PDF Steel7 39pages - Compress

(Bolted or Riveted Tension Members)
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BOLTED
BOLTED OR RIVETED CONNECTION
Capacity o Bolted or Riveted Connections
!" Bearing Capacity of Bolted Connections
T = A p F p
A p = bearing area
A p = D T N
D = diameter of bolts
T = thickness of plates
N = member of bolts
F p = allowable bearing stress of bolts

F p = 1. F! for standard or short slotted holes with two or more bolts in line of force.
F p = 1." F! for long slotted holes with two or more bolts in line of force
F! = minim!m tensile strength of beam
. #hearin
#hearing
g Capacit
Capacity
y of Bolte
Bolted
d Connect
Connection
ionss
T = A$ F$
π
A$ = 4 %D&%N&
D = diameter of bolts
N = n!mber of bolts
F$ = allowable shearing stress on bolts

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#roblem no" !
From the bolted connection shown' the diameter of bolts is 1( mm ) with the hole diameter
e*!al to + mm bigger than the bolt diameter' the ang!lar section is 1"" , -
-  , ( mm' with an area

of 1+/" mm . Thickness of the g!sset plate is 0 mm. the g!sset plate and the angle are A+ steel
with Fy = " 23a. F! =/"" 23a.
a& Determine
Determine the tensile
tensile capacity
capacity of the connection
connection based on
on gross area.
b& Determine the tensile capacity of the connection based on effecti$e net area !sing a red!ction
factor of ".(.
c& Determine
Determine the tensil
tensilee capacity
capacity of the connection
connection based
based on block
block shear streng
strength.
th.
#ol!tion4
a& Te
Tensile
nsile capacity
capacity of the connecti
connection
on based
based on gross
gross area.
y g
T=
T = ".%"&%1+/"&
". F A
T = "1""" N
T = $%! &N
b& Tensile
Tensile capacity based on effecti$e net area4
This website stores dataF!such

T =". Ae as
Ae = ".( An
Diameter of hole = 1( 5 + = 1
may change your Ansettings
= %1"" at
61&%(&
any time

A = + mm
n
Ae = ".(%+&
Ae = +-." mm
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T = ". F! Ae
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T = ".%/""&%+-."&
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T = 1"-//" N
AnalyticsT = !%'" &N
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c& Te
Tensile
nsile capacity
capacity of the connecti
connection
on based
based on block shear strengt
strength.
h.
A$ = [ 256.25−3 ( 21 )−10.5 ] %(&

A$ = 1(.-%(&
A$ = 1/ mm
At = (%+-. 7 1".&
At = 1 mm
T = ".+ F! A$ 5 "." F! At

T = ".+%/""&%1/& 5 "."%/""&%1&
T = 1(/" N
T = $!"* &N
#roblem no" $
A 8 +1" , / is !sed as a tension member in a tr!ss. The flanges of the member are connected to
a 0. mm g!sset plates as shown. All str!ct!ral steel is A +%Fy = " 23a' F! = /"" 23a&. A 1
7 10 mm ) high strength bolts is connected to each flange. Ass!me
Ass!me standard holes to be + mm
greater than bolt diameter and a slip critical condition.
3roperties of 8 +1" , /
d= +1+ mm A= 01 mm

bf = 1mm tf = 11. mm
tw = . mm

a& Determine
Determine the capacity
capacity of the member
member d!e to tensile
tensile capacity
capacity of
of the wide flange.
flange. 9se
9se ".(
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red!ction factor.
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b& Determine the capacity of the member d!e to block shear strength of the wide flange.
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c& Determine
capacity of the member
member d!e to block
block shear streng
strength
th of the g!sset
g!sset plate.
plate.
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#ol!tion4
a& Capacity of
of the member d!e
d!e to tensile
tensile capacity of the
the wide flange.
flange. 9se ".( red!ctio
red!ction
n factor.
factor.
 Tensile
Tensile capacity d!e to gross area4
T = "." F y Ag
T = "."%"&%0"&
T = (+"" N
 Tensile
Te5"."
T nsile capacity
F! Ae d!e to net area4
Ae = ".( An
An = Ag 7 Aholes
Dia. :f hole = 10 5+
Dia. :f hole =  mm
An = 0" 6/%&%11.&
An = /-"/./" mm
Ae = ".(%/-"/./"&
Ae = +00(.-/ mm
T = "." F ! Ae
T = "."%/""&%+00(.-/&
T = -00-/( N
9se T = '++"', &N %capacity of member&
b& Capacity of member d!e to block shear strength of the wide flange.
#hear area4
A$ = [ 406.25 −5 (22 )−11] 11.2 ( 4 )
A$ = 1--0." mm
Tensile area4
At = %++ 7 11&%11.&%/&
11&%11.&%/&
At = 0(." mm
T = ".+" F! At
T = ".+"%/""&%1--0.& 5 %"."&%/""&%0(."&
T = 1-+"/ N %capacity of member&
T = !'-%"*$ &N
c& Capacity of the member

