FORCES

PA/CORE/5/WORKSHEET/10.
19
Pearson Edexcel
International
Advanced Subsidiary
Physics
FORCES
pg. 1
FORCES
1. Which of these units is the same as the newton?
A kg m s–1
B kg m s–2
C kg m2 s–2
D kg m2 s–3
2. A force of 24 N and a force of 15 N act at right angles to each other.
The size of their resultant force is
A 15.8 N
B 24.3 N
C 28.3 N
D 39.0 N
3. A car of known mass has a constant acceleration. The resultant force acting on the car
can be found by applying
A Newton’s first law
B Newton’s second law
C Newton’s third law
D Stokes’s law
4. The diagram shows the forces acting on a picture, of weight W, suspended by a cord.
The tension in the cord is T.
Which of the following expressions shows the correct relationship between W and T?
A W = 2 T cos θ
B W = T cos θ
C W = T sin θ
D W = 2 T sin θ
pg. 2
5. A person weighing 100 N stands on some bathroom scales in a lift. If the scales show
a reading of 110 N, which answer could describe the motion of the lift?
A Moving downwards and decelerating.
B Moving downwards with a constant velocity.
C Moving upwards and decelerating.
D Moving upwards with a constant velocity.
6. A person is standing at point C in a train carriage travelling round a sharp bend to the
right. The person jumps up. Nearest which marked point is the person most likely to
land?
Use the diagram below for questions 7 and 8.

The diagram shows four forces acting on an aeroplane.
pg. 3
7. Which of the following shows the correct two relationships if the aeroplane is
climbing at a constant velocity?
8. The aeroplane is now flown at a constant altitude but an increasing speed.

Which of the following pairs of forces will have the same magnitude?
A drag and weight
B drag and thrust
C lift and drag
D lift and weight
Use the following information to answer Questions 9 and 10.
A body is acted on by a vertical force of 18 N and a horizontal force of 32 N.
4 The angle to the horizontal of the resultant force is given by
A cos–1 (18/32)
B tan–1 (18/32)
C sin–1 (32/18)
D tan–1 (32/18)
9. The magnitude of the resultant force in N is
10. Which of the following statements is true for the two forces in a Newton’s third law
pair?
A They have different magnitudes and act in different directions.
B They act in different directions on the same body.
C They have the same magnitude and are different types of force.
D They are the same type of force and act on different bodies.
11. A child goes down a slide. Which of the diagrams correctly represents the forces
acting on the child?
pg. 4
12. A model boat is crossing a stream. The stream is travelling east at a speed of 1.5 m s–1.
The boat is heading north at a speed of 0.5 m s–1.
The magnitude of the resultant velocity is
Questions 13 and 14 refer to the diagram below.
The diagram shows the forces acting on an object on an inclined surface.

13. The component of R parallel to the inclined surface is
A0
B1
C R cos ϴ
D R sin ϴ
14. The object in the diagram would
A remain at rest on the surface.
B move down the surface at constant speed.
C accelerate down the surface.
D move up the surface at constant speed.
15. On a newly discovered planet, an object of mass 8.0 kg has a weight of 60 N.
The gravitational field strength on this planet is
A 0.13 N kg–1
B 7.5 N kg–1
C 9.8 N kg–1
D 480 N kg–1
pg. 5
The diagram shows an object on an inclined surface.
The component of the weight W parallel to the surface is
A0
B1
C W cos ϴ
D W sin ϴ
16. A hanging basket of weight W is supported by three chains of equal length, each at an
angle ϴ to the vertical.
The tension, T, in each chain is given by
pg. 6
17. An apple is at rest on the ground.
The diagram shows three forces of equal magnitude.
W = weight of apple
P = push of apple on ground
R = normal contact force of ground on apple
Which row in the table shows Newton’s first and third laws being applied correctly.
18. Two forces F1 and F2 act on an object as in the diagram below.
If F1 and F2 are drawn to scale, the resultant force can be found by measuring the length
of the resultant line FR.
Which of the following diagrams shows the correct position of the line FR?
pg. 7
A rocket of mass m lifts off with an acceleration a due to the engines providing a thrust
T.
Which row in the table correctly identifies the quantities m, T and a as scalar or vector?
19. A box of weight 150 N is placed on an inclined plane. The component of the box’s
weight acting along the plane is W´.
W´ in newtons is given by
pg. 8
20.
21.
22. A car is towed by a truck using a rope. The car is pulled at a constant speed creating a
tension T in the rope.
The horizontal forces acting on the car are shown.
The magnitude of the force exerted by the truck on the car is

AT+F
BT–F
CT
D zero
pg. 9
23. The gravitational field strength on Jupiter is 2.6 times greater than the gravitational
field strength on Earth.
The weight of 10 kg of matter on Jupiter would be approximately
A 26 N
B 38 N
C 98 N
D 260 N
24. A car travels 90 m east then 50 m north. A vector diagram is drawn with a dashed
line representing the resultant displacement.
Which is a correct vector diagram for the displacement of the car?
25. A picture is hung using a wire placed over a small hook as shown.
T1 and T2 are the tension forces acting on the hook.
pg. 10
Which of the following correctly shows the vector diagram for the resultant force T of
the two tensions?
26. Newton’s third law refers to two forces acting in a pair.

