Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Muzej Atničkog Stakla - Vodič Za Djecu
Muzej Atničkog Stakla - Vodič Za Djecu
Muzej Atničkog Stakla - Vodič Za Djecu
MUZEJ
MUSEUM OF
ANTIČKOG ANCIENT
STAKLA GLASS
FOR
ZA DJECU CHILDREN
ISBN 978-953-7866-26-6
Zadar 2013.
KISOVAR-Ivanda, Tamara
ISBN 978-953-7866-26-6
140727038
Zadar 2013.
Kustosi
10
Museum curators
11
12
13
14
15
Ravnatelj muzeja
16
Museum director
17
18
Almost everything
we know about Iader (an-
cient city at the position
of present-day Zadar)
comes from archaeologi-
cal evidence.
Archaeology is the
study of the past based on
physical evidence left be-
hind. Most people are fa-
miliar with the idea of excavation, but archaeologists do not just dig.
Museum curators in the Museum of Ancient Glass in Zadar are
mostly archeologists.
19
Kada netko želi izgraditi novu cestu, zgradu ili sličnu građevinu,
mora dobiti dozvolu za gradnju. Prije toga mora se istražiti jesu li
na tom mjestu smješteni neki arheološki nalazi koji predstavljaju
našu povijesnu baštinu. Svi moramo biti sigurni da neće doći do
uništavanja važnih arheoloških nalazišta.
Također, arheolozi sami pronalaze mjesta gdje se nalaze, primje-
rice, ostatci starih naselja. Pronalaze ih razmišljajući što je sve čo-
vjeku bilo potrebno za život i na kojem je mjestu moglo biti najbolje
osnovati naselje.
Ljudi su uvi-
jek tražili mjesta
koja imaju dobar
zemljopisni polo-
žaj, pristup pitkoj
vodi, ali i pristup
trgovačkim pute-
vima. Arheolozi
takva mjesta pro-
nalaze i pregle-
davajući teren iz
zraka, ali i pomoću različitih uređaja poput georadara. Ponekad i selja-
ci kopajući svoju njivu pronađu arheološke nalaze i o tome obavijeste
arheologe. Arheolozi tada provode sve važne radove, od istraživanja
povijesti pronađene lokacije do samog istraživanja terena.
20
B e f o r e
builders can get
planning permis-
sion for a site
they have to find
out about pos-
sible archaeo-
logical remains.
They have to
prove that they
are not going to
destroy important remains. They call archaeologists to do anything
from studying the history of a site to a full-scale dig.
Archaeologists can also find sites, where there are remains
of ancient settlements. They are trying to understand what the
people, at that time, needed for life and which places were the
most appropriate to establish a settlement.
People were always looking for places that had good geographi-
cal location, access to drinking water and access to trade routes.
Archeologists find such places by viewing them from the air and
using different devices such as georadar. Sometimes the peasants
while digging their fields find archaeological findings and inform
archaeologists about it. Archaeologists then perform all the im-
portant works, starting from the historical research of the loca-
tion to excavations.
21
Što se događa s
pronalascima?
Predmeti pronađeni
iskopavanjem pohranjuju se
u muzejskom depou, a po-
datci o terenu i terenskim
istraživanjima u muzejskom
arhivu. Muzej je odgovoran
za vođenje depoa i arhiva te
njihovo predstavljanje jav-
nosti.
22
What happens to
the finds?
23
24
26
27
28
29
Residents of the Roman Empire were divided into two basic groups:
citizens and slaves.
Division of the Roman citizens depended on their origin, property or
residence. Such divisions had different political importance depending
on the historical period.
One of the most famous divisions is the one based on the origin into
patricians and plebeians.
The patricians belonged to the oldest Roman families and were very
wealthy.
The plebeians were mainly
of the peasant origin.
Being a Roman citizen was
a good thing. It meant you
had rights. For example, you
could vote. Women were not
considered citizens. They had
little power outside the family.