member d!e
d!e to block
block shears
shears strength
strength of the g!sset
g!sset plate.
plate.
#hear area4
A$ = [ 406.25 −( 22)−11 ] %0."&%/&

cookies to enableA$ essential
= 1"(+0."site mm
personalization,Tand
=".+" F! A$ You
analytics. 5 "." F! At
may change your T =settings at any time
".+"%/""&%1"(+0."& 5 %"."&%/""&%1/(&
T = 10-1/" N
Privacy Policy T = !,+'" ! &N %capacity of member&
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A tension
tension member in a tr!ss is to be composed of a 8 "" , + and is connected with two lines
of  mm ) in each flange as shown. There are three bolts per line' -
- mm pitch' +-. mm edge
distance and A + steel Fy = " 23a. F! = /""23a. Ass!me that the g!sset plates and the bolt
capacities are satisfactory. Diameter of hole is + mm greater than bolt diameter
.
3roperties of 8 "" , +
Ag = /(" mm
d= "1mm
bf =
= 1 mm
tf = 1". mm
a& Determine
Determine the
the tensile
tensile load capacity
capacity based on gross
gross area.
area.
b& Determine the tensile load capacity based on effecti$e net area with a red!ction factor of
".0".
c& Determine
Determine the
the tensile
tensile load capacity
capacity based on block
block shear.
shear.
#ol!tion
a& TeTensile
nsile load capacity
capacity based
based on gross
gross area.
T = "." Fy Ag
T ="."%"&%/("&
T = (-""" N
T = *' &N
b& Tensile
Tensile load capacity based on effecti$e net area with a red!ction factor of ".0"
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T = ". F! Ae
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An = Ag 7 Dia. :f / holes , thickness of flange
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An = /(" 7 %&%1".&%/&
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An =+" mm
Ae = 9 An
Ae = ".0" %+"&
Ae = /"("" N
Ae = *%" &N
c& Te
Tensile
nsile load capacity
capacity based
based on block
block shear.
shear.
#hear A$4 %there are fo!r blocks&
A$ = [ 187.5−2 ( 25 )−12.5 ] %1.&%1".&
A$ = 1"" mm
Tension area At4 %there are fo!r blocks&

At =%1".&%/&
At = 1"" mm
T = ".+" F! A$ 5 "." F! At

T = ".+"%/""&%1""& 5 "."%/""&%1""&
T = (1"" N
T = !* &N

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(.T/00ERED RIVETED
(.T/00ERED
CONNECTION )

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.T/00ERED OR RIVETED CONNECTION
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Section 502.3.2 N#C3 specifies that for a chain of holes e,tending across a part in
in any diagonal
or ;ig;ag line' the net width of the part shall be obtained b
byy ded!cting from the gross width the
s!m of the diameters or slot dimensions of all holes in the chain' and adding for each
ea ch gage space
in the chain *!antity.
S
4 g % Cochrane<s form!la &
8here4
# = longit!dinal center to center spacing of any consec!ti$e holes.
 = trans$erse center to center spacing %gage& between fastener gage lines.
2
S
Net 1idt2 3 2 4 $d 2 5 4g
Net
functionality, as area [
cookies to enable essentialhsite− dh+
S
well as3 marketing, 4 g
] t

8here4
dh = diameter of hole
dh = diameter of ri$ets or bolts 5 + mm
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A staggered ri$eted connection has ri$ets

arranged as shown. Diameter of ri$ets is (
mm. Diameter of hole is ass!med to be  mm
bigger than that of the ri$et.
Fy = /( 23a
a& 8hich of the

the following
following gi$es
gi$es the distance
distance >b?
>b? so that the
the net area in
in chain 166+6/
166+6/ is
e*!al to the net area of the chain 166/@
b& 9sing the comp!ted $al!e of >b?' sol$e for the net width.
c& 8hich of the
the following
following gi$es the ma,im!m
ma,im!m tensile
tensile force
force 3 that the
the ri$eted
ri$eted connection
connection
co!ld carry if the allowable tensile stress is ". F y.
#ol!tion4
a& Di
Disstanc
tancee >b?
>b? 4
Considering chain 166+6/4
45 60
¿ 2 ¿
¿ b
Net width = +" 6 /%(& 5 ¿ 2 5 +¿ ¿
4 ( 90 ) ¿2
¿ ¿
¿ ¿
2
b
Net width = +.+ 5 360
( )
2
b
253.63 +
Net area = 360 %1"&
Considering chain 166/4
2 2
( 45 ) ( 60 −b )
Net width = +" 7 +%(& 5 4 ( 90 ) 5 4 ( 180)
2
( 60 −b )
Net width = -1.+ 5 720
functionality, as Net
wellarea (
as marketing,
( 60 −b )2
= 271.63 + 720 ) %1"&
[ ] [ ]
2 2
b (60−b )
253.63 + 1" = 271.63 + 1"
360 720
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b (60 −b )
Personalization 6 = 1(
360 720
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b 7 %+"" 7 1"b 5 b& = 10"
b 
5 1"b 7 1" = "
−120 b +283.97
b = 2
b = (1.00 mm say $ mm
b& Net width 4

2
( 82 )
Net width = +.+ 5 360
Net width 4 $'$"-! mm
c& 2a,im
2a,im!m!m tentensi
sile
le forc
forcee 4
3 = Anet %". Fy&
3 = -.+1%1"&%".&%/(&
3 =/"10- N
3 = %,"$% &N
#roblem no" $
From the fig!re' an ang!lar section 1"" mm , - mm , .