These forces
A act in the same direction.
B act on different objects.
C are different types of force.
D have different magnitudes.
27. An explorer walks 6 km due north from his camp and then 6 km due west.
What is the magnitude, in km, of the total displacement of the explorer?
Questions 28 and 29 refer to the following information.

A box is pulled along the floor using two identical ropes. The tensions in the ropes act in
the directions shown and have magnitudes TP and TQ. The box moves at a constant
speed in the direction shown.
pg. 11
28. The magnitude of the frictional force acting on the box is equal to
29. TP = 85 N and θ = 25°. The box moves 15 m.

The work done by this force on the box could be calculated using
30. A uniform rod is found to balance when a pivot is placed at the midpoint O as
shown.
The rod is replaced with one made from two different materials. The right-hand half of
the new rod has double the density but half the diameter of the left-hand half of the rod.
Where should the pivot be placed in order to balance the replacement rod?
A at O
B to the left of O
C to the right of O
D there is no balance point
pg. 12
31. An object of weight W is on a slope at an angle θ to the horizontal as shown. The
normal contact force is R.
As θ increases, R will
A decrease because R = Wcosθ.
B decrease because R = Wsinθ.
C increase because R = Wcosθ.
D increase because R = Wsinθ.
32. A car pulls a caravan at a slow but increasing velocity along a horizontal road.
The four forces acting on the car are weight W, reaction force R of the road on the car,
tension T in the tow‑bar and friction F between the car tyres and the road.
Which of the following could be the free‑body force diagram for the car?
pg. 13
33. A person stands on some bathroom scales in a stationary lift. The lift begins to move
upwards with a constant acceleration.
The reading on the scales will
A increase but then remain constant.
B increase at a constant rate.
C decrease but then remain constant.
D decrease at a constant rate.
34. A box of mass m is pulled along the floor by a horizontal rope. The tension in the
rope is T.
The box moves from rest with an average acceleration a.
Which of the following is the correct expression for the frictional force F acting on the
box?
Questions 35 and 36 refer to the information below.

A box is placed on a table. The box and table are both stationary.
The diagrams show the direction of the forces acting on the box and on the table.
pg. 14
35. Which pair of forces are equal in magnitude according to Newton’s first law?
A Ft and Nb
B Nt and Nb
C Wb and Nb
D Wt and Nt
36. Which pair of forces are equal in magnitude according to Newton’s third law?
A Ft and Nb
B Nt and Nb
C Wb and Nb
D Wt and Nt
37. A box is pulled up a ramp using a rope as shown. The box moves at a constant speed.
The forces acting on the box are:

W = weight of box
F = frictional force of ground on box
T = tension in rope
R = normal contact force of ground on box
Select the diagram which represents the free-body force diagram for the box.
pg. 15
38. The diagram represents two forces acting on an object.
Which of the following shows a correct way to determine the resultant of these two
forces?
39. A stationary, uniform ladder leans against a smooth wall as shown. The ground is
rough.
Which of the following diagrams shows the forces acting on

the ladder?
pg. 16
SECTION B
40. The Saturn V rocket used in NASA’s space programme had a mass of 3.04 × 106kg.
It took off vertically with a thrust force of 3.40 × 107N.
(a) Show that the resultant force on the rocket is about 4 × 106 N.(3)
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(b) Calculate the initial acceleration.(2)

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Initial acceleration = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(c) After 150 s the rocket reached a speed of 2390 m s–1.

Calculate its average acceleration.(2)
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Average acceleration = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(d) Suggest why the initial acceleration and average acceleration are different.(1)
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(Total for Question 40 = 8 marks)
pg. 17
41. (a) What is meant by Newton’s first law of motion?(2)
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(b) Newton’s third law identifies pairs of forces.

