MICROBES

So yung genetically modified bacteria were the first organisms or yung pinakaunang organism
na ma modified in the laboratory, due to their simple genetics o madaling modified yung
chromosomes ng mga bacteria.
So dahil nga madaling imodified yung bacteria, naging important tool sya for the creation of
other GMOs
Dagdag pa na bacteria are cheap, or mura ng sya,
easy to grow, or madaling iculture
clonal, or narereplicate yung sarili
multiply quickly, yung nga madaling dumami
and are relatively easy to transform
• These organisms are now used for several purposes, and are particularly important in
producing large amounts of pure human proteins for use in medicine.
• Genetically modified bacteria are used to produce the protein insulin to treat diabetes.
The first example of this occurred in 1978 when Herbert Boyer, working at a University of
California laboratory, took a version of the human insulin gene and inserted into the
bacterium para makapag produce synthetic "human" insulin. Four years later, it was approved by
the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.

GM CROPS
So yung mga Genetically modified (GM) foods or crops are foods derived from organisms
whose genetic material (DNA) has been modified in a way that does not occur naturally
• In agriculture, genetically engineered crops are created to possess several desirable
traits, such as resistance to pests, herbicides, or harsh environmental conditions,
improved product shelf life, increased nutritional value, or production of valuable goods
such as drugs (pharming).
example ko po sa increased utritional value is yung ration sa military
alam nyo po ba yung ration? yan po yung binibigay sa mga soldier kapag may mission sila ko
kaya may combat, para mas madali nyo pong maintindihan, para siyang isang cracker or biscuit
pero ang katumbas ng isang cracker ay 1 meal, so 1 cracker equals 1 meal, parang yung
nutrients ng 1 meal, siniksik siya sa 1 cracker

Agricultural plants ay isa sa mga frequent o lagging nasisite na examples ng genetically

modified organisms (GMOs).
yung role ng GMO sa food natin ay kayang masolusyunan yung mga issues natin about sa food
and agriculture
isa sa kayang masaolusyunan ng GMO is yung yung problem natin sa space
diba when we are farming, we occupied space horizontally, pinapatag natin yung bundok para
mataniman and what GMO has to offer is kaya natin magvertical farming or layer by layer
pataas yun pagtatanim, hindi na horizontal or patag yung paraan ng pagtatanim na
nagcoconsume ng so much space, dba kung mkikita natin sa mga palayaan
Isang example rin po ng GMO when it comes sa crops po is yung carrots, originally kasi purple
ang kulay ng carrots, nagging orange lng siya kasi inenhanced nila yung carotenoids, or yung
source of Vitamin A and the pigment that turns some fruits and vegetables bright orange or red.
• Plants, including algae, jatropha, maize, and other plants have been genetically
modified for use in producing fuel, known as biofuel.
So may mga Advances rin na ginagawa in developing crops that mas madaling magmature and
natotolerate nya drought, frost, and other environmental stressors, allowing plants na mag grow
in conditions where they might not otherwise flourish 
Isang example ko dito is yung isang agriculture expert sa camarines sur na nagawa nyang
magharvest ng apple, strawberries and tangerine dito satin sa bicol, pede nyo po syang isearch
after

MAMMALS

 • Ralph L. Brinster and Richard Palmiter developed the techniques responsible for transgenic
mice, rats, rabbits, sheep, and pigs in the early 1980s.
Theoretically, daw all living beings can be genetically manipulated.
Animals. such as: sheep, goats, pigs, cows, rabbits, rats, mice, fish,
insects, parasites and even humans have previously been used in this
modification process. Mice, however, are the most popularly tested
animals in genetic modification studies.
Example ko dito si Dolly, o yung first mammal na naclone noong 1994,
however yubg pinaka common na ginegenetically manipulate is yung
mga mice kasi easy lng yung paghandle sa knila and then yung genome
ng mga mice is very similar satin kaya lagi silang ginagamit sa lab
 • They established many of the first transgenic models of human disease, including the first
carcinoma caused by a transgene.
So mice mice din yung ginamit as the first transgenic models of human disease, and etong carcinoma
usually form solid tumors, and ito yung pinakacommon type na cancer. Examples din ng carcinomas
include prostate cancer, breast cancer and lung cancer.
So sa research na to, parang nakapagdevelop sila ng carcinoma sa skin ng mice, so etong study nati
makaktulong for better understanding ng canser and hopefully makatulong din na ma cure yung
ganitong sakit nato

 • The process of genetically engineering animals is a slow, tedious, and expensive process.
However, new technologies are making genetic modifications easier and more precise.

So marami pa pong other samples ng GMO katulad ng sa fish

GM fish are used for scientific research and as pets, and are being considered for use as food and as
aquatic pollution sensors.

so kahit Malaki yung advantages ng GMO satin, Malaki din yung risk nya kapag hindi natin siya nagamit
ng tama

IMPORTANCE OF BIODIVERSITY TO HUMAN HEALTH

 Biodiversity supports human and societal needs, including food and nutrition
security, energy, development of medicines and pharmaceuticals and freshwater,
which together underpin good health. It also supports economic opportunities,
and leisure activities that contribute to overall wellbeing.

Mahalaga ang bahaging ginagampanan ng biodiversity sa pagpapatuloy ng

buhay sa mundo. Ang biodiversity, ayon sa United Nations Convention on
Biological Diversity, ay tumutukoy sa “variability among living organisms from
all sources, including, 'inter alia', terrestrial, marine, and other aquatic
ecosystems, and the ecological complexes of which they are part: this
includes diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems". Sa
maigsing salita, mas maraming buhay na organismo sa isang lugar, mas
makabubuti sa atin. Kasali na rin sa biodiversity ang klima at ang tao – at
malaki ang epekto nila sa ating biodiversity. Bilang halimbawa, ang mga
bansang nasa tropiko gaya ng bansa natin, ay mas maraming makikitang iba’t
ibang klase ng organismo o buhay kaysa sa mga bansa na nasa malalamig
na lugar. Kaya’t anumang pagbabago sa klima ay may malaking epekto sa
ating biodiversity.

Sa patuloy na pag-init ng mundo, pinangangambahan din na magkakaroon

nang pagbabago sa ating biodiversity. Ang problema ngayon ay kung
makaka-adapt kaagad ang ating biodiversity sa pagbabagong ito. Nag-aalala
ang mga siyentipiko na dahil sa pagbabago nang klima, maaaring maraming
mawalang organismo, halaman at hayop kung saan nanggagaling ang ating
pagkain, gamot at iba pang sangkap na kailangan natin para tayo ay
mabuhay. Dagdag pa sa pagbabago ng klima ang lumalaking populasyon
natin. Mas maraming tao, mas malaki ang pangangailangan sa biodiversity.