Contemporary 1

- Lanao School of Science and Technology, Inc.
Maranding, Lala, Lanao Del Norte

Tel.No(063)-388-7199/(063)-496-0757
Bachelor of Science in Business Administration

Major in Operation Management
THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD

(Prince KennexReguyalAldama)
PREPARED BY:
AIZA S. ROSALITA, LPT

BSBA INSTRUCTOR
APPROVED BY:
MAHALIA M. LEGAYO
BSBA CORDINATOR
Lanao School of Science and Technology, Inc.
Maranding, Lala, Lanao Del Norte
Tel.No(063)-388-7199/(063)-496-0757
Bachelor of Science in Business Administration

Major in Operation Management
MISSION, VISION AND OBJECTIVES
VISION:
THE COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND ADMINISTRATION ENVISIONS ACADEMIC

EXCELLENCE AND GOOD BUSINESS LEADERS AND GLOBALLY COMPETITIVE, INNOVATIVE
GRADUATE IN LSSTI.
MISSION:
PROVIDE AND EQUIP THE STUDENTS WITH QUALITY EDUCATION, GOOD LEADERS
AND COLLABORATIVE STUDENT- CENTERED LEARNING ENVIRONMENT IN BUSINESS
PROFESSIONAL VALUES ASSOCIATED WITH THE ETHICAL PRACTICES.
OBJECTIVES:
1. TO PROVIDE AND EQUIP THE STUDENTS WITH QUALITY EDUCATION,

GOOD LEADERS AND COLLABORATIVE STUDENT-CENTERED
LEARNING ENVIRONMENT IN BUSINESS PROFESSIONAL VALUES
ASSOCIATED WITH THE ETHICAL PRACTICES.
2. TO SHOW RESPECT AND DIVERSITY OF CULTURE IN THE BUSINESS
WORL.
3. TO GAIN EXPERIENCE TO INSTIL IN THEM THE REALITY OF THE
BUSINESS AND FILIPINO VALUES.
MODULE 1
MODULE 1
DEFINING GLOBALIZATION
Introduction
Globalization has gained many connotations pertaining to progress, development, and
integration. On the one hand, some view globalization as a positive phenomenon. For instance, Swedish
journalist Thomas Larsoon (2001) saw globalization as the “process of world shrinkage, of distances getting
shorter, things moving closer. It pertains to the increasing ease with which somebody on one side of the world
can interact, to mutual benefit with somebody on the other side of the world”.on the other hand. Some see it
as occurring through and with regression, colonialism, and destabilization. In the mid -1990S, Martin Khor, the
former president of the Third World Network (TWN) in Malaysia, once regarded globalization as colonization.
In this chapter, different definitions of globalization will be discussed. The task of
conceptualizing it reveals a variety of perspectives. To understand further the concept, different metaphors
will be used. These metaphors will also allow an appreciation of earlier epoch before globalization and the
present globalized world.
Globalization is the spread of products, technology, information, and jobs across national borders and
cultures. In economic terms, it describes an interdependence of nations around the globe fostered through
free trade
The Task of Defining Globalization
The literature on then definitions of globalizations revealed that definitions could be classified
as either (1) broad and inclusive or (2) narrow or exclusive. Then one offered by Ohmae in 1992 stated, “…
globalization means the onset of the boarders world..” . This is an example of a broad and inclusive type of
definition.
Narrow and exclusive definitions are better justified but can be limiting in the sense that their
application adhere to only particular definitions. Robert Cox’s definition suits best in this type: “the
characteristics of the globalization trend include the internationalizing of production, the new
internationalizing of the state… making states into agencies of the globalizing world”. (ascited in RAWOO
Netherlands Development Assistance Research Council,2000).
Globalization in economics
Economic globalization refers to the increasing interdependence of world economies as a result of the

growing scale of cross-border trade of commodities and services, flow of international capital and wide and
rapid spread of technologies.
Economic globalization is one of the three main dimensions of globalization commonly found in countries,
academic literature, with the two others being political globalization and cultural globalization, as well as the
general term of globalization. Economic globalization refers to the widespread international movement of
goods, capital, services, technology and information. It is the increasing economic integration and
interdependence of national, regional, and local economies across the world through an intensification
of cross-border movement of goods, services, technologies and capital. Economic globalization primarily
comprises the globalization of production, finance, markets, technology, organizational regimes, institutions,
corporations, and labour.
Metaphors of Globalization
In order for us to better understand the concept of globalization, we will utilize metaphors. Metaphors
make use of one term to help us better understand another term to help us better understand another term.
In our case, the states of matter---solid and liquid—will be used. In addition, other related concepts that are
included in the definition such as structures and flows will be elaborated.
Solid & Liquid
Solidity refers to barriers that prevent or make difficult the movement of things. Furthermore, solids
can either be natural or man-made. Examples of natural solids are landforms and bodies of water. Man-made
barriers include the Great Wall of China and the Berlin Wall. An imaginary line such as the nine- dash line used
by the People’s Republic of China in their claim to the South China Sea is an example of modern man- made
solid.
Liquid, as a state of matter, takes shape of its container. Moreover, liquid are not fixed. Liquidity,
therefore, refers to the increasing ease of movement of people, things, information, and places in the
contemporary world. Zygmunt Bauman’s ideas were the ones that have much to say about the characteristics
of liquidity. First, today’s liquid phenomena change quickly and their aspects, spatial and temporal, are in
continuous fluctuation. This means that space and time are crucial elements of globalization. In global finance,
for instance, changes in the stock market of seconds. Another characteristic of liquid phenomena is that their
movement is difficult to stop. For example, videos uploaded on Youtube or Facebook are unstoppable once
they become viral. The so-called Internet sensations become famous not only in their homeland but also to
the entire world. Finally, the forces (liquid ones) made political boundaries more permeable to the flow of
people and things (Cartier, 2001). This brings us to what Ritzer (2015) regarded as the most important
characteristic of liquid: it “tends to melt whatever stands in its path (especially solid)”. The clearest example is
the decline, if notdeath, of the nation-state.
Liquidity and solidity are in constant interaction. Liquidity is the one increasing and proliferating today.
Therefore, metaphor that could best describe globalization is liquidity. Liquids do flow.
Flows
The previous section described the melting process of solid phenomena followed by the increase in
liquidity. It is only logical to discuss the flows of liquid phenomena. Flows are the movement of people, things,
places, and information brought by the growing “porisity” of global limitations (Ritzer, 2015). Another example
of flows is global financial crisis. As landler (2008) put it: “In global financial system, national borders are
pourous”. This means that a financial crisis in a given country can bring ramifications to other regions of the
world. An example of which is the spread of the effects of American financial crisis on Europe in 2008. The
following are other forms of flows that can be observed today: poor illegal migrants recreating ethnic enclaves
in host countries. A concrete example is the Filipino communities abroad and the Chinese communities in the
Philippines.
Name: Score:
Year & Section: Date:
ACTIVITY 1
Process Questions
1. What are the dis advantages and advantages of using (a) broad and inclusive definitions and (b) narrow
and explosives definitions of globalization?
2. What do you think is the importance of defining globalization?
3. Do you agree with the idea that the contemporary world is characterized by the high liquidity? Why or
why not?
MODULE 2
MODULE 2
GLOBAL THEORIES
Homogeneity refers to the increasing sameness in the world as cultural inputs, economic factors, and
political orientations of societies expand to create common practices, same economies, and similar forms of
government. Homogeneity in culture is often linked to cultural imperialism. This means, a given culture
influences other cultures. For example, the dominant religion in our country is Christianity, which was brought
to us by the Spaniards. Another example is Americanization, which was define by Kuisel (1993) as “the
important by non-Americans of products, images, technologies, practices, and behaviour that are closely
associated with America/ America’s”. in terms of the economy, there is recognition of the spread of
neoliberalism, capitalism, and the market economy in the world (Antonio,2007). Global economic crises are
also products of homogeneity in economic globalization.
Ritzer (2008) claimed that, in general, the contemporary world is undergoing the process of
McDonaldization. It is the process by which Western societies are dominated by the principles of fast food
restaurants.
McDonaldization is a by-product of “Americanization” or “Westernization” which is a part of the wider

phenomenon of Globalization. The terms are used to refer to the influence that USA has all over the world
and the American mania of rationalization in every sphere of life
Principles of McDonaldization
Ritzer identifies four main principles of McDonaldization: predictability, calculability, efficiency, and control.
These are all characteristics of McDonald's and other fast-food restaurants. However, they continue to be
characteristics of other changing industries, such as shopping districts, education, healthcare, and more. Let's
look at an example of each principle.
Predictability
First is predictability. Customers of McDonald's can predict the food menu: you'll find the same Big Mac in
California as you would in New York. The building, the decorations, and the uniforms are also usually the
same. Likewise, other industries are becoming increasingly predictable.
Most of the shopping malls across the country have the same stores. Popular fiction is 'rebooted' over and
over again in all kinds of media. Many popular websites even have the same basic layout. Consumers seem to
love predictability. They like knowing what to expect and what to do in any situation.
Calculability
The second principle of McDonaldization is calculability, which can be seen at McDonald's in several ways.
First, there's an emphasis on quantity over quality. The size and weight of a burger that you buy are the same
as the size and weight of a burger someone else buys - and the bigger, the better. Second, the cost of that
burger is a big selling point. The appeal of low prices is obvious in their Dollar Menu.
Third, speed is also considered extremely important and sometimes comes at the cost of quality. Likewise,
quantity is increasingly important everywhere you go. Consumers often use price and number of items sold to
gauge the appeal of business. Many stores are now open 24 hours a day in order to stay competitive. They
also continue to offer holiday merchandise earlier and earlier, giving consumers additional quantity of both
time and purchasing options.
Control - McDonaldization involves the search for the means to exert increasing control over both employees
and customers. ... The customer is told what to do by having to pick up their own food at the register and
clean up after themselves.
Dynamics of Local and Global Culture
Global flows of culture tend to move more easily around the globe than ever tend to move easily
around the globe than ever before, especially through non- material digital forms. There are three
perspectives on global cultural cultural flows. These are differentialism, hybridization, and convergence.
Cultural differentialism emphasizes the fact that cultures are essentially different are only superficially
affected by global flows. The interaction of cultures is deemed to contain the potential for “catastrophic
collision”. Samuel Huntington’s theory on the clash of the civilizations proposed in 1996 best exemplies this
approach.
An example of cultural differentialism is the terrorist attacks on 9/11 and the subsequent wars in
Afghanistan and Iraq. To many people, these events are seen as the product of a clash between Western and
Islamic culture and the eternal differences between them.
The cultural hybridization approach emphasizes the integration of local and global cultures (Cvetkovich
and Kellner, 1997). Globalization is considered to be a creative process which gives rise to hybrid entities that
are not reducible to either the global or the local. A key concept is “globalization” or the interpenetration of
the global and local resulting in unique outcomes in different geographic areas (Giulianotti and Robertson,
2007). Another key concept is Arjun Appadurai’s“ scapes” in 1996, where global flows involve people,
technology, finance, political images, and media and the disjuncture’s between them, which lead to the
creation of cultural hybrids.
Hybridization has become part of an ongoing trend in cultural production, with both