. mm is ri$eted by a 10 mm ) ri$ets
arranged as indicated. Ass!me A+ steel Fy = /( 23a. F! = /"" 23a. Diameter of hole is + mm
greater than ri$et diameter.

may change a&your settings
Determine
Determ ineatthe
anycapacity
time ty of the
capaci the section
section based on yielding
yielding of gross area.
b& Determine the capacity of the section based on tensile fract!re of the net area.
c& Determine
capacity of the
the section
section based on block shear fail!r
fail!re.
e.
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#ol!tion4
a& Capacity of the
the section
section based
based on yielding
yielding of gross
gross area.
T = Ag "." F y
T = 1(.-%.&%"."&%/(&
T = 10+-. N
T = !,*"+ &N
b& Capacity of the section based on tensile fract!re of the net area.
Diameter of hole = 10 5 +
Diameter of hole =  mm
Considering section ABC4
Net width = 1(.- 7 

Net width = 1/.- mm

Considering section DBC4
functionality, as well as marketing, 2
personalization, and analytics. You S
may change your Net width at
settings =1(.-
any time7 %& 5 4g
2
(37.5 )
Net width = 1/.- 5 4 ( 100)
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Net width =1(.- mm  1/.- mm %!se&
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Net area An = 1(.-%.&

AnalyticsAn = ("1.0 mm
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Capacity based on tensile fract!re or net

n et area4
T = An "." F!
T = ("1.0%".&%/""&
T = 1"++( N
T = !*%"- &N
c& Capacity of the

the section
section based on block
block shear
shear fail!r
fail!re.
e.
 Considering lines %F 5 B& as shear area and B as tension area4
#hear area4 %line F and B&

A$ = [ 150−22−11 +187.50−22 −22−11 ] .
A$ = 10.+- mm
Tension
Tension area4 %line B&
2
37.5
−22 + 4( (100))
[ ]
At = 100 .

At = "0./- mm
Capacity based on block shear4

T =A$ ".+" F!
T =10.+-%".+&%/""& 5 "0./-%".&%/""&
T =(0"10 N
 Considering F as shear area and BC as tension area.
A$ = %1" 7  7 11&%.&

A$ = -+1.  mm
At = 100 −22 + 4(37.5

( 100)) . 5 %+-. 7 11&%.&
At = -.1" mm
Capacity based on shear block4

T = A$ ".+" F! 5 At %".& F!
T = -+1. %".+& %/""& 5 -.1" %".& %/""&
T = --" N
may change your settings9se at T = $$$"''
any time &N
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(TEN.ION MEMBER.)

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TEN.ION MEMBER.
6ail7re in Tension
Tension Members
Mem bers
Based on Net Area4
the member may r!pt!re on the net area.
ffecti$e net area4 Ae = An

An = %h 7 d h& t
dh = diameter of hole
dh = diameter of ri$ets or bolts pl!s + mm
allowable tensile stress4
Ft = "." F!
F! = the specified minim!m tensile strength of steel.
Tensile
Tensile capacity based on net area4
3 ="." F A
This website stores data such !as n
cookies to enable essential
An = %h site
7 dh& t
•
or accept the defaultBased on ross Area4
settings.
Allowable tensile stress 4
Ft = "." Fy
Privacy Policy Fy = yield stress of steel
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Tensile
Tensile capacity based on gross area4
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3 ="." Fy Ag
Analytics Ag =gross area of member
Ag = hT
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• Based on block shear strength4

Tensile
Tensile capacity based on block shear strength
3 = A$ F$ 5 At Ft
A$ = net shear area
F$ =".+" F! %Allowable shear stress&
At = net tension area
Ft = "." F! %allowable tensile stress&
Tensile
Tensile capacity based on block shear strength4
3=A$ ".+" F! 5 At "."
#roblem no" !
A web member BC in alight tr!ss is made !p of two angles -

-  , " , ..
. . the tensile load will
be " kN and the length of the member BC is / m. Fasteners has a diameter of 10 mm A
+ bolts with a bearing capacity of 11 kN on two . mm thickness of angle and a critical
shear capacity of " kN. #pacing of fasteners is " mm with a minim!m edge distance of
+1.- mm. the fasteners will connect the do!ble angle member to a 0. mm g!sset plate.
Ass!me the strength of the g!sset plate will not
no t control. 9se A + steel with F y = " 23a.'
F! = /"" 23a. Diameter of hole
h ole is + mm greater than bolt diameter.

