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 An Introduction to the Rock-Forming Minerals

Third Edition

W. A. DEER{, FRS
Emeritus Professor of Mineralogy & Petrology,
University of Cambridge

R. A. HOWIE{
Emeritus Professor of Mineralogy,
University of London

J. ZUSSMAN
Emeritus Professor of Geology,
University of Manchester

{
Sadly, Professors Deer and Howie died while this edition was in preparation

The Mineralogical Society

London

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 The Mineralogical Society

First published 1966

Second edition 1992
Third edition 2013

# W. A. Deer, R. A. Howie and J. Zussman 1966

Second edition # W. A. Deer, R. A. Howie and J. Zussman 1992
This edition # W. A. Deer, R. A. Howie and J. Zussman 2013

All rights reserved; no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any
form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without either the prior written
permission of the Publishers or a licence permitting restricted copying in the United Kingdom issued by the Copyright
Licensing Agency Ltd, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1P 9HE.

First published 1966

Second edition 1992
Third edition 2013

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

Deer, W. A.
An introduction to the rock-forming minerals. – 3rd ed.
I. Title II. Howie, R. A. III. Zussman, J.
549

ISBN 978-0903056-33-5

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Deer, W. A. (William Alexander)
An introduction to the rock-forming minerals/W. A. Deer, R. A. Howie, J. Zussman. – 3rd ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN ISBN 978-0903056-33-5
1. Silicate minerals. 2. Mineralogy. 3. Rocks. I. Howie R. A. (Robert Andrew) II. Zussman, J. (Jack) III. Title.
2013
549-dc23

Typeset by Almaroca Ltd., West Kirby, Wirral, UK

Printed by Berforts Information Press, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, UK

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 Contents

Preface to Third Edition v Serpentine 216

Preface to Second Edition vii Clay Minerals 224 227
Preface to First Edition viii Kaolinite group, Illite group,
Acknowledgements ix Smectite group, Vermiculite 226
Abbreviations and Symbols x Prehnite 244
Key to optical sketches and data 1 Framework Silicates
Ortho-, Di- and Ring Silicates Feldspar group 248 309
Olivine 4 Alkali feldspars, Barium feldspars
Zircon 12 Plagioclase feldspars 253
Titanite (sphene) 15 Silica minerals
Garnet group 18 Quartz, Tridymite, Cristobalite 311
Vesuvianite (idocrase) 28 Feldspathoids 325 354
Sillimanite 30 Nepheline and Kalsilite, Leucite,
Andalusite 33 Sodalite Group, Cancrinite–Vishnevite,
Kyanite 36 Scapolite 325
Staurolite 39 Zeolite group 355 379
Topaz 44 Analcime, Natrolite, Phillipsite–
Chloritoid 47 Harmotome series, Laumontite,
Epidote group 52 64 Heulandite series, Chabazite series,
Zoisite, Clinozoisite, Epidote, Piemontite, Mordenite 363
Allanite 53 Non-silicates
Lawsonite 65
Oxides 382
Pumpellyite 68
Periclase, Cassiterite, Corundum,
Melilite group 72 75
Hematite, Ilmenite, Rutile, Anatase,
Gehlenite, Melilite, Å kermanite 72
Brookite, Perovskite 382
Beryl 76
Spinel group 402
Cordierite 80
Al hydroxides and oxyhydroxides 409
Tourmaline group 86 92
Dravite–Fluor-dravite, Schorl–Fluor-schorl, Brucite, Gibbsite, Diaspore, Boehmite 409
Elbaite–Fluor-elbaite, Olenite–Fluor-olenite, Fe oxyhydroxides 417
Uvite–Fluor-uvite 86 Goethite, Lepidocrocite, Ferrihydrite 418
Sulphides 423
Chain Silicates Pyrite, Pyrrhotite, Chalcopyrite, Sphalerite,
Pyroxene group 94 131 Galena 424
Enstatite–Ferrosilite, Pigeonite, Sulphates 441
Diopside Hedenbergite, Johannsenite, Baryte, Celestine, Gypsum, Anhydrite 441
Augite–Ferroaugite, Omphacite, Jadeite, Carbonates 451
Kosmochlor, Aegirine, Aegirine-augite, Calcite, Magnesite, Siderite, Dolomite,
Spodumene 102 Aragonite, Strontianite 453
Wollastonite 132 Phosphates 473
Amphibole group 137 171 Apatite, Monazite 473
Anthophyllite–Gedrite, Cummingtonite– Halides 480
Grunerite, Tremolite–Ferro-actinolite, Fluorite, Halite 480
Hornblendes, Kaersutite, Glaucophane,
Appendix 1: Calculation of a chemical formula
Riebeckite, Richterite–Ferrorichterite,
from a mineral analysis 485
Magnesiokatophorite–Katophorite,
Appendix 2: Atomic and molecular weights for
Eckermannite–Arfvedsonite 144
use in calculations of mineral formulae from
Layered Silicates chemical analyses 487
Mica group 174 180 Appendix 3: End-member (Mol%) calculations 488
Muscovite, Paragonite, Glauconite, Appendix 4: Use of optical identification
Phlogopite–Biotite, Lepidolite, Zinnwaldite 181 tables 490
Stilpnomelane 199 Table 4A: Birefringences and
Pyrophyllite 202 Michel-Levy colours 491
Talc 204 Table 4B: Optical properties of
Chlorite Group 208–215 common minerals 492
Clinochlore, chamosite 208 Index 495

