Matter: Definition and The Five
States of Matter
Matter
- Is the stuff that makes up
the universe
- Everything that takes up
space has mass
- All matter is made up of
atoms, which are turn
made up of protons,
neutrons and electrons.
The Five States of Matter
Solids
- Particles are tightly packed
together so they don’t
move much
- The electrons of each atom
are constantly in motion so
the atoms have a small
vibration, but they are
fixed in their position
- Solid have very low
kinetic energy
- Solid also have high
density
- Do not conform to the
shape of the container in
which they are placed
- Solid have a definite shape
as well as mass and
volume.
Liquid
- Particles are more loosely
packed than in a solid and
are able to flow around
each other, giving the
liquid an indefinite shape
- Most of which have a
lower density than solids,
incredibly difficult to
compress.
- The liquid will conform to
the shape of its container.
Gases
- The particles have a great
deal of space between
them and have high kinetic
energy
- A gas has no definite
shape or volume.
- If unconfined, the particles
of a gas will spread out
definitely; if confined, the
gas will expand to fill its
container
- When a gas put under
pressure by reducing the
volume of the container,
the space between particles
is reduced and the gas
compressed.
Chemical energy – both atoms
and molecules are held together by
a form of potential energy
Kinetic energy – which is the
energy of an object in motion
Potential energy – is the energy
stored in an object.
Plasma
- Is not a common state of
matter here on faith but it
maybe the most common
state of matter in the
universe, according to the
Jefferson Laboratory.
- Consists of highly charged
particles with extremely
high kinetic energy
Stars – are essentially super
head balls of plasma
Noble Gases- (helium, neon,
argon, krypton, xenon and
radon)
- Are often used to make
glowing signs by using
electricity to ionize them
to the plasma state.
Bose – Einstein Condensate
- Combination of lasers and
magnets
- (BEC) was created by
scientists in 1995
Eric Cornell and Carl
Weimann – scientist at the
Joint Institute for Lab
Astrophysics in Bouder
Colorado. Cooled a sample of
rubidium to within few
degrees of absolute zero.
- There is almost no kinetic
energy being transferred
from one atom to another
atoms begin to clump
together
- There are no longer
thousands of separate
atoms, just one “super
atom”
- Used to quantum
mechanics on a
microscopic level.
- Also has many of the
properties of a super fluid,
or a fluid that flows
without friction.
- Also used to simulate
conditions that might exist
in black holes.
Going Through Phase
- Adding or removing
energy from matter causes
a physical change as
matter moves from one
state to another. Physical
changes can also be caused
by motion and pressure.
Melting and freezing
- When heat is applied to a
solid, its particles begin to
vibrate faster and move
farther apart.
Melting point
- When the substance
reaches a certain
combination of
temperature and pressure,
the solid will begin to melt
and turn into liquid.
Triple point
- Where solids, liquids and
gases all exist
simultaneously. Water, for
example, exists in all three
states at a temperature of
273.16 Kelvin and a
pressure of 611.2 pascals
Sublimation
- When a solid converted
directly into a gas without
going through a liquid
phase, the process is
known a sublimation
- This may occur either
when the temperature of
the sample is rapidly
increased beyond the
boiling point (flash
vaporization) or when a
substance is “free-dried”
by cooling it under
vacuum conditions so that
the water in the substance
undergoes sublimation and
is removed from the
sample.
- A few volatile substances
will undergo sublimation
from temperature and
pressure, such as froen,
carbon dioxide, or dry ice.
Vaporization
- Is the conversion of a
liquid to a gas and can
occur through either
evaporation or boiling.
- The particles of a liquid
are in constant motion they
frequently collide with
each other.
- Each collision also causes
energy to be transferred to
particles near the surface
they may be knocked
completely away from the
sample as free gas
particles. Liquids cool as
they evaporate because the
energy transferred to
surface molecules, which
causes their escape, gets
carried away with them.
- This boiling point is the
temperature at which a
liquid become a gas.