or accept the default settings. 3rop. :f  7 - , " , . mm angle
Ag = 1+ mm
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a& Determine
Determine the
the n!mber
n!mber of bolts re*!ired
re*!ired by the member
member BC
BC
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b& Determine the minim!m re*!ired gross area based on the re*!ired effecti$e net area Ae. 9se
Analyticsred!ction coefficient of ".('
c& Determ
Determine
ine the
the ade*!ate
ade*!ate block
block shear
shear capaci
capacity
ty..
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#ol!tion4
a& N!mber
N!mber of bolt
boltss re*!ir
re*!ired
ed by th
thee member
member BC.
BC.
D!e to bearing capacity of bolts.
206
N = 116
N = 1.-( say  bolts

D!e to shear capacity bolts.
206
N = 60
N = +. /+ say / bolts
9se N =  bolts
b& 2inim!m re*!ired gross area based on the re*!ired effecti$e net area Ae. 9se red!ction
coefficient of ".(
3 =". F! Ae
3 = ". F! %".(& An
"""" = "."%/""&%.(& An
An = 111.- mm
An = Ag 6 Aholes
111.- = Ag 7 %&%.&%&
Ag = !+'"'* mm$
c) Ade*!ate block shear capacity.
Dh = 10 5+ =  mm
#hear Area4
A$ = [ 181.75−22 ( 3 )−11 ] %.&%&


cookies to enableA$ = 1+1.-
essential sitemm %for  angles&
may change your settingsArea4
Tension at any time
At = %+1.- 7 11&%.&%&

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3 = A$ ".+" F! 5 At "." F!
Analytics3 = 1+1.- %".+&%/""& 5 0.-%".&%/""&
3 = 1-+" N
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3 = $!'"-* &N
#roblem no" $
For the tr!ss shown' member D is composed of two ang!lar sections 1"" mm , - mm ,
. mm. all oints are all ass!med to be pinned connected with one gage line of 10mm
diameter high6strength bolts. At each end of D ass!me fo!r bolts on the gage line ' edge
distance of +1. mm and a ." mm pitch.

functionality, as9se
well A+
as marketing,
steels4
Fy = /(
may change your settings 23a
at any time
F! = /"" 23a
Area of  angles = 1(" mm
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 , = + mm
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a& Comp!te
Comp!te the capacity
capacity of D based on effecti
effecti$e
$e net area. Ass!me
Ass!me a red!ction
red!ction factor
factor of ".(.
".(.
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b& Comp!te the capacity of D based on block shear strength.
c& Determine
Determine the ratio
ratio of the
the act!al force
force of member
member D to to the capacity
capacity of member
member D.
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#ol!tion4
a& Capacity
Capacity based
based on eff
effect
ecti$e
i$e net area
area..
T = "." F! Ae
Dia of hole = 10 5+
Dia of hole = mm
An = 1(" 7 %.&%&
An = 10" mm
Ae = 9 An
Ae = ".(%10"&
Ae =110. mm
T = "." F!Ae
T = "."%/""&%110.&
T = -$-,% N
b) Capacity of D based on block shear strength.
#hear Area 4
A$ = %1(.- 7  7  7  611&%.&%&
A$ = 1--1.(- mm
Tension Area 4
At =%+-. 7 11&%.&%&
At = ++1. mm
T = A$%".+"F!& 5 %"."F!&
T = 1--1.(-%.+&%/""& 5 ++1.%".&%/""&
T = -((- N
T = $'" &N
c) atio of the act!al force of member D to the capacity of member D.

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 1%/&%/.& 5 1+%+.& = (%&%/.& 5 1+%/.& 5 1+%&%/.& 5 1+%+&%/.&

 1 = 11.+0 kN
3.6
tan ) = 4.6
) = +(."
F #in +(." = 11.+0

F = +/.0- kN
D = +/.0- Cos +(."
D = -"."( kN  -( .(( kN %safe&
Check4
L
r ratio
L
r = 1/+. - mm +"" mm ok
Capacity based on gross area4

T = "."Fy Ag
T = "."%/(&%1("&
T = +/+(/ N
T = +/.+( kN %safe&
#afe capacity on member D = -(.(( kN
270.08
atio = 278.88
atio = %"+*

#roblem no" -
may change Two
Tw o plates
your each
settings with
at any thickness t = 1 mm are bolted together with  7  mm ) forming a lap
time
connection. Bolt spacing are as follows4 # 1 = /" mm' # =("mm' #+ = 1""mm. bolt Eole
diameter is  mm.
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Allowable stress4
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Tensile
Tensile stress on gross area of the plate
Analytics
Ft = "." Fy
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Tensile
Tensile stress on net area of the plate
Ft = "." F!
#hear stress of the bolt4 F$ = 1"23a
Bearing stress of the bolt4 F p = 1. F!
Calc!late the permissible tensile load 3 !nder the following conditions.

