Tamara Kisovar-Ivanda

Anamarija Eterović Borzić

MUZEJ
MUSEUM OF
ANTIČKOG ANCIENT
STAKLA GLASS
FOR
ZA DJECU CHILDREN

ISBN 978-953-7866-26-6

Zadar 2013.

naslovna.indd 1 11.2.2014. 19:54:06

KATALOG 2.indd 1 7.2.2014. 12:02:18
 CIP-Katalogizacija u publikaciji
Znanstvena knjižnica Zadar

UDK 069(497.5 Zadar):748>(02.053.2)

37:069(497.5 Zadar)(02.053.2)

KISOVAR-Ivanda, Tamara

Muzej antičkog stakla za djecu = Museum of Ancient

Glass for Children / Tamara Kisovar-Ivanda, Anamarija
Eterović Borzić ; <fotografije, photos Anamarija Eterović
Borzić ... <et al.> ; ilustracije, illustrations Robert Maršić
; prijevod na engleski, English translation Anamarija
Eterović Borzić, Tamara Kisovar-Ivanda>. - Zadar : Muzej
antičkog stakla, 2013. - 151 str. : ilustr. u bojama ; 24 cm

ISBN 978-953-7866-26-6

1. Eterović Borzić, Anamarija

140727038

KATALOG 2.indd 2 7.2.2014. 12:02:19

 Tamara Kisovar-Ivanda
Anamarija Eterović Borzić

MUZEJ ANTIČKOG STAKLA

ZA DJECU
MUSEUM OF ANCIENT GLASS
FOR CHILDREN

Zadar 2013.

KATALOG 2.indd 3 7.2.2014. 12:02:19

KATALOG 2.indd 4 7.2.2014. 12:02:20
 MUZEJ ANTIČKOG STAKLA ZA DJECU

Dragi mladi posjetitelju!

Na početku si čudesnog putovanja u daleku prošlost Zadra i
njegove okolice. Na tome putovanju nisi sam. Prije tebe putevima
stakla putovali su brojni arheolozi, kustosi, umjetnici i posjetitelji.
Ali svatko putuje na svoj način. Nijedno putovanje nije isto. Zato
će i tvoje putovanje biti posebno jer samo nas mašta može odvesti
na mjesta na kojima nikada nismo bili, kad god to poželimo.
Čitaj ovaj muzejski priručnik, otkrivaj tajne Muzeja antičkog
stakla, promatraj, piši, crtaj, igraj se i razmišljaj.
Želimo ti dobru zabavu!
Autorice
Tamara i Anamarija

MUSEUM OF ANCIENT GLASS FOR KIDS

Dear young visitor!

You are about to take a fascinating journey into the past of
Zadar and its surroundings. During that journey you will not be
alone. Many archaeologists, curators, artists and visitors travelled
the same glass route before you. But everyone travels in his own
way. Every journey is different. So your will be special too, because
our imagination takes us to places we have never been before.
Read this museum guide, uncover the secrets of the Museum
of Ancient Glass, watch, write, draw, play, and think.
We wish you great fun!
Authors
Tamara and Anamarija

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 MOJ MUZEJSKI PRIRUČNIK

Ovaj muzejski priručnik pripada .

Ja živim u .
Imam godina.

Nacrtaj sebe u muzeju

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 MY MUSEUM GUIDE

This museum guide belongs to .

I live in .
I am years old.

Draw yourself in a museum

KATALOG 2.indd 7 7.2.2014. 12:02:22

 MUZEJ ANTIČKOG STAKLA U ZADRU

Muzej antičkog stakla smješten je na zadarskim gradskim

zidinama u palači koju je u 19. stoljeću izgradila obitelj Cosmacendi.
Ona je u njoj živjela određeno vrijeme. Nakon toga palača je imala
različite namjene sve dok se u njoj 2006. godine nije smjestio
muzej u kojem se i ti danas nalaziš.

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 THE MUSEUM OF ANCIENT GLASS IN ZADAR

The Museum of Ancient Glass is located on the Zadar city

walls in a palace that family Cosmacendi built in the 19th century.
They lived in it for a while and afterwards the palace had a variety
of purposes until 2006 when it became a museum which you are
visiting now.

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 MUZEJSKI SUSRETI

Koga sve možemo sresti u Muzeju antičkog stakla?

Kustosi

Kustosi su muzejski stručnjaci koji stvaraju i vode brigu o

zbirkama. Upravo zbirke muzejima daju njihove identitete. To
znači da ih po njima prepoznajemo i razlikujemo.
Primjerice, u Muzeju antičkog stakla u Zadru kustosi se bave
čuvanjem, proučavanjem i tumačenjem staklenih predmeta iz doba
Rimskog Carstva.
U različitim muzejima kustosi se bave različitim područjima
znanosti ili umjetnosti. Kustosi se mogu posvetiti proučavanju
novčića, različitih područja umjetničkog izražavanja, mineralima,
biljkama, životinjama, odjeći i sl.

10

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 MUSEUM ENCOUNTERS

Who can we meet at the museum?

Museum curators

Museum curators are the experts who create and supervise

collections of artifacts or other special objects that give the
museum its identity. That means that we recognize and distinguish
museums after these objects.
For instance, curators in the Museum of Ancient Glass work
with ancient glass artifacts. They are dealing with preservation,
study and interpretation of glassware.
Depending on the type of museum that they work in, curators
may specialize in various types of art, coins, minerals, clothing, maps,
animals, plants and so on.

11

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 Dokumentaristi

Dokumentaristi u muzeju brinu se o muzejskoj dokumentaciji,

odnosno o svim podacima o muzejskoj građi, izložbama, arheološkim
istraživanjima, povijesnim dokumentima, fotografijama, filmovima i
nekim drugim izvorima informacija.
Zajedno s kustosima, dokumentaristi vode registar muzeja. U
njemu je zabilježeno gdje se nalazi pojedini izložak, kako je stigao
u muzej, kako je osiguran, kako se treba o njemu brinuti i slične
važne informacije.
Dokumentaristi skiciraju i crtaju muzejsku građu, likovno
rješavaju rekonstrukciju arheoloških nalaza, obrađuju tehničku do-
kumentaciju i obavljaju tehnička snimanja na arheološkom istraži-
vanju. Dokumentaristi mogu likovno i tehnički opremati knjige, ča-
sopise, plakate, kataloge, prospekte i druge muzejske publikacije.

12

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 Documentarists

Documentarists in the museum take care of the museum do-

cumentation i.e. all information about the museum materials, exhi-
bitions, archaeological excavations, historical documents, photo-
graphs, films and some other information sources.
Together with the curators, the documentarists lead the muse-
um register. In it we can found information about certain exhibits,
how they got to the museum, details about their insurance, how to
take care about it and other important information.
Documentarists sketch and draw the museum material,
they draw reconstructions of archaeological finds, analyze
technical documentation and perform technical recordings on an
archaeological excavation. Documentarists can also participate
in producing a book, journal, poster, catalogue, leaflet and other
museum publications.

13

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 Restauratori

Restauratori su stručnjaci koji pregledavaju, popravljaju ili

restauriraju muzejske predmete. Oni moraju poznavati osnove
kemijskih znanstvenih postupaka i moraju ih znati primjenjivati.
Isto tako, restauratori moraju dosta znati o mogućim oštećenjima
muzejskih predmeta nastalima zbog zagađenja, temperature, vlage
ili svjetla u muzejskom prostoru.

14

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 Restaurateurs

Restaurateurs are ex-

perts who examine, repair,
and restore museum ob-
jects. They have to know
the basics of chemical sci-
entific procedures and know
how to apply them.
They also have to know
a lot about possible damag-
es of the museum artifacts
caused by pollution, tem-
perature, humidity or light
in the museum area.

15

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 Puhači stakla

Osobe koje izrađuju

staklene predmete puha-
njem zovu se puhači sta-
kla. U Muzeju antičkog
stakla možemo promatra-
ti njihov rad. Oni upuhuju
život staklenim posudama
dajući im oblik i ljepotu.
Zato ih možemo smatrati
umjetnicima.
Radionica stakla na-
lazi se na drugome katu
muzeja. Ondje posjeti-
telji, kroz stakleni zid,
mogu promatrati puhače
pri radu.

Ravnatelj muzeja

Ravnatelj muzeja vodi muzej u poslovnom i stručnom smislu. On se

brine o osoblju, financijskim pitanjima i pitanjima vezanim uz muzejsku
zgradu. Ravnatelj muzeja je odgovoran da svi muzejski odjeli djeluju
bez teškoća te da se organiziraju različite zanimljive aktivnosti.

16

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 Glassblowers

A person who blows glass is called a glassblower. In the

Museum of Ancient Glass, we can observe glassblowers working. A
glassblower breathes life into a vessel, giving it shape and beauty.
So we can say they can be considered artists.
The glassblowing workshop is situated on the upper floor of
the museum where visitors can watch masters at work through a
glass wall.

Museum director

Director handles the business side of running a museum in

matters such as personnel, budget, and building maintenance.
Museum director is often in charge of making sure that activities
in the various departments in a museum run smoothly.

17

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 ARHEOLOGIJA NA DJELU

Gotovo sve što

znamo o Jaderu (an-
tičkom gradu na mje-
stu današnjeg Zadra)
doznali smo zahva-
ljujući arheološkim
istraživanjima.
Arheologija je
znanost koja se bavi
proučavanjem različi-
tih predmeta iz prošlosti. Kada spomenemo riječ arheologija većina
nas odmah pomisli na iskopavanje. Ali arheolozi se, uz iskopavanje
na terenu, bave i različitim drugim aktivnostima.
Većina kustosa u Muzeju antičkog stakla u Zadru su arheolozi.

18

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 ARCHAEOLOGY IN ACTION

Almost everything
we know about Iader (an-
cient city at the position
of present-day Zadar)
comes from archaeologi-
cal evidence.
Archaeology is the
study of the past based on
physical evidence left be-
hind. Most people are fa-
miliar with the idea of excavation, but archaeologists do not just dig.
Museum curators in the Museum of Ancient Glass in Zadar are
mostly archeologists.

19

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 KADA U NAŠEM SVAKODNEVNOM ŽIVOTU
ARHEOLOZI ISTRAŽUJU?

Kada netko želi izgraditi novu cestu, zgradu ili sličnu građevinu,
mora dobiti dozvolu za gradnju. Prije toga mora se istražiti jesu li
na tom mjestu smješteni neki arheološki nalazi koji predstavljaju
našu povijesnu baštinu. Svi moramo biti sigurni da neće doći do
uništavanja važnih arheoloških nalazišta.
Također, arheolozi sami pronalaze mjesta gdje se nalaze, primje-
rice, ostatci starih naselja. Pronalaze ih razmišljajući što je sve čo-
vjeku bilo potrebno za život i na kojem je mjestu moglo biti najbolje
osnovati naselje.
Ljudi su uvi-
jek tražili mjesta
koja imaju dobar
zemljopisni polo-
žaj, pristup pitkoj
vodi, ali i pristup
trgovačkim pute-
vima. Arheolozi
takva mjesta pro-
nalaze i pregle-
davajući teren iz
zraka, ali i pomoću različitih uređaja poput georadara. Ponekad i selja-
ci kopajući svoju njivu pronađu arheološke nalaze i o tome obavijeste
arheologe. Arheolozi tada provode sve važne radove, od istraživanja
povijesti pronađene lokacije do samog istraživanja terena.

20

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 WHEN DOES ARCHAEOLOGICAL
WORK HAPPEN?

B e f o r e
builders can get
planning permis-
sion for a site
they have to find
out about pos-
sible archaeo-
logical remains.
They have to
prove that they
are not going to
destroy important remains. They call archaeologists to do anything
from studying the history of a site to a full-scale dig.
Archaeologists can also find sites, where there are remains
of ancient settlements. They are trying to understand what the
people, at that time, needed for life and which places were the
most appropriate to establish a settlement.
People were always looking for places that had good geographi-
cal location, access to drinking water and access to trade routes.
Archeologists find such places by viewing them from the air and
using different devices such as georadar. Sometimes the peasants
while digging their fields find archaeological findings and inform
archaeologists about it. Archaeologists then perform all the im-
portant works, starting from the historical research of the loca-
tion to excavations.