iii

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 Preface to Third Edition
In this edition most of the commonly occurring
minerals of igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks
are discussed in terms of structure, chemistry, optical
and other physical properties, distinguishing features and
paragenesis. Important correlations between these
aspects of mineralogy are emphasized wherever possible,
and the content of each section has been updated where
needed in the light of published research over the
21 years between editions. The text on each mineral
now opens with a brief highlighted introduction on its
nature and occurrence, and where appropriate, following
the last in a group of closely related minerals, a panel
gives a very brief summary of their basic similarities
and differences. Tables of over 200 chemical analyses
and formulae are included and a number of older entries
have been replaced by more recent examples. The rather
small selection of references listed previously has been
replaced by a more extensive reading list, including
many recent publications and major reviews.
Treatment of several mineral groups has been
moderately expanded, and the zeolites more so, their
general introduction now being followed by separate
sections for six of the main zeolite sub-groups. Still
more expanded is the treatment of the feldspar minerals,
comprising a comprehensive, more integrated, and
updated account of this very complex mineral group,
most of it generously provided by Ian Parsons. In order
to help limit the size and price of this volume, however,
we have omitted previous brief sections on some of the
less common minerals.
This edition makes extensive use of colour, both in
the optical orientation sketches and in the many
photomicrographs of minerals in thin section. As well
as adding colour to earlier crystal structure diagrams,
many entirely new views are presented, and a
‘CrystalViewer’ interactive CD containing more than
100 crystal structures is provided.
While our text continues to be primarily concerned
with the understanding of the properties and formation
of minerals rather than the use of properties as a means
of identification, the latter purpose is also addressed in
several ways. The tabulated data and optical orientation
sketches at the head of each mineral section are now
accompanied by a guide to their use. One new appendix
has a chart showing appropriate interference colours for
most of the main minerals dealt with in this volume, and
another has an Identification Table based on birefrin-
gence and other properties. The sections on
‘Distinguishing Features’ for each main mineral are
particularly useful in helping to discriminate between
one mineral and others with which it is most likely to
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be confused, and in addition over 60 photomicrographs
are presented illustrating typical features of minerals as
seen under the petrological microscope. The electron
probe and other analytical instruments have become
more widely employed, but in our view this does not
diminish the importance of the petrological polarizing
microscope which provides an overview of the minerals
and their relationships as they occur in rocks before they
are given individual attention using the powerful but
generally more complex equipment now available.
It is intended that this book dealing with the basic
nature and properties of the principal rock-forming
minerals, while being particularly useful to under-
graduate and postgraduate students of mineralogy,
petrology and geochemistry at various levels, will also
help those coming to these subjects for the first time
from other disciplines such as Materials Science and
Chemistry, for whom it may serve as a condensed
version of the more extensive volumes of the DHZ
series, Rock-Forming Minerals, 2nd edition.
We wish to express our thanks to many people. To
Kevin Murphy (Executive Director) and members of the
publications committee of the Mineralogical Society of
Great Britain and Ireland, for their very helpful
suggested improvements. We are grateful to Pearson
Education for allowing use of a selection of the late
W.S. MacKenzie’s photomicrographs, and to Mrs Anne
MacKenzie for making the original transparencies
available to us; we also thank Giles Droop for supplying
us with photomicrographs from his teaching collection.
Enclosed inside the back cover of this third edition is
an interactive CD ‘‘CrystalViewer 8.3’’ containing a set
of crystal structures of the more common minerals.
These were created using ‘‘CrystalMaker’’ software
(www.crystalmaker.com) and the authors and The
Mineralogical Society are very grateful to Dr David
Palmer for supplying this CD and for helping in the
construction of many of the new crystal structure images
seen throughout the volume.
We owe thanks also to Mark Welch, for generously
preparing for us many other coloured illustrations of
crystal structures, and our thanks are due to Takenori
Kato, Nagoya University, for his help and agreement to
our use of his synthesized sequence of interference
colours in our birefringence chart.
We have benefited also from help and advice from
Manchester University colleagues including John
Bowles, Kate Brodie, Giles Droop, Alexander
Edwards, Richard Hartley, Mike Henderson, Cathy
Hollis, Christopher Horsfall, Richard Pattrick, Alison
Pawley and David Vaughan, all of The School of Earth,
 Preface to Third Edition

Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences. We are
grateful to the many other Earth Scientists (listed
below) who responded to our request for comments on
specific mineral sections, and David Green for his many
valuable improvements to the accuracy and clarity of the
text as a whole. We wish to thank Ian Parsons for his
contribution of a large part of the feldspar text and
figures, as mentioned above, enabling us to present an
authoritative treatise on these complex minerals.
Robert Preston has had the difficult task of putting the
book together for us and we thank him for his consistent
help and patience over an extended period, and Cathy
Preston for valuable help with checking final proofs.
Having thanked the above for their involvement we accept
nevertheless responsibility for errors and omissions.
We wish to record our indebtedness to the late
Professor W.A. Deer for the initial concept of this
compact volume and for his extensive and authoritative
contributions to our succession of co-authored volumes.
R. A. HOWIE
J. ZUSSMAN
January 2012

My good friend and colleague Bob Howie was noted
nationally and internationally for his many contributions
to Mineralogy throughout his working life, by his
university research and teaching, by his activities
within the Mineralogical Society of Great Britain and
Ireland, and by his prodigious work, year after year, as
editor of Mineralogical Abstracts. Alongside these he
managed also to share fully in the continuous
preparation of the various volumes and editions of
Rock-Forming Minerals and Introduction to Rock-
Forming Minerals. Unfortunately as we were
approaching the completion of the latter’s 3rd edition,
his health deteriorated. Bob continued writing, with
increasing difficulty, until very close to his passing away
in March 2012. He would have liked so much to see
this volume’s publication, but that was not to be. I see
it, however, as dedicated to his memory.
JACK ZUSSMAN
February 2013

