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Gathering and Transportation in Petroleum Engineering

Lecturer: Pham Son Tung, Ph.D
1
Pham Son Tung, Ph.D, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 9/23/20
Gathering and Transportation in Petroleum
Engineering
Teacher’s Contact, Course Requirements,
Learning Objectives & Outlines
2
Teacher’s contact
Name: Pham Son Tung
Lecturer at Hochiminh city University of Technology, Faculty of Geology &
Petroleum Engineering, Department of Drilling & Production.
Office: 102B8
Email: phamsontung@hcmut.edu.vn
3
Course Requirements
Regular attendance in class (less than 3 absences)
Taking notes (Important: knowledge given orally during lecture will be officially
accounted in the course, moreover, sometimes erroneous slides are corrected
during lecture)
Exercises in class
Homework and assignments
Personal computer with Excel

Calculator
Papers and pens/bics
4
Learning Objectives
At the end of this lecture, you should be able to understand the fundamentals of gathering & transportation in petroleum
engineering and do some basic analyses/calculations as follows:
System of transport and gathering: offshore platforms, offshore storage system (FPSO, FSO, fixed structure
offshore storage), subsea system (wellhead, pipeline, manifold, jumpers, connections, umbilical, risers,
PLET/PLEM), valves, chokes
Pressure drop calculation: single phase and multi phase
Heat transfer calculation: fluid’s temperature along pipeline (steady-state, transient flow, single & multiphase),
through pipeline’s wall
Pipeline design: diameter, thickness, heat transfer coefficient, thermal insulation calculations
Erosion: multiphase erosion velocity calculation, sand erosion (sand control)
Corrosion: causes and protection
Hydrate: formation, prevention, prediction (calculations of temperature & pressure of hydrate formation), remedies
Wax paraffin: formation, prevention, prediction (determination of WAT, calculations of wax deposit thickness),
remedies (pigging strategy, calculation of pigging period)
Slug flow: formation, prevention, prediction, remedies (calculations of surge volume and slug frequency)
Production allocation: introduction, basic calculations (back allocation, by difference, uncertainty based
allocation)
Emulsion problems
And some basic oil field processing: separator, dehydration, desalting of crude oil, stabilization and sweetening of crude oil, gas sweetening, water
5 treatment. This part belongs to “Processing of oil & gas Course”, so students are required to know just basic notions.
References
Oil and gas pipelines and piping systems: design, construction, management and
inspection, Alireza Bahadori, Elsevier, 2017.
Flow assurance solids in oil and gas production, Jon Steinar Gudmundsson, Taylor
& Francis, 2018.
Oilfield processing, Vol. 1, Natural gas, Francis S. Manning, Pennwell Publication
Oilfield processing, Vol. 2, Crude oil, Francis S. Manning, Pennwell Publication
Petroleum Engineering Handbook, Volume IV, SPE, Editors: Clegg, Lake
Petroleum Engineering Handbook, Bradley
6
Course Outlines
Chapter 1. Gathering and transportation System
Chapter 2. Flow assurance: fundamentals
Chapter 3. Flow assurance: special issues
Chapter 4. Some more gathering and transportation facilities
Chapter 5. Production allocation
7 Pham Son Tung, Ph.D, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam
9/23/20
Gathering and Transportation in Petroleum
Engineering
Chapter 1: Gathering & Transportation System
• Overview
• Offshore platforms
• Subsea system
• Pipeline
• Storage
8
Oil Fields and Their Lifecycle
qA lifecycle of an oil field consists of the following stages:
Exploration
Appraisal
Development
Production
Abandonment
9
Revenue Throughout Life Cycle
10
Petroleum from beginning to end
11
Processing facilities
q Oil Processing
Simplified Processing Oil Facilities Scheme
12
q Gas Processing
Simplified Processing Gas Facilities Scheme.We note

that the process may be repeated to improve the purity of the gas.
Some processing procedures are hidden (e.g. removal of
contaminants such as H2S, CO2 (sweetening) and N2)
13
Overview of operations associated with gathering, transport & processing of oil & gas
14
q Heat exchanger
q Recycle and/or disposal of water and gas