21

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 PRONALASCI

Što se događa s
pronalascima?

Predmeti pronađeni
iskopavanjem pohranjuju se
u muzejskom depou, a po-
datci o terenu i terenskim
istraživanjima u muzejskom
arhivu. Muzej je odgovoran
za vođenje depoa i arhiva te
njihovo predstavljanje jav-
nosti.

22

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 FINDS

What happens to
the finds?

The artifacts from

excavations are stored
in a museum depot. The
information from each
excavation is stored in
the museum archive.
The museum is respon-
sible for managing the
excavation archives
and displaying the finds
for the public.

23

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 U Muzeju antičkog stakla upoznat ćeš mnogo staklenih
predmeta koji su pronađeni tijekom arheoloških istraživanja u
Zadru i okolici. Oni potječu iz antičkih vremena.

In the Museum of Ancient Glass you will see many glass

objects found during the archaeological excavations in Zadar and
its vicinity. They were made and used in antiquity.

24

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 25

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 RIMSKO CARSTVO I ANTIČKI JADER

Gdje se nalazio antički Rim?

Što je to Rimsko Carstvo? Kako je bilo živjeti u njemu?
Kako je antički Rim utjecao na svijet u kojem danas živimo?
Kako su živjeli ljudi u antičkom Jaderu, koji se nalazi na mjestu
današnjeg Zadra?
Odgovore na neka od ovih pitanja potražit ćemo u Muzeju
antičkog stakla u Zadru.

26

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 THE ROMAN EMPIRE AND ANCIENT IADER

Where was ancient Rome?

What was the Roman Empire? What was it like to live there?
How did ancient Rome influence the world we live in today?
How did people live in Roman Iader which was situated at the
position of modern Zadar?
We will try to find answers to some of these questions in the
Museum of Ancient Glass in Zadar.

27

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 GDJE SE NALAZIO ANTIČKI RIM?

Antički je Rim bio grad na Apeninskom poluotoku koji su prema

legendi 753. godine prije Krista osnovali braća Romul i Rem. Njih
je nakon što su odvojeni od majke i ostavljeni na obali rijeke Tiber
pronašla vučica. Ona se
o njima brinula sve dok
ih nisu usvojili pastiri.
Kada su odrasli, odlučili
su na mjestu na kojem
ih je vučica pronašla
sagraditi grad. Sukobili
su se oko upravljanja
i Romul je ubio Rema.
Grad Rim, koji još uvijek
Kip vučice koja je othranila Romula i Rema postoji, nazvan je po
Statue of a she-wolf who nurtured Romulus Romulu. On je ujedno
and Remus
i prvi rimski kralj.
Gradsko je područje, sa sedam brežuljaka, bilo dobro mjesto za
razvoj naselja.
Rijeka Tiber opskrbljivala ga je vodom i hranom i omogućavala
putovanje njezinim tokom. S vremenom vladari Rima počeli su
osvajati i okolne zemlje. Sve su one zajedno tvorile Rimsko Carstvo
koje se toliko povećalo da se prostiralo od Britanije na zapadu do
Mezopotamije na istoku, od rijeka Rajne i Dunava na sjeveru pa do
afričke pustinje na jugu.
Za povijest je zadarskog kraja važno da je Rimsko Carstvo
upravljalo i sredozemnim prostorom, kojem je pripadala i sadašnja
hrvatska obala Jadrana.

28

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 WHERE WAS ANCIENT ROME LOCATED?

Ancient Rome was a city in Apennine peninsula which was founded

in 753 BC according to a legend by brothers Romulus and Remus.
Afer they were taken
from their mother and
left on the Tiber River
bank a she-wolf found
them. She took care of
them until shepherds
adopted them. When
they grew up, they
decided to build a city
near the place where
the she-wolf found Kolosej u Rimu
Colosseum in Rome
them. They fought over
governance of the new
city and Romulus killed Remus. City of Rome, which still exists, was
named after Romulus. He was also the first Roman king. The area
with seven hills was a good place for development of a city.
The Tiber River provided water, food, and was a way to travel.
In time, the rulers of Rome took over neighboring lands. All of them
together formed the Roman Empire that became so widespread
that it stretched from Britain in the west to Mesopotamia in the
east, the Rhine and Danube rivers in the north and to African
desert in the south.
For the history of the Zadar region it is important to know
that the Roman Empire controlled the Mediterranean region which
encompassed present-day Croatian Adriatic coast.

29

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 ŽIVOT LJUDI U GRADOVIMA RIMSKOG
CARSTVA

Stanovnici su Rimskog Carstva bili podijeljeni u dvije osnovne

skupine: građane i robove.
Podjela rimskih građana ovisila je o njihovu podrijetlu, imovini ili
boravištu. Takve su podjele ovisno o povijesnome razdoblju imale različitu
političku važnost.
Jedna je od poznatijih podjela ona prema podrijetlu: na patricije
i plebejce.
Patriciji su bili bogati i potjecali su iz najstarijih rimskih obitelji.
Plebejci su uglavnom bili seljačkog podrijetla.
Bilo je dobro biti rimskim građaninom
jer je to značilo imati određena prava.
Primjerice, rimski su građani imali
pravo glasa. Žene nisu smatrane
građanima i imale su vrlo malo
utjecaja na život izvan svoje
obitelji.
Robovi nisu bili građani i
nisu imali gotovo nikakvih
prava, iako je čitavo rim-
sko društvo ovisilo o njiho-
vu radu. Bogate su obite-
lji mogle posjedovati jako
mnogo robova. Neke su
obitelji dobro postupale s
robovima te su oni svojom
dobrom službom mogli za-
raditi slobodu. Ipak, većina
ih je živjela bijedno.
Patriciji
Patricians
30

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 PEOPLE AND WAY OF LIFE IN THE CITIES OF
THE ROMAN EMPIRE

Residents of the Roman Empire were divided into two basic groups:
citizens and slaves.
Division of the Roman citizens depended on their origin, property or
residence. Such divisions had different political importance depending
on the historical period.
One of the most famous divisions is the one based on the origin into
patricians and plebeians.
The patricians belonged to the oldest Roman families and were very
wealthy.
The plebeians were mainly
of the peasant origin.
Being a Roman citizen was
a good thing. It meant you
had rights. For example, you
could vote. Women were not
considered citizens. They had
little power outside the family.
Slaves were not citizens. They
had very few rights, though
Roman society depended on
slave labour. A wealthy family
could have many slaves. Some
families treated their slaves
well, and a slave who behaved
well may have earned freedom.
However, most of them led
miserable lives.

Plebejci
Plebeians
31

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 ŽIVOT U GRADU

Bogatiji su Rimljani živjeli u kućama (domus), ponekad i izvan

grada. Većina je takvih vila imala sličan izgled. Kroz prednja
vrata ulazilo se u predvorje ili atrij, koji je često imao otvor na
krovu koji je osvjetljavao ukrasni podni bazen u njemu. Ostale su
sobe okruživale atrij. Kuća je imala blagavaonicu, primaću sobu i
spavaće sobe. Kuhinja i kupaonica bile su smještene u njezinu
stražnjem dijelu. Podovi i zidovi bili su pokriveni lijepim mozaicima
i freskama. Mozaici su bili slike izrađene od stotina u žbuku
utisnutih, kamenčića, komadića keramike ili stakla. Freske su bile
zidne slike, koje su nastajale nanošenjem boje na svježu žbuku.
Stari su Rimljani voljeli imati vrtove.

Domus

32

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 CITY LIFE

Rich people lived in houses (domus), sometimes even outside

of town. Most houses had the same design. When you opened the
front door, you walked into an atrium. An atrium is like an open
hall. An atrium usually had an opening in the ceiling to let in light
and small pools in the floor for decoration. The other rooms were
around the atrium. A villa had a dining room, a reception area, and
bedrooms. Kitchen and bathroom were at the back of the house.
Walls were covered with beautiful mosaics and frescoes. Mosaics
were pictures made from hundreds of tiny tiles or stones set in
plaster. Frescoes were a kind of wall paintings in which paint was
applied to wet plaster. Ancient Romans loved gardens.

Mozaik
Mosaic
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 Siromašniji su stanovnici grada često živjeli u skučenim
prostorijama velikih zgrada, koje su se nazivale inzule (insula).
Takve su stambene prostorije bile smještene iznad trgovina u
prizemlju. Najmanje su sobe bile na posljednjem katu. Tu su živjeli
najsiromašniji stanari. Pojedine su inzule bile spojene na gradski
vodovod, no njegova uporaba nije bila jeftina. Neki su stanovi
možda imali kupaonice, ali nisu imali sustav odvodnje vode. Zato su
posude s otpadnom vodom (uključujući i noćne posude) izlijevali na
predviđena mjesta u blizini stana ili čak na ulicu. Ipak, najčešće su
se koristili javnim kupalištima.

Freska
Frescoes

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 The poor often lived in the cities in cramped, blockstyle
apartments called insulae (insula). These apartment buildings were
above shops. The smallest rooms were on the top floor. This is
where the poorest people lived. Certain insulae were connected
to the water supply system, but its usage was not cheap. Some
apartments probably had bathrooms. These bathrooms did not
have a flushing system, though. People used chamber pots and
emptied them into the sewers or cesspits. Most frequently people
just used public bathrooms.

Insula

35

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KATALOG 2.indd 36 7.2.2014. 12:03:08
KATALOG 2.indd 37 7.2.2014. 12:03:11
 Kupališta (terme)

Javna su kupališta bila vrlo popularna u

gradovima Rimskog Carstva. Bile su to velike zgrade
s velikim bazenima, u kojima se moglo kupati i stotine
ljudi u isto vrijeme. Gotovo svi, bogati i siromašni,
posjećivali su javna kupališta nekoliko puta tjedno.
Nije to bilo skupo. Rimljani nisu plivali u bazenima.
Oni su u kupališta odlazili da bi se očistili, da bi
susreli prijatelje, provodili tjelovježbu u kupališnom
dvorištu, ponekad čak i čitali.

Bathhouses (thermae)

Public bathhouses were very popular in the

cities of the Roman Empire. They were large
buildings with enough indoor pools for hundreds of
people. Nearly everyone, rich and poor, visited the
public bathhouse several times a week as it was not
expensive. The Romans did not swim in the pools.
They went there to get clean, meet their friends,
exercise in the bathhouse yard, and sometimes
even read.

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 Što su akvedukti?
Pomoću akvedukata voda se s udaljenih izvora rijeka i
jezera dovodila do gradova i oko javnih kupališta, fontana,
ali i privatnih kuća.
Akvedukti su najčešće građeni od kamena. Ponegdje
i danas vidljivi ostatci izgledaju poput dugačkog mosta
sagrađenog na lukovima. Ipak, najveći su dijelovi akvedukta
bili pod zemljom.

What are aqueducts?

By using aqueducts water was brought from distant

sources of rivers and lakes to cities, public baths,
fountains, and private houses.
Aqueducts were mostly built of stone. At places extant
remains look like long bridge built on arches. However, lar-
gest parts of the aqueduct were underground.

Ostatci Dioklecijanovoga
akvedukta kod Splita
Remains of the Diocletian’s
aqueduct near Split

39

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 ODIJEVANJE

Tunika je bila najpopularniji odjevni

predmet starih Rimljana. Izgledala je
kao dugačka majica bez krojenih rukava.
Muška je tunika sezala do koljena, a
ženska do gležnjeva. Tunike su obično
bile izrađene od lanenog platna. Nosili
su ih podjednako bogati i siromašni ljudi.
Ali bogatiji su nosili i dodatne slojeve
odjeće. Bogate su Rimljanke nosile
dugačke halje, stole, preko tunike.
Nosile su i šalove, pale. Bogati su, pak,
Rimljani nosili toge preko tunika. Toga
je bio naziv za dugačak komad platna
koji se omatao oko tijela. Od bogatih se
rimskih muškaraca i dječaka očekivalo
da nose toge u javnosti.
Toga
U Rimskome je Carstvu bilo
Togas uobičajeno na nogama nositi sandale.
Siromašni su seljaci nosili samo trake
životinjskih koža omotane oko nogu.
Vojnici su, zbog mnogo hodanja,
nosili kožne sandale ili kožne čizme
s vezicama. Da se potplati cipela ne
bi prebrzo istrošili, postolari su im
Sandale
Leather sandal ugrađivali metalne čavliće. Bilo je to nešto
poput današnjih nogometnih tenisica.