the globalization and localization of the culture industry. Hybridization, however, is not merely the mixing,
blending and synthesizing of different elements that ultimately forms a culturally faceless whole.
The cultural convergence approach stresses homogeneity introduced by globalization. Cultures are
deemed to be radically altered by strong flows, while cultural imperialism happens when one culture imposes
itself on and tends to destroy at least parts of another culture. One important critique of cultural imperialism
is John Tomlinson’s idea of “deterritorialization” of culture. Deterritorialization means that is much more
difficult to tie culture to a specific geographic point of origin.
Cultural convergence is the theory that two cultures will be more and more like each other as their
interactions increase. Basically, the more that cultures interact, the more that their values, ideologies,
behaviors, arts, and customs will start to reflect each other.
Globalization of Religion
Globalization has played a tremendous role in providing context for the current revival and the
resurgence of religion. Today, most religious are not relegated to the countries where they began. Religions
have, in fact, spread and scattered on a global scale. Globalization provided religions a fertile milieu to spread
and thrive. As Scholte (2005) made clear: “Acceleratedglobalization of recent times has enabled co-
religionists across the planet to have a greater direct contact with one another. Global communications, global
organizations, global finance, and the like have allowed ideas of the Muslims and the universal Christian
church to be given concrete shape as never before”.
Information technologies, transportation means, and the media are deemed important on which
religionists rely on the dissemination of their religious ideas. Media also play an important role in the
dissemination of religious ideas. In this respect, a lot of television channels, radio stations, and print media are
founded solely for advocating religions.
z
Economic globalization has always required ideological legitimation. In the first instance this
legitimation was explicitly theological; today in Roman Catholic circles it continues to be. The first modern
legitimations of what would become economic globalization were made on the universalist bases of the "law
of nations," a derivation from "natural law" as it was conceptualized in the thirteenth century by Thomas
Aquinas and interpreted by his sixteenth-century Scholastic successors, the Spanish Dominican and Jesuit
jurists of the so-called School of Salamanca. The work of the Spanish jurists was both continued a century later
and adapted to Protestant theological exigencies by the Dutch jurist Hugo Grotius and others. These early,
theologically informed justifications of economic globalization are the bases for what has come to be known as
"the law of nations" and hence our traditions of international law, Even today under conditions of the so-
called secularization of international law, legitimations of globalization retain traces of reliance on natural law
and, thus, of their original religious bases.
Globalization is also associated with Westernization and Americanization. The dominance exerted by
these two processes, particularly on the less developed countries, makes religion-related cultures and
identifies take defensive measures to protect themselves. Sometimes, extreme forms of resisting other
cultural influence are being done, such as that of the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS). AS Ehteshami (2007)
pointed out, “Globalization is not only seen as a rival of Islamic ways, but also as an alien force divorced from
Muslim realities. Stressing the negative impact of the loose of morals of Western life is a daily features of
airwaves in the Middle East”.
The challenges of globalization to religion link automatically to the challenges of religion to

globalization. In other words, while religion takes caution against the norms and the values related to
globalization, it challenges the latter since religion does not approve its hybridizing effects. The idea of de-
hybridizing effects of religion is approved by Samuel Huntington’s clash of civilizations, which maintains that
such de-hybridizing upshots spring also from the religious partitioning and clashes.
Name: Score:
ACTIVITY 2
Process Questions
1. Are societies in the world becoming more similar (homogenous) or more different (heterogeneous)?
2. What do you think are the advantages and dis advantages of homogenization of culture? How about
heterogenization?
MODULE 3
MODULE 3
Globalization and Regionalization
The process of globalization and regionalization re-emerged during the 1980s and heightened after the
end of the Cold War in 1990s. At first, it seem that these two processes are contradicting—the very nature of
globalization is by definition, global while regionalization is naturally regional.
The regionalization of the world system and economic activity undermines the potential benefits
coming out from a liberalized global economy. This is because regional organizations prefer regional partners
over the rest. Regional organizations respond to the states’ attempt to reduce the perceived negative effects
of globalization. Therefore, regionalism is a sort of counter-globalization. Globalization “goes back to when
humans first put a boat into the sea” (Sweeney, 2005). We can understand globalization as the “the increased
flows of goods, services, capital, people, and information across borders” (Jacoby and Meunier, 2010).
Defining region and regionalization is complicated. Nevertheless, region, according to Mansfield area”. Hurrell
(2007) define regionalization as the “societal integration and the often undirected process of social and
economic interaction”. In addition, regionalization is different from regionalism, which is “the formal process
of intergovernmental collaboration between two or more states” (Ravenhill, 2008).
What Is Regionalism?
A country's territory is usually defined by political decisions and geographic conventions. However, the cultural
identity and political vision of the regions within it might be significantly different and sometimes, regional
identity might be stronger than the national.
In politics, regionalism is an ideology that highlights the local identity, the need for independent regional
planning and administrative freedom. It promotes the manifestation of cultural singularities and prioritizes the
interest of the region over the interest of the nation as a whole.
In other words, the regionalist politics of a region are centered on that specific territory; they aim to direct the
national agenda towards the local interests and look for greater autonomy for that region.
Regionalism Consequences
Regionalism can have positive and negative consequences. It might promote local development, protect the
local cultural manifestations and bring favorable conditions to certain regions that might have been
historically relegated by the national administration.
On the other hand, it can weaken the national identity and arise passionate divisions between members of the
same society. It might also prevent local politicians from recognizing the importance of certain national issues
or those in other regions.
Spain has several areas with a strong regionalist vision, often demanding more autonomy from the national
government and, at times, even promoting the establishment of independent states. These regions are Galicia,
the Basque Country, and Catalonia.
In international relations, the term regionalism is sometimes used to refer to several countries that establish
common policies and agreements looking to benefit the region that they form together, like the European
Union or NAFTA (as in the North American Free Trade Agreement).
Regionalism Characteristics
Let's take a closer look at two of the characteristics of regionalism:
1. Local Identity
One of the main characteristics of regionalism is its strong local identity and a loyalty to the region. Regionalist
politicians and many residents feel pride in the local culture and its people. Politicians try to exploit that
identity to gain supporters for their proposals. The regionalist agendas often claim that the regional interest
should always come before the national interest.
The political discourse of regionalists usually emphasizes local development and well-being, at times without
considering other regions. Supporters commonly argue that their region suffers unfair or discriminatory
treatments from the national government and that, by focusing on local issues, the region will do better,
economically and socially. According to them, if all regions do the same, the nation will benefit as a whole.
2. Autonomy
The search of greater autonomy is usually a priority of regionalism. It can be economic, in the form of more
power to administer economic resources and modify fiscal policies; it can also be political, with stronger local
institutions and the ability to pass laws and enforce local policies. A regional political party, however, is not
automatically a form of regionalism. One group that only exists in a certain region might promote local
agendas without looking for greater regional autonomy.
Some regionalist governments have tried to prevent people from other regions (although still nationals of the
same country) from benefiting from local programs. The scope of some of their policies includes only local
residents and tends to restrict access to other individuals.
What is regionalism in contemporary world?
In international relations, regionalism is the expression of a common sense of identity and purpose combined