Slaves were not citizens. They
had very few rights, though
Roman society depended on
slave labour. A wealthy family
could have many slaves. Some
families treated their slaves
well, and a slave who behaved
well may have earned freedom.
However, most of them led
miserable lives.
Plebejci
Plebeians
31
Domus
32
Mozaik
Mosaic
33
Freska
Frescoes
34
Insula
35
Bathhouses (thermae)
38
Ostatci Dioklecijanovoga
akvedukta kod Splita
Remains of the Diocletian’s
aqueduct near Split
39
40
41
Zadarski forum
Forum in Zadar
42
43
44
45
48
49
52
Although his name in English is Lucky, one day during the
walk through Iader, Felix had no luck. The city streets were often dir-
ty and they were always crowded. This is why rich people were carri-
ed by their slaves on a litter. Litters could also be hired as a taxi to-
day. So a man could rea-
ch his destination clean.
Walking through the
streets could be quite
unpleasant for pedestri-
ans. That is why our Felix
had bad luck one day. As
soon as he got out of the
building where he lived,
trash had fallen on his
head, thrown from a win-
Gradska ulica u Pompejima
dow. Shortly thereaf- City street in Pompeii
ter, he did not move qu-
ickly enough to the side, hearing the warning of a carrier of litter of
one reputable citizen, and he pushed him with his elbow into the side.
Close to the Forum, a hobnailed sandal of one carrier, stepped on his
foot. He stepped into mud while crossing the street. All this was eno-
ugh to spoil his mood completely.
But it was still not all. Walking with his head down, he did not
notice that he found himself in the way of the group of boys who
had fought in the streets. Becoming a participant of a street fight, he
came home with torn clothes. Felix wanted to forget that day as soon
as possible.
53
54
55
56
How is it made?
57
58
59
60
Ancient glass was composed of silica sand, soda or potash and lime.
The ideal glass was made from dissolved sand, but it required a very high
temperaturewhichcouldnotbeachievedinceramickilnsusedbytheancient
craftsmen. Soda or potash were added to sand for lowering the melting
temperature of the sand. Potash was obtained from minerals or plant ash.
Glass created with this combination was not waterproof so the third and
indispensable ingredient in the manufacture of glass materials was lime.
These three ingredients were heated to high temperatures (about
1000°C) in special clay kilns. After a while there was hot, almost liquid
mixture which was then cooled and broken
into smaller pieces. It is raw glass.
Glass made from these three basic
ingredients was greenish-bluish in color.
Iron oxide contained in the quartz sand
gives such color to glass. Metal oxides
were added to obtain variety of other
colors. They were added by raw glass
manufacturers or artisans while making
glass objects. Thus in ancient times
oxides of copper, iron, bronze, cobalt and
manganese were often used.
61
62
The glass objects are made by reheating raw glass. The oldest
technique of making glass objects is so-called core formed glass.
The object was made by putting the heated glass on the core made
of sand, mud and straw. After that the surface was smoothed,
usually on a stone or metal, flat surface. After cooling, the core had
to be broken and taken out. This technique was used for producing
very small objects in which most likely perfumes were kept. This
technique has been used in 2nd BC.
Tehnika izrade
staklenih zdjelica
Technique of
production of small
glasss bowls
63
Tehnika slobodnog
puhanja
Technique of free
blowing
64
65
66
68
69
70
71
Trgovina staklom
72
Glass trade
73
Most likely
glassmakers worked in
Iader. Local workshops
bought glass raw
material, which was
transported by ships.
Glassmakers in the city
made their own glass
objects
using raw material.
76
77
78
79
Long, long time ago, nearly two thousand years ago, Roman town
of Iader was located in the area of present-day Zadar. It was a
beautiful city. In its center, the city forum, it was always lively.
Many men and women lived in it. And among them the beauty of the
young girl Avita was widely known.
Although she belonged to a wealthy family, she was known for
her kindness and modesty.