a& Based
Based on shear
shear capac
capacity
ity of the
the bolt
bolt
b& Based on bearing capacity of the bolt
c& Based
Based on bloc
block
k sshear
hear str
streng
ength
th
#ol!tion4
a& Based
Based on shea
shearr capaci
capacity
ty of
of the bolts.
bolts.
π
3= 4 %& %&%1"&
3 = -+0 N
3 = $'-" '% &N

b& Based on bearing capacity of the bolts
3 =A b F b
3 =1%&%&%1.&%/""&
3 = 1"1+-" N
3 = !%!-"'* &N
c& Based
Based on bloc
block
k sshear
hear str
streng
ength.
th.
A$ = %"" 7  7  61. &%1&%&

A$ =//""mm
At = %1"" 7 1. 7 1.&%1&
At = 1"" mm
3 = ".+" F$ A$ 5 "." F!At

3 = ".+"%/""&%//""& 5 "."%/""&%1""&
3 = -(""" N
3 = -( kN
#econd possible fail!re in block shear4

cookies to enableA$ =essential
%"" 7site
 7  7 1.&%1&
functionality, asA
well as marketing,

$ = "" mm
At = %1/" 7 1. 7 &%1&
may change your settings at any  time
A t = 1/" mm
3 = ".+" F! A$ 5 "." Fy At

Privacy Policy 3 = 0""" N
3 = ,+$ &N
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(LO/DIN0 O6 BE/M.)
#roblem no" !
cookies to enableTheessential site
floor framing plan of an ind!strial b!ilding is shown. The tank legs impose loads of 1("
kN atand
personalization, theanalytics.
location You
shown. The floor is 1" mm reinforced concrete slab and the design li$e load
is to be 0.- k3a. Ass!me an additional load of "./( k3a to acco!nt for the weight of the beam.
Concrete weighs /"" kg m+.
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a& Determ
Determine
ine the
the design
design mome
moment
nt for
for the beam
beam B 6-
6-
b& Determine the design moment for the beam B 7 1
c& Determ
Determine
ine the
the design
design mome
moment
nt for
for the beam
beam B 7 +
#ol!tion4
a& Design
Design moment
moment for the beam B 7 -
Gi$e load = 0. k3a

Dead load4
(
.15 2400 )( 9.81)
#lab = 1000
#labdata
This website stores = +.+
suchk3a
as
cookies to enable8t.essential
of beam site
="./( k3a
personalization,Dead
and analytics. You 5 "./(
load = +.+
Deadsettings.
or accept the default load = /."1 k3a
Total load = DG 5 GG
Privacy Policy Tot
Total
al load = /."1 50.

Total load = 1+.1 kN m
Marketing
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AnalyticsConsidering beam B 7 
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8 = 1+.1%1.&
8 = "./ kNm
 = "./%/.&
= /.0 kN
Considering beam B 7 -

functionality, as2 = as
well /.0%1.&
marketing,
personalization,2and analytics.
= *"+- &N"m You
b& Design moment for the bean B 7 1
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∑ MR 2 = "
4.5
0 1 = 1("%& 5 /.0%/.& 51".1%/.&% 2 &
 1 = 1/. / kN
 1 5   = 1(" 5 /.0 5 1".1%/.&
  = 11-. // kN
Design moment4
2a,. 2 =1/./%+&
2a,. 2 = *-"- &N"m
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c& Design
Design moment
moment for the beam B 7 +
∑ MR 2 = "
4.5
0 1 = 1".1%/.&%.-& 5 .0%/.& 5"./%/.&% 2 &
 1 = 1-". /1 kN
 1 5   = .0 5 "./%/.& 5 1".1%/.&
  = 10+.+( kN
Design moment4
170.41 + 124
124 .47
2= 2 %/.&
2 = **-" &N"m

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#roblem no" $
A reinforced
reinforced concrete beam ha$ing width of +"" mm and an o$erall depth of "" mm has a
spacing of . m. on centers s!pport a slab 1"" mm in thickness. The s!per imposed dead load =
+ k3a %incl!des floor finish' ceiling' fi,t!res' H etc.& Gi$e load = /.( k3a. Col!mns  and E are
omitted s!ch as the girder BEI s!pport beams' DF at  and EJ at E.
a& Comp!te
Comp!te the !ltimate
!ltimate load
load %kN& at  ind!ced
ind!ced by the beam
beam DF.
DF.
b& Comp!te the !ltimate load %kN& at E ind!ced by the beam EJ
#ol!tion4
a& 9ltimate
9ltimate load
load %kN&
%kN& at  ind!ced
ind!ced by the beam
beam DF.
DF.
Gi$e load4
GG = /.(%.&
GG = 1 kNm
Dead load4
This website stores •data#lab
such=as
./%0.(1&%".1&%.& = .(( kNm
•
site= ".+%".&%./&%0.(1& = +.+ kNm
Beam
#!per imposed
personalization, and• analytics. You = +%.& = -."" kNm
DG = 1.01( kNm
9ltimate load at  = % 1./ DG 5 1.- GG &%  &