with the creation and implementation of institutions that express a particular identity and shape collective
action within a geographical region.
Origins and History of Globalization
Hardwired Globalization
A. states that globalization relates to the urge for a better life and is hardwired into humans.
B. an example of this is that because humans wanted to travel faster than by horseback or wagon they began
building railroads.
According to NayanChanda (2007), it is because of our basic human need to make our lives better that
made globalization possible. Therefore, one can trace the beginning of globalization from our ancestors in
Africa who walked out from the said continent in the Ice Age. This long journey finally led them to all known
continents today, roughly after 50,000 years.
A. states that globalization relates to the urge for a better life and is hardwired into humans.
B. an example of this is that because humans wanted to travel faster than by horseback or wagon they began
building railroads.
Cycles
What is globalization cycle?
Changes over time have occurred with respect to international agreements as well as a range of
aspects of integration with external markets. One result has been cycles in globalization (and within
those, changes over time in the aspects of globalization that countries pursue).
For some, globalization is a long term cyclical process and thus, finding its origin will be a daunting task.
What is important is the cycles that globalization has gone through (Scholte,2005). Subscribing to this view
will suggest adherence to the idea that other global ages have appeared. This is also the notion tosuspect that
this point of globalization will soon disappear and reappear.
Epoch
Ritzer (2015) cited Therborn’s (2000) six great epochs of globalization. These are also called“ waves” and each
has its own origin. Today’s globalization is not unique if this case. The difference of this view from the second
view ( cycles) is that it does not treat epochs as returning. The following are sequential occurrence of the
epochs:
1. Globalization of religion ( fourth to seventh century)
2. European colonial conquest (late fifteenth century)
3. Intra- European wars (late eighteenth to early nineteenth century tp 1918)
4. Heyday of European imperialism (mid-nineteenth century to 1918)
5. Post- World War ll period.
6. Post-Cold War Period
Epoch comes to us, via Medieval Latin, from Greek epochē, meaning "cessation" or "fixed point." "Epochē,"
in turn, comes from the Greek verb epechein, meaning "topause" or "to hold back." When "epoch" was first
borrowed into English, it referred to the fixed point used to mark the beginning of a system of chronology.
That sense is now obsolete, but today "epoch" is used in some fields (such as astronomy) with the meaning
"an instant of time or a date selected as a point of reference." The "an event or a time that begins a new
period or development" sense first appeared in print in the early 17th century, and "epoch" has been
applied to defining moments or periods of time ever since
Events
Specific events are also considered as the part of the fourth view in explaining the origin of globalization. If
this is the case, then several points can be treated as the start of globalization. Gibbon (1998)’ for example,
argued that Roman conquests centuries before Christ were its origin. In an issue of the magazine the
Economist (2006, January 12), it considered the rampage of the armies of Genghis Khan into Eastern Europe
in the thirteenth century. Rosenthal (2007) gave premium to voyages of discovery—Christopher Columbus’
discovery of America in 1942, Vasco da Gama in Cape of Good Hope in 1498, and Ferdinand Magellan’s
completed circumnavigation of the globe in 1522.
The recent years could also be regarded as the beginnings of globalization with reference to specific
technological advances in transportation and communication. Some examples include the first transatlantic
telephone cable (1956), the first transatlantic television broadcast (1962), the founding of the modern internet
in 1998, and the terrorist attacks on Twin Towers in New York (2001). Certainly, with this view, more and more
specific events will characterize not just the origins of globalization but also more of its history.
Name: Score:
ACTIVITY 3
Process Question
 Which of the aforementioned views on the history of Globalization you find most appealing?
Why?
7uj
MODULE 4
MODULE 4
BROADER, MORE RECENT CAHANGES
Recent changes comprised the fifth view. These broad changes happened in the last half of the
twentieth century. Scholars today point to these three notable changes as the origin of globalization that we
know today. They are as follows:
1. The emergence of the United States as the Global power (post- World War ll)
2. The emergence of multinational corporations (MNCs)
3. The demise of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War.
Through its dominant military and economic power after WWll, the United States was able to outrun
Germany and Japan in terms of industry. Both Axis powers and allies fall behind economically as compared to
the new global power. Because of this, the United States soon began to progress in different aspects like in
diplomacy, media, film (as in the Hollywood), and many more.
Before MNCs came into being, their roots were from their countries of origin during the eighteenth to
early nineteenth centuries. The United States, Germany, and Great Britain had in their homeland great
corporations which the world knows today. However, they did not remain there as far as their production and
market are concerned. For example, Ford and General Motors originated in the United States but in the
twentieth century, they exported more automobiles and opened factories to other countries.
Many global process—immigration, tourism, media, diplomacy, and MNCs—spread throughout the
planet. This paved way for the so-called “free” world. China, even though the government remains
communist, is on its way to becoming a major force in global capitalism (fish man, 2006). Moreover, China is
also globalizing in terms of other aspects such as their hosting of the Olympics in 2008.
Global Demography
What is the meaning of global demography?

The disparity in population growth between developed and developing countries reflects the existence
of considerable heterogeneity in birth, death and migration processes, both over time and across national
populations, races and ethnic groups.
What is the importance of global demography?
International demographic research helps the U.S. to understand and address population issues
overseas that are related to the strategic or commercial interests of the country. For example, immigration to
the U.S. is determined in part by levels of population growth and economic development in sending countries.
Demographic transition is a singular historical period during which mortality and fertility rates decline from
high to low levels in a particular country or region.
A remarkable effect of the demographic transition, as Shigeyuki et al. (2002) stated, is “the enormous
gap in life expectancy that emerged between Japan and the West on the one hand and the rest of the world
on the other”. By 1820, the life expectancy at birth of Japan and the West was 12 years greater than that of
other countries. It increased by 20 years by 1900. Although there was an improvement in life expectancy all
throughout the world in 1990-1950, the gap had reached 22 years. In 1999, the gap declined to 14 years.
These differences in time of transition affected the global population. During the nineteenth century, Europe
and the West had an increased in share in the world’s population, from 22.0 percent to 33.0 percent, while
Asia and Oceania’s contribution dropped from-from 69.0 percent to 56.7. India and China suffered from
economic stagnation and decline during that time.
Global Migration
What is global migration in contemporary world?
This means that one in every seven person in the world has changed place of residence, either within their
own country (about 700 million of internal migrants) or moved to another country (244 million international
migrants). Therefore some authors points out that all of us are becoming migrants
Why is global migration?

Migration occurs for many reasons. Many people leave their home countries in order to look for economic
opportunities in another country. ... Education is another reason for international migration, as students
pursue their studies abroad.
Causes of Migration
Employment opportunities are the most common reason due to which people migrate. Except this,
lack of opportunities, better education, construction of dams, globalization, natural disaster (flood and
drought) and sometimes crop failure forced villagers to migrate to cities.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Migration (Host country)
Advantages Disadvantages
Increasing cost of services such as health

A richer and more diverse culture
care and education
Helps to reduce any labour shortages Overcrowding
Migrants are more prepared to take on low Disagreements between different religions
paid, low skilled jobs and cultures
Effects of Migration
The economic effects of migration vary widely. Sending countries may experience both gains and
losses in the short term but may stand to gain over the longer term. For receiving countries temporary worker
programs help to address skills shortages but may decrease domestic wages and add to public welfare burden.
What are the six basic reasons for migration?

People migrate for many different reasons. These reasons can be classified as economic, social, political or
environmental: economic migration - moving to find work or follow a particular career path.
 lack of services.
 lack of safety.
 high crime.
 crop failure.
 drought.
 flooding.
 poverty.
 war.
What are the 5 types of migration?

There are different types of migration such as counter-urbanization, emigration, immigration, internal
migration, international migration and rural-urban migration.
1. Counter- urbanization, or de-urbanization, is a demographic and social process whereby people move
from urban areas to rural areas. It is, like suburbanization, inpversely related to urbanization.
2. Emigration is the relocation or process of people leaving one country to reside in another.
3. Immigration is the international movement of people to a destination country of which they are not
natives or where they do not possess citizenship in order to settle as permanent residents or
naturalized citizens.
4. Internal Migration (Rural–Urban): Industrialized Countries Internal migration is the movement of
people between usual residences within national states. ... In many countries the direction of internal
migration has shifted to deconcentration from large cities to smaller towns and rural settlements.
5.
p
Name: Score:
ACTIVITY 4
Process Question
1. What do you think is the effect of a high dependency ratio in developed countries? In developing countries?
2. Is the heightened flow of people a unique feature of the current global era?
-
MODULE 5
MODULE 5
THE GLOBAL ECONOMY
Introduction
The United States (UN) tried to address the different problems in the world. Their efforts were guided by the
eight Millennium Development Goals, which they created in the 1990s. among these eight goals, the eradication of
extreme poverty and hunger ranked as the first. The other seven goals include: achieving universal primary education,
promoting gender equality and women empowerment, reducing child mortality, improving maternal health, combating
disease like HIV/AIDS and malaria, ensuring environmental sustainability, and having a global partnership fro
development (United Nations. 2015). The UN tried to achieve them by the year 2015.
What is the meaning of global economy?
The global economy refers to the interconnected worldwide economic activities that take place between

multiple countries. These economic activities can have either a positive or negative impact on the countries
involved
The world economy or global economy is the economy of all humans of the world, considered as the

international exchange of goods and services that is expressed in monetary units of account.
Global economy is the exchange of goods and services integrated into a huge single global market. It is
virtually a world without borders, inhabited by marketing individuals and/or companies who have joined the
geographical world with the intent of conducting research and development and making sales.
What is the importance of global economy?
Global economic developments play an important role in driving activity and financial markets in the US. US
multinationals account for a large share of US output and labor productivity growth, and their presence in
financial markets is large
ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION and GLOBAL TRADE
There are two different types of economies associated with economic globalization---protectionism
and trade liberalization.
Protectionism means “a policy of systematic government intervention in foreign trade with the objective of
encouraging domestic production. This encouragement involves giving preferential treatment to domestic
producers and discriminating against foreign competitors” McAleesse, 2007 as cited in Ritzer, 2015). Trade
protectionism usually comes in the form of quotas and tariffs. Tarrifs are required fees on imports or exports.
Types of Protectionism
1. Tariffs – This is a tax on imports.

2. Quotas – This is a physical limit on the quantity of imports
3. Embargoes – This is a total ban on a good, this may be done to stop dangerous substances
4. Subsidies – If a government subsidises domestic production this gives them an unfair advantage over
competitors.
5. Administrative barriers – Making it more difficult to trade, e.g. imposing minimum environmental
standards.
6. Competitive devaluation – manipulating currency to make exports cheaper.
Trade liberalization is the removal or reduction of restrictions or barriers on the free exchange of goods
between nations. These barriers include tariffs, such as duties and surcharges, and nontariff barriers, such as
licensing rules and quotas
What is an example of trade liberalization?
Trade liberalization promotes free trade, which allows countries to trade goods without regulatory barriers or
their associated costs. ... For example, recent trade liberalization has encouraged the United Kingdom to
concentrate on its service sector rather than manufacturing
World’s top 10 largest economies

1. United States of America
2. China
3.Japan
4. Germany
5. India
6. France
7.United Kingdom
8. Italy
9. Brazil
10. Canada1
Factors affecting global economy
According to the latest economic news, here are some of the key factors that influence and affect how well
the global economy works:
 Natural resources;
 Infrastructure;
 Population;
 Labour;
 Human capital;
 Technology;
 Law.
Economic Globalization and Sustainable Development
Development has to be ensured in and for the future generations. One significant global response or
approach to economic globalization is that of sustainable development, which seeks to chart a middle path
between economic growth and a sustainable environment (Borghesi and Vercelli, 2008). The relationship
between globalization and sustainability is multidimensional—it involves economic, political, and technological
aspects. The continuous production of the world’s natural resources, such as water and fossil fuel allows
humanity to discover new technologies, and make advancements in transportation and communication.
Economic globalization refers to the widespread international movement of goods, capital, services, technology
and information. ... Economic globalization primarily comprises the globalization of production, finance, markets,
technology, organizational regimes, institutions, corporations, and labour.
Sustainable development is the idea that human societies must live and meet their needs without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. The “official” definition of sustainable
development was developed for the first time in the Brundtland Report in 1987
Name: Score:
ACTIVITY 5
Process Question
1. Do you think that the Philippines is harmed as other countries transfer their activities to us through outsourcing?
2. In what ways do international organizations help our country economy?

