Exploring The Past Unit 2

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MODULE OF READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

1 CASELA, DE LA VEGA, DENAMARQUEZ, GERMO, PAMA-FERNANDEZ
UNIT 2: CONTENT AND CONTEXTUAL ANALYSIS OF SELECTED
PRIMARY SOURCES
INTRODUCTION
In the first unit, you had the definitions and discussion of the meanings,
importance and sources of history. You are informed of the significance of
understanding and interpreting the past through the primary sources. This is
where your skills on analyzing sources will come in. The second module will
introduce you to some of the selected primary sources in Philippine history. This
unit will focus on historical events that brought about the seeds of Filipino
nationalism and will deepen your understanding of our forefathers’ struggles in
the formation of a nation.
In the first unit of this module, it was defined that primary sources
speaks about the original written or material based accounts. Through primary
sources and applying historical research, you are provided of the clarity on some
of the issues using different forms of criticisms may it be internal or external
criticisms. External criticism speaks about the authenticity of the document or
evidence used if it is fabricated or not while the internal criticism examines the
truthfulness of the content of the evidence.
We are now at a period wherein people can easily be deceived by what
they read and see in different social media platforms. Historical revisionists are
also investing on their machineries in creating a propaganda or a medium where
they will be judged differently despite the bad reputations and negative
contributions they have in the past. As a student of history, it is your responsibility
to be provided with truthful and factual information and most importantly, to
critique events in a constructive and contextual way. For sure if you are to be
asked about the meaning of the three stars in the flag, you will answer Luzon,
Visayas and Mindanao. Or if you are asked about the symbolisms of the red and
blue in the flag, will you provide peace and war as their meanings? Imagine all of

these information as factual only and then, you will realize after series of
brainstorming that these are historically inaccurate!
Hence, this unit will give you the idea of how events took place as a
product of its time, its people and its environment from the views or perspectives
of the actual authors themselves.
Module Outcomes: At the end of the unit, you must have:
1. analyzed the context, content, and perspective of different kinds of primary

sources;
2. determined the contribution of different kinds of primary sources in
understanding Philippine history; and
3. developed critical and analytical skills with exposure to primary sources.
Topics:
 First Voyage Around the World (of Magellan) by Antonio Pigafetta

 The Kartilya of the Katipunan by Emilio Jacinto
 The Act of Proclamation of Independence of the Filipino People (Acta de
la Proclamacion de la Independencia Del Pueblo Filipino)
 The Philippines during the American Period from the Caricatures
Compiled by Alfred McCoy
 The Speech of Corazon Aquino Before the US Congress

LESSON 1: FIRST VOYAGE AROUND THE WORLD (OF
MAGELLAN) BY ANTONIO PIGAFETTA
LESSON OUTCOMES
At the end of the lesson, the students must have:

1. discussed the factors that inspired European explorations and
discoveries in the 15th century;
2. examined the content of Magellan’s Voyage around the World as
narrated by Antonio Pigafetta; and
3. explained the importance of the account in the understanding of
Philippine history.
The Crusade Spices of Asia
Seal of the Spanish Empire

What can you say about the pictures?
What do you remember upon seeing these pictures?
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The story behind the three pictures are

very connected with this lesson as it will
provide answers to the motives of the
Europeans in sailing to the east via westward
route. Looking at the title of this lesson, you
are more likely curious about the story of
Ferdinand Magellan and how he had
experienced a tragic fate in the hands of
people from Mactan. Also, we always connect
Figure 7. Illustration of Antonio
Pigafetta (Source: Wikimedia the name Magellan with Lapu- lapu and we
Commons)
always label and perceive Lapu- lapu as the
first hero of the land who was young, bulky or muscular chieftain of Mactan who
killed Magellan in the Battle of Mactan.
This lesson will provide you the idea and answers for some of your curious
questions like: How was Magellan killed in Mactan? Who killed Magellan? Was
Lapu-lapu also killed in the battle? What truly happened in the battle? Was it
truly Lapu- lapu who killed Magellan? How come bolos and spears won against
riffles and cannons? Was Lapu-lapu truly a young, bulky chieftain as
represented in his monuments? Was language a barrier between the locals and
the Europeans? How did the natives react to meeting the Spanish fleet for the