q Separator:
q Gravity separators
q Centrifugal separators
15
Offshore platforms
q Type of fluid
q Production rate
q Location
q Shallow water & Deepwater. Deepwater is a term often used to refer to
offshore projects located in water depths greater than around 1,300).
Generation Water Depth Dates
First about 600 ft 200 m Early 1960s
Second about 1000 ft 300 m 1969–1974
Third about 1500 ft 500 m Early 1980s
Fourth about 3000 ft 1000 m 1990s
Fifth about 7500 ft 2500 m 1998–2004
Sixth about 10000 ft 3000 m 2005–2010
Offshore drilling rigs have been loosely classified in nominal "generations" depending upon the
year built and water depth capability
16
Jacket of a
fixed platform
Types of
offshore
platforms
17
Compliant
towers
Moving a compliant tower to a field

18
Deepsea Delta semi-
submersible drilling
rig in the North Sea
19
A jackup platform in place
A jackup platform is being towed
20
Enterprise drillship
21
TLP TLP connected to FPSO
22
Gravity-based structures
23
Spar
24
Subsea Production System
q Subsea production systems are wells located on the sea floor, as opposed to at the surface. Typically in use at deep water,
and do not have the ability to drill, only to extract and transport
q Subsystems: the subsea system is divided into typical subsystems.
q The main subsystems are:

Subsea wellhead and X-mas tree equipment: wellhead, tubing hanger, X-mas tree with choke, PGB (Permanent
Guide Base), completion workover riser, workover control system.
Production Control System: would typically include subsea control module electronics and hydraulics, subsea
electrical/hydraulic and chemical injection distribution system, tree instrumentation, misc. tools, and master control-,
power/comms- and hydraulic power units on surface.
Umbilical: electrical, hydraulic and chemical lines including terminations.
Intervention system: would typically include tools for pull in and connection of sealines/umbilicals, tools for running of
choke, control pod, pig launcher etc., surface control container, umbilical winch, lift wire winch, heave comp. eq. etc.
Subsea structures and piping systems: template and satellite structures, manifold and riser base structures,
protection structures, piping modules.
Subsea flowlines: any risers, hard pipes, flexible lines, rigid risers, dynamic risers
25
Wellhead
q Wellhead systems differ by well location:
Land
Surface locations offshore
Subsea
26
Onshore Wellhead
27
Subsea Wellhead
q Today, wellhead systems are designed to standard pressure classes which for offshore / subsea applications are 10,000 and
15,000 PSI. New developments are ongoing to expand the wellhead capacities to 20,000 PSI pressures and temperature up
to 400oF (~200oC).
SubseaWellhead
28
Surface Wellhead
q The wellhead is located on the offshore production platfom.
Example of SurfaceWellhead
29
Jumpers
q In subsea oil/gas production systems, a subsea jumper, as shown below, is a short pipe connector that is used to
transport production fluid between two subsea components, for example, a tree and a manifold, a manifold and
another manifold. It may also connect other subsea structures such as PLEM/PLETs and riser bases. In addition to being
used to transport production fluid, a jumper can also be used to inject water into a well.
30
Control systems
q Subsea Production Control Systems: would typically include subsea control module electronics and hydraulics, subsea
electrical/hydraulic and chemical injection distribution system, tree instrumentation, and hydraulic power units on
surface
• Hydraulic control: safe, durability, but response time is slow depending on the fluid movement. The response time is critical especially
in urgent case.
• Electrical control: fast, but not good durability
• Hydraulic & electrical mixed: take the advantages of the two
• Sonic control: newly developed. Example: to activate the Side Sliding Door
Subsea control layout Subsea control schematic

31
Subsea manifolds
q Definition: Production wells are typically connected into a manifold that commingles the wellstream from multiple wells
into a single flowline.
Subsea manifold within a

