NATURE OF CLINICAL LABORATORY
overall evaluation of renal
THE CLINICAL LABORATORY SETTING
RECEPTION
HEMATOLOGY
▪ is the scientific study of
blood and its components.
Changes in any of its
components may be
associated with disease,
thus careful evaluation
should be done.
▪ Hematology section of a
clinical laboratory works
routinely with whole blood
and blood films to initially
evaluate and follow-up a
patient.
▪ PROCEDURES
➢ CBC
➢ Differential count-
Hgb, Hct, 5 Diff
Count
➢ RBC Indices – MCH,
MCHC, MCV
➢ RBC Count
➢ WBC Count
➢ Platelets
➢ PT/APTT
➢ Reticulocyte count
➢ ESR
➢ PBS
CLINICAL MICROSCOPY
▪ Urinalysis
- Underused tool for the system, including its structure
and function.
function ▪ It is a branch of biomedical
- A waste product of science that deals with the
metabolism formed by response of an organism to
the kidney’s basic antigenic challenge and its
functional units called recognition of what is self
nephron. and non-self.
▪ Steps in routine urinalysis: ▪ BACTERIAL
➢ Physical Examination AGGLUTINATION TEST:
➢ Odor ➢ Widal
➢ Turbidity ➢ Weil felix test
➢ Volume ➢ ASO- antisreptolysin
▪ Chemical Examination: O
➢ pH ➢ RPR Rapid Plasma
➢ SG regain
➢ Blood ➢ TPHA- T.pallidum
➢ Protein hemeagglutination
➢ Glucose assay test
➢ Ketone ➢ CRP-C reactive
➢ WBC protein
▪ Microscopic: ➢ IM test Infectious
➢ RBC mononucleosis
➢ Pus cell/ WBC monospot test
➢ Mucus Threads ➢ Pregnancy test
➢ Bacteria ➢ HIV Rapid test
➢ Amorphous urates/ ➢ Dengue duo test
phosphates ▪ Test for Heterophile Antibodies:
➢ Other crystals ➢ Paul Bunnell test
➢ Yeast ➢ Davidson Differential test
BACTERIOLOGY ➢ SLE- Systemic lupus
IMMUNOLOGY AND SEROLOGY erythematosus
SEROLOGY-IMMUNOLOGY ➢ RF- Rheumatoid factor
▪ Is defined as the study of all ➢ HLA typing- human leukocyte
the aspects if the immune antigen typing
 CLINICAL CHEMISTRY
▪ is the branch of medical science
involved in the analysis of biological
materials, usually body fluids to
provide diagnostic result in the state
of human body.
▪ ROUTINE:
➢ Blood Glucose
➢ Blood Lipid Profile
➢ Kidney function test (Crea,
BUN, GFR)
➢ Liver Function test (Bilirubin,
Liver enzymes- AST,
ALT;Total Protein test)
➢ Cardiac function test
(Troponin Test, Myoglobin,
Cardiac enzymes- CK-MB,
AST, LDH)
▪ SPECIAL CHEMISTRY:
✓ Tumor Markers:
➢ AFP
➢ CEA
➢ PSA
➢ hCG
➢ NSE Neuron specific
enolase
➢ CA-125 ovaria
➢ CA-19-9 pancreatic
➢ CA-15-3 Breast
➢ Calcitonin medullary
thyroid carcinoma
➢ Desmin smooth
muscle sarcoma
HISTOPATHOLOGY
▪ Anatomic pathology is the section in
the laboratory primarily focused on
the disease diagnosis based on the
gross, microscopic,
immunohistochemical, and
molecular examinations of body
fluids and solid tissue specimen.
▪ ROUTINE AND SPECIAL TESTS IN
ANATOMIC PATHOLOGY:
1. Routine histopathologic
techniques
2. FNAB- Fine Needle aspirate
3. Papanicolau smear
4. Cytopathological techniques
5. Frozen section
6. Breast panel
7. Special staining
(histochemistry)
8. Immunohistochemical
staining
9. Post-Mortem exam
BLOOD BANK/
IMMUNOHEMATOLOGY/
TRANSFUSION MEDICINE
▪ IMMUNOHEMATOLOGY is a branch
of immunology which deals with the
use of immunologic principles to
study and identify different blood
groups.
▪ BLOOD BANK- is a separate area in
a clinical laboratory hospital where
blood is collected from donors. The
blood bank staff also performs the
ABO and Rh typing and separates
the components to be stored for
future use for transfusion.
➢ Slide/ Tube Method- Blood typing
➢ Crossmatching
➢ Processing of blood products
➢ Donor screening and donor donation
NATIONAL REFERENCE
LABORATORIES IN THE PHILIPPINES
• Regulation of Clinical Laboratories in
the Philippines is mandated by RA
4688 known as the Clinical
Laboratory Law of 1966. With
continuing advancement in clinical
laboratory technologies necessary in
improving health care treatment and
safeguarding patients' health and
safety, the Department of Health
(DOH) has updated the standards
for clinical laboratories to ensure the
attainment of quality in laboratory
services.
CLINICAL CHEMISTRY
• LUNG CENTER OF THE
PHILIPPINES
ENVIRONMENTAL, OCCUPATIONAL
HEALTH, TOXICOLOGY,
MICRONUTRIENTS ASSAY, DRUG
TESTING - EAMC
• The goal of the NRL at East Avenue
Medical Center is to provide
leadership and technical expertise at
the national level for Laboratory
services in the Environmental,
Occupational Health, Toxicology,
 Micronutrients Assay and Associated
social problems related to drug
abuse and malnutrition.
• Laboratory Services
➢ Drug Testing
➢ Screening
➢ Confirmatory
➢ Water Testing
(Bacteriological, Physical and
Chemical Analysis)
➢ Routine Analysis (For
Drinking Water)
➢ Refilling Station
➢ Dialysis Water
➢ Analytical Toxicology
➢ Methemoglobin/Sulfhemoglo
bin
➢ Mercury in Blood
➢ Lead in Blood
➢ Cadmium in Blood
• Health Care Waste (HCW)
➢ HCW Treatment Device
Evaluation
➢ Programs/Services
➢ Nationwide Random Drug
Testing for
students(CHED.DepEd)
➢ Random Drug Testing in
workplace (DOH, Congress,
PMS,DDB)
➢ Drug Testing for Drug
Dependency Examination
➢ Drug Testing in ASEAN meet
and local sports competition
(PBA,
➢ NCAA, other regional meet)
➢ Drug Testing in Sports
➢ Performance Evaluation:
➢ Water Testing Device /
System
➢ Water Test Kits
➢ Healthcare Waste Treatment
Device
➢ Drug Test Kits
• Training Services:
➢ Training on the Manual of
Operation for Screening Drug
Testing
➢ Laboratory Analysts
➢ Basic Course on Laboratory
Quality Management
Screening Drug
➢ Testing Operations for Heads
of Laboratories of Screening
Drug
➢ Testing Laboratories.
➢ Training on Confirmatory
Analysis of Drug of Abuse
Testing
➢ Training Course on Water