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 CLOTHING

The most popular piece of clothing

was the tunic which was a simple and
comfortable piece of clothes. It
looked like a long, sleeveless T-shirt.
Men’s tunics were knee-length. Women’s
tunics were ankle-length. Tunics were
usually white and made of linen. Rich and
poor people wore tunics. But if you were
rich, you wore other layers of clothing.
Rich Roman women wore a long dress called
a stola over their tunics. They also wore
a shawl called a palla. Rich men
Tunika wore togas over their
Tunic tunics. A toga was a long,
dress-like wrap. Wealthy
men and boys were expected to wear togas in
public.
The most common shoe type was a leather
sandal. Poor people and farmers just wore
strips of animal hide wrapped around their
feet. Soldiers, who did a lot of walking, wore
leather sandals or leather boots with laces. To
keep the soles of these shoes from wearing
out too quickly, shoemakers put metal called
- hobnails, on them. Wearing hobnailed boots
was a little like wearing soccer cleats.

41

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 RIMSKI JADER

Zadar ima bogatu povijest i brojne povijesne i kulturne

spomenike. Prvi se put spominje u 4. stoljeću prije Krista kao
liburnsko naselje Idassa. U različita vremena Zadar su nazivali
različitim imenima primjerice Iader ili Diadora. Krajem 1. stoljeća
prije Krista Zadar postaje rimska kolonija, mjesto doseljenja
velikog broja ljudi iz Italije. Grad je sagrađen kao tipičan rimski
grad s pravilnim sustavom ulica, forumom, termama, kanalizacijom i
vodovodom koji je pitku vodu dovodio iz Vranskog jezera.

Zadarski forum
Forum in Zadar

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 ROMAN IADER

Zadar has a rich history and many historical and cultural

monuments. It was first mentioned in the 4th century BC as
Liburnian settlement Idassa. At different times Zadar was called
different names such as Iader and Diadora. At the end of the first
century BC Zadar became a Roman colony, a place of immigration of
a large number of people from Italy. The city was built as a typical
Roman town, with regular street system, forum, baths, sewers and
water supply system that brought drinking water from the Lake
Vrana.

Rekonstrukcija zadarskoga foruma (prema M. Suić)

Reconstruction of the forum in Zadar (after M. Suić)

43

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 TRGOVINA U JADERU

Trgovine su se u Jaderu protezale

od foruma uzduž glavne ulice. Najčešće
su predstavljale mali obiteljski posao.
Većina se trgovina smjestilo u jednu
prostoriju, s radionicom iza nje.
Ujutro, početkom radnoga dana,
iznosile su se pred trgovinu klupe i
police, na koje se izlagala roba. Ubrzo
je čitav prostor bivao ispunjen bukom.
Pekari, trgovci ribom, mesari, prodavači voća i povrća vikali
su, hvaleći svoju robu kao najbolju i najjeftiniju. Pripremljena se
hrana, žitarice ili ulja izlijevala iz posuda u kamene mjerice.
Neke su trgovine prodavale keramičke i staklene posude,
bakrene i željezne alate i pribor, drugi su pak trgovci prodavali
sandale i odjeću. Mnogi su proizvodi bili uvezeni iz dalekih zemalja.

Ostatci trgovina na rimskom forumu u Zadru

Remains of shops at the Roman Forum in Zadar

44

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 TRADE IN IADER

Shops in Iader were located from the forum

along the main street. Most shops were small,
family-run businesses. Most of the shops
were located in one room, with a workshop
behind it.
At the beginning of the working day,
shelves and benches would be taken to the
shop front and goods put on display. Noise
would soon fill the air.
Bakers, fish mongers, butchers,
fruit and vegetable sellers began crying
out their products to be the best and
cheapest. Ready-cooked food, grains
or oils were sold from pots set into
stone counter.
Other shops sold pottery, glass, copper and iron tools, while
some traders sold sandals or clothes. A lot of products were
imported from distant countries.

45

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KATALOG 2.indd 46 7.2.2014. 12:03:25
KATALOG 2.indd 47 7.2.2014. 12:03:27
 OBRTI U JADERU

U Jaderu je, kao i diljem cijelog Rimskog Carstva, bilo

keramičkih radionica. Glinene su posude izrađivane okretanjem
lončarskog kola i oblikovanjem mokre gline te sušenjem i pečenjem
u pećima.
Osim toga, Rimljani su naučili puhati staklo. Bila je to nova
tehnika, iako je sama izrada stakla drugim tehnikama bila poznata
već stoljećima. Stakleni su predmeti od tada masovno korišteni u
rimsko doba. Najfinije su staklene predmete rabili bogati građani.
Iznosili su ih pred goste tijekom gozbi i prijema.
Kovački su proizvodi bili u svakodnevnoj uporabi. Kovači su
oblikovali željezno oruđe, oružje i posude. Neki su metalski obrtnici
postali umjetnici. Oblikovali su lijepe i profinjene predmete od
zlata, srebra i bronce.
Neki su se obrtnici bavili proizvodnjom kvalitetnih tkanina.
Koristili su se različitim prirodnim bojama za platno. Primjerice,
kožicom luka za zlatnožutu, borovim šišarkama za žutu, korom
drveta za smeđu i volkom - morskim pužem za purpurnu. Ostali su
prirodni izvori boja bili bobice, minerali, školjke, kopriva i šafran.

48

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 CRAFTS IN IADER

In Iader, like throughout the Roman Empire, there were

pottery workshops. Clay pots were made by turning and shaping
wet clay on a wheel and baking it in a kiln.
The Romans also learned how to blow glass. This was new
technique, although ways of making glass had been known for
centuries. As a result, glass became widely used in Roman times.
The finest glassware was used by wealthy Romans, and was always
brought out when they had guests.
The skills of the blacksmith were called for everyday. Smiths
were shaping iron tools, weapons and pots. Some metalworkers
were fine artists, working in gold, silver and bronze.
Textile workers produced quality fabrics. They used a variety
of natural dyes on cloth such as onion skin for a golden yellow dye,
pine cones for reddish-yellow dye, tree bark for redish-brown
dye and murex for purple. Other natural sources included berries,
minerals, shellfish, nettles and saffron from crocuses.

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KATALOG 2.indd 50 7.2.2014. 12:03:31
KATALOG 2.indd 51 7.2.2014. 12:03:34
 FELIX (SREĆKO) NIJE IMAO SREĆE

Iako njegovo ime znači Srećko, Felix šećući Jaderom jednog

dana nije imao sreće.
Gradske su ulice često bile prljave i na njima je uvijek bilo mno-
go ljudi. Zato su ponekad bogate ljude robovi nosili na nosiljkama.
Nosiljke su se također mogle unajmiti, kao danas taksi.
Tako je čovjek mogao čist doći na odredište.
Za pješake je pak šetnja ulicama mogla biti dosta neugodna. Tako
je i naš Felix jednoga dana imao nezgodu. Tek što je izašao iz zgrade
u kojoj je živio, na glavu mu je pao otpad bačen s jednoga prozora.
Ubrzo nakon toga, nije se dovoljno brzo pomaknuo u stranu, čuvši
upozorenje nosača nosiljke nekog ugled-
nog građanina, te su ga laktom odgurnuli
u stranu. U blizini samoga Foruma, na
nogu mu je nagazila željezom potko-
vana sandala jednog nosača. Prela-
zeći ulicu, ugazio je u blato. Sve je
to bilo dovoljno da mu u potpunosti
pokvari raspoloženje.
Ali to još nije bilo sve. Ho-
dajući pognute glave, nije zapa-
zio da se našao na putu skupini
dječaka koji su se na ulici sva-
đali. Postavši nehotice sudio-
nikom ulične tučnjave, kući
je došao poderane odjeće.
Dan je to koji je Felix
želio što prije zaboraviti.

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 FELIX (LUCKY) HAD NO LUCK

Although  his name  in English is  Lucky,  one day during the
walk through Iader,  Felix had no luck. The city streets were often dir-
ty and they were always crowded. This is why rich people were  carri-
ed by their slaves on a litter. Litters could also be hired as a taxi to-
day. So a man could rea-
ch his destination clean.
Walking through the
streets  could  be quite
unpleasant for pedestri-
ans. That is why our Felix
had bad luck one day. As
soon as he got out of the
building where  he lived,
trash had fallen  on his
head, thrown from a win-
Gradska ulica u Pompejima
dow.  Shortly  thereaf- City street in Pompeii
ter, he did not move qu-
ickly enough to the side, hearing the warning of a carrier of litter of
one reputable citizen, and he pushed him with his elbow into the side.
Close to the Forum, a hobnailed sandal of one carrier, stepped on his
foot. He stepped into mud while crossing the street. All this was eno-
ugh to spoil his mood completely.
But it was still not all. Walking with his head down, he did not
notice  that he found himself  in the way  of the group  of boys  who
had fought in the streets. Becoming a participant of a street fight, he
came home with torn clothes. Felix wanted to forget that day  as soon
as possible.

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 ZAMISLI

Zamisli da živiš u Jaderu. Tko si ti?

Kada odabereš tko želiš biti razmisli o sljedećem:

Žena: Jesi li udana ili neudana?

Živiš li u bogatom ili siromašnom kućanstvu?
Kako tvoja obitelj zarađuje za život?
Kako provodiš vrijeme tijekom dana?

Muškarac: Jesi li oženjen?

Jesi li bogat ili siromašan?
Gdje radiš?
Kako provodiš vrijeme tijekom dana?

Rob ili ropkinja: Jesi li muškarac ili žena?

Jesi li mlad/mlada ili star/stara?
Čije si vlasništvo, neke obitelji ili države?
Gdje si rođen/rođena, u Jaderu ili nekom drugom
dijelu Rimskog Carstva?
Kako si postao/postala rob ili ropkinja?
Koji posao obavljaš?

Možeš opisati jedan svoj dan.

Ako želiš, možeš napisati svoj životopis: gdje si odrastao, što su
radili tvoji roditelji i što ti danas radiš u Jaderu.

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 IMAGINE

Imagine you are living in Iader. Who are you?

When you choose who you want to be think about theese things:

A woman: Are you married or unmarried?

Do you live in a wealthy household or a poor one?
How does your family earn its money?
How do you spend your time each day?

A male citizen: Are you married?

Are you wealthy or poor?
Where do you work?
How do you spend your time each day?
A slave: Are you male or female?
Are you young or old?
Who owns you, a family or the state?
Where were you born, in Iader or somewhere else in
the Roman Empire?
How did you come to be a slave?
What is your job?

You could try writing about a day in your life.

Or you could write your biography: where you grew up, what your
parents did, and what you are doing now in Iader.

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 PRIČA O STAKLU

Tko je izumio staklo?

Od kojih se sastojaka izrađuje staklo?

Kako nastaje staklo?

Kako nastaju stakleni predmeti?

Počni tražiti odgovore na ova pitanja

u postavu muzeja.

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 THE STORY OF GLASS

Who invented glass?

What is glass made​​of?

How is it made?

In what way are glass objects made?

Begin to look for answers to these

questions in the Museum display.