Subsea Manifold
protection structure
32
Umbilical
q An umbilical, is a bundled arrangement of tubing, piping, and/or electrical conductors in an armored sheath that is installed
from the host facility to the subsea production system equipment.
q Umbilical dimensions typically range up to 10 in. (25.4 cm) in diameter.
q The umbilical will include multiple tubing normally ranging in size up to 2 in. (5.08 cm).
Umbilical
33
Subsea tie-back development
q The host of subsea tie-backs can be categorized as follows:
• Tie-back to floating production unit;
• Tie-back to platform;
• Tie-back to onshore facility.
Subsea Tie-Back to FPSO Subsea Tie-Back to TLP Subsea Tie-Back to Onshore Facility
34
Stand-alone development
q Stand alone field development needs to construct a new
host platform. Installation of new infrastructure in deep
water is exceedingly expensive.
q Using the existing infrastructure is the first consideration
for starting a new development. This includes existing
production platforms, pipelines and wells.
q Following issues are the main considerations for a stand-
alone field development:
• Well groupings. Clustering wells or installing well
templates;
• Optimizing flowline configuration;
• Pigging requirements;
• Possible needs for subsea production boosting or Typical stand–alone field development
pumping as part of the initial development or future
needs.
35
Floating production systems
q FPSO: floating production, storage, and offloading system
FPSO
FPSO diagram
36
Some examples of offshore offloading systems
q Articulated Loading Platform
Diagram of an ALP Articulated

Loading Column
37
Some examples of offshore offloading systems
q Single Buoy Mooring – SBM, or Single Point Mooring (SPM):
38
Single-point mooring facility
Central Processing Platform
39
Gathering, Tranportation and Processing
in Petroleum Engineering
Chapter 2: Flow assurance: fundamentals
• Introduction
• Hydraulic analysis: Pressure drop calculation
• Thermal analysis: Heat transfer calculation
• Pipeline design: inner diameter, thermal insulation,
wall thickness, erosional velocity
40
Why Flow assurance?
q Challenges in pipeline projects:
• Historical
• Political
• Financial
• Technical
q Flow assurance: ensuring successful
and economical flow of hydrocarbon
stream in pipeline
• Wax
• Hydrate
• Slug
• Scale
• Leak detection
q Computation Various parameters affecting pipe flow computation complexity
• Pressure drop
• Heat transfer
41
Why Flow assurance?
42
Three Parts of Pressure Gradient
dP 4 dV
= - r g sin(q ) - t w - r V
dz d dz
Gravitational Part: Due to Frictional Part: Due to Accelerational Part: Due to

elevation differences – friction between fluid acceleration of fluids –
main part in tubing strings and pipe wall – main Important only for high
part in flowlines speed gas flow
43
Turbulent Flow
Transition from laminar to
turbulent happens at about
Re=2100
Turbulent pipe flow

Flow structures irregular
No analytical expression for
velocity profile
44
Pham Son Tung, Ph.D, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam Turbulent flow 9/23/20
Flow regime is determined by Reynolds Number
rV d
Re =
µ
q Reynolds number with variables in field units
lb/ft3 ft/s
in
r Vd
Re = 124
µ
cp
q Reynolds number expressed in terms of volumetric

flowrate (and in field units) of liquid
lb/ft3 bbl/d bbl/d
rq gq
Re = 1.4775 in Re = 92.2 in
µd µd
cp cp
45
q The pressure gradient in the pipe is given by:
dP f Moody r V 2
= - r g sin(q ) -
dz d 2
dP r q2
or by: = - r g sin(q ) - 8 f Moody 2 5
dz p d
q To account for the proper units we have:
psi/ft bbl/d
dP g q 2
= -0.433 g sin(q ) - 1.1471 ´ 10 - 5 f Moody 5
dz d
in
q The moody friction factor can be estimated using 16
correlations such as: é ù
1 ê ú
é 8 12 ù 1
A = ê 2.457 ln ú
12
æ ö 1 ê æ e öú
f Moody = 8 êç ú
0.9
÷ + 3 ê
æ 7 ö
ç ÷ + 0.27 ç ÷ú
êè Re ø ú
(A + B) 2 û ë è Re ø è d øû
ë
16
æ 37530 ö
46 B=ç ÷
Pham Son Tung, Ph.D, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam è Re ø 9/23/20
Relative
Laminar Critical Zone Transition Complete Turbulent Roughness
0.10 e
0.09 e 3500
= d
0.08 d Re
0.07 0.05
0.06
Moody Friction Factor
0.05 0.02
0.015
0.04 0.010
0.006
0.03 64
f Moody =
Re
0.002
0.02 0.001
0.0006
0.0002
Smooth Pipe
0.0001
0.00005
0.01
102 103 104 105 106 107 108