Microbiological Analysis for
Water
➢ Testing Laboratories
Analysts.
➢ Training on Physical and
Chemical Analysis of Water
NKTI
The NKTI Medical Laboratory is
designated as the NRL for :
• Hematology,
• Immunohematology,
• Immunopathology,
• Automated Urinalysis, and
• Anatomic Pathology for Renal
Diseases and other unassigned
organ system diseases.
- The NRL provides referral and
reference laboratory services with
the use of state of the art equipment,
manned by expert personnel.
- These modern facilities shall take
the lead during disease outbreaks or
epidemiological investigations. In
pursuit of providing quality services
nationwide, the NRL shall provide
training needs of laboratories for
basic and new methods of
proficiency.
MICROBIOLOGY- RITM
• National Reference Laboratories
(NRL) as per Department Order No.
393 namely:
-Bacterial Enteric Diseases,
Emerging and Reemerging Bacterial
Diseases, and Mycology. The
function of these laboratories is to
provide referral services such as
confirmatory testing, surveillance,
training and research, and
evaluation of test kits and reagents.
VIROLOGY- RITM
• VIROLOGY DEPARTMENT
• The Department of Virology of the
Research Institute of Tropical
Medicine (RITM) serves as the
 National Reference Laboratory for
Poliomyelitis and other
Enteroviruses, Measles and other
Exanthems, Dengue, Japanese
Encephalitis and other Arboviruses,
and Influenza and other Respiratory
Viruses, as mandated by the
Department of Health.
• It is in charge of laboratory
surveillance and routine diagnostics
of viral diseases of significant public
health importance.
TRANSFUSION TRANSMISSIBLE
INFECTIONS- RITM
• Transfusion Transmissible
Infections-NRL (TTI-NRL)
ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE
SURVEILLANCE REFERENCE
LABORATORY
• The Antimicrobial Resistance
Surveillance Reference Laboratory
(ARSRL) is the coordinating
laboratory for DOH Antimicrobial
Resistance Surveillance Program
(ARSP).
• ARSP is a laboratory-based
surveillance program established in
1988 currently with 24 sentinel
hospitals nationwide with the
objective of providing critical inputs
to DOH’s effort to promote rational
antibiotic use by determining the
current status, and developing
trends of antimicrobial resistance of
selected bacteria to specific
antimicrobials.
NATIONAL TB- RITM
• NATIONAL TB REFERENCE
LABORATORY (NTRL)
• NTRL is one of the reference
laboratories of the RITM and at the
same time, serves as the laboratory
arm of the National TB Program
(NTP).
• Basically, the principal role of NTRL
is embodied into administrative
orders (AO) issued by DOH. Both of
these AOs provide among others
that NTRL shall lead in the
implementation of the quality
assurance system on direct sputum
smear microscopy (DSSM) and the
Programmatic Management of Drug
Resistant TB (PMDT), and overall
management of the TB Laboratory
Network in the country.
HIV
• SACCL- STD AIDS Central
Cooperative Laboratory
• San Lazaro Hospital
CPD LAW
R.A. 10912: CONTINUING
PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT ACT
OF 2016
• LAPSED INTO LAW ON JULY 21,
2016
• PROPONENT: SEN. ANTONIO
TRILLANES, IV
• GOAL: PROMOTE AND UPGRADE
THE PRACTICE OF THE
PROFESSIONS IN THE COUNTRY
TO CONTINUOUSLY IMPROVE
THE COMPETENCE OF THE
PROFESSIONALS IN
ACCORDANCE WITH THE
INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS OF
PRACTICE
• CONTINUING PROFESSIONAL
DEVELOPMENT: REFERS TO THE
INCULCATION OF ADVANCE
KNOWLEDGE, SKILLS AND
ETHICAL VALUES, POST-
LICENSURE SPECIALIZATION, OR
IN AN INTER-OR MULTI-
DISCIPLINARY FIELD OF DUTY,
FOR ASSIMILATION INTO
PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE,
SELF-DIRECTED RESEARCH
AND/OR LIFELONG LEARNING.
HISTORY
✓ 1992: FIRST IMPLEMENTATION
OF CPE FOR ALL
PROFESSIONALS
✓ 1995: PRC RESOLUTION NO.331:
STANDARDIZED GUIDELINES
AND PROCEDURES FOR THE
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE CPE
PROGRAMS FOR ALL
PROFESSIONS
✓ 2004: PRC RESOLUTION NO.179:
STANDARDIZED GUIDELINES
 AND PROCEDURES FOR THE
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE
CPE/CPD SYSTEM FOR ALL
PROFESSIONS
✓ 2008: PRC RESOLUTION NO.466:
REPEALING RESOLUTION 2004-
179 S. 2004, AND THE
IMPLEMENTATION OF REVISED
STANDARDIZED GUIDELINES
AND PROCEDURES FOR THE
IMPLEMENTATION FOR THE
CPE/CPD SYSTEM FOR ALL
REGISTERED AND LICENSED
PROFESSIONALS
✓ 2013: PRC RESOLUTION NO.774:
REVISED GUIDELINES ON THE
CONTINUING PROFESSIONAL
DEVELOPMENT (CPD) PROGRAM
FOR ALL REGISTERED AND
LICENSED PROFESSIONALS
(EFFECTIVITY: AUGUST 10, 2013)
SECTIONS
SECTION 5: NATURE OF CPD
PROGRAMS
THE CPD PROGRAMS CONSISTS OF
ACTIVITIES THAT RANGE FROM
STRUCTURED TO NON-STRUCTURED
ACTIVITIES, WHICH HAVE LEARNING
PROCESSES AND OUTCOMES. THESE
INCLUDE, BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE
FOLOWWING:
✓ FORMAL LEARNING
✓ NON-FORMAL LEARNING
✓ INFORMAL LEARNING
✓ SELF-DIRECTED LEARNING ✓ SELF-DIRECTED
✓ ONLINE LEARNING ACTIVITIES ✓ OTHERS AS MAY BE
✓ PROFESSIONAL WORK DETERMINED BY THE CPD
EXPERIENCE COUNCIL
PROFESSIONAL TRACK:
SECTION 7: CPD COUNCIL ACTIVITIES OFFERED BY AN
EVERY CPD COUNCIL SHALL BE ACCREDITED CPD PROVIDER
COMPOSED OF (1) CHAIRPERSON AND
(2) MEMBERS:
• CHAIRPERSON: MEMBER OF
THE PRB
• 1ST MEMBER:
PRESIDENT/REPRESENTATIVE
OF APO
• 2ND MEMBER:
PRESIDENT/REPRESENTATIVE
OF NATIONAL ORGANIZATION
OF SCHOOLS
SECTION 15: IMPLEMENTING RULES
AND REGULATIONS
THE IMPLEMENTING RULES AND
REGULATIONS (IRR) SHALL TAKE
EFFECT WITHIN 6 MONTHS FROM THE
EFFECTIVITY OF R.A. 10912
BEFORE NOW
60 CPE UNITS 45 CPD UNITS
HOW CPD UNITS MAY BE ACQUIRED?
✓ PROFESSIONAL TRACK
(OFFERED BY ACCREDITED CPD
PROVIDER)
✓ ACADEMIC TRACK