MODULE 6
MODULE 6
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION
Environmental degradation is the deterioration of the environment through depletion of resources such as

air, water and soil; the destruction of ecosystems; habitat destruction; the extinction of wildlife; and pollution.
... When natural habitats are destroyed or natural resources are depleted, the environment is degraded.
What causes environmental degradation?
1. Land Disturbance: A more basic cause of environmental degradation is land damage. ... Whole

environments can be destroyed because of these invasive species.
2. Pollution: Pollution, in whatever form, whether it is air, water, land or noise is harmful for the environment.
Few examples of environmental degradation:

 Deforestation.
 Soil erosion.
 Falling levels of ground water.
 Depletion of the ozone layer and combustion from automobiles causing extreme air pollution.
 Water Pollution.
 Throwing waste in river.
 Use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides.
 Burning of coal and mineral oil.
FOOD SECURITY
The demand for food will be 60% greater than it is today and the challenge of food security requires
the world to feed 9 billion people by 2050 (Breene, 2016). Global food security means delivering sufficient
food to the entire world population. It is therefore, a priority of all countries, whether developed or less
developed.
Food insecurity – often rooted in poverty – decreases the ability of countries to develop their agricultural
markets and economies. Access to quality, nutritious food is fundamental to human existence. Secure access
to food can produce wide ranging positive impacts, including: ... Increased global security and stability.
Examples include soup kitchens, food banks, school lunch programs, and other programs that give food to
people in need without requiring any type of commitment in return.
Food security exists when all people, at all times, have physical, social and economic access to sufficient, safe
and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life. The
four pillars of food security are availability, access, utilization and stability.
ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION, POVERTY, and INEQUALITY

Economic and trade globalization is the result of companies trying to outmanoeuvre their competitors. While you
search for the cheapest place to buy shoes, companies search for the cheapest sources of leather, dye, rubber, and
of course labor. The result is labor intensive products like shoes are often produced in countries with the lowest
wages and the weakest regulations. This process creates winners and losers. The winner include corporations and
their stockholders who earn more profit. They also include consumers who get products at a cheaper price. The
losers are high wageworkers who used to make those shoes.
Multiplier effect means an increase in one economic activity can lead to increase in other economic activities. For
instance, investing in local businesses will lead to more jobs and more income. According to the economist Paul
Krugman (as cited in The New York Times, July 8, 2013. “The Bangladeshi apparel industry is going to consist of
what we would consider sweatshops or it won’t exist at all. And Bangladesh, in particular, really needs its apparel
industry. It’s pretty much the only thing keeping its economy afloat.
Economic globalization has helped millions of people get out of extreme poverty but the challenge of the future is to
lift up the poor while at the same time keep the planet liveable. One of the best ways to help those in extreme
poverty is to enable them to participate in the economy. This applies to developing countries in the global
marketplace and to individuals at the local level. A perfect example is microcredit. Microcredit was a success and
has since spread to developing countries throughout the world. Private lenders, governments, and non-profit
organizations have jumped on board to loan billions of dollars to the worlds most disadvantaged.
POVERTY
What is Poverty?
Poverty is a complex problem. There are many aspects to it, and it has many causes. The most
widely used poverty definition focuses on economic poverty. This definition measures poverty by the
amount of money a person earns and establishes poverty rates for communities and countries based
on income inequality and financially drawn poverty lines.
Causes of poverty is changing trends in a country's economy. Associated with the lack of education, high
divorce rate, a culture of poverty, illiteracy, overpopulation, epidemic diseases such as AIDS and malaria and
environmental problems such as lack of rainfall.
Causes of Poverty in the Philippines
The main causes of poverty in the country include the following:
 low to moderate economic growth for the past 40 years;

 low growth elasticity of poverty reduction;
 weakness in employment generation and the quality of jobs generated;
 failure to fully develop the agriculture sector;
 high inflation during crisis periods;
 high levels of population growth;
 high and persistent levels of inequality (incomes and assets), which dampen the positive impacts of
economic expansion; and
 Recurrent shocks and exposure to risks such as economic crisis, conflicts, natural disasters,and
"environmental poverty."
How to Stop Poverty

1. Create Awareness. Social media has become an integral part of daily life, and now is the time to use it
as a voice of social good. ...
2. Take Action on Your Own. ...
3. Donate. ...
4. Eliminate Gender Inequality. ...
5. Create Jobs Worldwide. ...
6. Increase Access to Proper Sanitation and Clean Water. ...
7. Educate Everyone.
Global Inequality
International inequality refers to the idea of inequality between countries. This can be compared to global
inequality which is inequality between people across countries. This may refer to economic differences
between countries. As well as medical care and education differences
Leading Causes of Global Inequality. ... historical processes such as wars, industrialisation, colonisation, as
well as current trade arrangements, financial systems and global politics impact inequality between nations,
individuals and groups within countries.
How do you measure global inequality?

We can compare inequality around the globe by looking at the Gini coefficient, a simple concept that allows
us to track a single number whose rise or fall indicates an increase or decrease in inequality in one nation, or
to compare relative levels of inequality in different countries
The major examples of social inequality include income gap, gender inequality, health care, and social class. In
health care, some individuals receive better and more professional care compared to others.
What are the effects of global inequality?
Effects of income inequality, researchers have found, include higher rates of health and social problems, and
lower rates of social goods, a lower population-wide satisfaction and happiness and even a lower level of
economic growth when human capital is neglected for high-end consumption
Name: Score:
ACTIVITY 6
Process Question
1. What are the four issues the Food Security Survey Module addresses to assess food security?
2. What are ten things individuals can do to help the environment?

MODULE 7
MODULE 7
Global Income Inequality
Globalization and inequality are closely related. We can see how different nations are divided between
the North and South, developed and less developed, and the core and the periphery. These differences mainly
reflect one key aspect to inequality in the contemporary world—global economic inequality. There are two
main types of economic inequality: wealth inequality and income inequality. Wealth refers to the net worth of
a country. It takes into account all the assets of a nation—may they be natural, physical, and human—less the
liabilities. In other words, wealth is the abundance of resources in a specific country. This means that wealth
inequality speaks about distribution of assets. However, there is no widely recognized, monetary measure
that sums up these assets (Economist, 2012).
What is the meaning of global inequality?
International inequality refers to the idea of inequality between countries. This can be compared to global

inequality which is inequality between people across countries. This may refer to economic differences
between countries. As well as medical care and education differences.
In order to measure global economic inequality, economists usually look at the income using the Gross
Domestic Product (GDP). Income is the new earnings that are constantly being added to the pile of country’s
wealth. When we talk about income inequality, we mean that new earnings are being distributed; it values the
flow of goods and services, not a stock of assets (Economist, 2012)
What is meant by income inequality?
Income inequality is an extreme disparity of income distributions with a high concentration of income usually

in the hands of a small percentage of a population. When income inequality occurs there is a large gap
between the wealth of one population segment compared to another.
Why is income inequality a problem?
Effects of income inequality, researchers have found, include higher rates of health and social problems, and
lower rates of social goods, a lower population-wide satisfaction and happiness and even a lower level of
economic growth when human capital is neglected for high-end consumption.
Six policies to reduce economic inequality

1. Increase the minimum wage. ...
2. Expand the Earned Income Tax. ...
3. Build assets for working families. ...
4. Invest in education. ...
5. Make the tax code more progressive. ...
6. End residential segregation.
The Third World and Global South

The term "Third World" arose during the Cold War to define countries that remained non-aligned with either NATO or
the Warsaw Pact. The United States, Canada, Japan, South Korea, Western European nations and their allies represented
the First World, while the post-Soviet Union countries, China, Cuba, and their allies represented the Second World. This
terminology provided a way of broadly categorizing the nations of the Earth into three groups based on political and
economic divisions. Since the fall of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War, the term Third World has decreased
in use. It is being replaced with terms such as developing countries, least developed countries or the Global South. The
concept itself has become outdated as it no longer represents the current political or economic state of the world.
The Third World was normally seen to include many countries with colonial pasts in Africa, Latin
America, Oceania and Asia. It was also sometimes taken as synonymous with countries in the Non-Aligned Movement. In
the dependency theory of thinkers like RaúlPrebisch, Walter Rodney, Theotonio dos Santos, and Andre Gunder Frank,
the Third World has also been connected to the world-systemic economic division as "periphery" countries dominated
by the countries comprising the economic "core
When talking about the Global North and the Global South, the majority of the time the two go hand in hand. People
refer to the two as "Third World/South" and "First World/North" because the Global North is more affluent and
developed, whereas the Global South is less developed and often poorer
Global South
The Global South is an emerging term, used by the World Bank and other organizations, identifying countries
with one side of the underlying global North–South divide, the other side being the countries of
the Global North
What are the characteristics of global south?
The global South represents mainly agrarian economies in Africa, India, China, Latin America and others that
are not as economically sound and politically stable as their global North counterparts and tend to be
characterized by turmoil, war, conflict, poverty, anarchy and tyranny (Odeh, 2010)
Name: Score:

ACTIVITY 7
Process Question
1. What do you think is the impact of urbanization and the rise of global city on the agricultural
sector?
2. How do you understand the global south?