(i) State two ways in which the forces in a pair are identical.(2)
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(ii) State two ways in which the forces in a pair differ.(2)
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(iii) One of the forces acting on a car can be described as follows:

‘The Earth exerts a downward gravitational force of 12 000 N on the car’.
Describe its Newton’s third law pair force.(2)
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pg. 18
42. The diagram shows a submarine and one of the forces acting on it. The submarine
moves at a constant depth and speed in the direction shown.
(a) Add labelled arrows to show the other three forces on the submarine.(2)
(b) State two equations that show the relationship between the forces acting on the
submarine.(2)
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(c) The submarine has a volume of 7100 m3.

Show that the weight of the submarine is about 7 × 107N.
Density of sea water = 1030 kg m–3(2)
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pg. 19
(d) The submarine can control its depth by changing its weight. This is done by
adjusting the amount of water held in ballast tanks.
As the submarine dives to greater depths the increased pressure of the surrounding
water produces a compressive strain.
(i) Explain what is meant by compressive strain.(1)
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(ii) This decreases the volume of the submarine. Explain the action that should be
taken to maintain a constant depth as the volume of the submarine is decreased.(2)
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(iii) The submarine is made from steel. Suggest why a material, such as fibreglass,
which has a much smaller Young modulus than steel would be unsuitable at
greater depths.(2)
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43. A student is asked to provide an explanation of why a bottle on a table remains
stationary.
pg. 20
(a) Complete a free-body force diagram for the bottle.(2)
(b) The student writes the following incorrect explanation.
The student’s explanation contains errors.

Rewrite the student’s explanation correctly.(3)
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44. A kite is held by a string and flies because of lift produced by the flow of air.
pg. 21
Figure 2 shows a free-body force diagram for the kite.
(a) Sketch a labelled vector diagram to show that the four forces are in equilibrium.
(1)
(b) The lift is 4.3 N, the drag is 6.0 N and the weight is 0.44 N.
Calculate the tension in the string. State its magnitude and direction from the
horizontal.(4)
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Magnitude of tension = ...............................................................................
Direction of tension from the horizontal = ....................................
pg. 22
(c) (i) The wind speed decreases so the girl flying this kite walks into the wind at a
constant speed of 2.0 m s–1 to maintain the forces shown. Calculate the work
done by the girl as she walks 25 m.(2)
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Work done = .......................................................................................................
(ii) Calculate the rate at which work is done by the girl.(2)
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Rate at which work is done = .................................................................
45. During a lesson on Newton’s laws of motion, a student says, “We don’t really need
to bother with Newton’s first law because it is included in his second law”.
State Newton’s first two laws of motion and explain how Newton’s second law includes
the first law.(5)
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pg. 23
46. A playground ride consists of a steel cable running at an angle between two posts of
unequal height as shown in the diagram.
A child sits on the seat which moves on runners along the cable from the high end to the
lower end.
(a) (i) Show that her maximum possible speed when she arrives at the lower post is
about 3 m s–1.(4)
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(ii) State an assumption that you have made.(1)
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(b) The diagram below shows the child at a point P where both sides of the cable make
an angle of 2° to the horizontal.
pg. 24
(i) Add labelled arrows to the diagram to show the forces acting on the cable at the
point P.(2)
(ii) The total mass of the child and seat is 40 kg.

Show that the tension in the cable is about 6000 N.(3)
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47. (a) A child is going down a snowy hill on a sledge.
Complete, in the space below, a free-body force diagram for the child and sledge.
Treat the child and sledge as a single body object.(2)
pg. 25
(b) The child and sledge are pulled across level ground by an adult.
(i) They are pulled 11 m from rest in 4.9 s.
Show that the average acceleration is about 1 m s–2.(2)
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(ii) The child and sledge have a combined mass of 40 kg.

Calculate the average resultant force on the child and sledge.(2)
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Average resultant force = ............................................................................
(c) The force applied by the adult is 200 N at an angle of 20° to the horizontal.
(i) Calculate the average resistive force acting while the sledge is being pulled.(2)
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Average resistive force = .............................................................................
(ii) Calculate the average power developed by the adult in pulling the sledge 11 m.(3)
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Average power = ..............................................................................