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 IZUM STAKLA

Gdje se zbio taj revolucionarni trenutak i komu pripada čast

pronalaska staklene taline, i danas se znanstvenici pitaju. Neki
smatraju da su za to zaslužni Mezopotamci, neki prednost daju
Feničanima, a neki pak Egipćanima. Da se to zbilo na prostoru gdje
su živjeli stari Feničani piše i poznati antički pisac Plinije Stariji:
„Priča se, kad je pristao brod trgovaca sode uz obalu, Feničani
raštrkani obalom pripremali su se za gozbu. Na obali nije bilo kamenja
koja su trebali za podići kotlove, pa su ih podložili grudama sode s
broda. Jaka temperatura, soda iz gromada i pjesak s obale učinili
su potočić nove prozirne tekućine, što se smatra prvim pronalaskom
stakla.”

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 INVENTION OF GLASS

It is unknown where this revolutionary moment happened, and

who is responsible for inventing glass. Some believe that the Meso-
potamians invented glass, some believe those were the Phoenicians
or the Egyptians. Famous ancient writer Pliny the Elder wrote that
it took place in the area where the ancient Phoenicians lived.
„A ship belonging to traders in soda once called here, so the
story goes, and they spread out along the sandy shore to make
a meal. As there were no stones to support their cooking-pots,
they placed lumps of soda from their ship under them. When these
became hot and fused with the sand on the beach, streams of an
unknown liquid flowed, and this was the origin of glass.”

Rastaljeno staklo u peći

Molten glass in a kiln

59

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 IZRADA STAKLA

Antičko je staklo spoj kvarcnog pijeska, sode ili potaše i vapna.

Najbolje staklo dobilo bi se taljenjem pijeska, ali za to je bila potrebna vrlo
visoka temperatura. U keramičkim pećima, kakvima su se koristili antički
obrtnici, to nije bilo izvedivo. Zbog toga se za snižavanje temperature
taljenja pijesku dodaje soda ili potaša. Potaša se dobivala iz minerala ili
pepela biljaka. Staklo nastalo ovom kombinacijom nije vodootporno, zbog
čega je treći i neizostavni sastojak u proizvodnji staklene sirovine bilo
vapno. Ova se tri sastojka zagrijavalo na visokim temperaturama od oko
1000° C. Nakon određenog vremena nastala bi užarena, gotovo tekuća
smjesa koja se potom hladila i lomila na manje komade. To je staklena
sirovina.
Staklo načinjeno od ovih triju osnovnih sastojaka zelenkasto-
plavkaste je boje. Takvu boju staklu daje željezni oksid koji se nalazi
u kvarcnom pijesku. Za dobivanje raznih drugih boja dodavali su se
različiti metalni oksidi. Njih su dodavali ili proizvođači sirovog stakla ili
pak obrtnici koji su izrađivali staklene predmete. Tako su se u antici
najčešće rabili oksidi bakra, željeza, bronce, kobalta i mangana.

Osnovni sastojci za izradu stakla

Basic ingredients for production of glass

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 GLASSMAKING

Ancient glass was composed of silica sand, soda or potash and lime.
The ideal glass was made from dissolved sand, but it required a very high
temperaturewhichcouldnotbeachievedinceramickilnsusedbytheancient
craftsmen. Soda or potash were added to sand for lowering the melting
temperature of the sand. Potash was obtained from minerals or plant ash.
Glass created with this combination was not waterproof so the third and
indispensable ingredient in the manufacture of glass materials was lime.
These three ingredients were heated to high temperatures (about
1000°C) in special clay kilns. After a while there was hot, almost liquid
mixture which was then cooled and broken
into smaller pieces. It is raw glass.
Glass made ​​from these three basic
ingredients was greenish-bluish in color.
Iron oxide contained in the quartz sand
gives such color to glass. Metal oxides
were added to obtain variety of other
colors. They were added by raw glass
manufacturers or artisans while making
glass objects. Thus in ancient times
oxides of copper, iron, bronze, cobalt and
manganese were often used.

Metalni oksidi korišteni za bojanje stakla

Metal oxides used for glass colors

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 IZRADA STAKLENIH PREDMETA

Stakleni predmeti izrađuju se ponovnim zagrijavanjem staklene

sirovine. Najstarija tehnika izrade staklenih predmeta zove se
tehnika pješčane jezgre. Predmet se izrađivao tako da se na
jezgru načinjenu od pijeska, blata i slame lagano nanosila zagrijana
staklena smjesa. Nakon toga površina se ravnala na, najčešće
kamenim ili metalnim, ravnim površinama. Nakon hlađenja jezgra se
razbijala i izbacivala van. Na taj su se način dobivali manji predmeti
u kojima su se najvjerojatnije čuvali parfemi. Ova se tehnika rabila
od sredine 2. tisučljeća prije Krista.

Tehnika pješčane jezgre

Sand core technique

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 PRODUCTION OF GLASS OBJECTS

The glass objects are made ​​by reheating raw glass. The oldest
technique of making glass objects is so-called core formed glass.
The object was made by putting the heated glass on the core made​​
of sand, mud and straw. After that the surface was smoothed,
usually on a stone or metal, flat surface. After cooling, the core had
to be broken and taken out. This technique was used for producing
very small objects in which most likely perfumes were kept. This
technique has been used in 2nd BC.

Tehnika izrade
staklenih zdjelica
Technique of
production of small
glasss bowls

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 Uz tehniku pješčane jezgre razvila se i tehnika lijevanja i
prešanja. Tom su se tehnikom najviše izrađivali ukrasni stakleni
predmeti, zdjelice i tanjuri.
Otkrićem lule za puhanje počinje se u 1. stoljeću prije Krista
koristiti i tehnika slobodnoga puhanja i tehnika puhanja u kalup.
Pomoću lule ispuhivali su se stakleni predmeti različitih oblika.

Tehnika slobodnog
puhanja
Technique of free
blowing

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 Another technique was used alongside core formed glass:
casting and molding. Decorative glassware, bowls and plates were
made by using this technique.
The technique of free blowing and mold blowing begins in the
1 century BC with the discovery of blowing pipe. It was possible to
st

produce all sorts of shapes of glass objects by using a blowing pipe.

Tehnika puhanja u kalup

Technique of mold blowing

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 Brodove
kojima se prevozila
trgovačka roba ponekad je znalo
iznenaditi nevrijeme. Neki bi se uspjeli
skloniti u sigurne uvale ili luke, ali neki nisu
bili te sreće. Ako nije pronašao sklonište, brod
je mogao potonuti.
Podvodni arheolozi rone i istražuju potopljene
antičke brodove. Jedan je takav brod
pronađen kod otoka Mljeta. Upravo je u
Staklena sirovina s njemu pronađena sirovina koju vidimo u
potopljenog broda kod
muzeju. Možda ju je baš neki majstor
Mljeta iz 2. stoljeća
staklar u Jaderu čekao.
Glass raw material from the
shipwreck near Mljet from
the 2nd century

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 Ships, which
transported merchandise,
sometimes struck a storm. Some would
find shelter in the bay or harbor, but
some were not so lucky. If there was no
shelter, ships could sink.
Underwater archaeologists discover ancient
sunken ships. One such was found near the
island of Mljet. On it, archaeologists found a
wide variety of merchandise and raw glass.
Maybe some glass worker in
Iader waited for it.
67

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 ENION ME NAČINIO

Ne znamo mnogo o prvim umjetnicima stakla. O njima uglavnom

govore čudesni predmeti koje smo od njih baštinili. Ipak, jedan nas
je kratak natpis, na čaši koju i dandanas možemo vidjeti, potakao da
ti ispričamo priču iz davne prošlosti. To je priča o Enionu iz Sidona.
Enion je bio poznati puhač stakla. Imao je svoju radionicu u
starom feničkom gradu Sidonu. Cijelim se Rimskim Carstvom pronio
glas o staklenim predmetima iznimne ljepote koji su se izrađivali u
tom gradu. I Enion je izrađivao lijepe staklene predmete. I bio je
zadovoljan. Ipak, kao što to kod pravih umjetnika obično biva, jednog
je dana poželio izraditi poseban predmet, posve različit od svih
ostalih. U svojoj je radionici počeo izrađivati kalup. Taj će mu kalup
pomoći pri puhanju predmeta o kojem sniva. Strpljivo je iskucavao
ukras u metalu od kojega je odlučio načiniti kalup. Brže bi i lakše
izradio kalup od drva ili gline. Ali znao je da je staklo ispuhano u
metalnim kalupima bilo posebno.

68

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 ENION MADE ​​ME

We do not know much about the first glass artists. Wonderful

items that were preserved talk about them. However, a short
inscription on the glass, which we can see even today, has inspired us
to tell a story from distant past. This is the story of Enion of Sidon.
Enion was a famous glassblower. He had his own workshop in the
old phoenician city of Sidon. Throughout the Roman Empire spread
the word about glass objects of exceptional beauty which had been
made in the city. Enion also made beautiful glass objects and he
was pleased with that. However, as it usually happens with the true
artists, one day he wanted to make a special object quite different
from all the others. In his workshop, he started making a mold. This
mold will help him make glass object of his dreams. It would be
quicker and easier to make a mold of wood or clay. But he knew that
the glass formed in metal molds was most special.
Mold had finally been completed. Enion could now start with
creating objects. He was excited. Glass mixture was heated in a clay
oven. He grabbed little of hot mixture using a glass pipe, and began
to blow gently into the new mold. His excited assistant was holding
a mold, and finally a nice glass beaker appeared. They enjoyed its
beauty, but they could not observe it for a long time. They first
had to put it in a special section of clay oven to cool down. The
following day they both hastened back to the workshop to take the
beaker in their hands. And truly, it was a special beaker, fragile and
transparent, decorated with relief surface. There is an inscription
written in Greek letters:
Enion made ​​me.

69

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 Kalup je napokon bio gotov. Enion je sada mogao otpočeti s
izradom predmeta. Bio je uzbuđen. Staklena je smjesa kuhala u
glinenoj peći. Zagrabio je, pomoću lule, malo vruće staklene smjese
i lagano ju ispuhivao u novi kalup. Pomoćnik mu je, i sam uzbuđen,
pridržavao kalup, a naposlijetku ga i maknuo kako bi se ukazala lijepa
staklena čaša. Uživali su u njezinoj ljepoti, ali nisu ju smjeli dugo
promatrati. Morali su ju najprije staviti u poseban dio peći kako bi
se ohladila. Sutradan obojica pohitaše u radionicu znajući da ju sada
napokon mogu uzeti u ruke. I uistinu, bila je to posebna čaša. Krhka
i prozirna, reljefno ukrašene površine. A nama se najposebnijim čini
maleni tekst na njezinu tijelu. Ondje je grčkim slovima napisano:
Enion me načinio.
Već odavno ne žive niti Enion niti njegov pomoćnik, a ti uživaš
svakoga dana u ljepotama ovoga svijeta. Pruži li ti se prilika da prisloniš
uho na krhki stakleni predmet koji nam je Enion ostavio, možda i ti,
baš kao i mi, čuješ priču o uzbuđenju i sreći koju su nekad davno,
davno u dalekom gradu Sidonu osjećali majstor i njegov pomoćnik
kada su ga prvi put ugledali.

70

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 Enion and his assistant died long time ago and you are here
enjoying beauties of the world every day. If you have a chance press
your ear to the fragile glass object that Enion left, maybe you will,
just like me, hear a story about excitement and happiness that the
master and his assistant felt when they saw this beaker for the
first time once upon a time, in a distant city of Sidon.

71

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 STAKLO PUTUJE CARSTVOM

Trgovina staklom

Jader je imao povoljan zemljopisni položaj

zbog čega je postao važno trgovačko središte.
Ondje su najviše pomorskim putevima pristizali
razni predmeti i trgovačka roba iz svih dijelova
Rimskog Carstva. Stakleni su predmeti najviše
dopremani iz Italije i s Istoka iz Sirije,
Palestine, Cipra ili Egipta koji su nadaleko
bili poznati po izradi staklenih predmeta.
Osim s tih prostora, predmeti su stizali i iz Grčke,
ali i iz Panonije, Galije i Germanije. U
nekima od staklenih predmeta čuvali
su se razni mirisi i balzami kojima se
također trgovalo. Osim s već izrađenim
predmetima, trgovalo se i sa sirovinom.
Tako bi, primjerice, staklar iz Zadra
kupio gotovu sirovinu od koje bi napravio
svoje staklene predmete.