first time? With the many questions you have in dealing with one of the most
interesting subjects in Philippine history, you will be guided by the account of an
Italian chronicler who sailed together with Ferdinand Magellan on his voyage,
one of the 18 circumnavigators and survivors, Antonio Pigafetta.
God, Gold and Glory. The three G’s were like a ring-a-bell to us every
time we open the discussion of the coming of the Europeans to our country. On
the other hand, it is noteworthy to remember that there is more to it in dealing
with the journey of Magellan and it wasn’t an easy journey at all for more than
250 navigators who sailed for the unknown route for the first time.
Now, you are ready to sail back in time in order to see other reasons why
the Spaniards and other Europeans were so interested to navigation,
explorations and discoveries in the 14th and 15th centuries.
Factors that Motivated European Exploration and Colonization

Before the 15th century, Europeans were afraid to venture in the high seas
due to lack of necessary navigational instruments. However, with the discovery of
compass, astrolabe, sextant and the printing of more detailed and credible maps,
they became confident to explore uncharted lands. Spain and Portugal, two
rivalling Catholic empires in the Iberian Peninsula were among the pioneers in
these ventures.
The crusades, or the religious wars waged by the Christians against the
Muslims to regain the Holy Land introduced the Europeans to the wealth and
culture of the east. The Europeans were awed with the elegance of eastern
gems and textiles. These discoveries as the collateral result of the crusades
awaken the European interest to establish trade relations with Asians.
In past, the Europeans used the caravan routes or silk route in travelling to
China or other parts of Asia. Important trade arteries used by merchants
connected Europe to Asia. However, the war between the Christians and
Muslims resulted to its closure, especially the caravan routes controlled by the
Muslim Turks. Left with no other alternative, the Europeans had to examine the

possibility of using the sea routes in going to Asia. In fact, there were earlier
explorers who also crossed the uncertain and perilous seas to reach the other
parts of the world. Most them were missionaries, travellers and traders, among
them was Marco Polo. Marco Polo was a Venetian explorer who gained access
to China. His experiences and observations of the wealth and advanced culture
of China further awakened the interest of the Europeans in Asia.
Trade between the Asians and Europeans was not a new venture. As
mentioned earlier, it existed before using the caravan routes. The Asians,
spearheaded by the Arabs brought priced products to Europe and sold them with
sky high prices. The most sought after Asian products by the Europeans were
the spices. They discovered that the spices added flavor to their bland food as
well as it can preserve meat for quite a long time. Can you imagine yourself
living that time especially during winter and eating unflavored food? However,
the use of spices enhanced the flavor of the food especially chilies that heated up
their physical body amidst the cold European air. The European craving for
spices was the reason for funded expeditions to bring back the priced product. A
writer once said spices can buy kingdoms. Can you imagine how expensive the
spices then?
In 1453, the Muslim Turks conquered Constantinople and closed the trade
routes. Only the Venetians had the privilege to continue trade contacts with the
Muslims. As a result of this privilege, the Venetians had the monopoly of trade of
products from the east. Since Venice is very far from the Iberian Peninsula
where Spain and Portugal is located, these Iberian countries explored alternative
ways to reach the east themselves- the source of the most coveted spices.
Asia became the focus of the European powers. As a result, banks and
lending institutions provided the most needed funds for exploration to the east.
Those who have feasible plans for expedition can easily avail capitalization for
the venture. In fact the Magellan voyage took funds from Jacob Fugger, a
German banker.
The reconquista, a religious movement aimed to regain the territories
occupied by the Muslims also paved way for the Spaniards and Portuguese to
reach Asia. The reconquista started with the successful campaign of the Iberian

Catholics to destroy Islam in Spain and Portugal in 1492. The spirit of
reconquista continued between the two rivals in their subsequent exploration to
look for territories and to convert the inhabitants to Catholicism.
The Voyage of Magellan

