﻟﺬي ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم آﻤﺜﺎل ﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮﻋﻬﺎ،
ﻣﺜﻞ:
اﻟﻜﺘﺎب ﺻﺪﻳﻖ ﺟﻴ ﺪ 1- A book is a good companion
أداة اﻟﺘﻨﻜﻴﺮ) ( aهﻨﺎ ﺟﺎءت ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ )آﻞ( ،إذًا ﻣﻌﻨﻰ اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ) آﻞ آﺘﺎب ﺻﺪﻳﻖ ﺟﻴﺪ( وه ﺬا
ﻳﻌﻨﻲ أن ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻟﻜﺘﺐ أﺻﺪﻗﺎء ﺟﻴﺪون) اﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﺖ أداة اﻟﺘﻨﻜﻴﺮ هﻨﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻤﻴﻢ(.
ﺛﺎﻟﺜ ًﺎ .اﻟﺤﺎﻻت اﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻣﻌﻬﺎ أداة اﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ) (theأو أداﺗﻲ اﻟﺘﻨﻜﻴﺮ
) ( a, anوﻓﻲ هﺬﻩ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪم ) :(Zero Article
.(at, after, before, around, towards ) ﺗﺴﺒﻖ ﺑ: أوﻗﺎت اﻟﻠﻴﻞ واﻟﻨﻬﺎر-3
: ﻣﺜﻞ،( اﻷﺳﻤﺎء اﻟﻤﻌﺪودة اﻟﺠﻤﻊ واﻟﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﻌﺪودة )ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻧﺘﺤﺪث ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎم-4
1- Parents are responsible for their children. ()ﺗﻌﻤﻴﻢ
2- We can’t live without water and air. ()ﺗﻌﻤﻴﻢ
: آﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ،(the) أﻣﺎ إذا ﺗﺨﺼﺼﺖ هﺬﻩ اﻷﺳﻤﺎء ﻓﺄﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺄﺧﺬ أداة اﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ#
1- The water of this well is cold. ()ﺗﺨﺼﻴﺺ
2- The books I read last week were useful. ()ﺗﺨﺼﻴﺺ
ﻼ ) اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔً ﻣﺜ،إذا ذهﺒﻨﺎ إﻟﻰ هﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎت ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻋﻤﻠﻬﺎ أو ﻷﺟﻞ اﻟﻐﺮض اﻟﺬي ﺗﺆدﻳﻪ
اﻟﺴﺮﻳﺮ ﻟﻠﻨﻮم وهﻜﺬا ( ﻓﺈﻧﻨﺎ ﻻ، اﻟﻜﻨﻴﺴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺒﺎدة، اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻰ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ،واﻟﻤﺪرﺳﺔ واﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺪراﺳﺔ
: ﻣﺜﻞ،"the" وﻟﻜﻦ إذا ذهﺒﻨﺎ إﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ اﺟﻞ أﻣﺮ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻓﺄﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪم،ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻗﺒﻠﻬﺎ أداة اﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ
1- Every day Ali goes to school. () ﻳﺬهﺐ ﻋﻠﻲ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﺪرﺳﺔ ﻣﻦ اﺟﻞ اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ
- Ali’s father went to the school to see his son’s teacher.
( "the" ﻟﺬﻟﻚ اﺳﺘﻌﻤﻠﻨﺎ،) ذهﺐ واﻟﺪ ﻋﻠﻲ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﺪرﺳﺔ ﻣﻦ اﺟﻞ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﺪرس وﻟﻴﺲ ﻟﻠﺪراﺳﺔ
Exercises