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 DISTRIBUTION OF GLASS ACROSS THE EMPIRE

Glass trade

Iader had a favorable

geographical location so
it became an important
trade center. Various
items and merchandise
from all parts of the
Roman Empire arrived
to Iader mostly via sea trade routes. Glass
objects were mostly transported from Italy
and from the East from Syria, Palestine,
Cyprus and Egypt, which were well known for
making glass objects. Apart from these areas, items arrived
from Greece, Pannonia, Gaul and Germania. In some of the glass
items various scents and balms were kept which were also traded
with. Apart from the ready
made objects, raw materials
were also traded with. For
example a glass workshop
in Iader bought raw glass
material from which the
local craftsmen made ​​their
own glass items.

73

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 STAKLARI U JADERU

U Jaderu su nema dvojbe

radili majstori staklari. Domaće su
radionice kupovale staklenu sirovinu
dopremanu brodovima. Od nje su
majstori u gradu izrađivali svoje
staklene predmete.

KATALOG 2.indd 74 7.2.2014. 12:04:08

 GLASSMAKERS
IN IADER

Most likely
glassmakers worked in
Iader. Local workshops
bought glass raw
material, which was
transported by ships.
Glassmakers in the city
made their own glass
objects
using raw material.

KATALOG 2.indd 75 7.2.2014. 12:04:11

 Fotografija prikazuje žig jedne radionice u Jaderu. Žigovi mogu
pričati priče o tome što se čuvalo u staklenoj posudi, staklarskoj
radionici ili majstoru koji je posudu izradio. Proučavajući žigove
na staklenim posudama i staklene oblike, zadarski su arheolozi
zaključili da se u Jaderu nalazila staklarska radionica.

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 Photo shows a stamp of a workshop in Iader. Stamps can tell
us stories about what was kept in a glass container, about the
glass workshop or about a master who created it. By studying the
stamps on glass vessels and glass forms, archaeologists from Zadar
concluded that a glass workshop existed in Iader.

77

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 AVITA IZ JADERA

Davno, prije gotovo dvije tisuće godina, na prostoru današnjeg

Zadra, prostirao se rimski grad Jader. Bio je to lijepi grad. U
njegovu središtu, na gradskom forumu, bilo je uvijek živo.U njemu
je živjelo mnogo muškaraca i žena. A među njima ljepotom se isticala
mlada djevojka Avita.
Iako je pripadala bogatoj obitelji, isticala se ljupkošću i
skromnošću.
Robinja, koja se o njoj brinula i svuda ju pratila, izrađivala joj je
prekrasne frizure. Imala je bakreno zrcalo i otmjene staklene igle
ukosnice. U okruglastim, valjkastim i izduženim bočicama držala
je mirisna ulja i masti, a u onim najmanjima skupocjene cvjetne
parfeme. Bile su to prekrasne bočice, prozirne i sjajne, glatke i
profinjene. Voljela je lijepe staklene predmete. Pila je iz staklene
čaše. Na ruci je nosila prsten od najfinijeg stakla. Živjela je mirno i
spokojno na najljepšoj obali Rimskog Carstva. Svakog je dana šetala
uz more i promatrala otoke. Odmarala se u hladu drveća.Voljela je
život u Jaderu. Ipak, jednog se dana dogodilo nešto neočekivano.
Jednog je jutra na stoliću kraj kreveta pronašla kutiju s natpisom:
Dragoj Aviti.
U kutiji je, pomno umotana u komadić tkanine, ležala mala
smećkasta bočica. Bila je čudesno lijepa, ukrašena šarama i uzorcima
kakve nikada nije vidjela. Sasvim sigurno nije niti iz Iadera niti iz
njegove okolice. Bilo je jasno. Bočica je k njoj doputovala iz neke
daleke i nepoznate zemlje.
Djevojka se začudi i pomisli...

78

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 Dovrši priču.

79

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 AVITA FROM JADER

Long, long time ago, nearly two thousand years ago, Roman town
of Iader was located in the area of present-day Zadar. It was a
beautiful city. In its center, the city forum, it was always lively.
Many men and women lived in it. And among them the beauty of the
young girl Avita was widely known.
Although she belonged to a wealthy family, she was known for
her kindness and modesty.
A female slave who looked after her and followed her
everywhere, made her beautiful hairstyles. Avita had a copper
mirror and elegant glass hairpins. In the rounded, elongated and
cylindrical bottles she kept the fragrance oils and ointments, and
in the smallest, expensive ones floral perfumes. These were most
beautiful bottles, translucent and shiny, smooth and refined. She
loved beautiful glass items. She drank from a glass cup. On her
finger she wore a ring made of finest glass. She lived quietly and
peacefully on the most beautiful coast of the Roman Empire. Every
day while walking along the sea she watched the islands, resting
in the shade of pine trees. She loved life in Iader. However, one
day, something unexpected happened. One morning on the bedside
table she found a box labeled: to dear Avita.
Inside the box, carefully wrapped in a piece of cloth, laid a
small brownish bottle. It was exceptionally beautiful, decorated
with ornaments and patterns she had never seen before. Bottle
was definitely neither from Iader, nor from its surroundings. It
was clear that the bottle was brought to her from some distant
and unknown country.
The girl was surprised and she thought ...

80

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 Finish the story!

81

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 LJEPOTA I UKRAŠAVANJE

Bogata je rimska dama provodila cijelo jutro

okružena svojim ropkinjama. Jedne su joj
donosile brončano ogledalo i posudice s
mirisnim uljima i mastima. Druge su je češljale
i oblikovale joj frizuru.
Većina je bogatih žena željela
izgledati blijedo. Zato su u lice
utrljavale kredu ili čak otrovni prah
bijelog olova.
Ruževi za usta i rumenila,
izrađivani su od taloga crve-
nog vina, a sjenila za kapke
od pepela i šafrana. Bilo je i
vrlo neobičnih kozme-
tičkih pripravaka. Tako se, primjerice,
lijekom za mrlje na licu smatrao jedan
pripravak koji je sadržavao ptičji izmet.
Rimske su žene kosu uvijale i plele po
posljednjoj modi.
Kako nam prenose antički pisci, za kozmetičke svr-
he, odnosno spravljanje mirišljavih parfema, najcjenje-
nija je bila perunika s naših prostora, biljka koja se po
čuvenju nazivala Iris Illyrica. Osim toga korištena je
i u medicinske svrhe, ali i u kulinarstvu
kao začin vinu.

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 BEAUTY AND ADORNMENT

A rich Roman lady would spend most of the

morning surrounded by her female slaves. Some
would bring her a mirror made of bronze
and jars with perfumed oils and ointments.
Another slave would comb her hair and made
her hairstyle.
Most of rich women
wanted to look pale. So
they used chalk or even a
poisonous powder made from white lead to
make their faces look pale.
Lipsticks and blushers were made of
sediment from red wine. Eyeshadow was made
of ash and saffron. They also
had very unusual cosmetic
preparations. One remedy
for face spots included
bird droppings.
Women’s hair was cur-
led or plaited, in accordance with the
latest fashion.
As the ancient writers say, for cosmetic purposes, or making
scented perfume, most appreciated was the Iris from our
area, a plant that is hearsay called
Iris Illyrica. Apart from that
used in medical purposes, but
also as a culinary spice for wine.

83

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 Pronađi prikazani predmet.

Ova je dražesna bočica za

mirisna ulja pripadala rimskoj dami iz
bogate obitelji. Izrađena je od stakla
tehnikom puhanja u kalup.

☺ Zamisli ženu kojoj je bočica pripadala.

Kakvu je imala frizuru?
Kako je bila odjevena?
Kakav je nakit nosila?
Kakve je mirise voljela?

☺ Promotri i ostale posudice. Koja ti se najviše sviđa? Zašto?

84

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 Find a displayed item.

This lovely perfume bottle

belonged to a Roman lady from a rich
family. It is mold-blown glass.

☺ Imagine the woman who owned the bottle.

What was her hairstyle like?
What was her clothes like?
What kind of jewelry did she wear?
What kind of perfumes did she like?

☺ Observe other small vessels. Which one do you like most? Why?

85

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 LIJEČENJE BOLESNIKA

Neki su Rimljani živjeli do

starosti, ali većina ih je umirala
prije pedesete godine.
Arheolozi su otkrili mnogo o
zdravlju i bolesti u rimsko doba
proučavanjem kostura
koji potječu iz tog
vremena. Oni, primjerice,
mogu odrediti koliko je dugo
osoba živjela te kakvog je
zdravlja bila tijekom života.
Pojedini su Rimljani vje-
rovali da bolest mogu uzrokovati
bogovi, vještice i psovke. Liječnici
su bili skupi, a neki su se ponekad
služili i prijevarama. Liječili su bo-
lesne mješavinom zdravog razu-
ma, vjere u bogove i magije. Čak
i iskusni liječnici nisu mogli spasiti pacijente od
nevolja koje se danas mogu liječiti antibioticima
ili kraćim bolničkim liječenjem.

86

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 HEALING THE SICK

Some Romans lived to an old age, but most died before

they reached the age of 50. Archaeologists have found
out a lot about health and diseases
in Roman times by the examining
preserved skeletons. They can
tell, for example, how old a person
was at the time of death and their
general state of health during life.
Most Romans believed that ill-
ness could be caused by the gods,
witchcraft, and curses. Doctors were expen-
sive and some used frauds. They healed
the sick us-
ing a mixture
of common
sense, trust
in gods and
magic. Even skilled physicians could not
save people from afflictions that presently
can be cured by a course of antibiotics or a
few days in a hospital.

87

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 MEDICINSKI INSTRUMENTI

Kirurški i drugi instrumenti, kojima su se koristili rimski

liječnici, uglavnom su bili izrađeni od postojane, lijepo obrađene
bronce. Neki primjerci medicinske opreme također su izrađeni
od stakla. Raznovrsna je liječnička oprema pronađena u rimskim
grobovima.

Žlica za doziranje tekućih lijekova

A spoon for applying liquid medicines

88

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 MEDICAL INSTRUMENTS

Surgical and other instruments used by the Roman doctors,

were mostly made in durable, well-finished bronze. Some examples
of medical accessories were also made ​​of glass. Various examples
of medicinal equipment have been found in Roman-era graves.

Lopatica za miješanje i nanošenje masti

Spatula for mixing and applying ointments

Probni štapići - prije operacije, probni su štapići korišteni za

liječničku pretragu rane
Probes - before operations, probes like this were used to
examine the wound.

89

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 LJEKOVITE BILJKE

Mnoge su biljke bile poznate po svojem ljekovitom djelovanju

te su korištene u različitim vrstama napitaka i masti. Mnogi su bili
izrađeni od bilja kao što su ružmarin, kadulja i komorač. Ostali
prirodni lijekovi uključivali su češnjak, senf i kupus. Neki od tih
lijekova činili bi pacijentima dobro, ali nisu imali istinsku snagu
iscjeljivanja različitih bolesti.

Kadulja, moćan iscjelitelj,

Rimljanima je bila
sveta biljka
Sage, a powerful healer,
was considered sacred
plant for the Romans.

Rimski je pisac Plinije popisao

40 lijekova sa gorušica
kao glavnim sastojakom.
The Roman writer Pliny
listed 40 remedies
with mustard
as the main ingredient.

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 HEALING HERBS

Many plants were known to have medicinal properties and were

used to make all kinds of potions and ointments. Many were made
from herbs as rosemary, sage and fennel. Other natural remedies
included garlic, mustard and cabbage. Many of the remedies would
have done little good, but some of them did have power of healing.

Ružmarin je često
korišten u rimskoj medicini.
Rosemary was widely
used in Roman medicine.

Rimski vojnici hranjeni

su dnevnin obrokom
češnjaka za očuvanje zdravlja.
Roman soldiers were fed a
daily ration of garlic
for good health.