Ferdinand Magellan (Fernao Magalhaes) was a Portuguese explorer
whose voyage reached the Far East and subsequently the Philippines. He knew
where Mallaca was and what can be gained from the area for he was with the
Portuguese when they conquered Malacca in 1511. When the King of Portugal
did not agree with his planned exploration to the east, he presented the same to
the King of Spain. He convinced King Carlos I of Spain who readily agreed with
his plan. By virtue of the Treaty of Tordesillas, he planned to reach Moluccas
(considered as the spice island) by westward route and to discover the way from
Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean.
Figure 8: Image of Ferdinand Magellan and illustration of the Battle of Mactan

(Source: Wikimedia Commons)
The Magellan voyage left the port of San Lucar de Barrameda in Seville
on August 20, 1519 with 270 crew. Also with him was his assistant, Sebastian
del Cano and Antonio Pigafetta, the chronicler of the voyage. Pigafetta kept a
detailed journal of what happened to them from the time they left Seville in 1519
until they returned to Spain three years after.

Excerpts from Magellan’s Voyage around the World
Below is an excerpt of Pigafetta’s account as the Magellan expedition first
set foot in the island of Homonhon and the story of the encounter between Lapu-
lapu and Magellan:
... the right of the above-mentioned island, in order to be more secure, and
to get water and have some rest. He had two tents set up on the shore for the
sick and had a sow killed for them. On Monday afternoon, March 18, we saw a
boat coming towards us with nine men in it. Therefore, the captain-general
ordered that no one should move or say a word without his permission. When
those men reached the shore, their chief went immediately to the captain
general, giving signs of joy because of our arrival. Five of the most ornately
adorned of them remained with us, while the rest went, to get some others who
were fishing, and so they all came. The captain general seeing that they are
reasonable men, ordered food to set before them, and gave them red caps,
mirrors, combs, bells, ivory bocasine and other things. When they saw the
captains courtesy, they presented fish, a jar of palm wine which they call uraca
(i.e. arrack), figs more than one palmo long, (i.e. bananas), and others which
were smaller and delicate, and two cocoanuts (coconuts). They had nothing else
then, but made us signs with their hands that they would bring umay or rice and
cocoanuts and many articles of food within four days.
Cocoanuts are fruit of the palm tree. Just as we have bread, wine, oil, and
milk so those people get everything from that tree. They get wine by boring into
the hole into the heart of the said palm and at the top called palmito (i.e. stalk),
from which distils a liquor which resembles white mist. That liqour is sweet but
somewhat tart, and is (gathered) in canes (of bamboo) as thick as the legs and
thicke. They fasten the bamboo to the tree at the evening for the morning, and in
the morning for the evening. The palm bears a fruit namely, the cocoanut, which
is as large as the head or thereabouts. Its outside husk is green and thicker than
two fingers. Certain filaments are found in that husk, whence is made cord for
binding together their boats. Under that husk, there is a hard shell, much thicker
than the shell of the walnut, which they burn and made into powder that is useful

to them. Under that shell of the walnut, which they burn and made into powder
that is useful to them. Under that shell is a white marrow substance one finger in
thickness, which they eat fresh with meat and fish as we do to bread; and it taste
like the almond. It could be dried and made into bread. There is a clear, sweet
water in the middle of that marrowy substance which is very refreshing. When
that water stands for a while after having been collected, it congeals and
becomes like an apple. When the natives which to make oil, they ate that
cocoanut and allow the marrowy substance and the water to putrefy. Then they
boil it and it becomes oil like butter. When they wish to make vinegar, they allow
only the water to putrefy, and then place it under the sun, and a vinegar results
like (that made from) white wine. Milk can also be made from it for we made
some. We scraped that marrow substance and then mix the scrapings with its
own water which we strained using a cloth, and so obtained milk like goats milk.
Those palms resemble date palms, but although not smooth they are less knotty
than the latter. A family of (x) persons can be supported on two trees, by utilizing
them week about for the wine; for if they did otherwise, the trees would dry up.
They last a century.
Those people became very familiar with us. They told us many things,
their names and those of some of the islands that could be seen from that place.
Their own island was called Zuluan (an island located southeast of Samar) and it
is not very large. We took great pleasure with them, for they were very pleasant
and conversable. In order to show them greater honor, the captain general took
them to his ship and showed them all their merchandise – cloves, cinnamon,
pepper, ginger, nutmeg, mace, gold and all the things in the ship. He had some
mortars fired for them, whereat they exhibited great fear, and tied to jump out of
the ship. They made signs to us that the above said articles grew in that place
where they were going. When they were about to retire, they took their leave
very gracefully and neatly, saying that they would return according to their
promise. The island where we were is called Humunu (or Homonohon, an island
south of Samar and east of Suluan. Pigafetta called it Acquda da li buoni Signiaili
or Watering place of Good Signs because he saw signs of gold there)...

