GROUP 2

submitted by : Rahul, alfiya, vivek, farzana

Topic No :1

MODULAR BUILDING
The article considers temporary methods of using modular units in
construction. The advanced world experience in the construction of
modular BUILDINGSis analyzed. It is emphasized that modular
construction has the potential to shorten project design and
engineering time, reduce costs AND improve construction productivity.
The installation rooms» but various small 3D building elements. Russia
has great experience in the development of 3D reinforced concrete
modules. As the research comfortable and eco-friendly housing. The
paper construction as well.of modular buildings is cost-efficient, safe
and eco friendly. Modern modular systems are based on using not only
large elements such as «BLOCK The analysis result of Russian
developments in the construction of modular buildings proves THAT
results the article shows promise for developing of modern modular
construction systems in order to provide the population with
affordable,describes the prospects and relevance of introducing
modular prefabricated units not only into low-rise but into multi-storey
and high-rise construction as well.
Topic No : 2

OFFSHORE STRUCTURES
Current offshore structural design guidance, knowhow and standards
are based on Oil & Gas industry research conducted mainly in the
1970s and 1980s. Since that time, European Steel Fabricators have
made significant advances in volume manufacturing processes and
these along with improvements in steel performance, Quality
Assurance and advanced structural analysis techniques promise lower
cost, reliable steel structures for use in Wind, Wave and Tidal power.
In addition, there are several fundamental differences between
conventional offshore Oil & Gas structures and those used in the
emerging offshore renewable energy sector, not least; the very large
volume of similar structures, the unmanned nature of installations and
the cost margins involved. These combined with improved capabilities
of modern offshore fabrication and design demand a fresh perspective
on the Guidance and Standards available to developers. This paper
reviews the guidance available and identifies in particular fabrication,
material improvement techniques and modelling approaches that may
be useful in the design, operation and maintenance of Offshore
Structures for Renewable Energy.

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Topic No : 3

ECOFRIENDLY BUILDINGS
In today’s Architectural practice, there is a struggle to find the ways
to balance or harmonize environmental technology, protection of
resources and aesthetic content. And the world has witnessed some
level of significant industrial and technological revolution. The
revolution, despite its acclaimed benefits to humanity has resulted to
a worrisome level of interaction with our environment. . One point of
a great concern, with regard to the eco-system, is that as the global
greenhouse gas level continue to rise, the planet’s temperature with
corresponding rise, resulting in the melting of the ice caps and
seriously altering global weather conditions. Current estimates
calculate that the world built environment account for approximately
one third of all global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions whilst
consuming 40% of the world’s energy. However, the challenge facing
environmental architecture is meting the increasing demand for
revolutionary architectural solutions while mitigating its impact on the
eco-system. The aim of this paper therefore, is to critically review
current ecologic design concept/environmental technology using
secondary and primary data. The effect of the built environment on
the co-system which has resulted in consistent rise in global
temperature in the past three decades was accessed. The paper
recommends adopting more eco-friendly design approach, passive
design methods and use of renewable energy source amongst others
as key for achieving eco-friendly building. Finally we conclude that
moving from a sectional prism of viewing environmentalism largely
driven by sectional issues involving pollution, resources and
biodiversity to a more holistic view point that recognizes the inherent

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interdependence of all life systems is the right way forward and we
therefore call on Architects to it. KEYWORDS: Building, Ecological
Design, Eco-Friendly, Sustainable Development, Green Architecture.