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 POGREBNI OBIČAJI

Pogrebni su obredi i običaji imali središnju

ulogu u životu Rimljana jer im je poštivanje
predaka i sjećanje na njih bilo vrlo važno.
Rimljani su imali dva ritusa pokapanja
pokojnika: incineracija (ukapanja spaljenih
ostataka tijela) i inhumacija (polaganje tijela u
zemlju). Pri spaljivanju tijela pepeo pokojnika pohranjivan je u urne.
Pogrebne su urne bile izrađivane od stakla, keramike, kamena, pa čak
i od olova. Ponekad su se
pri pokapanju posmrtnih
ostataka rabile i amfore.
Pokopi su obavljeni
izvan gradskih zidina,
uz puteve koji su vodili
prema gradu ponajviše
radi sprječavanja širenja
različitih bolesti.

92

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 BURIAL PRACTICES

Funerary rituals and

practices played a central
role in Roman life because
remembering and honoring the
deceased members of their
families was very important to
the Romans.

The Romans practiced two forms of

burial: incineration (burning the body) and
inhumation (burying the body intact). In
incineration,
the ashes of
the deceased
were placed
in urns. They were sometimes made
of glass or ceramic, stone or even
lead. Occasionally amphorae were
used for burying the remains of the
deceased person.
Burials were done outside the
city walls along the roads leading into
the city, mostly to prevent spreading
of the diseases.

93

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 ARHEOLOŠKA ISTRAŽIVANJA NA RELJI

Dio groblja (nekropole)

antičkog Jadera nalazio
se na prostoru današnje
četvrti Relja u Zadru. Ondje
su stoga arheolozi dugi niz
godina obavljali arheološka
istraživanja. Pronađen je veliki
broj grobova, i to najviše onih
iz vremena od 1. do 4. stoljeća
nakon Krista. U to se vrijeme
vjerovalo da je zagrobni život

94

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 ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH IN THE AREA
OF RELJA

Part of the cemetery

(necropolis) of ancient
Iader is located in the
area of present-day city
quarter Relja in Zadar.
Therefore archaeologists
conducted archaeological
excavations at this area
for many years. They
found a large number of
graves, mostly dating
from the 1st to 4th

95

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 nastavak zemaljskoga, pa se u grobovima često nalaze predmeti
kojima su se pokojnici koristili u svakodnevnom životu. Zato su
u grobovima pronađeni keramički i stakleni pribori za jelo poput
čaša, tanjura, zdjelica, bočica ili vrčeva. U njih se stavljalo hranu
i piće. Osim ovakvih predmeta, u grobovima se nalaze i keramičke
svjetiljke, novčići, razne alatke, kozmetički pribori i nakit. Ponekad
se po predmetima u grobu može otkriti kojim se poslom pokojnik
bavio za života.
Arheolozi su na Relji pronašli mnoštvo staklenih predmeta. Neki
su od njih posebno lijepi i rijetki.

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 centuries AD. At
that time, people
believed that
after life was
continuation
of earthly life.
That is why in
ancient graves we
can find objects
that were used
in everyday life.
These are mostly
ceramic and glass
tableware such
as cups, plates,
bowls, bottles or
jugs. They were
containers for
food and drink.
In addition to
these objects in
the graves we can also find ceramic lamps, coins, various tools,
cosmetic accessories and jewelry. According to the objects found
in the grave we can often know what was the deceased person’s
occupation during lifetime.
Archaeologists found many glass objects in the area of Relja.
Some of them are particularly beautiful and rare.

97

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 Potraži predmet s fotografije u podnoj vitrini.
Look for the object from the photo in the floor display case.

98

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 AMFORE
Amfore su bile posude u
kojima se prevozilo i čuvalo
vino i ulje. Rimljani su za
kuhanje rabili maslinovo ulje.
Ono se dobivalo tiještenjem
maslina. Amfore su mogle
biti korištene i za pohranu
sušenog voća, žita ili nekih
drugih namirnica.

AMPHORAE
Amphorae were containers
in which wine and oil were
transported and stored.
Romans used olive oil for
cooking. It was produced by
pressing olives. Amphorae were
also used to store dried
fruit, grain or other
foodstuff.

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 Dopuni crtež amfore

Većina posuda iz rimskog doba pronađena je oštećena ili u

krhotinama. Restauratori ih pažljivo obnavljaju spajajući njihove
dijelove.

☺ Zamisli da ti obnavljaš amforu. Dopuni crtež djelovima koji

nedostaju.

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 Fix the drawing of an amphora

Most pottery from the Roman times was found broken or in

frangments. Restaurateurs carefully put them back together.

☺Imagine you are a restaurateur. Can you draw the missing

parts of the broken pot above?

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 LATINSKI JEZIK

Jezik kojim su govorili stanovnici Rimskog

Carstva zove se latinski jezik. Izvorno
se govorio u pokrajini Lacij, kojoj je
glavni grad Rim i po kojoj je dobio ime.
Svi su se romanski jezici, npr. fran-
cuski, španjolski i talijanski, razvili
iz latinskog. Premda je latinski da-
nas kao govorni jezik mrtav, mno-
ge su riječi koje svakodnevno slu-
šamo ili izgovaramo porijeklom
latinske. Pojmovi koji se koriste
u medicini, pravu, književnosti,
biologiji i mnogim drugim znano-
stima, latinske su riječi. Tako-
đer, latinski je i službeni jezik
države Vatikan.

Abeceda latinskog jezika ima

ukupno 24 slova: A, B, C, D, E,
F, G, H, I, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q,
R, S, T, U, V, X, Y, Z. U antici
se pisalo samo velikim tiskanim
slovima.

Rimski nadgrobni spomenik (tzv. cipus) iz

Aserije
Roman funerary monument („cippus“) from
Asseria

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 LATIN LANGUAGE

Language used by
the inhabitants of
the Roman Empire
was called Latin lan-
guage. Originally it
was spoken in the re-
gion of Latium after
which it was named.
Rome was the capital
of Latium. All Roman-
ce languages such as
French, Spanish and
Italian developed
from Latin. Altho-
ugh presently it is a
dead language it is
often used in medi-
cine, law, literature,
biology and many ot-
her sciences and as
an official language Rimski nadgrobni spomenik iz Zadra
Roman funerary monument from Zadar
of the state of Vatican.

Latin Alphabet has 24 letters: A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, K, L, M, N, O,

P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, X, Y, Z. In the Ancient time only capital letters
were in use.

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 RIMSKI BROJEVI

Značajna se razlika između rimskih i arapskih brojeva (kojima se danas koristimo)

očituje u činjenici da Rimljani nisu imali simbola za nulu. Položaj znamenke unutar
broja ukazuje na oduzimanje ili dodavanje vrijednosti broja.

I I znači 1, II znači 2, III znači 3.

V Znamenka za broj 5 je V. Ako I napišemo ispred V, dobivamo IV, dakle
4. Uvijek kada neki manji broj napišemo ispred većega, oduzimamo njegovu
vrijednost od većega.
Upisivanjem znamenke I iza V uvećavamo je za 1.

VI VI znači 6.
VII VII znači 7.
VIII VIII znači 8.

X X znači 10.
IX znači da smo oduzeli I od X i da nam je, stoga, ostalo 9.
Broj X-eva označava broj desetica.
Tako se 20 piše XX, a 30 XXX.

L L znači 50.
40 se piše XL (10 je oduzeto od 50)
60 je LX , 70 je LXX, a 80 se piše LXXX.

C C označava centum, latinsku riječ za 100.

90 se piše XC.
C se piše na početku broja kako bi se najavilo koliko je stotica u broju.
CCLXIX je 269, CCCLIX je 359 i tako dalje.

D D je znamenka za 500.
CD znači 400. Tako se, primjerice, 448 piše CDXLVIII.

M M je 1000.
2013 se piše MMXIII.

☺ Napiši današnji nadnevak rimskim brojevima.

☺ Napiši nadnevak svoga rođenja rimskim brojevima.

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 ROMAN NUMERALS 

The big differences between Roman and Arabic numerals (the ones we use today)
are that Romans did not have a symbol for zero, and that placement of a digit within
a number indicates subtraction or addition.

I I means 1, II means 2, III means 3.

V The symbol for 5 is V. Placing I in front of the V, or placing any smaller
number in front of any larger number indicates subtraction. So IV means 4.
After V comes a series of additions :

VI VI means 6
VII VII means 7
VIII VIII means 8

X X means 10.
IX means subtraction of I from X, leaving 9.
Numbers in the teens, twenties and thirties follow the same form as the
first set, only with X’s indicating the number of tens. So XXXI is 31, and
XXIV is 24.

L L means 50.
40 is written XL (10 subtracted from 50)
60 is LX , 70 is LXX and 80 LXXX.

C C stands for centum, the Latin word for 100.

90 is written XC.
The C’s are tacked on to the beginning of numbers to indicate how many
hundreds there are: CCLXIX is 269, CCCLIX is 359 and so on.

D D stands for 500.

CD means 400. So CDXLVIII is 448.

M M is 1000.
2013 is written MMXIII.

☺ Write today’s date using Roman numerals.

☺ Write the date of your birthday with Roman numerals.

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 Čime su Rimljani pisali?

Rimljani su u školi pisali po mekim voštanim

pločicama koristeći se šiljatim metalnim ili
koštanim štapićem (stylus). Kako bi se pločicom
mogli ponovno koristiti, ili možda ispraviti
pogrešku u pisanju, izgladili bi voštanu podlogu
tupim krajem stilusa.
Rimljani su se za pisanje važnih pisama
koristili metalnim perom namočenim u tintu.
Pisali su na papirusima, tankim komadima drveta
ili na posebno prerađenoj životinjskoj koži.
Znamo da su Rimljani pisali pisma jer su neka od
njih sačuvana.
Knjige nisu imale stranice. Bile su pisane na
slijepljenim i namotanim komadima životinjske
kože.

Freska iz Pompeja na kojoj se vidi

voštana pločica i stilus
Fresco from Pompeii with a wax tablet
and stylus

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 Stilus
Stylus

What did the Romans

write with?

At school, the Romans wrote on soft wax

tablets using a pointed metal or bone stylus. To
use the tablet again, or rub out a mistake they
smoothed the wax over with the blunt end of
the stylus.
For the important letters Romans used a
metal pen dipped in ink. They wrote on papyrus,
thin pieces of wood or on specially prepared
animal skins. We know that Romans wrote
letters, because some of their letters have
survived.
Books did not have pages, they were
written on scrolls made from pieces of animal
skin glued together and then rolled up.

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 OBRAZOVANJE I ŠKOLE

Većina djece u rimsko doba nije išla u školu. Samo su bogatije

obitelji mogle plaćati učitelja. Djevojčice ih najčešće nisu poha-
đale. Neke su ipak kod kuće podučavali privatni učitelji (tutori).
Često su to bili obrazovani robovi. Dječaci iz bogatih obitelji, učili
su u školi povijest, matematiku, književnost, filozofiju i govorniš-
tvo. Pripremali su se za vojnu karijeru ili poslove u upravi. Dje-
vojčice i dječaci iz siromaših obitelji morali su raditi, pomažući
svojim roditeljima.

Kameni spomenik koji prikazuje učitelja s učenicima

Stone monument with a depiction of a teacher with disciples

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 EDUCATION AND SCHOOLS

Most children in the Roman times did not go to school. Only

rich families could afford to pay a teacher. Not many girls went to
school, but some were taught at home by tutors who were often
educated slaves. Boys from rich families learned history, maths,
literature, philosophy and retoric at school, to be prepared for
jobs in the army or government. Poor families girls and boys had
to work, helping their parents.

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 NAKIT

Ljudi su se oduvijek voljeli ukrašavati pa i ne čudi da su,

primjerice, najstariji predmeti izrađeni od stakla upravo – perle.
Osim od stakla nakit se u antičko doba izrađivao od raznih drugih
materijala poput zlata, srebra, bronce, željeza, kosti, ali i dragoga
kamenja koje se dopremalo s Dalekog istoka. Sa dalekoga se pak
sjevera, s obala Baltičkog mora dopremao jantar od kojega su se
također izrađivali vrlo lijepi ukrasni predmeti.