pg. 26
48. The photograph shows a solar-powered model boat built by some technology
students.
This boat has a solar-powered fan attached. The fan blows air towards the sail.
(a) The technology students explain to a physics student that the fan exerts a force on
the air and the air then exerts an equal force on the sail to drive the boat forwards.
Assume that these two forces are equal for the rest of the question.
The physics student tells them that according to Newton’s laws of motion this will
not work.
(i) Identify the Newton’s third law force that pairs with the force of the fan on the
air.(1)
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(ii) The boat is placed in the water and the fan switched on. The boat remains at
rest.Add labelled arrows to the diagram below to show the four forces acting on the
boat in this situation.(2)
pg. 27
*(iii) Use Newton’s laws of motion to explain why the boat does not move
horizontally.(3)
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(b) The physics student suggests that the boat is more likely to work if the fan is
reversed to point in the opposite direction.
Explain this suggestion.(2)
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(c) Calculate the volume of water, in m3, which must be displaced so that the boat will
float.
mass of boat = 130 g
density of water = 1000 kg m–3(2)
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Volume = .........................................................
pg. 28
49.
The diagram shows three passengers sitting on a train that is travelling at a high speed in
the direction shown. Seat belts are not used on trains.
With reference to one of Newton’s laws of motion, explain why seat C is the safest seat
for a passenger to be sitting on in the event of a rapid deceleration. You may assume
that the seats all remain fixed firmly to the floor and do not break.
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pg. 29
50.
The photograph shows a lawnmower being used to cut grass.

(a) (i) In order to push the lawnmower, a minimum force of 650 N must be applied to
the handle of the lawnmower at an angle of 42° to the horizontal.
Show that the horizontal component of the force is about 500 N.(2)
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(ii) The lawnmower is used to cut 15 strips of grass, each 7 m long.

Calculate the work done by the person pushing the lawnmower.(2)
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Work done = ..........................................................
pg. 30
(b)
This photograph shows a lawnmower with the top section of the handle horizontal.
Explain how this changes the minimum force required to push the lawnmower.(2)
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51. A student entering a physics classroom sees the following sentences on the board.
These sentences are being used as examples in an explanation of Newton’s third law.
State Newton’s third law.

Explain how the sentences provide a good example of a Newton’s third law pair.(5)
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pg. 31
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52. Metrology is the science of measurement and World Metrology Day is May 20th. In
2010, the day was used to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the SI system.
A metrologist from the National Physical Laboratory said on a radio programme that the
SI system uses units that everyone can understand. He stated the following example.
“If you hold an apple in your hand it’s about a newton, if you raise it through one
metre that’s about a joule and if you do it in one second that’s about a watt.”
Assuming that the apple has a mass of 100 g, explain and justify the statements made
about the three words in italics.(6)
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pg. 32
53. Einstein imagined a person in a large box without windows. He suggested that, with
no way to see outside, the person could not tell whether they were:
_ experiencing gravity on Earth
_ in deep space far away from any effects of gravity but being accelerated at a rate
of 9.81 m s–2.
Account for Einstein’s suggestion by explaining in each case what a person standing in the
box would feel through their feet. It may help to assume the person has mass m.(6)
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pg. 33
54. A stationary boat is pointing north as shown in the diagram. A wind starts blowing
at 10 m s–1 in a direction 20° east of north against the sail. The boat starts to move
northwards.
(a) (i) The wind exerts a force per unit area of 84 N m–2 on the sail, which is at right
angles to the wind direction.
Show that the component of force in a northerly direction is about 1400 N.
area of sail = 18 m2(3)
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(ii) When the wind starts to blow the water exerts a force on the boat to the west.
Explain why.(2)
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pg. 34
(iii) Draw a vector diagram showing the forces exerted on the boat by the wind and
the water and the resultant force calculated in part (a)(i).(2)
(iv) Assuming the boat is starting from rest in still water, calculate the initial acceleration
of the boat.
mass of boat = 400 kg(2)
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Initial acceleration = .............................................................................
(b) Later the wind, still at a speed of 10 m s–1, is blowing towards the north and the boat
is travelling northwards at a steady speed of 5 m s–1. The force on the sail is now
380 N towards the north.
(i) Suggest why the force on the sail is less than in part (a).(1)
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(ii) Calculate the rate at which the wind does work against the forces that resist the
boat’s motion.(2)
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Rate at which the wind does work = .............................................................................
pg. 35
55. (a) State what is meant by centre of gravity.(1)
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(b) The picture shows a snooker cue. It is made from wood of uniform density and
takes the form of a rod with decreasing diameter towards one end.
(i) On the picture, mark the position of the centre of gravity of the snooker cue.
(1)
(ii) State a simple method to test if this is the correct position.
(1)
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56. Many hand held devices such as smartphones and tablet computers contain
accelerometers. These allow changes in orientation of the device to be tracked.
A student models a simple accelerometer by attaching a small mass on a string to the
roof of a car.
When the car starts moving, the string is seen to change position as shown below.
pg. 36
(a) (i) Complete a free body force diagram for the mass when the car starts moving.
(2)
(ii) Draw a vector diagram, in the space below, to show how the resultant force on
the mass is produced.(2)
(iii) When the string is at 7° to the vertical, show that the acceleration of the car is
about 1 m s–2.(2)
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(b) Sketch the positions of the mass and string when the car is moving in the same
direction and is:
(i) moving with constant velocity,
(ii) undergoing a much greater acceleration than in (a)(iii),
(iii) decelerating.
pg. 37
(c) Explain why the string would not become horizontal, however great the acceleration.
(2)
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(d) Suggest why many devices contain 3 accelerometers, arranged at right angles to
each other.(1)
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57. The world’s tallest building is the Burj Khalifa in Dubai, UAE.
The viewing gallery for the public is on the 124th floor. The lift that visitors use takes
56 seconds to reach this floor. The motion of the lift can be divided into three parts:
􀂇 acceleration
􀂇 constant velocity of 10 m s–1
􀂇 deceleration.
pg. 38
(a) Draw a free-body force diagram for the forces acting on a passenger as the lift rises.
(2)
(b) A physics student of mass 60 kg decides to measure the initial acceleration of the lift.
She places a set of scales on the floor of the lift and steps onto them. Whilst the lift
is accelerating upwards the reading on the scales increases to 73 kg.
(i) Show that the initial acceleration of the lift is about 2 m s–2.(3)
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(ii) Near the end of the ascent, the velocity of the lift decreases from 10 m s–1 to rest
in 5.3 seconds.
Calculate the deceleration.(2)
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Deceleration = ......................................................
pg. 39
58. An iceberg is a large piece of freshwater ice that has broken off a glacier or an ice
shelf.
Some scientists believe that icebergs could be used to supply freshwater. It has been
estimated that an iceberg of mass 3.0 × 109 kg could provide water for half a million
people for up to a year.
Computer models have calculated that just one tug boat would be needed to move such
an iceberg half way around the world.
(a) (i) Label the free-body force diagram below, for the iceberg.(2)
(ii) The iceberg is moving at a constant speed and the tensions in the two tow ropes
are equal. Show that the tension in each rope is about 2 × 105 N.
drag force from the water = 3.3 × 105 N(3)
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pg. 40
(iii) Calculate the work done by the tug boat on the iceberg when the iceberg is pulled
through 50 km.(2)
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Work done = ......................................................
(iv) State and explain the effect on the motion of the iceberg if the tow ropes were
longer. Assume that the tug boat’s power output remains the same. (2)
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(b) The tug boat is moving through the water due west at 2.6 km hour–1.
There is a water current of 0.9 km hour–1 due south.
On the grid below draw a vector diagram to scale, to determine the magnitude and
direction of the resultant velocity of the tug boat.(3)
Resultant velocity = .....................................................................................................