47 Reynolds Number
Moody Friction Factor...
The pipe wall roughness depends on the material and the quality of the
finishing of the internal surface as well as past operating conditions.
This is just a reference
Material e ( ft )
Riveted Steel 0.003 - 0.03
Concrete 0.001 – 0.01
Cast Iron 0.00085
Galvanized Iron 0.0005
Asphalted Cast Iron 0.0004
Commercial Steel 0.00015
Drawn Tubing 0.000005
48
Single Phase Flow in Pipes...
Pwfo (q ) = Ps + DPTubing (q ) + DPFlowline (q )
(
Pwfo (q ) = Ps + 0.433 g DZTubing + DZ Flowline )
æ f Tubing
2 ç Moody
L f Flowline
Moody LFlowline
ö
+ 1.1471 ´ 10 g q
-5 Tubing
+ ÷
ç d 5
d 5 ÷
è Tubing Flowline ø
q The natural equilibrium flowrate can be obtained by solving:
q
(
Pr - = Ps + 0.433 g DZ Tubing + DZ Flowline
J
)
æ f Tubing
2 ç Moody
L f Flowline
Moody LFlowline
ö
+ 1.1471 ´ 10 g q
-5 Tubing
+ ÷
ç d 5
d 5 ÷
49
Single Phase Flow in Pipes – Exercise 1
q Example: Calculate the equilibrium flowrate for the following water
well:
Ø Pr - 5000 psig
Ø J - 2 bpd/psi
Ø Psep - 100 psig
Ø e - 0.000015 ft
Ø µ - 1 cp
Ø g -1
Ø Tubing - 2” - 5000 ft - Vertical
Ø Flowline - 2” - 10000 ft - Horizontal
50
Flowline Tubing
Iteration qi Flowline
qi+1
Tubing
Re f Moody Re f Moody
1 5000
6
51
Single Phase Flow in Pipes...
q The other solution is the graphical method:
5000
OPR
4500
Bottom Hole Flowing Pressure (psi)
4000 (
Pwfo ( q ) = Ps + 0.433g DZTubing + DZ Flowline )
3500
æ
2ç
f Tubing
L f Flowline
LFlowline ö
3000 + 1.1471 10 g q
-5 Moody Tubing
+
Moody
÷
ç d 5
d 5 ÷
2500
IPR
2000
1500 q
Pwfi ( q ) = Pr -
1000 J
500
0
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000
52 Flowrate (bpd)
q We use the same data as in Exercise 7.1, but

now let’s examine the equilibrium flowrates
for different flowline and tubing diameters:
Ø Flowlines of 1 ½”, 2”, 2 ½”, 3”
Ø Tubings of 2 3/8”, 2 7/8”, 3 ½”
53
q The natural equilibrium flowrates for different
tubing and flowline sizes are:
Natural Equilibrium Flowrate (bpd)

Flowline
Tubing
1 1/2” 2” 2 ½” 3”
2 3/8”
2 7/8”
3 ½”
54
Two Phase Flow...
In order to illustrate some important phenomena that

occurs in two phase flow, lets focus on the following
problem of two phase flow in pipes:
Known imput volumetric flowrates of liquid and gas
No phase change
Steady state
Incompressible phases.
Let’s now examine this problem
55
Two Phase Flow... Ap
qg
ql
qg ql
The input volumetric fraction of each phase is defined by: lg = ll =
q g + ql q g + ql
q The total mixture volumetric flowrate is given by: qm = q g + ql
The superficial velocity of each phase is define as the velocity each phase qg ql
would have if flowing alone in the pipe: Vsg = Vsl =
Ap Ap
q g + ql
q The total mixture velocity is: V = V + V =
m sg sl
Ap
Since this is a steady state problem, we expect the flowrates at the exit
to be the same as the flowrates at the entrance of the pipe.
56
Two Phase Flow Variables...
The fraction of the pipe area occupied by gas is ag. The area occupied
by liquid is al.
qg qg
ql ql
qg Al Ag qg
lg = al = ag = lg =
q g + ql Ap Ap q g + ql
ql ql
ll = ll =
q g + ql a g + al = 1 q g + ql
q The actual velocities of the phases in the pipe are then:

qg Vsg ql V
Vg = = Vl = = sl
Ap a g ag Ap a l a l
57
Remember that the inlet phase volumetric fraction is just a ratio of the phase
flowrate to the mixture flowrate
The actual volumetric fraction is the fraction of the pipe occupied by the phase.
Those values are not necessarily the same
The inlet volumetric fraction is defined by the liquid and gas flowrates or liquid
and gas superficial velocities.
The actual volumetric fraction is the result of the spatial distribution of the phases
and will also influence the phases actual velocities.
qg ql
Inlet volumetric fraction lg = ll =
q g + ql q g + ql
Ag Al
Actual volumetric fraction a g = al =
Ap Ap
58
We can see that under those conditions, both phases have the same velocity, the
mixture velocity
We say that the phases have no “slip” (no slippage between phases)
For that reason the value of the inlet phase fraction is also called “no-slip” phase
fraction. And this is the nomenclature we will adopt from this point on.
V g = Vl = Vm
lg = a g
No-slip phase fraction Phase fraction
ll = a l
59
Two Phase Flow Patterns...
Vertical Upward Flow

Bubbly
Dispersed Bubble
Intermittent (Slug & Churn)
Annular
60
Two Phase Flow Patterns...
Horizontal Flow
Stratified
Stratified Smooth (SS)
Stratified Wavy (SW)
Intermittent
Elongated Bubble (EB)
Slug (SL)
Annular
Annular Mist (AM)
Annular Wavy (AW)
Dispersed Bubble (DB)
61
Flow Pattern Map
Mandhane et al. (1974) horizontal flow pattern map based on experiments
62
Flow Pattern Map...
10
D-B
Slug
1
E-B
vSL(m/s)
0.1
Annular
0.01 S-S S-W
0.001
0.01 0.1 1 10 100
vSG(m/s)
Horizontal flow pattern map based on Barnea (1987) unified model
63
Empirical Correlations
Three Categories:
A – No slip, no flow pattern consideration
Homogeneous mixture
Mixture friction factor correlations
B – Slip considered, no flow pattern considered
Correlations for both liquid holdup and friction factor
C – Slip considered, flow pattern considered
Correlation for flow pattern
Correlations for liquid holdup and friction factor for each flow pattern
64
Flow in Wells
Well Flow Correlations Category

Poetmann and Carpenter A
Baxendell and Thomas A
Fancher and Brown A
Hagedorn and Brown B
Gray B
Asheim B
Duns and Ros C
Orkiszewski C
Aziz et al. C
Chierici et al. C
Beggs and Brill C
65 Mukherjee and Brill C
Poettman & Carpenter
66
Poettman &
Carpenter
Poettman & Carpenter – Exercise

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Thu gom và vận chuyển dầu khí

Gathering and Transportation in Petroleum Engineering

 Personal computer with Excel

Simplified Processing Oil Facilities Scheme

Simplified Processing Gas Facilities Scheme.We note

q Recycle and/or disposal of water and gas

Moving a compliant tower to a field

A jackup platform is being towed

q The main subsystems are:

Subsea control layout Subsea control schematic

Subsea manifold within a

Diagram of an ALP Articulated

Gravitational Part: Due to Frictional Part: Due to Accelerational Part: Due to

 Turbulent pipe flow

q Reynolds number expressed in terms of volumetric

102 103 104 105 106 107 108

q We use the same data as in Exercise 7.1, but

Ø Flowlines of 1 ½”, 2”, 2 ½”, 3”

Ø Tubings of 2 3/8”, 2 7/8”, 3 ½”

Natural Equilibrium Flowrate (bpd)

 In order to illustrate some important phenomena that

q The total mixture volumetric flowrate is given by: qm = q g + ql

q The actual velocities of the phases in the pipe are then:

No-slip phase fraction Phase fraction

 Vertical Upward Flow

Mandhane et al. (1974) horizontal flow pattern map based on experiments

0.01 S-S S-W

Horizontal flow pattern map based on Barnea (1987) unified model

Well Flow Correlations Category

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Personal computer with Excel

Turbulent pipe flow

In order to illustrate some important phenomena that

Vertical Upward Flow