Nakit koji su u antici najčešće koristili i muškarci i žene razni

su broševi i fibule. Fibule su izgledale poput velikih pribadači koje
su imale i ukrasnu, ali i funkcionalnu ulogu jer su korištene za
spajanje dijelova odjeće. Osim fibula, muškarci su za razliku od
žena od nakita još jedino nosili prstenje i to najčešće pečatnjake.
Žene su se jako voljele kititi nakitom, no često su si samo one
bogatije mogle priuštiti razne ukosnice, naušnice, narukvice, ogrlice
i prstenje.

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 JEWELRY

People have always loved adornment, so

it is not surprising that the oldest objects
made of glass were - beads. In addition
to glass, jewelry in ancient times was also
made from a variety of other materials
such as gold, silver, bronze, iron, bone and
precious stones which were brought from
the Far East. Amber was imported from
the far north, from the coast of the Baltic
Sea for making very nice decorative items.
Jewelry that was commonly used in
ancient times by both men and women were
different brooches and fibulae. Fibula
looked like a big pin that had a decorative,
but also functional role because they were
used to join pieces of clothing. In addition
to fibulae men unlike women worn only rings (usually seal rings).
Women were very fond of adorning themsleves with jewelery but
often only rich ladies could afford a variety of hairpins, earrings,
bracelets, necklaces and rings.

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 Staklena ukosnica / Glass pin

Stakleni privjesak „Filozof“ / Glass pendant „Philosopher”

Stakleni prsten / Glass ring

Stakleni amulet (talisman) s prikazom lava / Glass amulet (talisman),

depicting a lion

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 Ogrlica od staklenih perli / Necklace made of glass beads

Staklena narukvica /
Glass bracelet

Stakleni amulet (talisman) na kojem su prikazana dva lika / Glass

amulet (talisman), depicting two figures

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 HRANA

Ishrana se bogatih i siromašnih Rimljana

znatno razlikovala. Siromašni su ljudi jeli vrlo
jednostavnu hranu. Preživljavali su na kruhu,
kaši i svojevrsnoj juhi od povrća s lećom,
repom, lukom i grahom. Mogli su također jesti
domaću hranu kao što su smokve i masline.
Rijetko su jeli meso. Bogati su si Rimljani mogli
priuštiti mnogo različitih jela dopremanih
iz cijeloga Carstva. Oni su i hranu rabili
za iskazivanje svojeg bogatstva.
Rimska nam kuhinja danas
djeluje čudno. Antički pisac
Apicije, primjerice, opisuje jelo
koje se sastojalo od kuhanog mesa
puha i makova sjemenja. Jedan od
razloga različitosti rimskog načina
pripremanja jela od suvremenog bila je
činjenica da oni nisu poznavali mnoge namirnice kojima se mi danas
koristimo. Primjerice, nisu poznavali krumpir, rajčicu i kukuruz, jer
oni su stigli iz Amerike. Tjestenina još nije korištena. Rimljani nisu
imali kavu, čaj niti šećer. Budući da nisu imali šećer, slastice su
pripremali rabeći med ili must (sok od grožđa).
Kruhom se u ishrani, najvjerojatnije, počelo koristiti u drugom
stoljeću prije Krista. Masline i maslinovo ulje bili su vrlo cijenjeni,
baš kao i danas u mediteranskim zemljama. Od povrća najrašireniji
su bili bob, leća i slanutak, salate, kupus i poriluk. Od voća bili
su najzastupljeniji plodovi jabuke, kruške, divlje trešnje, šljive,

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 FOOD

There was a great difference between the food of the poor

and rich Romans. Poor people ate very simple food. They survived on
bread, porridge and a sort of vegetable soup with lentils, turnips,
onions and beans. They might also eat local food like figs and olives.
They rarely ate meat. Rich Romans could afford to buy lots of
different food, from all over the Empire. They even used some
food to show how wealthy they were.
Roman cooking seems strange to us today—for instance, one
dish described by ancient writer Apicius was dormice cooked in
honey and poppyseed. The cooking also differed from ours because
lot of today’s basic food was not known. They had no potatoes
or tomatoes—these came from
the Americas. And pasta had
not even been invented. The
Romans had no coffe, tea or
sugar. As the Romans had no
sugar, sweets were made with
honey or must (grape-juice).
The use of bread seems
to have become widespread
only at the beginning of
the second century BC.
Olives and olive oil stood in
high esteem as is still the
case with Mediterranean
countries today. The most
widespread vegetables were

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 grožđe, orasi, bademi i kestenje. Ali široko su dostupne bile i
datulje, uvezene iz sjeverne Afrike i s Istoka. S vremenom Rimljani
su upoznavali i nove namirnice.

Vino

Najvažnije piće rimskog svijeta, baš kao i grčkog, bilo je vino.

Više od samog pića, vino je bilo obilježje rimske civilizacije. Pivo
je, primjerice, smatrano pićem barbara. Miješanjem vina i meda,
pripreman je osvježavajući aperitiv mulsum.

Riblji umak

Omiljeni začin rimske kuhinje bio je garum, umak snažnog

ukusa pripremljen od ribe, soli i ostalih sastojaka. Snažan je okus
vjerojatno pomogao prikriti okus ribe ili mesa, koje često nije bilo
posve svježe. Garumom se, kao i maslinovim uljem i vinom, trgovalo
u amforama.

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 broad beans, lentils, and chick peas, lettuce, cabbage and leek.
The available fruits at first were apples, pears, wild cherries,
plums, grapes, walnuts, almonds and chestnuts. Dates imported
from northern Africa and Near East were widely available. But the
Romans gradually got to know new products.

Wine

The beverage of the Roman world, as well as the Greek, was

wine. It was more than a mere drink, but a sign of civilization. For
beer was seen as the drink of barbarians. Wine was mixed with
honey to make a refreshing aperitif called mulsum.

Fish sauce

A popular ingredient in Roman cookery was garum, a strong-

tasting sauce made from fish, salt, and other ingredients. The
powerful flavor probably helped to disguise the taste of fish or
meat, which was often not very fresh. Garum, like olive oil and
wine, was transported in amphorae.

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KATALOG 2.indd 118 7.2.2014. 12:05:24
KATALOG 2.indd 119 7.2.2014. 12:05:27
 Doručak

Niža društvena klasa Rimljana (plebejci) za doručak je najčešće jela

kruh, suh ili umočen u vino i vodu. Ponekad su na tako pripremljen kruh
stavljali masline, sir ili grožđice.
Viša društvena klasa Rimljana (patriciji) uživali su za doručak u svježem
mesu, ribi, voću, povrću, kruhu, a med su rabili za zaslađivanje hrane. Imali
su robove koji su im kuhali i čistili. Također su im i rezali hranu na sitnije
komadiće, tako da su najčešće jeli prstima. Na stolu su imali, ili su im robovi
donosili, vlažne ručnike kojima su čistili ruke nakon jela.

Večernji obrok

Niža društvena klasa Rimljana (plebejci) za večeru je najčešće

pripremala kašu od povrća, a kada su si to mogli priuštiti, i ribu, kruh,
masline, vino te povremeno i meso.
Viša društvena klasa Rimljana (patriciji) imala je vrlo obilne večere.
Muškarci su večerali zasebno. Oni su jeli različite namirnice i pili mnogo
vina. Večerali su satima. Žene i djeca jeli su odvojeno.

Gozbe

Bogati su Rimljani posluživali skupu i neobičnu hranu kako bi istaknuli

svoje bogatstvo. Neobična je hrana uključivala poslastice kao što su
puhovi punjeni borovim sjemenkama ili kuhano svinjsko vime i pečeni paun.
Što je hrana bila neobičnija, gosti su bili više impresionirani.
Gosti su jeli ležeći na sofama, oslanjajući se na svoje lijeve laktove
i uzimajući hranu prstima. Robovi su donosili posude s vodom, da gosti
mogu oprati ruke.
Čak su i vrlo bogati i ugledni Rimljani, uključujući i careve poput
Augusta, jeli vrlo malo tijekom dana. Jedini veliki obrok bio im je večera.

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 Breakfast

The lower class (plebeians) usually had bread, dry or dipped in wine,
and water for breakfast. Sometimes olives, cheese, or raisins were
sprinkled on the bread.
The upper class (patricians)  enjoyed fresh meat, fish, fruits,
vegetables, bread, and used honey to sweeten food. They had slaves to
cook and clean. Slaves cut their food for them, as they did not use forks
or knives, but ate with their fingers. A wet towel was at hand (or brought
by slaves) to tidy up after a meal. 

Evening Meal

The lower class (plebeians)  may had a dinner of porridge made of

vegetables, or, when they could afford it, fish, bread, olives, and wine,
and meat occasionally.
The upper class (patricians) had dinners that were quite elaborate.
Men had dinner parties. They ate many different kinds of food, drank lot
of wine, and spent hours at dinner. Women and children ate separately.

Banquets

Rich Romans served expensive and unusual food in order to show

off. Strange food included delicacies such as dormice stuffed with pine
kernels or boiled pigs udders and roasted peacock. The more unusual the
food, the more the guests were impressed.
Guests ate lying on sofas, leaning on their left elbows while picking
up the food with their fingers. Slaves would bring bowls of water so that
guests could wash their hands.
Even well-off Romans, including emperors like Augustus, normally
ate very little during the day. The only large meal was dinner.

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KATALOG 2.indd 122 7.2.2014. 12:05:31
KATALOG 2.indd 123 7.2.2014. 12:05:35
 IGRE

Kada biste mogli sresti djecu iz rimskih vremena, mogli biste

zajedno igrati mnoge igre koje već poznaješ. Rimska su se djeca
igrala skrivača, lovice, školice, preskakanja, a poznavali su i mnoge
igre loptom. Imali su ljuljačke,
zmajeve, kocke za
građenje i lutke.

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 GAMES

If you met some Roman children, you would be able to play lots
of games you know with them. They played hide and seek, chase,
hopscotch, leapfrog and ball games. They had swings, kites, building
blocks and dolls.

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 MLIN

Jedna od mnogih igara na ploči koju su djeca voljela igrati zvala se

Merelles i preteča je današnjoj trlji ili mlinu. Igrala se na okruglim ili
kockastim pločama koje su se urezivale u kamenu.

Okrugli mlin
1. Igra za 2 igrača (svaki ima po 3 žetona).
2. Cilj je igre postaviti tri žetona u ravnini. To
znači da se mora osvojiti središnja pozicija jer se
ne računaju savijene vanjske crte.
3. Igrači naizmjenično smještaju žetone na ploču.
4. Kada su svi žetoni na ploči, igrači naizmjenično
pomiču žetone po crtama.

Kockasti mlin
1. Igra za 2 igrača (svaki ima po 9 žetona)
2. Igrači naizmjenično postavljaju žetone na
ploču pokušavajući pritom postaviti tri žetona u ravnini.
3. Svaki igrač mora protivnika sprječavati u formiranju niza.
4. Onaj koji uspije složiti tri žetona u ravnini može oduzeti
protivnikov žeton.
5. Kada se svi žetoni postave na ploču, igrači naizmjenično
pomiču žetone za jedno slobodno mjesto.
6. Igrači moraju protivnika sprječavati u formiranju nizova i
oduzimati žetone.
7. Pobjednik je onaj igrač koji protivnika svede na dva žetona.

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 MILLS

One of the many board games that kids loved to play was
called Merelles and it is forerunner of present-day mills. It was
played on round or checkered plates that were engraved in stone.

Round mill
1. A game for 2 players each having 3 pieces.
2. The aim is to set up three pieces in a straight line. This means
that the central position has to be won because the outside bent lines
do not count.
3. Players alternately place pieces on the board.
4. When all the pieces are on the board players alternately move
their pieces on the lines.

Checkered mill
1. For two players, each having nine pieces.
2. The players alternate at placing a piece
on any spot of the board, trying to form a row of
three pieces.
3. Each player attempts to prevent the oppo-
nent to get a row of their own.
4. Whoever forms a row of three is allowed
to remove one of the opponents pieces.
5. As all pieces have been placed, each
player moves alternately one piece to an adjoi-
ning free spot.
6. Each player attempts to create rows and remove the opponents pi-
eces.
7. The winner is the player who reduces the opponent to two pieces.