pg. 41
59. A skateboarder throws a ball vertically upwards, while travelling at a constant
horizontal speed. The skateboarder catches the ball moments later whilst still moving
horizontally.
Explain why the ball can be caught even though it was thrown vertically upwards and
the skateboarder is moving horizontally. Ignore the effect of air resistance.(4)
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................

60. Two identical magnets, X and Y, are suspended by a light thread from a point P. Like
poles are placed next to one another and repel as shown below.
pg. 42
The free-body force diagram for magnet X is shown below.
(a) Show that T is about 0.2 N.

mass of bar magnet = 0.015 kg(3)
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
(b) Calculate the magnitude of R.(3)

........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
R = ..............................................................
(c) State the magnitude of the repulsive force that magnet X exerts on magnet Y and
justify your answer.(2)

........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
pg. 43
61. Opposite poles of a magnet attract one another. Using this principle, a student tried
to design a toy car that could be self-propelled using a magnetic force. His design is
shown below.
Magnet A is attached to the body of the toy car and magnet B is suspended from the
driver’s hand by a rigid rod. Magnet A is identical to magnet B.
The student stated that as long as the opposite poles of the magnets are facing one
another, the attractive force created should cause the toy car to start moving forward.
Explain why in practice this could never work.(3)
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................

62. A man is walking at a constant horizontal velocity of 1.2 m s-1 in the rain. To the man
the rain appears to be falling vertically at a velocity of 1.8 m s-1.
Draw a labelled vector diagram, to scale, and use it to determine the actual velocity of
the rain. (5)
pg. 44
Magnitude of the actual velocity of the rain = ................................................................
Angle of the rain to the vertical = ..............................................................