III. SELF-DIRECTED: ACTIVITIES
OFFERED BY NON-ACCREDITED CPD
PROVIDERS
IMPLEMENTATION PERIOD
MAJOR AREAS OF CPD PROVIDERS ✓ DOH REGION 3
✓ HEALTH FACILITY
DEVELOPMENT BUREAU, DOH
✓ ILOCOS TRAINING AND
REGIONAL MEDICAL CENTER
✓ NEWBORN SCREENING
SOCIETY OF THE PHILIPPINES,
INC
✓ UP-PGH
✓ UST
✓ BICOL SANITARIUM
✓ ST. LUKE’S MEDICAL
CENTER-QC
✓ UNIVERSITY OF
ACCREDITED CPD PROVIDERS IMMACULATE CONCEPTION
(SOURCE: PRC WEBSITE, AS OF JULY ✓ PHILIPPINE FORENSIC DRUG
2018) TESTING SOCIETY
✓ DOH-CAR
✓ PAMET
✓ SAN JUAN DE DIOS
✓ PCQACL
EDUCATIONAL FOUNDATION
✓ PBCC
✓ DMSF HOSPITAL
✓ PASMETH
✓ GENERAL SANTOS DOCTORS
✓ RITM
HOSPITAL
✓ SAN LAZARO HOSPITAL
✓ PROVIDENCE HOSPITAL
✓ SACCL
✓ PHILIPPINE RED CROSS
✓ LUNG CENTER OF THE
✓ HI-PRECISION DIAGNOSTIC
PHILIPPINES
CENTER
✓ DOST-FNRI
✓ LIFELINE DIAGNOSTICS
✓ CEU
SUPPLIES, INC.
✓ OLFU
✓ BICOL MEDICAL CENTER
✓ FEU-MANILA
✓ SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES
✓ FEU-NRMF
MEDICAL CENTER
✓ ASIAN HOSPITAL
✓ PHILIPPINE SOCIETY OF
✓ PHILIPPINE SOCIETY OF
MEDICAL LABORATORY
ECHOCARDIOGRAHY, INC.
SCIENTISTS
✓ ANGELES UNIVERSITY
FOUNDATION
 ✓ PHILIPPINE ALLIANCE OF
LABORATORY EQUIPMENT
USERS