Classification of Matter
- Matter can be identified by
its characteristics inertial
and gravitational mass and
the space that it occupies.
Matter is typically
commonly found in three
different states: solid,
liquid, and gas.
A substance is a sample of
matter whose physical and
chemical properties are the same
throughout the sample because the
matter has a constant composition.
When substances change state, it is
because the spacing between the
particles of the substances is
changing due to a gain or loss of
energy.
Ex:
We all have probably observed that
water can exist in three forms with
different characteristics ways of
behaving: the solid state (ice),
liquid state (water), and gaseous
state (water vapor and steam).
- Due to the water’s
prevalence, we use to it
exemplify and describe the
three different states of
matter. As ice is heated
and the particles of matter
that make up water gain
energy, eventually the ice
melts into water that
eventually boils and turns
into steam.
- Atoms in turn have been
found to be made up of yet
smaller units of matter
called electrons, protons,
and neutrons
Compound - When atoms of two
or more elements come together
and bond. Compounds such as
water are composed of smaller
units of bonded atoms called
molecules.
Substances - the properties of
compounds and elements are
uniform.
Mixtures - When two or more
substances are mixed together
Mixtures can be classified into two
main categories: Homogeneous
and Heterogeneous
Homogenous mixture
- is one in which the
composition of its
constituents are uniformly
mixed throughout
- which on substance, the
solute, dissolves
completely in another
substance, the solvent,
may also be called
a solution. Usually the
solvent is a liquid,
however the solute can be
either a liquid, solid, or a
gas.
Homogenous solution
 the particles of solute are
spread evenly among the
solvent particles and the
extremely small particles
of solute cannot be
separated from the solvent
by filtration through filter
paper because the spaces
between paper fibers are
much greater than the size
of the solute and solvent
particles.
Heterogenous mixture
- is a nonuniform mixture in
which the components
separate and the
composition varies
- unlike the homogenous
mixture, heterogenous
mixture can be separated
through physical
processes.
- Heterogenous mixture
involving at least one fluid
are also called suspension
mixture
- Mixtures that fall between
Gases
a solution and a
heterogeneous mixture are
called colloidal
suspensions (or just
colloids).
- A mixture is considered
colloidal if it typically
does not spontaneously
separate or settle out as
time passes and cannot be
completely separated by
filtering through a typical
filter paper.
Separation of mixture
- One way to remove a
Other state of matter
substance is through the
physical property of
magnetism.
- Filtration is another way to
separate mixtures.
- Distillation is another
technique to separate
mixtures.
States of Matter
- Everything that is familiar
to us in our daily lives -
from the land we walk on,
to the water we drink and
the air we breathe - is
based upon the states of
matter called gases,
liquids, and solids.
Solids
Atthe freezing point, the

particles are closely
packed together and tend
to block the motions of
each other.
 The volume of the solid is
constant and the shape of a
solid is constant unless
deformed by a sufficiently
strong external force.
 In a solid the particles
remain in a relatively fixed
positions but continue to
vibrate.
 The vibrating particles in a
solid do not completely
stop moving and can
slowly move into any
voids that exist within the
solid.
Liquids
- When the temperature of a
sample increases above the
melting point of a solid,
that sample can be found
in the liquid state of
matter.
- the weak attractive forces
within the liquid are
unable to hold the particles
into a mass with a definite
shape
- At a given temperature the
volume of the liquid is
constant and its volume
typically only varies
slightly with changes in
temperature.
- In the gas phase, matter
does not have a fixed
volume or shape
- This occurs because the
molecules are widely
separated with the spaces
between the particles
typically around ten times
further apart in all three
spatial directions, making
the gas around 1000 times
less dense than the
corresponding liquid phase
at the same temperature.
 Besides of the three
classical states of matter,
there are many other states
of matter that share
characteristics of one more
of the classical states of
matter.
 At low temperatures the
states of matter include
superconductors,
superfluids, and Bose-
Einstein condensate state
of matter. At high
temperatures the states of
matter include, plasma and
Quark-gluon plasma.
These other states of
matter are not typically
studied in general
chemistry.
 - Smallest particle of
compound is molecule
including different

 Matter is a term used for

everything having mass
and volume. In this unit
we will deal with types
of matters. Pure
substance, elements,
compounds, mixtures
are subjects of this unit

1.Pure Matter: Same types of

atoms or molecules comprise
pure matters. They have some
distinguishing properties. There types of atoms
are two pure matters, elements
and compounds. Iron, alcohol,
salt are examples of pure
matters.
Properties of Pure Matters: 2.Mixture: Different two or more than two
- They are types of matter (element, molecule,
homogeneous. compound) are mixed to get mixture. All
- They have specific matters forming mixture keep their
physical properties original properties. They are not pure
like boiling point,
matters.
density or freezing
point. A) homogenous mixture: all parts of
- Temperature during mixture show same properties in
phase change is homogenous mixtures. We can call
constant homogenous mixtures as solutions. Salt
a) Elements: Element is water, sugar water, air are examples of
the simplest matter homogenous mixture.
which contains one
type of atom. There B) heterogenous mixture: mixtures do not
are 109 known show same uniform in all parts of it. In this
element in nature. We type of mixtures, you can see different
show elements with phases of matters. Water+sand, milk,
symbols like for iron blood, soil are common examples of
we use "Fe". Carbon heterogenous mixtures.
"C" Beryllium "Be"
b) Compounds: Two or
more than two
elements come
together in specific
amounts and form RAPADA, JEONILA NARGARETTE
new matter that we
call compound. R.
Properties of
compounds are totally 11 – STEM C (CURIE)
different from
elements comprising
it. We show
compounds with
formulas like water
H2O. Ions or
molecules can
produce compounds.
Salt "NaCl"
Ammonia "H3"
Iron III Oxide "Fe2O3"

Properties of compound
- All compounds are
pure substances