63. A passenger in an airport pulls a suitcase at a constant speed with a force of 80 N at
an angle of 65° to the horizontal.
(a) (i) Show that the horizontal component of the applied force is about 30 N.(2)
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
(ii) Hence calculate the work done on the suitcase in pulling it a distance of 320 m.(2)
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
Work done = ..............................................................................................
(iii) Show that the vertical component of the applied force is about 70 N.(2)
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
pg. 45
(iv) State why no work is done in a vertical direction even though there is a
component of the applied force in the vertical direction.(1)
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
*(b) Explain how the magnitude and angle of the applied force must change in order to
make the suitcase accelerate horizontally.(4)
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................

64. An athlete bends his knees and then springs up into a vertical jump. The graph below
shows how the reaction force from the ground on the athlete varies with time.
The diagram below the graph shows the position of the athlete at the corresponding
times as he completes his jump.
pg. 46
(a) Show that the mass of the athlete is about 80 kg.(2)
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
(b) The small dot on each diagram of the athlete represents his centre of gravity.
(i) State what is meant by centre of gravity.(1)
........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
(ii) Between 0.25 s and 0.75 s the athlete bends his knees. As a result of this, his
centre of gravity moves lower.
Explain how the graph shows that an acceleration is produced as the athlete bends
his knees.(2)
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
*(c) In order to jump, the athlete pushes down on the ground between 0.75 s and 1.05 s.
With reference to Newton’s laws, explain why the athlete must push down on the
ground.(3)
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
pg. 47
(d) The maximum reaction force was reached at t = 0.9 s. Calculate the acceleration of
the athlete at this point.(3)
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
Acceleration = ............................................................................................
(e) The athlete was in the air for 0.50 s.
(i) Calculate the height jumped by the athlete.(2)
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
Height = ...........................................................................................
(ii) Calculate the speed of the athlete on leaving the ground.(2)
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
Speed = ............................................................................................

65.
pg. 48
pg. 49
66.
pg. 50
pg. 51
67. (a) A lorry gradually accelerates from rest. There is a box of mass 200 kg on the back
of the lorry. The box is not tied to the lorry.
(i) The lorry accelerates from rest to a speed of 15 m s–1 over a distance of 39 m.
Show that the acceleration of the lorry is about 3 m s–2.(2)
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
(ii) The maximum frictional force between the lorry and the box is 630 N.
Explain why this limits the maximum acceleration that the lorry can have without
the box falling off. Your answer should include a calculation.(3)
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
(b) Once the lorry has reached its destination, the back of the lorry is tilted at an angle ϴ
to the horizontal.
pg. 52
Three forces act on the box: the weight W, the normal contact force R and the
frictional force F.
(i) State expressions for the components of the weight of the box parallel to the back
of the lorry and perpendicular to the back of the lorry.(2)
Wparallel = .........................................................................................................................
Wperpendicular = ...................................................................................................................
(ii) The angle ϴ is increased until the box is just about to slide.
Given that F = 0.32R, calculate the value of ϴ at which the box is just about to
slide.(4)
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
ϴ = ............................................................................................
pg. 53
68. A spider of mass ms is hanging from a thread of spider silk. A fly of mass mf is hanging
from another thread of silk below the stationary spider.
The magnitudes of the tensions in each thread of silk are T1 and T2 as shown in the
diagram. The free-body force diagram for the fly is also shown.
(a) (i) Complete the free-body force diagram below for the spider.(3)
(ii) Write equations for the forces acting on the spider and for the forces acting on the
fly.(2)
pg. 54
(b) The spider produces more silk, so the length of the thread of silk above the spider
increases. The spider and the fly both accelerate towards the ground.
Assuming that the mass of the silk is negligible, calculate their acceleration.
ms = 6.5 × 10−4 kg
mf = 8.0 × 10−5 kg
T1 = 1.9 × 10−3 N(3)
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................

69. A hammock is suspended between two rigid poles. Both ropes supporting the
hammock are at an angle of θ to the horizontal as shown.
(a) When a man of mass 80 kg lies in the hammock, θ is 40°.

Show that the tension T in each of the hammock’s supporting ropes is about 650 N.
mass of hammock and ropes = 4 kg(3)
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
pg. 55
*(b) The force of the supporting ropes could cause the poles to fall inwards.
By considering the vertical and horizontal components of the tension in one of the
supporting ropes, explain why a larger value of θ creates a smaller force on the poles
supporting the hammock.(5)
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
70. (a) Two forces act on a body. The free-body force diagram is shown.
On the grid below, complete the scale diagram to determine the resultant force acting
on the body.(3)
pg. 56
Magnitude of resultant force = .......................................................
Angle of resultant force to 16 N force = .......................................................
(b) Force is a vector quantity.