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9ltimate load at  = 1./%1.01(& 5 1.-%1&
9ltimate load at  = $*",! &N
Marketing
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b& 9ltimate load at E4
Analytics
9ltimate load at E = %1./DG 5 1.-GG&%&

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9ltimate load at E = [ 1.4 ( 16.918 ) + 1.7(12)]
9ltimate load at E = $*",! &N
#roblem no" -
A bolted connection shown consist of an ang!lar section 1" mm , 1"" mm , ( mm. the angle is
made !p of A + steel and bolts are 1( mm in diameter. Cross sectional of the ang!lar area of the
ang!lar section is 1(0/ mm . F! = /"" 23a' Fy = " 23a.
a& Comp!t
Comp!tee the effec
effecti$
ti$ee net area
area of the
the section
section..
b& Comp!te the allowable tensile strength of the angle.
c& Comp!t
Comp!tee the allowa
allowable
ble block
block shear
shear stren
strength
gth..
#ol!tion4
a& f
ffe
fect
cti$
i$ee net
net area
area 4
Diameter of hole = 1( 5 +
Diameter of hole = 1 mm
[ ]
2
(50 )
An = 1(0/ 7 1%&%(& 5 4 (62.5 ) %(&
An = 1+( mm
N#C3 specs for red!ction

red!ction coefficient 9.
8' 2 or #6shapes and all other shapes' incl!ding b!ilt !p sections with bolted or ri$eted
connections with no fewer than three fasteners per line in the direction of stress' the red!ction
coefficient.
9 = ".(
Ae = ".( An
Ae = ".(
cookies to enable %1+(&
essential site
functionality,
Aas well as marketing,
$
e = !-+$"- mm
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b& Allowable tensile strength of ang!lar section4
Analytics
T = "."f yAg
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T = "."%"&%1(0/&
T = (/1"" N
T = "." F!Ae
T = "."%/""&%1+0.+&
T = -(/" N
Allowable tensile strength = $'"* &N
c& Allowa
Allowable
ble block
block shear
shear str
strengt
ength4
h4
Along the shear plane.
A$ = net shear area
A$ = %+"" 7 1 7 1 7 1".&%(&
A$ = 10(" mm
Along the tension plane.

At = net tension area
[ ]
2
( 50 )
At = 90−2 ( 21 ) + 4 ( 60) %(&
At = /-. ++ mm5
T = ".+" F! A$ 5 "." F! At
T = ".+"%/""&%10("& 5 "."%/""&%/-.++&
T = ++1" N
T = --$"%** &N

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(MOMENT RED8CTION D8E TO

#RE.ENCE O6 9OLE IN BOT9
6L/N0E.)

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MOMENT RED8CTION D8E TO #RE.ENCE O6 9OLE IN BOT9 6L/N0E.
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Eoles in beams generally will red!ce its capacity. 8hen the holes are located in the beam
be am web' it
red!ces its shear capacity' while holes in beam flanges' and red!ces its moment capac
capacity.
ity. The
The
cross sectional property that go$erns the moment capacity is the moment of inertia. The web of a
wide flange beam contrib!tes $ery small to the moment of inertia and the effect of web holes on
moment capacity may be neglected.
neg lected. The effect of flange holes will red!ce the moment of inertia.
Afn = net flange area
Afg = gross flange area
Afn = Afg 7 area of holes
Area of holes = Dn tf
Dh = diameter of bolt hole
Dh = D 5 + mm
D = diameter of bolt
N#C3 specifies4
• ed!ction of hole is neglected when ". F! Afn K Afg
• ed!ction for hole m!st be considered when ". F! Afn K Afg
ffecti$e tension flange system4
5 F u A
fn
Afe = 6 F Y

Afh =and
personalization, Afg 7analytics.
area of You
holes
Allowable bending stress4
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F b = ". Fy
Marketing
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Analytics #roblem no" !
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A 8 /" , 1" is !sed as a beam. Jt has two holes p!nched in each flange for  mm ) bolts.
Ass!me A + steel. Fy = /(23a' F! = /"" 23a' F b = "' Fy. diameter of hole = + mm greater
than bolt diameter.
3roperties of 8 /" , 1"
w = 1."/ kNm #, = "(" , 1"+ mm+
d = /0 mm J, = /(( , 1" mm/
bf =
= ". mm
tw = 1.mm
a& Determine
Determine the effect
effecti$e
i$e tension
tension flange
flange area as specif
specified
ied by N#C3
N#C3.
b& Determine the red!ced resisting moment of the beam d!e to presence of the holes.
c& Determine
Determine the
the percent
percent red!cti
red!ction
on in the
the resisti
resisting
ng mom
moment.
ent.
#ol!tion4
a& ffecti$e
ffecti$e tension
tension flange area as specified
specified by N#C3.
N#C3.
Afg = gross flange area

