THE CONTENT OF THIS LESSON

The content of this lesson:

- The definition of a metric space.
- Open ball, closed ball, sphere.
- Topology of a metric space
- Equivalent metrics
- Sequences and convergence

Nguyễn Hữu Quang General Topology

REMIND and KEYWORDS

I. WHAT DID YOU LEARN IN LESSON 02?

II. KEYWORDS:
1. Convergent, convergence, converges
2. Sequence
3. Equivalent, equivalence

Nguyễn Hữu Quang General Topology

Chapter 1: TOPOLOGICAL SPACES
1.3. Metric spaces (continue).

1.3.3. Topology of a metric space

Definition. Given a metric space (X , d) a set O is called to be open if either
O = ∅ or each x ∈ O there exists r > 0 s.t. B(a, r ) ⊂ O.
Theorem 1.3.3.1.
i) ∅ and X are open. S
ii) If Aα is open for all α ∈ I then Aα is open.
α∈I
n
T
iii) If Ai is open for all i = 1, 2, . . . , n then Ai is open.
i=1

Nguyễn Hữu Quang General Topology

1.3.3. Topology of a metric space

Proof of Theorem 1.3.3.1.

i) ∅ is open, by the Df. Now if x ∈ X , one has
B(x, 1) = {yS∈ X : d(x, y ) < 1} is a subset of X , so X is open.
ii) Let x ∈ Aα then x ∈ Aα0 for some α0 . By the df, r > 0 s.t.
α∈I S S
B(x, r ) ⊂ Aα0 . It implies that B(x, r ) ⊂ Aα . Namely, Aα is open.
α∈I α∈I
n
T
iii) Let x ∈ Ai then x ∈ Ai for all i. By the df, for all i, ri > 0 s.t.
i=1
B(x, ri ) ⊂ Ai . Let r = min{r1 , . . . , rn } then r > 0 and we have
n
T n
T
B(x, r ) ⊂ B(x, ri ) ⊂ Ai for all i. So B(x, r ) ⊂ Ai . Other word, Ai is
i=1 i=1
open.

Nguyễn Hữu Quang General Topology

1.3.3. Topology of a metric space

Note. - Let T is the collection of open sets in (X , d), by above theorem, T is

a topology on X .
∞
T
- Given Ai ∈ T , The set Ai may be not open. For example ...
i=1

- Consider the set X with a discrete metric (means x = y , d(x, y ) = 0; else

d(x, y ) = 1). Prove that all subsets of X are open.

Nguyễn Hữu Quang General Topology

1.3.4. Equivalent metrics

Definition. Two metrics d1 and d2 on X are called to be equivalent if there

exist constants r > 0 and s > 0 such that
r d1 (x, y ) ≤ d2 (x, y ) ≤ sd1 (x, y ) for all x, y ∈ X .
Example 1. In R2 , we take three metrics as following:
p
d1 (x, y ) = (y1 − x1 )2 + (y2 − x2 )2 ,
p
d2 (x, y ) = 2(y1 − x1 )2 + (y2 − x2 )2 ,
d3 (x, y ) = 1 if x 6= y ; d3 (x, y ) = 0 if x = y .
Then it is trivial to see that d1 and d2 are equivalent.
Are d1 and d3 equivalent?

Nguyễn Hữu Quang General Topology

1.3.5. Sequences and convergence

Definition. Given a metric space (X , d). A sequence {xn }∞

n=1 in X is said to
be convergent to a point x0 ∈ X , written by

lim xn = x0 ,
n→∞

if for every  > 0 there is an integer N() > 0 such that for all n if n ≥ N()
then ⇒ d(xn , x0 ) < .
If sequence {xn } converges to x0 then x0 is called the limit of {xn }.
Property. - If {xn } is convergent then its limit is unique.
- The sum of two convergent sequences is also convergent.

Nguyễn Hữu Quang General Topology

Chapter 1: TOPOLOGICAL SPACES
1.4. Topological subspaces.

1.3.1. Definition and Examples

Definition.

Nguyễn Hữu Quang General Topology