ACCREDITED CPD PROVIDERS

As of AUGUST 8, 2020, here are your

updated list of CPD provider of Medical
Technology.
 THE MICROSCOPE (WEEK 10)

MICROSCOPY

▪ MICROSCOPE - an optical
instrument used for viewing very
small objects that are not visible to
the naked eye.
▪ The science of investigating small
objects using such an instrument is
called microscopy.
PARTS OF A COMPOUND MICROSCOPE

1.MAGNIFYING PARTS

1. Eyepiece / Ocular Lens

2. Objectives
➢ Scanner (4x)
➢ Low Power Objectives (10x)
High Power Objectives (40x)

2. ILLUMINATING PARTS

1. Light Source

2. Condenser

3. Iris Diaphragm
3. MECHANICAL PARTS

1. Diopter adjustment

2. Body Tube

3. Arm

4. Stage

5. Revolving Nosepiece / Turret

6. Coarse Adjustment Knob

7. Fine Adjustment Knob

TYPES OF MICROSCOPE

▪ COMPOUND LIGHT MICROSCOPE

▪ 2 sets of lenses one
magnifying the image then
the other finally enlarging the
image further in an image
appearing inverted and
laterally reversed.
▪ ELECTRON MICROSCOPE
▪ a type of microscope that
uses a beam of electrons to
create an image of the
specimen. It is capable of
much higher magnifications
and has a greater resolving
power than a
light microscope, allowing it
to see much smaller objects
in finer detail.
A fluorescence microscope is an optical
microscope that uses fluorescence and
phosphorescence instead of, or in addition
to, reflection and absorption to study
properties of organic or inorganic
substances.

Microscopy Fluorescence

•tissue sections are irradiated with

ultraviolet UV light and the emission is in the
visible portion of the spectrum. The
fluorescent substances appear brilliant on a
dark background.

•Thus, the microscope has a strong UV light

source and special filters that select rays of
different wavelengths by the substances.