Thomas Armbruster Godfrey Fitton Walter Maresch

Etienne Balan Gerhard Franz Roger H. Mitchell
Geoff Bromiley Charles A. Geiger Enver Murad
Fernando Cámara Nurit Goldman Mariko Nagashima
Michael A. Carpenter Ed Grew Fabrizio Nestola
Petr Černý Joel D. Grice Phil Neuhoff
Bernardo Cesare Steve Guggenheim Roberta Oberti
Christian Chopin Simon Harley Richard Pattrick
Giancarlo Della Ventura Dan Harlov Simon A.T. Redfern
Harald G. Dill Frank Hawthorne Mark Welch
Colin H. Donaldson Karen Hudson-Edwards M. Jeff Wilson
Bernard W. Evans Bernard Leake Bruce Yardley
Adrian Finch Juhn G. Liou

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 Preface to Second Edition
This major revision takes place some 25 years after
the publication of the first edition. The intervening years
have seen great changes in all aspects of the Earth
Sciences, including mineralogy. There have been many
improved and new techniques for investigating minerals,
producing a new body of data and often a better
understanding of their nature, properties and relation-
ships. Such changes are evident in each section under
which we treat each major mineral.
Crystal structures are far better known through the
development of automatic X-ray diffraction methods
supplemented by spectroscopic studies (infrared, X-ray,
Mössbauer, etc.) of site preferences, and high-resolution
electron microscopy revealing fine-scale departures from
regularity of structure.
The chemical variations in minerals are better
appreciated through the development of electron-probe
microanalysis which is rapid and is done without
separation of minerals from the rock. New techniques
have greatly extended the range of pressure and
temperature at which phase transformations can be
studied in the laboratory. Geothermometry has been
developed considerably as has the use of fluid inclusions
to give information on temperatures of crystallization
and genetic sequences.
Whereas we are now not so dependent on optical
properties for determining chemical composition, light
microscopy remains the basic general tool underpinning
all other methods, and the study of sub-microscopic
features (e.g. habits and intergrowths) is enhanced by
the use of scanning or transmission electron microscopy.
The increased attention given to opaque minerals by
both students and researchers is recognized and we now
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give data on properties in reflected light. In the new
edition we include some plates showing a selection of
interesting microscopic features, but recommend the
more comprehensive set of micrographs in the Atlas of
Rock-Forming Minerals (W.S. MacKenzie & C.
Guildford, Longman), a useful companion volume.
In the paragenesis sections of our new edition we are
able to relate the occurrences of some minerals to their
environments in terms of the modern concepts of plate
tectonics. We are also able to include the Moon as a
mineral locality.
Although our text was, and still is, primarily intended
for university students, it has gained use also as a
reference book for researchers, albeit at a less detailed
level than the original five volumes from which it was
derived, or their replacement editions. We have tried to
recognize this by, for example, adding cell parameters to
the tabulated mineral data; also our selection of
references includes not only examples of different
approaches to the study of minerals but also some
wider ‘review-type’ publications on particular mineral
groups, e.g. clay minerals, feldspars and zeolites.
We have attempted to restrict the work to a similar
size, and although some expansion has been felt
necessary for some major groups such as olivine and
nepheline, the balance has been maintained by omitting
coverage of datolite, rosenbuschite, lävenite, catapleiite
and the helvite group.
W. A. DEER
R. A. HOWIE
J. ZUSSMAN
January 1991
 Preface to First edition
The authors began about ten years ago to write a text
book for university students, but this aim was gradually
relinquished as the text grew into the five volumes of
Rock-Forming Minerals. We have now reverted to our
original purpose by condensing the latter work into this
single volume, which is intended to provide a short
account of the more important minerals encountered in
many undergraduate courses in mineralogy and petrology.
We have attempted to present the basic data which are
essential to the understanding of minerals, especially in
relation to the environment of their formation.
The study of minerals is commonly presented largely
as a listing of optical and physical properties which can
be used for mineral identification. While this is without
doubt an essential aspect of the subject, the study of
minerals, particularly in relation to petrology, requires
also the detailed consideration of crystal structure,
chemistry and paragenesis, and we make no apologies
for the prominence we have given these topics.
To those familiar with the five volumes of Rock-
Forming Minerals the present volume will be seen to be
based essentially on the pattern of the earlier work. Thus
the more common minerals are each considered under
the headings: Structure, Chemistry, Optical and Physical
Properties, Distinguishing Features and Paragenesis.