Afg = 10/%".&
Afg = +00./" mm
Afn = net flange area
Diameter of hole =  5 +
Diameter of hole = ( mm
Afn = Afg 6 Ahole

cookies to enableAfnessential
= +00 ./"
site 7 (%".&%&
functionality, as well as marketing, 
Afn = (/. (" mm
• 8hen4
Privacy Policy Jf ". F! Afn K "." Fy Afg
Marketing No red!ction shall be made for shop or field bolt or ri$et holes in either flange.
Personalization
Analytics • 8hen4
Jf ". F! Afn  "." Fy Afg
Save Accept All

5 F u
Afe = 6 F y
y
Afn %effecti$e tension flange
flange area&
".%/""&%(/.("& K "."%/(&%+00./"&
(" K 0//
(
5 400 )( 2842.80 )
Afe = 6 ( 248 )
Afe = -$%"+' mm$ %effecti$e tension flange area&
b& ed!ced resisting moment of the beam d!e to the presence of the holes.
Decrease in area per flange.
A = +00./" 7 +(".0-
A = 1-./+ mm
Net J, = J, 7 A d

Net J, = /(( , 1" 7 1-./+%/."&%&
Net J, = /-"./ , 1"5
6
470.4 x 10
Net #, = 234.5
Net #, = "".0- , 1" 5
ed!ced resisting moment4

2r =
= F b Net #,
= ".%/(&%"".0-&1"+
2r =
2r = -$"- &N"m
3ercent red!ction in the resisting moment.

21 = F b #,
21 = ". Fy#,
21 = ".%/(&%"("& 1"+
21 = +/". / kNm
(340.45−328.34 )
3ercent red!ction = 340.45 %1""&
3ercent red!ction = -",* :
#roblem no" $
A 8 /1" , / beam section consisting of A + steel Fy = " 23a' F! =/"" 23a has  holes
from  mm diameter bolts in its tension flange. F b =". Fy ass!me diameter of hole is +mm
cookies to enable
greateressential site
than bolt diameter.
personalization, and analytics. You 3roperties of 8 /1" , /
may change your settings atwany = /time
. kgm #, = "(" , 1"+ mm+
d = /"+ mm J, = /(( , 1" mm/
Privacy Policy bf = 1/" mm A = (0" mm
Marketing tw = -'"mm tf =11.

=11. mm
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Save Accept All

a& Determ
Determine
ine the
the effect
effecti$e
i$e tensi
tension
on flange
flange area.
area.
b& Determine the amo!nt of moment of inertia to be released d!e the effect of holes.
c& Determine
Determine the safe
safe concentrated
concentrated load that
that it co!ld s!pport
s!pport at the midspan
midspan besides
besides its
its own
weight if it has a simple span of  m.
#ol!tion4
a& ffect
ffecti$e
i$e tensio
tension
n flan
flange
ge are.
are.
Afg = bf tf %gross
%gross area of one flange&
Afg = 1"%11.&
Afg = 1( mm

Afn = 1(7% 5 +&%&%11.&
Afn = 1""( mm %net area of one flange&
• 8hen4
Jf ". F! Afn K "." Fy Afg

No red!ction shall be made for shop or field bolt or ri$et holes in either flange.

• site
8hen4
Jf ". F! Afn  "." Fy Afg
5 F u
Afe = 6 F y
y
Afn %effecti$e tension flange
flange area&
Privacy Policy ".%/""&%1""(& K "."%"&%1(&
Marketing ed!ction of hole m!st be consider since "1"" K +""

Personalization
ffecti$e flange area4
Analytics
Save Accept All

(
5 400 )( 1008 )
Afe = 6 ( 250 )
Afe = !- mm$

b)
Amo!nt of moment of inertia to be red!ced d!e to the effect of holes.
ed!ction in flange area = 1( 7 1+//

ed!ction of flange area = / mm
ed!ction of moment of inertia.

J, =Ad
J, =%/&%10.0"&
J, = !'"$ ; !%* mm$
c) safe concentrated load that it co!ld

co! ld s!pport at the midspan besides its own weight if it has a
simple span of  m.
net moment of inertia4

Jnet = 1 , 1" 7 1-. , 1"
Jnet =1+(.( , 1" mm/
#ection mod!l!s needed4
I net
#= c
6
138.8 x 10
#= 201.5
# = ((.(+ , 1" +
esisting moment capacity of the beam4