MODULE 8
MODULE 8
GLOBAL CITY
A global city, also called a power city, world city, alpha city or world centre, is a city which is a primary node in
the global economic network.
What is considered a global city?
A global city is a city generally considered to be an important node in the global economic system. The

most complex of these entities is the "global city", whereby the linkages binding a city have a direct and
tangible effect on global affairs through socio-economic means.
What is the role of global city?
A global city is a city that has the power to effect global issues and change the global outlook. They can do this
through a varied set of systems from politics to military and economics, controlling and adapting the route
the global economy takes
What makes a global city a global city?
A global city, therefore, is the world's most important and influential city that covers the dimensions of the
globalization. These dimensions are cultural experience, business activity, human capital as well as political
engagement. ... There are several ways in which a city can be considered as a global city
THEORIES OF GLOBAL STRATIFICATION
Theory Major assumptions
Wealthy nations became wealthy because early on they were able to develop the necessary beliefs,
values, and practices for trade, industrialization, and rapid economic growth to occur. Poor nations
Modernization
remained poor because they failed to develop these beliefs, values, and practices; instead, they
theory
continued to follow traditional beliefs and practices that stymied industrial development and
modernization.
The poverty of poor nations stems from their colonization by European nations, which exploited the
Dependency poor nations’ resources and either enslaved their populations or used them as cheap labor. The
theory colonized nations were thus unable to develop a professional and business class that would have
enabled them to enter the industrial age and to otherwise develop their economies.
Modernization Theory
The individual explanation is called modernization theory (McClelland, 1967; Rostow, 1990). According to this theory,
rich nations became wealthy because early on they were able to develop the “correct” beliefs, values, and practices—in
short, the correct culture—for trade, industrialization, and rapid economic growth to occur. These cultural traits include
a willingness to work hard, to abandon tradition in favor of new ways of thinking and doing things, and to adopt a future
orientation rather than one focused on maintaining present conditions.
Modernization theory has direct relevance for the experience of Western Europe. According to the theory,
Western European nations began to emerge several centuries ago as economic powers because their
populations adopted the kinds of values and practices just listed. Max Weber (1904/1958), one of the
founders of sociology, wrote that Western Europe was able to do this because the Protestant Reformation
diminished the traditional distrust of the Catholic Church for material success and social and economic change.
The new Protestant ethic that Western Europeans adopted stressed the importance of hard work and material
success in one’s lifetime rather than the Church’s traditional emphasis on rewards in an afterlife.
Dependency Theory
The structural explanation for global stratification is called dependency theory. Not surprisingly, this theory’s
views sharply challenge modernization theory’s assumptions (Packenham, 1992). Whereas modernization
theory attributes global stratification to the “wrong” cultural values and practices in poor nations, dependency
theory blames global stratification on the exploitation of these nations by wealthy nations. According to this
view, poor nations never got the chance to pursue economic growth because early on they were conquered and
colonized by European ones. The European nations stole the poor nations’ resources and either enslaved their
populations or used them as cheap labor. They installed their own governments and often prevented the local
populace from getting a good education. As a result, the colonized nations were unable to develop a
professional and business class that would have enabled them to enter the industrial age and to otherwise
develop their economies. Along the way, wealthy nations sold their own goods to colonized nations and forced
them to run up enormous debt that continues to amount today. Because dependency theory implies that poor
nations remain poor because of lack of opportunity owing to exploitation by wealthy nations, it falls into the
conflict perspective on stratification.
Walt Whitman Rostow's Work

How does a country's economy develop and grow? Are there patterns that apply to all countries, or is the path
to growth and development unique to each? Walt Whitman Rostow was an economist who developed a
theory of how a country's economy develops and grows, and in 1960 he took a crack at addressing these
issues in his book, The Stages of Economic Growth.
Rostow argued that the economies of all countries could be placed within one of five different stages of
economic growth. The stages include traditional society, preconditions to takeoff, takeoff, drive to maturity,
and age of high mass consumption. Let's take a closer look at each.
Rostow's Stages
According to Rostow, the first stage of economic development consists of traditional society. Traditional
societies focus on the most basic of economic activities, such as farming and extraction industries like mining
and harvesting of timber. The labor force is pretty much completely unskilled, and scientific and technological
development is primitive. Rostow believes that traditional economies are generally unproductive.
The second stage of economic development is a transitional stage that establish the conditions necessary for
further growth and development. This stage is referred to as preconditions to takeoff. At this stage, science
and technology start to progress, which aids in economic productivity. The savings caused by increased
productivity are saved and invested in other areas, including technology and infrastructure like roads, bridges,
and harbors.
Rostow's third stage is known as takeoff. In this stage, a handful of key new industries start to emerge in the
national economy that help drive further economic growth. For example, the development of a steel industry
may drive growth in an economy with ready access to iron ore. At this stage, Rostow claims that economic
growth becomes the normal state of the economy. He also believed that this economic growth becomes self-
sustaining at this point in development.
The fourth stage is known as the drive to maturity. This stage is about diversification and expansion. The
economy in this stage of growth will be developing new and more sophisticated industries. For example, an
economy going from producing steel and timber products to producing consumer electronics and computer
chips is in the drive to maturity stage. In other words, the economy moves beyond the key bread and butter
industries that fueled its takeoff into a more diverse and dynamic economic system. The workforce becomes
more skilled due to the technological demands of the emerging industries. Moreover, economies at this stage
become less dependent upon imports as their emerging industries can compete with them.
Rostow's final stage is known as the age of high mass consumption. A high standard of living marks this stage.
Services and consumer goods replace heavy industry as the engine or economic growth. The current state of
the economies of the United States and Western Europe fall within this stage of development.
Dependency Theory and the Latin America Experience
Latin American dependency theory is a strand of political-economic thought that developed out of the UN
Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) shortly after World War II. Dependency
theorists sought to explain persistent levels of under-development in Latin America by situating national
economies within their global economic context.
Dependency theory argues that under-development as experienced in Latin America and elsewhere is the
direct result of capital intervention, rather than a condition of “lacking” development or investment. Prebisch,
Gunder Frank, and others put forth that the very same processes that generate high-incomes in Western
Europe and the United States are those that maintain the rest of the world in a state of dependency vis-à-vis
wealth extraction. Rather than looking towards country-level characteristics to explain development, as per
earlier theorizations, dependency theory asks that social scientists reorient their analyses to attend to the
global economic forces that dictate development disparities both between and within nation-states.
Dependency theory as an intellectual movement emerged as a response to modernization theory, a quasi-
evolutionary model of economic development that posited that nations move linearly through successive
stages of growth (Gunder Frank 1969; Rostow 1959).
Name: Score:
ACTIVITY 8
Process Question
1. What are the features of dependency theory?
2.How does the modernization theory explain global stratification?

MODULE 9
MODULE 9
International Financial Institutions
An international financial institution (IFI) is a financial institution that has been established (or chartered) by
more than one country, and hence is subject to international law. ... Today, the world's largest IFI is the European
Investment Bank, with a balance sheet size of €573 billion in 2016.
An international financial institution (IFI) is a financial institution that has been established (or chartered) by
more than one country, and hence is subject to international law
What is the role of international financial institutions?
In many parts of the world, international financial institutions (IFIs) play a major role in the social
and economic development programs of nations with developing or transitional economies. ... to
support sustainable economic, social and institutional development; and. to promote regional
cooperation and integration.
What are the 4 types of financial institutions?
The major categories of financial institutions include central banks, retail and commercial banks,
internet banks, credit unions, savings, and loans associations, investment banks, investment
companies, brokerage firms, insurance companies, and mortgage companies
Benefits of using a financial institution
 Safety. It's risky to keep your money in cash. ...

 Convenience
 Saves money
 Security
 Financial future
What are the roles of international financial institutions in the creation of global economy?
In many parts of the world, international financial institutions (IFIs) play a major role in the social
and economic development programs of nations with developing or transitional economies. ... to
support sustainable economic, social and institutional development; and. to promote regional
cooperation and integration
Bretton Woods System
Bretton Woods established a system of payments based on the dollar, which defined all currencies in relation
to the dollar, itself convertible into gold, and above all, "as good as gold" for trade. U.S. currency was now
effectively the world currency, the standard to which every other currency was pegged.
What did the Bretton Woods system do?
The Bretton Woods Agreement and System created a collective international currency exchange regime that

lasted from the mid-1940s to the early 1970s. The Bretton Woods System required a currency peg to the U.S.
dollar which was in turn pegged to the price of gold.
The Bretton Woods Agreement
The Bretton Woods agreement was created in a 1944 conference of all of the World War II Allied nations. It
took place in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire.
Under the agreement, countries promised that their central banks would maintain fixed exchange
rates between their currencies and the dollar.2 If a country's currency value became too weak relative to the
dollar, the bank would buy up its currency in foreign exchange market
The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), signed on Oct. 30, 1947, by 23 countries, was a legal
agreement minimizing barriers to international trade by eliminating or reducing quotas, tariffs,
and subsidies while preserving significant regulations. The GATT was intended to boost economic recovery
after World War II through reconstructing and liberalizing global trade.
The GATT went into effect on Jan. 1, 1948. Since that beginning it has been refined, eventually leading to the
creation of the World Trade Organization (WTO) on January 1, 1995, which absorbed and extended it. By this
time 125 nations were signatories to its agreements, which covered about 90% of global trade.
The Council for Trade in Goods (Goods Council) is responsible for the GATT and consists of representatives
from all WTO member countries. As of September 2019, the council chair is Uruguyan Ambassador José
LuísCancela Gómez. The council has 10 committees that address subjects including market access, agriculture,
subsidies, and anti-dumping measures.
KEY TAKEAWAYS
 The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was signed by 23 countries in October 1947, after
World War II, and became law on Jan. 1, 1948.
 The GATT’s purpose was to make international trade easier.
 The GATT held eight rounds in total from April 1947 to September 1986, each with significant
achievements and outcomes.
 In 1995 the GATT was absorbed into the World Trade Organization (WTO), which extended it.
World Trade Organization (WTO)
Created in 1995, the World Trade Organization (WTO) is an international institution that oversees the global
trade rules among nations. It superseded the 1947 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) created in
the wake of World War II.
The WTO is based on agreements signed by the majority of the world’s trading nations. The main function of
the organization is to help producers of goods and services, exporters, and importers protect and manage
their businesses. As of 2019 the WTO has 164 member countries, with Liberia and Afghanistan the most
recent members, having joined in July 2016, and 23 “observer” countries
KEY TAKEAWAYS
 The WTO oversees global trade rules among nations.

 The WTO has fuelled globalization with both positive and negative effects.
 The main focus of the WTO is to provide open lines of communication concerning trade among its
members.
Name: Score:
ACTIVITY 9
Process Question
1. In the case of Philippines, how much do you think are we involved in the modern worl-system?
What do you think are the advantages and disadvantages of being a part of such?
2.how can we “upgrade” our economy given by the strength of the global economy, especially the giant
economies like the United States and Japan?
MODULE 10
MODULE 10
International Monetary Fund (IMF)
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an organization of 189 countries, working to foster

global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high
employment and sustainable economic growth, and reduce poverty around the world.
What is the International Monetary Fund?
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an organization of 189 countries, working to foster

global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high
employment and sustainable economic growth, and reduce poverty around the world.
What is the role of the International Monetary Fund?
The IMF's fundamental mission is to help ensure stability in the international system. It does so in

three ways: keeping track of the global economy and the economies of member countries; lending to
countries with balance of payments difficulties; and giving practical help to members.
WORLD BANK
The World Bank is an international organization dedicated to providing financing, advice, and research
to developing nations to aid their economic advancement. The bank predominantly acts as an organization
that attempts to fight poverty by offering developmental assistance to middle- and low-income countries.
What is meant by World Bank?