A female slave who looked after her and followed her
everywhere, made her beautiful hairstyles. Avita had a copper
mirror and elegant glass hairpins. In the rounded, elongated and
cylindrical bottles she kept the fragrance oils and ointments, and
in the smallest, expensive ones floral perfumes. These were most
beautiful bottles, translucent and shiny, smooth and refined. She
loved beautiful glass items. She drank from a glass cup. On her
finger she wore a ring made of finest glass. She lived quietly and
peacefully on the most beautiful coast of the Roman Empire. Every
day while walking along the sea she watched the islands, resting
in the shade of pine trees. She loved life in Iader. However, one
day, something unexpected happened. One morning on the bedside
table she found a box labeled: to dear Avita.
Inside the box, carefully wrapped in a piece of cloth, laid a
small brownish bottle. It was exceptionally beautiful, decorated
with ornaments and patterns she had never seen before. Bottle
was definitely neither from Iader, nor from its surroundings. It
was clear that the bottle was brought to her from some distant
and unknown country.
The girl was surprised and she thought ...
80
81
82
83
84
☺ Observe other small vessels. Which one do you like most? Why?
85
86
87
88
89
90
Ružmarin je često
korišten u rimskoj medicini.
Rosemary was widely
used in Roman medicine.
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
AMPHORAE
Amphorae were containers
in which wine and oil were
transported and stored.
Romans used olive oil for
cooking. It was produced by
pressing olives. Amphorae were
also used to store dried
fruit, grain or other
foodstuff.
99
100
101
102
Language used by
the inhabitants of
the Roman Empire
was called Latin lan-
guage. Originally it
was spoken in the re-
gion of Latium after
which it was named.
Rome was the capital
of Latium. All Roman-
ce languages such as
French, Spanish and
Italian developed
from Latin. Altho-
ugh presently it is a
dead language it is
often used in medi-
cine, law, literature,
biology and many ot-
her sciences and as
an official language Rimski nadgrobni spomenik iz Zadra
Roman funerary monument from Zadar
of the state of Vatican.
103
VI VI znači 6.
VII VII znači 7.
VIII VIII znači 8.
X X znači 10.
IX znači da smo oduzeli I od X i da nam je, stoga, ostalo 9.
Broj X-eva označava broj desetica.
Tako se 20 piše XX, a 30 XXX.
L L znači 50.
40 se piše XL (10 je oduzeto od 50)
60 je LX , 70 je LXX, a 80 se piše LXXX.
D D je znamenka za 500.
CD znači 400. Tako se, primjerice, 448 piše CDXLVIII.
M M je 1000.
2013 se piše MMXIII.
104
The big differences between Roman and Arabic numerals (the ones we use today)
are that Romans did not have a symbol for zero, and that placement of a digit within
a number indicates subtraction or addition.
VI VI means 6
VII VII means 7
VIII VIII means 8
X X means 10.
IX means subtraction of I from X, leaving 9.
Numbers in the teens, twenties and thirties follow the same form as the
first set, only with X’s indicating the number of tens. So XXXI is 31, and
XXIV is 24.
L L means 50.
40 is written XL (10 subtracted from 50)
60 is LX , 70 is LXX and 80 LXXX.
M M is 1000.
2013 is written MMXIII.
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
Staklena narukvica /
Glass bracelet
113
114
115
Vino
Riblji umak
116
Wine
Fish sauce
117
Večernji obrok
Gozbe
120
The lower class (plebeians) usually had bread, dry or dipped in wine,
and water for breakfast. Sometimes olives, cheese, or raisins were
sprinkled on the bread.
The upper class (patricians) enjoyed fresh meat, fish, fruits,
vegetables, bread, and used honey to sweeten food. They had slaves to
cook and clean. Slaves cut their food for them, as they did not use forks
or knives, but ate with their fingers. A wet towel was at hand (or brought
by slaves) to tidy up after a meal.
Evening Meal
Banquets
121
124
If you met some Roman children, you would be able to play lots
of games you know with them. They played hide and seek, chase,
hopscotch, leapfrog and ball games. They had swings, kites, building
blocks and dolls.