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 STAKLENE MINIJATURE

Svoje obrtničko umijeće antički su staklari iskazivali u

proizvodnji malenih staklenih predmeta. Danas se još pouzdano
ne zna čemu su takve malene posudice služile. Možda su u njima
bili pohranjeni neki dragocjeni balzami i parfemi, a možda i poneki
otrov?

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 MINIATURE GLASS OBJECTS

Ancient glassmakers showed excellent craftsmanship by

production of exceptionally small glass items. We still wonder
about their usage. Perhaps some quality balms and perfumes or
even poison were kept in them?

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 RARITETI

Riječ raritet dolazi od latinskog pridjeva rarus, a znači rijedak,

izvrstan. U Muzeju su raritetni oni predmeti kakvih se jako malo
pronalazi prilikom arheoloških istraživanja. Stoga oni imaju veliku
znanstvenu, ali i umjetničku vrijednost.

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 RARE FINDS

The word rare comes from the Latin adjective rarus, meaning
rare, excellent. In the Museum rarities are those items which
occur rarely in archaeological excavations. Therefore, they have
great scientific and artistic value.

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 U Muzeju antičkog stakla mnogo je takvih lijepih i zanimljivih
predmeta koji su pronađeni prilikom arheoloških istraživanja Zadra
i okolice. Raznobojne boce i bočice puhane u reljefne kalupe oblika
su ljudske „Meduzine“ glave ili pak ribe, a pojedine čak imitiraju
egzotično voće poput datulja.

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 In The Museum of Ancient Glass there are such beautiful
and interesting objects that are found in small number during the
archaeological excavatios of Zadar and its surroundings. Colorful
bottles and bottles blown in relief mold are in shape of a human
head “Medusa” or fish, some even imitate exotic fruits such as
dates.

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 134

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 135

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 U antici je prostor na kojem su živjeli Feničani, stari i nadaleko
poznati moreplovci, poznat po uzgoju datulja. Datuljino ulje bilo
je vrlo tražen poklon u cijelom Rimskom Carstvu. Dovitljivi su
se staklari dosjetili napraviti idealnu ambalažu za tu popularnu
tekućinu.

Stakleni balzamariji u obliku datulje

Glass date-shaped balsamaria

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 In ancient times the area where the Phoenicians lived, widely
known as sailors, was known for its production of dates. Date oil
was highly esteemed gift in the entire Roman Empire. Imaginative
glassblowers came to an idea to make ideal packaging for the
popular liquid.

Datuljina palma
Date palm

Datulje
Dates

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 Pronađi predmete s fotografija u zbirci rijetkih predmeta.
Promotri ih i odgovori na pitanja.

Što je to?
Kakve je boje? Od čega je izrađena? Sviđa li ti se? Zašto?
Što misliš, koja je bila njegova namjena? Je li cijela? Je li bila
popravljana (restaurirana)? Kako?
Zašto je bila vrijedna osobi koja ju je izradila?
Tko se njome mogao koristiti?
Zašto je bila vrijedna ljudima koji su se njome koristili?
Zašto je vrijedna muzeju?
Je li vrijedna tebi? Zašto?

What is it? What is its colour?

What is it made of ?
Is it decorated?
Do you like the way it looks? Why?
How was it used?
Is it complete?
Has it been repaired? How?
Why was it valuable to a person who made it? Who could use it?
Why was it valuable to people who used it?
Why is it valuable to a museum?
Is it valuable to you? Why?

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 Find objects from the photos in the collection of rare finds.
Observe them and answer the questions.

Što je to?
Kakve je boje? Od čega je izrađena? Sviđa li ti se? Zašto?
Što misliš, koja je bila njegova namjena? Je li cijela? Je li bila
popravljana (restaurirana)? Kako?
Zašto je bila vrijedna osobi koja ju je izradila?
Tko se njome mogao koristiti?
Zašto je bila vrijedna ljudima koji su se njome koristili?
Zašto je vrijedna muzeju?
Je li vrijedna tebi? Zašto?

What is it? What is its colour?

What is it made of ?
Is it decorated?
Do you like the way it looks? Why?
How was it used?
Is it complete?
Has it been repaired? How?
Why was it valuable to a person
who made it? Who could use it?
Why was it valuable to people who
used it?
Why is it valuable to a museum?
Is it valuable to you? Why?

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 Što je to?
Kakve je boje? Od čega je izrađena? Sviđa li ti se? Zašto?
Što misliš, koja je bila njegova namjena? Je li cijela? Je li bila
popravljana (restaurirana)? Kako?
Zašto je bila vrijedna osobi koja ju je izradila?
Tko se mogao njome koristiti?
Zašto je bila vrijedna ljudima koji su se njome koristili?
Zašto je vrijedna muzeju?
Je li vrijedna tebi? Zašto?

What is it? What is its colour?

What is it made of ?
Is it decorated?
Do you like the way it looks? Why?
How was it used?
Is it complete?
Has it been repaired? How?
Why was it valuable to a person who
made it? Who could use it?
Why was it valuable to people who
used it?
Why is it valuable to a museum?
Is it valuable to you? Why?

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 Što je to?
Kakve je boje? Od čega je izrađena? Sviđa li ti se? Zašto?
Što misliš, koja je bila njezina namjena? Je li cijela? Je li bila
popravljana (restaurirana)? Kako?
Zašto je bila vrijedna osobi koja ju je izradila?
Tko se mogao njome koristiti?
Zašto je bila vrijedna ljudima koji su se njome koristili?
Zašto je vrijedna muzeju?
Je li vrijedna tebi? Zašto?

What is it? What is its colour?

What is it made of ?
Is it decorated?
Do you like the way it looks? Why?
How was it used?
Is it complete?
Has it been repaired? How?
Why was it valuable to a person who made it? Who could use it?
Why was it valuable to people who used it?
Why is it valuable to a museum?
Is it valuable to you? Why?

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 POKUŠAJ

Tvoje samostalne aktivnosti

1. Ja sam kustos i pripremam vlastitu izložbu

Razgovaraj s roditeljima i učiteljem o svojoj želji da postaneš

muzejski kustos. Objasni im da bi želio imati priliku u kojoj bi mogao
pokazati svoje vještine, znanja i interese te da bi želio pripremiti
izložbu o povijesti škole ili nekog drugog zanimljivog mjesta. Mogle bi
ti biti potrebne stare fotografije mjesta koje želiš prikazati ili stare
fotografije zgrada. Ako te, primjerice, zanima tvoja škola, mogli bi te
zanimati podatci o ravnateljima, učiteljima i đacima tijekom njezine
prošlosti, kao i isječci iz novina ili primjerci školskih ili športskih
odora. Pokušaj razgovarati sa što više ljudi i što više doznati. Ako je
tvoja škola nova i nema dugu i zanimljivu povijest, pokušaj istražiti
povijest svoje župne crkve ili nekog drugog zanimljivog mjesta.
Kada sve to istražiš i pripremiš, pokušaj ishoditi dozvolu za
izlaganje u nekom javnom ili privatnom prostoru.
Pokušaj organizirati izložbu na što zanimljiviji način te ju
učiniti što ljepšom. Samo će zanimljiva i lijepa izložba zainteresirati
posjetitelje. Svakom izlošku dodaj opis kako bi posjetitelji saznali i
razumjeli sve što je važno i zanimljivo saznati o izloženom predmetu.
Ponekad je teško naći izvorne (stvarne) izloške. Ako je i u tvojem
slučaju tako, možeš napisati slijed događaja počevši od sadašnjeg
trenutka prema prošlosti. Svoje prikaze vremenskog slijeda događaja
možeš prikazati na posterima ili možeš pripremiti malu knjižicu o
njima.

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 TRY IT OUT

Your own activities

1. I am a Curator and I am Planning My Own Exhibition

Talk to your parents or teacher about your interest in

becoming a museum curator. Explain that you would like to test
your skills and ask for help in putting together an exhibition about
the history of your school or other interesting place. Some of
the things you might look for about the history of your school are
old photographs of the building and its principals, teachers, and
students; newspaper clippings about major events such as sports
championships; old yearbooks; and maybe even an old sports or
band uniform. Talk to as many people as you can about the early
days. If your school is rather new for this task, try at your parish
church or any other interesting place.
Once you have gathered all your materials and received
permission to display them, practice arranging them in different
ways to get an interesting, visually attractive exhibition that will
be meaningful for viewers. It would be good to write a description
of each item and attach it so that viewers can fully understand its
significance.
If you find it difficult to find actual artifacts to display, you
might want to write a chronology of events starting from the
present time to the past. You can list these events on posters or
in a special booklet.

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 144

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 145

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 2. Ja sam muzejski savjetnik

Posjeti Muzej antičkog stakla. Ponesi

bilježnicu i olovku i isplaniraj malo dulji boravak
u muzeju.
Prikupi pisane materijale o muzejskim
izlošcima. Pozorno ih prouči kako bi saznao
o čemu nam pripovijedaju muzejski izlošci.
Polagano i pomno razgledaj sve muzejske
izložbene prostorije.
Kada dovršiš razgledavanje muzeja,
napiši svoje dojmove.
Je li ti bilo zanimljivo? Je li sve što si
vidio imalo smisla?
Jesi li mogao bez poteškoća povezati
ono što si vidio u različitim izložbenim
prostorima?
Ponovo prošeći izložbenim prosto-
rima. Ovoga puta zapiši u bilježnicu sve
izloške koje vidiš. Služeći se svojim po-
pisom izložaka, zapiši:
- Uklapa li se izložak u cjelokupni muzejski postav?
- Je li taj izložak izložen na tebi zanimljiv i privlačan način?
- Je li opisan na zanimljiv i jednostavan način?

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 2. I am a Museum Advisor

Visit the Museum of Ancient Glass. Take a

notebook and pencil with you, and plan on staying
for a while.
Gather the available written materials about
the museum exhibits. Read them carefully to get
a better insight of what the exhibits are about.
Then take a slow and observant tour throughout
the exhibition rooms.
When you are finished, write down your
overall impressions of the museum display.
Was it interesting? Did it make sense?
Were you able to connect easily everithing
you came up with?
Now, take another walk through the
exhibition rooms. This time, list each
displayed item in your notebook. Make a
checklist and note the following:
- Does this object corresopond well to
the overall theme of the museum display?
- Is the object displayed in an interesting and attractive way?
- Is the object described in an interesting and easy-to-understand
way?

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 148

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 149

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 150

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 151

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 Nakladnik / Publisher

Za nakladnika / For the publisher

Ivo Fadić - ravnatelj Muzeja antičkog stakla u Zadru

Glavni Urednik / Editor

Ivo Fadić

Tehnički urednik / Technical Editor

Anamarija Eterović Borzić

Grafičko uređenje / Design

Marija Marfat

Fotografije / Photos
Anamarija Eterović Borzić, Ivo Fadić, Marin Gospić, Irena Jukić, Šime Perović

Ilustracije / Illustrations
Robert Maršić

Prijevod na engleski jezik / English translation

Anamarija Eterović Borzić, Tamara Kisovar-Ivanda

Lektura / Proofreader
Marina Marijačić

Lektura engleskog jezika / English language Proofreader

Marija Korona

Korektura / Correction
Anamarija Eterović Borzić, Ivo Fadić, Fabija Franulović

Računalna obrada i prijelom / Typesetting and layout

Marija Marfat

Tisak / Printed by
Printera d.o.o. Sv. Nedjelja

Naklada / Issued
500 primjeraka

ISBN 978-953-7866-26-6

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 Tamara Kisovar-Ivanda
Anamarija Eterović Borzić

MUZEJ
MUSEUM OF
ANTIČKOG ANCIENT
STAKLA GLASS
FOR
ZA DJECU CHILDREN

ISBN 978-953-7866-26-6

Zadar 2013.

naslovna.indd 1 11.2.2014. 19:54:06