(i) State what is meant by vector quantity.(1)
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
(ii) Give two further examples of vector quantities.(1)

........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
pg. 57
71. A man pulls a box towards him at a constant speed by pulling on a handle as shown.
The free-body force diagrams for the box and the man are shown.
(a) (i) Identify the pair of forces that have the same magnitude due to Newton’s third
law.(1)
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
(ii) State one difference and one similarity, other than their magnitude, between these
two forces.(2)
Difference
........................................................................................................................................
Similarity
........................................................................................................................................
pg. 58
(b) The angle between the pull of the man on the box and the horizontal is 35°. The
mass
of the box is 85.0 kg.
(i) Show that the pull of the man on the box is about 400 N.
normal contact force of the ground on the box = 620 N(4)
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
(ii) The box moves at a constant speed towards the man.

Calculate the frictional force between the box and the ground.(3)
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
Frictional force between the box and the ground = .......................................................
(iii) The man increases his pull on the box. The man and the box start to move
together in the same direction with an acceleration of 0.200 m s−2.
Calculate the frictional force between the ground and the man.
mass of man = 90.0 kg(4)
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
Frictional force between the ground and the man = ..............................................
pg. 59
72. *A student has two magnets, A and B. Magnet A is smaller and weaker than magnet
B.
The weight of magnet A is determined using a digital spring balance and the weight of
magnet B is determined using a top pan balance as shown.
When magnet A is moved to a position just above magnet B there is an attractive force
between the two magnets and the readings on the two balances change.
Explain how the readings on the two balances will change.(4)
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
pg. 60
73. (a) Forces of 19 N and 16 N act on a box at angles to the horizontal of 7° and 74°
respectively, as shown.
Construct a scaled vector diagram on the graph paper to determine the resultant of the
two forces.(4)
Magnitude of resultant force = .......................................................

Direction of resultant force to the horizontal = .......................................................
pg. 61
(b) A force of 45 N is applied to the box at an angle of 30° to the ground as shown.
(i) Complete the free-body force diagram for the box. Assume the surface of the
ground is not smooth.
(ii) Determine the normal contact force of the ground on the box.
mass of box = 4.0 kg(4)
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
Normal contact force = ...............................................................................................

pg. 62
74. A jet ski is a jet‑propelled vehicle that moves across the surface of water.
(a) To propel the jet ski forwards, water is drawn through an intake and then ejected
through a water outlet at high speed.
(i) Explain why the cross-sectional area of the water outlet is smaller than the
cross-sectional area of the water intake.(2)
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
(ii) Explain, using Newton’s laws of motion, how the ejection of water at high speed
results in the forward propulsion of the jet ski.(3)
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
pg. 63
(b) A man on a jet ski is heading away from the coast at a speed of 19ms–1 in a direction
30° south of east, as shown. There is a current in the water of 6ms–1 due north.
The velocity of the jet ski has been drawn to scale on the vector diagram below
(with a scale of 1ms–1 = 0.5 cm).
Complete the vector diagram and determine the resultant velocity of the jet ski.
(5)
Resultant velocity of jet ski = ...........................................................
Direction of jet ski = ...........................................................
75. Orthodontists use braces to straighten a patient’s teeth. The force required to move
the teeth and the distance the teeth need to move both depend on the individual
patient.
One type of brace consists of a wire under tension placed across the teeth, held in place
by a bracket on each tooth.
pg. 64
A brace is fitted to a patient and tightened. The tension in the wire is 18 N.
(a) (i) Calculate the total force of the wire on the tooth to move the tooth in the
direction shown.(2)
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
Total force of wire on tooth = ................................................................
(ii) Explain why the wire will not produce any movement of the tooth perpendicular
to the direction shown.(2)
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
pg. 65
76. After breaking a leg, a girl was given crutches.
(a) The free-body force diagram for the girl when standing with the crutches is
shown.
Half of the girl’s weight W is supported by the reaction force R of the ground on her leg.
Half of her weight is supported by F1 and F2, the forces of the crutches on her body.
F1 and F2 are at the same angle to the vertical.
(i) Show that the magnitudes of F1 and F2 are equal(2)
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
pg. 66
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
Magnitude of F1 = ..................................................................................
(b) The diagram below shows the forces acting on one of the crutches. The crutch is at
an angle ϴ to the vertical. The weight of the crutch has been ignored.
There is a maximum frictional force that the ground can exert on the crutch.
Explain what will happen if the girl moves the base of the crutch too far from her foot.
(3)
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
pg. 67
77. (a) A student states Newton’s first law of motion as
If there is no external force, there will be no motion.

Criticise this statement.(3)
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
*( b) The diagrams show a person pushing a trolley and pulling a trolley.