125
Okrugli mlin
1. Igra za 2 igrača (svaki ima po 3 žetona).
2. Cilj je igre postaviti tri žetona u ravnini. To
znači da se mora osvojiti središnja pozicija jer se
ne računaju savijene vanjske crte.
3. Igrači naizmjenično smještaju žetone na ploču.
4. Kada su svi žetoni na ploči, igrači naizmjenično
pomiču žetone po crtama.
Kockasti mlin
1. Igra za 2 igrača (svaki ima po 9 žetona)
2. Igrači naizmjenično postavljaju žetone na
ploču pokušavajući pritom postaviti tri žetona u ravnini.
3. Svaki igrač mora protivnika sprječavati u formiranju niza.
4. Onaj koji uspije složiti tri žetona u ravnini može oduzeti
protivnikov žeton.
5. Kada se svi žetoni postave na ploču, igrači naizmjenično
pomiču žetone za jedno slobodno mjesto.
6. Igrači moraju protivnika sprječavati u formiranju nizova i
oduzimati žetone.
7. Pobjednik je onaj igrač koji protivnika svede na dva žetona.
126
One of the many board games that kids loved to play was
called Merelles and it is forerunner of present-day mills. It was
played on round or checkered plates that were engraved in stone.
Round mill
1. A game for 2 players each having 3 pieces.
2. The aim is to set up three pieces in a straight line. This means
that the central position has to be won because the outside bent lines
do not count.
3. Players alternately place pieces on the board.
4. When all the pieces are on the board players alternately move
their pieces on the lines.
Checkered mill
1. For two players, each having nine pieces.
2. The players alternate at placing a piece
on any spot of the board, trying to form a row of
three pieces.
3. Each player attempts to prevent the oppo-
nent to get a row of their own.
4. Whoever forms a row of three is allowed
to remove one of the opponents pieces.
5. As all pieces have been placed, each
player moves alternately one piece to an adjoi-
ning free spot.
6. Each player attempts to create rows and remove the opponents pi-
eces.
7. The winner is the player who reduces the opponent to two pieces.
127
128
129
130
The word rare comes from the Latin adjective rarus, meaning
rare, excellent. In the Museum rarities are those items which
occur rarely in archaeological excavations. Therefore, they have
great scientific and artistic value.
131
132
133
136
Datuljina palma
Date palm
Datulje
Dates
137
Što je to?
Kakve je boje? Od čega je izrađena? Sviđa li ti se? Zašto?
Što misliš, koja je bila njegova namjena? Je li cijela? Je li bila
popravljana (restaurirana)? Kako?
Zašto je bila vrijedna osobi koja ju je izradila?
Tko se njome mogao koristiti?
Zašto je bila vrijedna ljudima koji su se njome koristili?
Zašto je vrijedna muzeju?
Je li vrijedna tebi? Zašto?
138
Što je to?
Kakve je boje? Od čega je izrađena? Sviđa li ti se? Zašto?
Što misliš, koja je bila njegova namjena? Je li cijela? Je li bila
popravljana (restaurirana)? Kako?
Zašto je bila vrijedna osobi koja ju je izradila?
Tko se njome mogao koristiti?
Zašto je bila vrijedna ljudima koji su se njome koristili?
Zašto je vrijedna muzeju?
Je li vrijedna tebi? Zašto?
139
140
141
142
143
146
147
Fotografije / Photos
Anamarija Eterović Borzić, Ivo Fadić, Marin Gospić, Irena Jukić, Šime Perović
Ilustracije / Illustrations
Robert Maršić
Lektura / Proofreader
Marina Marijačić
Korektura / Correction
Anamarija Eterović Borzić, Ivo Fadić, Fabija Franulović
Tisak / Printed by
Printera d.o.o. Sv. Nedjelja
Naklada / Issued
500 primjeraka
ISBN 978-953-7866-26-6
MUZEJ
MUSEUM OF
ANTIČKOG ANCIENT
STAKLA GLASS
FOR
ZA DJECU CHILDREN
ISBN 978-953-7866-26-6
Zadar 2013.