Sections on chemistry show typical compositions and
illustrate the major atomic replacements which occur in
the various minerals. In the sections on optical and
physical properties, the variations of these properties
with chemistry are discussed and are in many cases
presented graphically.
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We have tried to make the text useful also as a
laboratory manual by giving tabulated data and optic
orientation sketches at the head of each mineral section,
and by including the paragraphs on distinguishing
features.
Selected references are given for most minerals, and
have been chosen, not so much in order to augment the
data presented, but rather to draw attention to the
various types of information available relating to
particular minerals. Moreover, by drawing the attention
of the student to some of the original data on which this
work is based, it is hoped to stimulate a deeper interest
in the study of minerals.
Minerals of lesser importance are given a shorter
treatment. All the minerals dealt with in Rock-Forming
Minerals are included in the present work, and in
addition mullite, some of the rarer but typical minerals
of caic-silicate rocks, and the accessory minerals of
nepheline-syenites and related rocks have been included.
The earlier spelling of felspar has been changed to
feldspar in accordancc with the 1962 recommendation of
the New Minerals and Mineral Names Commission of
the International Mineralogical Association.
A description of the method of calculating structural
formulae from mineral analyses is given in Appendix 1
W. A. DEER
R. A. HOWIE
J. ZUSSMAN
October 1965
 Acknowledgements
We are indebted to the following for permission to reproduce copyright material. Full details of publication are
included in relevant figure captions.
Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft, Munich for figures
from Mineralogische Tabellen (2nd ed.)
Cambridge University Press for figures from Crystal
Chemistry; Introduction to Crystal Chemistry
Carnegie Institute of Washington for figures from
Carnegie Institute of Washington, Annual Report of
the Director, Geophysical Laboratory
The Clay Minerals Society for figures from Clays and
Clay Minerals
Cornell University Press for figures from Atomic
Structure of Minerals
Elsevier for figures from Earth Science Reviews;
Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta; Journal of Solid
State Chemistry; Lithos
The Geological Society of America for figures from
Bulletin of the Geological Society of America;
Memoirs of the Geological Society of America
Geological Society of London for figures from Rock-
Forming Minerals
International Union of Crystallography for figures from
Acta Crystallographica
Japan Association of Mineralogical Sciences for figures
from Mineralogical Journal
John Wiley & Sons for figures from Journal of
Metamorphic Geology; Manual of Mineralogy;
Physics and Chemistry of Minerals and Rocks
Longman/Pearson Education for figures from An
Introduction to the Rock-Forming Minerals; photo-
micrographs from the W.S. MacKenzie collection
The McGraw-Hill Companies for figures from Igneous
Petrology; Microscopic Identification of Minerals;
Encyclopedia of Science and Technology
Mineralogical Association of Canada for figures from
The Canadian Mineralogist
The Mineralogical Record for figures from
Mineralogical Record
Mineralogical Society of America for figures from
American Mineralogist; Special Paper 2; Reviews in
Mineralogy
Mineralogical Society of Great Britain and Ireland for
figures from Mineralogical Magazine; Clay Minerals
ix
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Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag Leipzig for figures
from Zeitschrift für Kristallographie
Oxford University Press for figures from Journal of
Petrology
NASA for a photomicrograph
National Institute for Metallurgy, Johannesburg for
figures from Minerals Science and Engineering
The Royal Society of London for figures from
Proceedings of the Royal Society; Philosophical
Transations of the Royal Society
The Russell Society for figures from Journal of the
Russell Society
Scandinavian University Press for figures from Norsk
Geologisk Tidsskrift
E. Schweizerbart’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung for figures
from Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, European
Journal of Mineralogy; Fortschritte der Mineralogie
SEPM Society for Sedimentary Geology for figures from
Journal of Sedimentary Research
Society of Economic Geologists for figures from
Economic Geology
Springer-Verlag GmbH for figures from Feldspar
Minerals; Sedimentary Carbonate Minerals;
Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology; Physics
and Chemistry of Minerals
Swiss Society of Mineralogy and Petrology for figures
from Schweizer Mineralogische und Petrographische
Mitteilungen
University of Chicago Press for figures from Journal of
Geology
Yale University (Kline Geology Laboratory) for figures
from American Journal of Science
D.H.M. Alderton for a photomicrograph
R.A. Berner for figures from Principles of Chemical
Sedimentology
R.M.F. Preston for a photograph
D.J. Vaughan for figures from Mineral Chemistry of
Metal Sulphides
F.J. Wicks for photomicrographs
 Abbreviations and symbols