The World Bank is an international organization dedicated to providing financing, advice, and research
to developing nations to aid their economic advancement. The bank predominantly acts as an organization
that attempts to fight poverty by offering developmental assistance to middle- and low-income countries
What is the main role of the World Bank?

The World Bank offers loans, grants and other financial products through the International Bank of
Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) and the International Development Association. The function of the
IBRD is to promote financial growth in middle- and low-income countries
How does the World Bank operate?
The World Bank is the largest public development institution in the world, lending around US$ 25
billion a year to developing countries. ... This guarantee allows the Bank to raise money for its lending
purposes on international capital markets by the sale of its bonds.
ORGANIZATION FRO ECONOMIC COOPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT (OECD)
The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) is a unique forum where the
governments of 36 member states with market economies work with each other, as well as with more than 70
non-member economies to promote economic growth, prosperity, and sustainable development.
What does the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development do?
The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) is a unique forum where the
governments of 36 member states with market economies work with each other, as well as with more than 70
non-member economies to promote economic growth, prosperity, and sustainable development.
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)
The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) is a permanent, intergovernmental

Organization, created at the Baghdad Conference on September 10–14, 1960, by Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi
Arabia and Venezuela.
The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) is a group consisting of 14 of the

world's major oil-exporting nations. OPEC was founded in 1960 to coordinate the petroleum policies of its
members and to provide member states with technical and economic aid.
European Union (EU)
According to the European Union's official website, the union's purpose is to promote peace, establish a
unified economic and monetary system, promote inclusion and combat discrimination, break down barriers to
trade and borders, encourage technological and scientific developments, champion environmental protection,
and, among others, promote goals like a competitive global market and social progress.
So, put simply, the European Union is a coalition of 28 (soon to be 27 following Britain's bow out from the
union in 2019) European countries, designed to tear down trade, economic and social barriers and promote
flourishing in these areas.
Name: Score:
ACTIVITY 10
Process Question
1. What does OECD stand for in healthcare?
2.How cartels manipulate the prices of oil and gas? (OPEC)

MODULE 11
MODULE 11
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) was implemented in order to

promote trade between the U.S., Canada, and Mexico. The agreement, which eliminated most tariffs
on trade between the three countries, went into effect on January 1, 1994.
NAFTA is a comprehensive trade agreement that improves virtually all aspects of doing business within North
America. NAFTA will eliminate tariffs completely, and removes many of the non-tariff barriers, such as import
licenses, that have helped to exclude U.S. goods from the other two markets, especially Mexico.
What is the current NAFTA agreement?
Under the leadership of President Donald J. Trump, the United States has reached an agreement with Mexico
and Canada in the renegotiation of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). While the United
States, Mexico, and Canada have concluded a new, rebalanced agreement, NAFTA currently remains in effect.
What is an example of NAFTA?
NAFTA is defined as the North American Free Trade Agreement which allows for the
elimination of import quotas and tariffs between the United States, Canada and Mexico. An example
of NAFTA is the agreement that came into being on January 1, 1994 to stimulate trade and
investment between the U.S. Canada and Mexico
What is NAFTA and why is it important?
The agreement originated from the free trade agreement the United States and Canada signed
in 1988. NAFTA eliminates almost all barriers to trade and investment between the three North
American countries and includes provisions for the protection of intellectual property rights
HISTORY OF MARKET INTEGRATION
Market Integration
The nineteenth century saw substantial advances in international market integration, and the creation of a
truly world economy. Technological advance was critical in this. The railroad locomotive and the marine steam
engine revolutionized world transport from the 1830s onwards. Steamships connected the world's ports to
each other, and from the ports the railroads ran inland, creating a new and faster world transport
network. Freight rates fell, and goods could be carried across the world to ever more distant markets and still
be cheaper in those faraway places than the same item produced locally. Linked closely to these changes was
the electric telegraph, whose lines often ran along the new railroad networks. Telegraph systems were
established in most countries, including the major market of British India, until 1854. Beginning with the first
transatlantic cable, which was laid by steamship in 1866, these existing domestic telegraph systems were
linked together by marine cables. The resulting international information network was crucial in
communicating details of prices and price movements, reducing the cost of making deals and transactions. An
infrastructural change of major significance came in 1869 with the opening of the Suez Canal, which linked
the Mediterranean Sea by way of Egypt to the Red Sea: now ships sailing from Europe to Asia could take the
new shortcut rather than sail all the way around Africa
Market integration occurs when prices among different locations or related goods follow similar patterns over
a long period of time. Groups of goods often move proportionally to each other and when this relation is very
clear among different markets it is said that the markets are integrated.
What is market integration example?
Market integration basically refers to how easily 2 or more markets can trade with each other. ...
Foreign trade helps the integration of markets because it reduces barriers to trade and increases
fluidity between markets. *For example, China produces toys at a cheaper price than the US.
The main types of integration are:

 Backward vertical integration
 Conglomerate integration.
 Forward vertical integration.
 Horizontal integration.
What are the benefits of market integration in economy?
Economic integration can reduce the costs of trade, improve the availability of goods and services,
and increase consumer purchasing power in member nations. Employment opportunities tend to
improve because trade liberalization leads to market expansion, technology sharing, and cross-
border investment
What is an example of vertical integration?
Vertical integration is a strategy whereby a company owns or controls its suppliers, distributors, or
retail locations to control its value or supply chain. ... Netflix is a prime example of vertical
integration whereby the company started as a DVD rental company supplying film and TV content
Can we benefit from market integration?
You'll make more money: There are plenty of case studies out there which show a direct benefit to
revenue from integrated customer journeys. In fact, in some cases, integrated marketing has been
shown to produce double the sales value year on year.
What is global market integration?
A situation in which separate markets for the same product become one single market, for example
when an import tax in one of the market is removed. Integration is taken to denote a state of affairs
or a process involving attempts to combine. Separate national economies into larger economic
regions (Robson, 1998, p.1).
Name: Score:
ACTIVITY 10
Process Question
1. What are the negative effects of NAFTA?
2.What are the negative effects of Market Integration?

MODULE 12
MODULE 12
The Agricultural Revolution
The Neolithic Revolution, also called the Agricultural Revolution, marked the transition in

human history from small, nomadic bands of hunter-gatherers to larger, agricultural settlements and early
civilization. Shortly after, Stone Age humans in other parts of the world also began to practice agriculture
What is the significance of the agricultural revolution?
The Agricultural Revolution brought about experimentation with new crops and new methods of
crop rotation. These new farming techniques gave soil time to replenish nutrients leading to stronger
crops and better agricultural output. Advancements in irrigation and drainage further increased
productivity.
What happened in the agricultural revolution?
The Agricultural Revolution, the unprecedented increase in agricultural production in Britain

between the mid-17th and late 19th centuries, was linked to such new agricultural practices as crop
rotation, selective breeding, and a more productive use of arable land.
How did the Agricultural Revolution impact society?
The Agricultural Revolution of the 18th century paved the way for the Industrial Revolution in
Britain. New farming techniques and improved livestock breeding led to amplified food production.
This allowed a spike in population and increased health. The new farming techniques also led to an
enclosure movement.
How did the Agricultural Revolution affect gender roles?
In fact, recent research shows that ancient societies that had greater food surpluses tended to have higher
levels of inequality. Labor roles became more gendered as well. Generally, men did the majority of the
fieldwork while women were relegated to child-rearing and household work
Why the agricultural revolution was bad?

The agricultural revolution had a variety of consequences for humans. It has been linked to everything from
societal inequality—a result of humans' increased dependence on the land and fears of scarcity—to a decline
in nutrition and a rise in infectious diseases contracted from domesticated animals
Digital Farming and the 4th Agricultural Revolution

 Revolution number 1 - The adoption of modern agriculture (pre-1900s): ...
 Revolution number 2 – Post-WW1 Mechanisation (1920s): ...
 Revolution number 3 – The green revolution (1960-70s): ...
 Revolution number 4 – The digital revolution (present):
INFORMATION REVOLUTION
Information revolution is a period of change that might prove as significant to the lives of people. Computer
technology is at the root of this change, and continuing advancements in that technology seem to ensure that
this revolution would touch the lives of people.
The Information Revolution is now at the point at which the Industrial Revolution was in the early 1820s, about
forty years after James Watt's improved steam engine (first installed in 1776) was first applied, in 1785, to an
industrial operation—the spinning of cotton.
How did the information revolution affect business?

Easily transferable information is easily copied. Entire business empires are operating under the
threat of extinction by counterfeit. Movies, music, and databases are easily
replicated. Information instantly available everywhere, anywhere is difficult to protect from theft or
misuse.
Global Corporations
A global company is generally referred to as a multinational corporation (MNC). An MNC is a

company that operates in two or more countries, leveraging the global environment to approach
varying markets in attaining revenue generation.
How does a global corporation function?
As corporations go global, capital markets open up within them, giving companies a powerful

mechanism for arbitrage across national financial markets. ... Instead of managing currency
exposures through the financial market, global firms can offset natural currency exposures through
their worldwide operations.
How does a revolution change society?
The American Revolution changed society more than the French revolution because there was a

declaration written before the war was even over, and this freedom from Britain inspired other
freedoms such as women's rights and slavery. The American society was completely changed for
the better because of this.
Name: Score:
ACTIVITY 12
Process Question
1. How does a global corporation function?
2. Why was the agricultural revolution important?