2 = F b #
+
2 =".%"&%((.(+&%1"&
2 = 11+.- kN.m

9niform site of the beam4
weight
personalization,8 and analytics. You
=/.%0.(1&
8 = /+.
or accept the default settings.Nm
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2
WL PL
2= 8 5 4
0.45322 6
6
( ) P ( 6 )
2= 8 5 4
2 = '" &N
#roblem no" -
A 8 /" , -/ shape is !sed to carry the gi$en loads as shown in the fig!re. Ass!me the beam
be f!lly laterally s!pported and that there will be two holes in each flange for  mm diameter
bolts located .- m. from the left s!pport. 9se A + steel %Fy = " 23a' F! = /"" 23a&.

cookies to enable essential site 3roperties of 8 /1" , /
personalization, and analytics.
w =You
/. kgm #, = 1/" , 1"+ mm+
d = /- mm
or accept the default settings. J, = +++ , 1" mm/
bf = 10" mm A = 0/" mm
Privacy Policy tw = 0mm tf =1/.
=1/. mm
Marketing
Personalization
Analytics
a& Determ
Determine
ine the
the ma,im
ma,im!m
!m moment
moment of the
the beam.
beam.
b& Determine the resisting moment of the beam at the point .- m. from the left s!pport.
Save Accept All

c& Determine
Determine the percent
percent red!ction
red!ction in the resisti
resisting
ng moment at th
thee point .- m. from
from the left
s!pport d!e to the presence of the holes.
#ol!tions4
a& 2a,im
2a,im!m
!m mom
moment
ent of the
the beam
beam..
∑ M B = "
- 1 = /"%& 5+%+.& 5 1(%-&%+.&

 1 = 11./+ kN
 1 5   =/" 5+ 51(%-&
  = (0.- kN
112.43 + 85.43
21 = 2
21 = 1/(.+0 kN.m
( 45.43 + 9.43)
2a,.2 = 1/(.+0 5 2 %&
2a,.2 = $%-<$,, &N"m
b) esisting moment of the beam at the point .- m. from the left s!pport
Diameter of hole =  5 + =  mm
functionality, asA 10"%1/.&
fg 3as
well marketing, = - mm
personalization,Aand
fn = analytics.
Afg 7 Aholes
You
Afn = settings.
or accept the default - 7 %1/.&%&
Afn = "+" mm
Privacy Policy
".F! Afn = ".%/""&%"+"&

Marketing
Personalization
". F!Afn =/"""" N
". FyAfg = ".%"&%-&
Analytics". Fy Afg = /1+" N
ffecti$e flange area4
Save Accept All

(
5 400 )( 2030 )
Af e = 6 ( 250)
Af e = /(.++ mm
Decrease in area per flange4

A = - 7 -".-
A = /(.++ mm 
Net J, = J, 7 A d

Net J, =+++, 1" 6 %/(.++&%1.&
Net J, = +(.- , 1" mm/
Net I x
Net #c = C
#, = 1/+.+ , 1"+
Allowable bending stress4

bf 190
2 tf = 2 ( 14.3 )
bf 170
2 tf = .  1".- = fy !se F b = ". Fy %Non compact section&
√ fy
F b =1 23a
esisting moment of beam4

2 = F b #,
2 =1%1/+./+& 1"+
2 = $-' &N"m
c) 3ercent red!ction in the resisting moment. esisting moment for the gross section.
2 =F
=F b #,
=1%1/"& 1"+
2 =1%1/"&
2 =
= /".0 kN.m
(240.9− 237)
3ercent red!ction = 240.9 %1""&
3ercent red!ction = !"*$ :

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(Bolted or Riveted Tension Members)

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Capacity o Bolted or Riveted Connections

!" Bearing Capacity of Bolted Connections

F p = allowable bearing stress of bolts

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This website stores dataF!such

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A$ = [ 256.25−3 ( 21 )−10.5 ] %(&

T = ".+ F! A$ 5 "." F! At

d= +1+ mm A= 01 mm

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9se T = '++"', &N %capacity of member&

c& Capacity of the member

A$ = [ 406.25 −( 22)−11 ] %0."&%/&

Privacy Policy T = !,+'" ! &N %capacity of member&

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A$ = [ 187.5−2 ( 25 )−12.5 ] %1.&%1".&

A$ = 1"" mm

Tension area At4 %there are fo!r blocks&

T = ".+" F! A$ 5 "." F! At

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# = longit!dinal center to center spacing of any consec!ti$e holes.

 = trans$erse center to center spacing %gage& between fastener gage lines.

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A staggered ri$eted connection has ri$ets

a& 8hich of the

Considering chain 166+6/4

Considering chain 166/4

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b 7 %+"" 7 1"b 5 b& = 10"

b& Net width 4

Net width 4 $'$"-! mm

From the fig!re' an ang!lar section 1"" mm , - mm , .

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Net width = 1(.- 7 

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Capacity based on tensile fract!re or net

c& Capacity of the

#hear area4 %line F and B&

Capacity based on block shear4

 Considering F as shear area and BC as tension area.

A$ = %1" 7  7 11&%.&

At = 100 −22 + 4(37.5

At = -.1" mm