Å (= 10 nm) Ångstrom units (10 8 cm) T temperature. Also ‘tetrahedral site’

a cell edge in the x direction tr. trace
a activity (of substance indicated by VHN100 microindentation hardness, Vickers
subscript) Hardness Number at 100 g load
atom % atoms per cent, percentage on an atomic wt.% percentage on a weight basis
basis XRD X-ray diffraction
b cell edge in the y direction x, y, z crystallographic axes
Bxa acute bisectrix Z number of formula units per unit cell
c cell edge in the z direction 2V optic axial angle
calc. calculated a, b, g least, intermediate and greatest refractive
D density (g/cm3) indices; the vibration direction of the
d interplanar spacing rays; also the rays themselves.
DTA differential thermal analysis a, b, g angles between the positive directions of
Eh redox potential the y and z, x and z, and x and y
EPMA electron probe microanalysis crystal axes
f fugacity (of substance indicated by d birefringence
subscript) e extraordinary ray, refractive index
Fe* total Fe2+ + Fe3+ (uniaxial)
H hardness (Mohs’ scale) o ordinary ray, refractive index (uniaxial)
H 2O absorbed water & vacant site in crystal structure
H2O+ water derived from mineral breakdown
hex (subscript) hexagonal
IR infrared spectroscopy Buffers
KD distribution coefficient
LA-ICP-MS Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma FMQ fayalite + oxygen > magnetite + quartz
mass spectrometry HM hematite magnetite
M mol/litre IW iron + oxygen > wüstite
M generalized cation site MH magnetite + oxygen > hematite
Ma million years MI magnetite > iron + oxygen
meq., meq. milliequivalents, microequivalents MW magnetite > wüstite + oxygen
mol% molecules per cent, percentage on a NNO nickel + oxygen > nickel oxide
molecular basis QFM quartz–fayalite–rnagnetite
n refractive index (for a cubic mineral) WM wüstite–magnetite
nm nanometre (10 9 m)
NMR nuclear magnetic resonance
O.A.P. optic axial plane Units of Pressure
P pressure (see note below on units of
pressure) Various units for pressure are found in geological
pfu per formula unit literature. In older publications, bar or atm. (atmo-
pH log (H+) concentration sphere), kilobar (kbar) and megabar (Mbar), and more
ppm parts per million recently, the IS units: pascal (Pa), megapascal (MPa)
% parts per mille (parts per thousand) and Gigapascal (GPa). Their relationships are as follows:
R generalized symbol for group of metal
ions 1 bar = 105 N(newtons)/m2
R reflectance 1 atm. = 1.0133 bar
RE, REE rare earth, rare earth element 1 kbar = 1000 bar
r < v (or r > v) optic axial angle in red light is less than 1 Pa = 1 N/m2
(or greater than) that in violet light 1 MPa = 106 Pa = 10 bar
rh (subscript) rhombohedral 1 GPa = 109 Pa = 10 kbar
SEM scanning electron microscopy
SIMS Secondary ion mass spectrometry Thus to convert pressure in kbar to pressure in GPa, or
TEM transmission electron microscopy pressure in bars to pressure in MPa, divide by 10.
HRTEM high resolution transmission electron
microscopy

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 Key to optical sketches and data

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