The angle ϴ between the arms of the person and the horizontal is the same for both
pushing and pulling. Corresponding diagrams showing the forces on the trolley for
pushing and pulling are also shown.
It can be assumed that the frictional force between the trolley and the ground is
proportional to the normal contact force of the ground on the trolley.
Explain why pulling the trolley a certain distance requires the person to do less work
than pushing the trolley the same distance.(5)
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
pg. 68
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........................................................................................................................................
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........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................

78. (a) State what is meant by
(i) gravitational field strength(1)
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
(ii) centre of gravity.(1)
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
(b) The gravitational field strength on Earth is 9.81 N kg–1.

Show that this results in an acceleration of free fall of 9.81 m s–2.(2)
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
pg. 69
79. A crane is used to remove an object from the bottom of a lake.
The object is a cylinder of height h and the depth of the lake is D, as shown in Figure 1.
The cylinder is moved vertically through the water at a slow and steady speed. The
cylinder comes to rest in a position where it is completely above the surface of the water,
as shown in
Figure 2.
The diagrams are not to scale.
The graph shows how the tension in the cable varies with distance as the cylinder is lifted
from the bottom of the lake to its position in Figure 2.
(a) State expressions for the distances P and Q.(2)

Distance P =
........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................
Distance Q =
........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................
pg. 70
*(b) Explain the shape of the graph.(5)
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................

80. *Two children, X and Y, are sitting in a stationary boat as shown.
pg. 71
As child X throws a ball to child Y, the boat moves to the left. As child Y catches the
ball, the boat stops moving.
Explain the motion of the boat using Newton’s three laws of motion. Ignore all effects of
viscous drag.(6)
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pg. 72
pg. 73

FORCES

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PA/CORE/5/WORKSHEET/10.

Use the diagram below for questions 7 and 8.

8. The aeroplane is now flown at a constant altitude but an increasing speed.

Questions 13 and 14 refer to the diagram below.

The diagram shows the forces acting on an object on an inclined surface.

The tension, T, in each chain is given by

18. Two forces F1 and F2 act on an object as in the diagram below.

The magnitude of the force exerted by the truck on the car is

T1 and T2 are the tension forces acting on the hook.

26. Newton’s third law refers to two forces acting in a pair.

Questions 28 and 29 refer to the following information.

29. TP = 85 N and θ = 25°. The box moves 15 m.

Questions 35 and 36 refer to the information below.

The forces acting on the box are:

Which of the following diagrams shows the forces acting on

(b) Calculate the initial acceleration.(2)

(c) After 150 s the rocket reached a speed of 2390 m s–1.

(Total for Question 40 = 8 marks)

(b) Newton’s third law identifies pairs of forces.

(ii) State two ways in which the forces in a pair differ.(2)

(iii) One of the forces acting on a car can be described as follows:

(Total for Question 41 = 8 marks)

(c) The submarine has a volume of 7100 m3.

(Total for Question 42 = 11 marks)

(b) The student writes the following incorrect explanation.

The student’s explanation contains errors.

(Total for Question 43 = 5 marks)

Magnitude of tension = ...............................................................................

Direction of tension from the horizontal = ....................................

Work done = .......................................................................................................

(ii) Calculate the rate at which work is done by the girl.(2)

Rate at which work is done = .................................................................

(Total for Question 44 = 9 marks)

(Total for Question 45 = 5 marks)

(ii) State an assumption that you have made.(1)

(ii) The total mass of the child and seat is 40 kg.

(Total for Question 46 = 10 marks)

(ii) The child and sledge have a combined mass of 40 kg.

Average resultant force = ............................................................................

Average resistive force = .............................................................................

Average power = ..............................................................................

(Total for Question 48 = 10 marks)

(Total for Question 49 = 4 marks)

The photograph shows a lawnmower being used to cut grass.

(ii) The lawnmower is used to cut 15 strips of grass, each 7 m long.

Work done = ..........................................................

(Total for Question 50 = 6 marks)

State Newton’s third law.

(Total for Question 51 = 5 marks)

(Total for Question 52 = 6 marks)

(Total for Question 53 = 6 marks)

Initial acceleration = .............................................................................

Rate at which the wind does work = .............................................................................

(Total for Question 55 = 3 marks)

(Total for Question 56 = 12 marks)

Work done = ......................................................

Resultant velocity = .....................................................................................................

the skateboarder is moving horizontally. Ignore the effect of air resistance.(4)

(Total for Question 59 = 4 marks)

(a) Show that T is about 0.2 N.

(b) Calculate the magnitude of R.(3)

justify your answer.(2)