MODULE 13
MODULE 13
GLOBAL GOVERNANCE IN 21st CENTURY
The rise of the global South is transforming global governance. It is creating new demands for multilateral
institutions and jumpstarting regionalism. The result is a new range of strategic choices available to
developing countries, and a new imperative to reform and reinvigorate multilateral and regional organizations. This
paper explores the transformation of governance in four sectors—finance, health, migration and security—and
highlights the implications for developing countries. In each area, developing countries have clear and powerful
collective interests. There are also challenges for global governance. At one end is the relatively well-institutionalized
area of finance, where reforming existing institutions is key. At the other end is migration, where global negotiations are
needed, and institutions barely exist.
What does global governance mean?
Global governance encompasses activities that transcend national boundaries at the international,

transnational, and regional levels and is based on rights and rules that are enforced through a combination of
economic and moral incentives
Effects of Globalization to Government
Effects of Globalization
Globalization has both positive and negative effects. On an individual level, globalization affects both the
standard of life and the quality of life. On a business level, globalization affects an organization's product life
cycle and an organization's balance sheet. Globalization also affects how governments throughout the world
create policies affecting areas such as monetary regulation and trade.
Individual Effects
On an individual level, globalization has affected the standard of life and quality of life of individuals and
families throughout the world. Standard of living is the level wealth, comfort, material goods, and necessities
available to a certain socioeconomic class in a certain geographic area. Quality of life is the degree to which a
person enjoys the important possibilities of his or her life. In many instances, quality of life has improved for
those who live in developing nations. For many developing nations, globalization has led to an improvement in
standard of living through improved roads and transportation, improved health care, and improved education
due to the global expansion of corporations. However, globalization has had a negative effect on individuals
who live in developed nations. This is due to the fact that corporations now have the option of establishing
manufacturing operations in nations where manufacturing and production costs are less expensive. As a
result, many manufacturing jobs leave developed nations and move to developing nations.
Corporate Effects
On a corporate level, globalization has had an effect on organizations' product or service life cycle. Product life
cycle is the period of time over which an item is developed, brought to market and eventually removed from
the world market. One such example of globalization having a positive effect on a product's life cycle would be
the Kinder Egg. Kinder Eggs are egged-shaped chocolate candies with tiny toys inside and are very popular
with children. However, due to the fact that the tiny toys may be a choking hazard for children, the United
States banned the sale of these candies. However, due to globalization, the Kinder Egg is still a popular candy
sold in Canada and several countries throughout Europe.
However, globalization could have a negative effect on corporation's balance sheets. An example of
globalization having a negative effect on a corporation's balance sheet can be found in the United States steel
industry. For years, steel from Asian nations has come into the United States. This steel from Asian nations is
cheaper than the steel manufactured in the United States. As a result, many corporations and organizations
that need steel to manufacture their goods purchase the Asian steel over the US steel in order to decrease
their own production cost. This is had an ongoing negative effect on the balance sheets of US steel companies.
What is globalization and how does it affect us?
Advancements in technology has resulted in improved transport and communication systems which has
increased flows of people, capital and goods between countries globally. This has resulted in a 'shrinking
world', a concept which suggests that the world is becoming smaller due to the increased speed of global
connections. For example, today more and more people can communicate easily with others on the other side
of the world due to the development of the internet and mobile phones.
As for how globalization affects us, it probably affects us in more ways than you may think. If it wasn't for
globalization and the increasing number of connections between places many of the consumer goods that we
own, such as an iPhone, would be much less accessible and certainly much more expensive. It also affects us
positively both economically and culturally. Today, nearly all jobs in the secondary and tertiary sectors of
employment are linked to the process of globalization with many businesses having international links. Also,
globalization has increased international migration which has resulted in multicultural societies.
However, globalization is also affecting us in a negative way. Increased transportation and the global shift of
polluting manufacturing industries has resulted in environmental degradation. Pollution is affecting people's
health and having a negative impact on biodiversity levels globally. Also, increased transport connections has
resulted in carbon dioxide, methane and other greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere. These
emissions are contributing to climate change which will have an increasing impact on our daily lives in the
future due to the increased frequency and intensity of hydrological and meteorological events such as
droughts, flooding and tropical storms.
TRADITIONAL CHALLENGES
What are traditional challenges?
Traditional security issues are about the threats against the essential values of the state, territorial
integrity, and political sovereignty.
What are the traditional challenges of globalization?
These include: larger markets, greater specialization opportunities, and the increased ability to exploit
economies of scale and scope; faster transmission of technology and innovation; and. greater competitive
pressure on domestic firms to increase their productivity.
How can we overcome the challenges of globalization?
First and most important are microeconomic policies. By providing better education, apprenticeships,
career training and less rigid labor markets, policy-makers in developed economies can help their societies to
adapt to the pressures of globalization and technological advance.
Name: Score:
ACTIVITY 13
Process Questions:
1. Examine the interaction between the nation-state and international organizations. Which has the
greatest impact on governments?
2. How can we “upgrade” our economy given the strength of the global economy?
MODULE 14
MODULE 14
Challenges from National/ Identity Movements
National identity is a person's identity or sense of belonging to one state or to one nation.It is the sense of "a
nation as a cohesive whole, as represented by distinctive traditions, culture, and language" . National identity
may refer to the subjective feeling one shares with a group of people about a nation, regardless of one's legal
citizenship status. National identity is viewed in psychological terms as "an awareness of difference", a "feeling
and recognition of 'we' and 'they'".
What affects national identity?
As a collective phenomenon, national identity can arise as a direct result of the presence of elements from the
"common points" in people's daily lives: national symbols, language, the nation's history, national
consciousness, and cultural artefacts.
The expression of one's national identity seen in a positive light is patriotism which is characterized by national
pride and positive emotion of love for one's country. The extreme expression of national identity
is chauvinism, which refers to the firm belief in the country's superiority and extreme loyalty toward one's
country.
What is the basis of national identity and nationalism?
Nationalism, a belief in the importance of one's nation, stemmed from the recent victories of the
revolutionaries, and their newfound rights. Pride of their own unique laws, traditions, language, and history,
were the basis of each country's national identity, the qualities that defined them as a nation
Why is it important to have a national identity?

National identity not only enhances physical security, but also inspires good governance; facilitates economic
development; fosters trust among citizens; engenders support for strong social safety nets; and ultimately
makes possible liberal democracy itself.
Global Economics
- The third major source of challenge comes from global economics. Global economy demands the
states to conform to the rules of free-market capitalism. Government austerity comes from
developments of organizations that cooperate across countries, such as WTO and regional agreements,
such as NAFTA, the European Union (EU), and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN).
GLOBAL ECONOMY
The world economy or global economy is the economy of all humans of the world, considered as the international
exchange of goods and services that is expressed in monetary units of account. [1] In some contexts, the two terms are distinct
"international" or "global economy" being measured separately and distinguished from national economies while the "world
economy" is simply an aggregate of the separate countries' measurements. Beyond the minimum standard concerning value
in production, use and exchange the definitions, representations, models and valuations of the world economy vary widely. It
is inseparable from the geography and ecology of Earth.
Neoliberal Economics/ Neoliberal Capitalism

- It focuses on free trade and dismantling trade barriers. It made sure that governments did not impose restrictive
regulations on corporate presence, as well as on the free flow of capital and jobs. Free trade was seen as the
ideal or the normative belief, that is, the best economy is one where there is free trade everywhere.
What is a Free Market?
The free market is an economic system based on supply and demand with little or no government control. It is a
summary description of all voluntary exchanges that take place in a given economic environment. Free markets are
characterized by a spontaneous and decentralized order of arrangements through which individuals make economic
decisions. Based on its political and legal rules, a country's free market economy may range between very large or
entirely black market.
Is free market same as capitalism?
They both are involved in determining the price and production of goods and services. On one
hand, capitalism is focused on the creation of wealth and ownership of capital and factors of production, whereas a free
market system is focused on the exchange of wealth, or goods and services
Global Social Movement
Global social movements (GSMs) are networks of organizations and individuals collaborating across
borders and outside of national identities to advance thematically similar agendas throughout the world.
The chapter focuses on global social movements, defined as transnational networks of actors that
define their causes as global and organize protest campaigns and other forms of action that target more than
one state and/or international governmental organization. Bridging insights from international relations and
social movement studies, the chapter analyses the spread of transnational contention, examining some main
characteristics of repertoires of action, organizational model, and framing processes, with particular attention
to the global justice movement. Explanations for the spread of global movements are then reviewed: the
politicization of international relations, the development of multilevel opportunities, movements’ strategies of
domestication and externalization, and the spreading of neoliberal globalization. Finally, the chapter examines
the potential evolution of global movements, considering the challenges to trans-nationalization of contention
in recent anti-austerity protests.
Cultural Anthropologist David F. Aberle identified four kinds of social movements (alternative, redemptive,
reformative, and revolutionary) based on two questions:
1) Who is the movement attempting to change? and 2) How much change is being advocated?.
 Alternative social movements are at the individual level and advocate for minor change; redemptive
social movements are at the individual level and advocate for radical changes.
 Reformative social movements occur at a broader group or societal level and advocate for minor
changes; revolutionary social movements occur at a broader group or societal level and advocate for
radical changes.
 Other ways to categorize social movements include the scope (reform or radical), type of change
(innovative or conservative ), targets (group-focused or individual-focused), methods (violent or non-
violent), and range (local or global).
 Revolutionary social movements occur at a broader group or societal level and advocate for radical
changes.
 Other ways to categorize social movements include classifying by scope, type of change, targets,
methods, and range.
Name: Score:
ACTIVITY 14
Process Questions:
1. Why are social movements important?
2. Are the civil society and other organizations truly separated from the governments’ actions and
policies? In what ways can state maintain its sovereignty amid globalization?
MODULE 15
MODULE 15
The Relevanceof the State amid Globalization
Globalization also creates a sense of interdependence among nations, which could create an imbalance of
power among nations of different economic strengths.
The role of the nation-state in a global world is largely a regulatory one as the chief factor in global
interdependence. While the domestic role of the nation-state remains largely unchanged, states that were
previously isolated are now forced to engage with one another to set international commerce policies.
Through various economic imbalances, these interactions may lead to diminished roles for some states and
exalted roles for others.
The State in the ERA of Globalization
At the beginning of the 21st century, we are living in an era of globalization. At the core of this mode of governance
stood the principles of statehood and sovereignty. Statehood meant that the world divided into territorial parcels, each
of which was ruled by a separate government.
Sovereignty has two dimensions: internal and external. Internal sovereignty is where the sovereign or government
exercises absolute authority over a particular society. Externally, there is no absolute authority above and beyond the
state. Thus, states should determine their own direction and policies.1 (Held, 1989:215. Much has been written that
connects globalization and the state.
What is the role of globalization?
Globalization is the process of increased interconnectedness among countries. The prosperous economic
development that is typically gained because of the increased interconnectedness among countries usually
results in a better standard of living, and an overall improved quality of life.
Globalization, thus, has powerful economic, political, cultural and social implications for
sovereignty. Globalization has led to a decline in the power of national governments to direct
and influence their economies (especially with regard to macroeconomic management); and to determine
their political structures.
How does globalization affect nation and state?
Overall, globalization has profound influence on nation-state in political, economical and cultural fields. These
three aspects both threatened the nation-state, it weaken their sovereignty and make their economic
activities unstable and easy to undermine their national culture due to the cultural globalization.
Institution that Govern International Relations
There are several international organizations that governments of countries around the world and individual
participate in. These include the United Nations, the International Court of Justice, NAFTA, ans NATO. There
are also non-governmental organizations promoting social and economic growth.
SIX ESSENTIALS INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
United Nations
Year established: 1945
Member countries: 193 (2 nonmember states, the Holy See and the

State of Palestine, are permanent observers)
Mission: To promote international peace and stability, human rights,
and economic development
You know this organization for: the many specialized agencies under
its umbrella, including the UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF), the UN
Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), the
World Bank, the World Health Organization (WHO), and more.
Members of the UN Security Council, one of the institution’s six
principal organs, focus on maintaininginternational peace and
security.
North Atlantic TreatyOrganization (NATO)
Member countries: 29 in North America and Europe, including
Turkey (expanded from 12 when NATO was founded)
Mission: To safeguard its members’ freedom and security by both
political and military means
You know this organization for: Article 5, which establishes the
principle of collective defense, committing each members to defend
any other that is attacked. While Article 5 has been invoked only
once, NATO has used the principle to intervene in conflicts many
times over the last several decades, including in Afghanistan, the
Balkans, and Libya.
European Union (EU)

Member countries: 28
Mission: To help member countries cooperate on
economic, political, and security matters
You know this organization for: the United Kingdom’s
imminent withdrawal from the EU (commonly known as
Brexit). The EU helps its members by removing trade
barriers, sharing a common currency (nineteen of its
twenty-eight members use the euro), and allowing EU
citizens to move freely among many member countries.
When the UK leaves the EU, it will no longer have the
same level of cooperation with other EU member countries
as it currently does.
World Trade Organization (WTO) Member countries: 164
Mission: To manage the rules of international trade
and ensure the fair and equitable treatment of all
members through negotiations and trade dispute
settlements
You know this organization for: the products and
services that you use on a daily basis—clothes, for
example—that are governed by international trade.
The WTO creates global trade rules and settles
disputes among countries, which might disagree on
the interpretation of those rules. The WTO has its
detractors, so you may know the organization from
demonstrations like the 1999 Seattle protests, when
thousands demonstrated during the WTO ministerial
conference.
Group of Twenty (G20)
Member countries: 20 (19 individual countries and
the European Union)
Mission: To convene officials from the world’s largest

economies, both advanced and developing, to jointly
address global economic concerns and coordinate
economic policies
You know this organization for: the annual G20
summit, a series of meetings that bring together
finance ministers, central bank governors, and heads
of member governments to coordinate on global
economic issues. For example, members of the G20
summit in the late 2000s and early 2010s helped
create and implement policies to stem the 2008
global financial crisis.
International Criminal Court (ICC)

Year established: 2002 (when the Rome Statute, the treaty
that created the- ICC, came into force.)
Member countries: 123 (The United States signed but did

not ratify the Rome Statute, which means it is not a full
member. Burundi was a member but withdrew in 2017.)
Mission: To investigate and try those charged with
genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity, and crimes
of aggression
You know this organization for: convicting several men for

war crimes committed in Mali and the Democratic Republic
of Congo. You may also know some of the situations
currently under investigation, including atrocities committed
in Sudan’s Darfur region and in Libya, and the actions of
the Lord’s Resistance Army in Uganda.
Six Essential International
Organizations You Need to Know
Name: Score:
ACTIVITY 15
Process Questions:
1. What are the institution that govern international relations?
2.What is international institution?

MODULE 16
MODULE 16
INFORMATIONALISM
Informationalism refers to a technological paradigm that replaces and subsumes the previous
paradigm of industrialism (Castells 1996). From metallurgy to transportation, industrialism was marked by a
revolution in materials engineering triggered by the Industrial Revolution.
What is Informationalism in contemporary world?
Social production is increasingly shaped by mental and informational labor and less by manual
labor. Informationalism is a mode of development of modern society that is structured by and based on
knowledge, science, expertise, and information technologies.
GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP
A global citizen is someone who is aware of and understands the wider world - and their place in it.
They take an active role in their community, and work with others to make our planet more equal, fair and
sustainable
How do you become a global citizen?
To become a global citizen, you will have to be creative, flexible, dedicated and proactive. Global citizens take
an active part in the emerging international community and are committed to helping build this community's
values and practices.
Why is global citizenship important?
A global citizen is someone who understands how the world works and respects and values diversity. It is an
individual who is aware of their role in the wider world and fights social injustice at local and global levels,
willing to make the world a more sustainable place by their own actions
How does global citizenship affect our world?

Global citizens have an impact on ending extreme poverty through the actions they take. The effects of small
actions are not always obvious, but by working together specific and tangible outcomes are achieved. Global
citizens' voices influence world leaders and decision makers, and contribute to shaping our world.
What are the responsibilities of a global citizen?

Being a good citizen entails taking personal responsibility for one's decisions and actions, including respecting
others, obeying rules and laws, and setting a good example to others. Global citizens feel a sense
of responsibility to help when the rights of others are violated, no matter where in the world they live.
Who has global citizenship?

What is Global Citizenship? A global citizen is someone who is aware of and understands the wider world -
and their place in it. They take an active role in their community, and work with others to make our planet
more equal, fair and sustainable.
What is the most significant attribute of global citizenship?

Global citizens are willing to help and cooperate with others. Global citizens have their own ideas and express
them, but they are open to changing them if they are proved wrong. Global citizens are curious and want to
learn more about the world. Global citizens look after the environment and don't waste things.
What are the responsibilities of a global citizen?

Being a good citizen entails taking personal responsibility for one's decisions and actions, including respecting
others, obeying rules and laws, and setting a good example to others. Global citizens feel a sense
of responsibility to help when the rights of others are violated, no matter where in the world they live.
What are the characteristics of global citizenship?
Global citizens try to understand other people and have empathy for them. Global citizens act fairly in their
choices, their decisions, and their words. Global citizens believe that they are just as important as everyone
else. Global citizens believe that all people are equal.
s global citizenship a positive thing?
Citizenship isn't just about people's responsibilities to the world, but also about the opportunities the world
gives its people. Access to the global economy is one of those opportunities. By participating in
the global economy, global citizens pursue a virtually limitless potential for mutually beneficial exchange.
Is there really a global citizen?

Second, contrary to Grygiel's argument, global citizens are naturally and legitimately concerned with policies
of their own countries. A new generation of global citizens in the US is sensibly focused on pushing to get the
US house in order, for the sake of better lives at home and abroad.
What are some of the challenges of being a global citizen?

Among those challenges are lasting traditions of isolationism and noncritical patriotism in the society,
terminological vagueness and ambiguity, curricular instability of global and global citizenship education, and
lack of administrative support
Name: Score:
ACTIVITY 16
Process Questions:
1. What is Informationalism globalization?
2.What is the difference between globalism and Informationalism?

Contemporary 1

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Contemporary 1

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

- Lanao School of Science and Technology, Inc.

Maranding, Lala, Lanao Del Norte

Bachelor of Science in Business Administration

THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD

AIZA S. ROSALITA, LPT

Bachelor of Science in Business Administration

MISSION, VISION AND OBJECTIVES

THE COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND ADMINISTRATION ENVISIONS ACADEMIC

1. TO PROVIDE AND EQUIP THE STUDENTS WITH QUALITY EDUCATION,

The Task of Defining Globalization

Economic globalization refers to the increasing interdependence of world economies as a result of the

Solid & Liquid

Year & Section: Date:

2. What do you think is the importance of defining globalization?

McDonaldization is a by-product of “Americanization” or “Westernization” which is a part of the wider

Hybridization has become part of an ongoing trend in cultural production, with both

The challenges of globalization to religion link automatically to the challenges of religion to

Globalization and Regionalization

In international relations, regionalism is the expression of a common sense of identity and purpose combined

Origins and History of Globalization

What is globalization cycle?

What is the meaning of global demography?

What is the importance of global demography?

Why is global migration?

Advantages and Disadvantages of Migration (Host country)

Increasing cost of services such as health

Helps to reduce any labour shortages Overcrowding

What are the six basic reasons for migration?

What are the 5 types of migration?

What is the meaning of global economy?

The global economy refers to the interconnected worldwide economic activities that take place between

The world economy or global economy is the economy of all humans of the world, considered as the

ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION and GLOBAL TRADE

1. Tariffs – This is a tax on imports.

What is an example of trade liberalization?

World’s top 10 largest economies

Factors affecting global economy

Economic Globalization and Sustainable Development

Year & Section: Date:

2. In what ways do international organizations help our country economy?

Environmental degradation is the deterioration of the environment through depletion of resources such as

1. Land Disturbance: A more basic cause of environmental degradation is land damage. ... Whole

Few examples of environmental degradation:

ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION, POVERTY, and INEQUALITY

Causes of Poverty in the Philippines

The main causes of poverty in the country include the following:

 low to moderate economic growth for the past 40 years;

How to Stop Poverty

How do you measure global inequality?

What are the effects of global inequality?

Year & Section: Date:

2. What are ten things individuals can do to help the environment?

What is the meaning of global inequality?

International inequality refers to the idea of inequality between countries. This can be compared to global

What is meant by income inequality?

Income inequality is an extreme disparity of income distributions with a high concentration of income usually

Why is income inequality a problem?

Six policies to reduce economic inequality

The Third World and Global South

What are the characteristics of global south?

Year & Section: Date:

2. How do you understand the global south?

What is considered a global city?