On the 26th of April, Zula, a principal man from the island of Matan
(Mactan) went to see Magellan and asked him for a boat full of men so that he
would be able to fight the chief named Silapulapu (Lapulapu). Such Chief,
according to Zula, refused to obey the king and was also preventing him from
doing so. Magellan offered three boats instead and expressed his desire to go to
Mactan himself to fight the said chief. Magellan’s forces arrived in Mactan in
daylight. They numbered 49 in total and the islanders of Mactan were estimated
to number 1,500. The battle began. Pigafetta recounted:
“when we reached land we found the islanders fifteen hundred in number,

drawn up in three Squadrons; they came down upon us with terrible shouts. Two
squadrons attacking us on the flanks, and the third in front. The captain then
divided his men in two bands. Our musketeers’ crossbow-men fired for half an
hour a distance, but did nothing, since the bullets and arrows, thought they
passed through their shields made of wood, and perhaps wounded their arms,
yet did not stop them. The Captain shouted not to fire, but he was not listened to,
the islanders seeing that the shots of our guns did them little or no harm would
not retire, but shouted more loudly, and springing from one side to the other to
void our shouts, they at the same time drew nearer to us, throwing arrows,
javelins, spears hardened in fire, stones, and even mud, so that we could hardly
defend ourselves. Some of them cast lances pointed with iron at the captain-
general.”
Magellan died in that battle. The natives, perceiving that the bodies of the
enemies were protected with armors, aimed for their legs instead. Magellan was
pierced with a poisoned in his right leg. A few of their men charged at the natives
and tried to intimidate them by burning an entire village but this only enraged the
natives further. Magellan was especially targeted because the natives knew that
he was the captain general. Magellan was hit with a lance in the face. Magellan
retaliated and pierced the same native with his lance in the breast and tried to
draw his sword but could not lift it because of his wounded arm. Seeing that the
captain has already deteriorated, more natives came to attack him. One native

with a great sword delivered a blow in Magellan’s left leg, brought him face down
and the natives ceaselessly attacked Magellan with lances, swords, and even
with their bare hands. Pigafetta recounted the last moments of Magellan:
“Whilst the Indians were thus overpowering him, several times he turned
round towards us to see if we were all in safety, as though his obstinate fight had
no other object than to give an opportunity for the retreat of his men.”
Pigafetta also said that the king of Cebu who was baptized could have
sent help but Magellan instructed him not to join the battle and stay in the
balangay so that he would see how they fought. The king ordered the people of
Mactan gifts of any value and amount in exchange of Magellan’s body but the
chief refused. They wanted to keep Magellan’s body as a memento of their
victory. Possibly you are wondering how the fleet of Magellan has managed to
conduct masses, talked with the natives and met the different chieftains. The
answer was because of the interpreters brought by Magellan from Malacca to
Spain, one of them is Henry (Enrique). It was mentioned by Pigafetta that one of
the reasons on the failure of the supposed talk between Magellan and Lapu-lapu
and their aspiration to leave Cebu after the battle was due to the betrayal of
Henry as he told the king of Cebu that they intended to leave as quickly as
possible. Allegedly, Henry told the king that if he followed the slave’s advice then
the king could acquire the ships and the goods of Magellan’s fleet. The two
conspired and betrayed what was left of Magellan’s men. The king invited these
men to a gathering where he said he would present the jewels that he would
send for the King of Spain. Pigaffeta was not able to join the twenty-four men
who attended because he was nursing his battle wounds. It was only a short time
when they heard cries and lamentations. The natives had slain all of the men
except the interpreter and Juan Serrano who was already wounded. Serrano was
presented and shouted at the men on the ship asking them to pay ransom so he
would be spared. However, they refused and would not allow anyone to go to the
shore. The fleet departed and abandoned Serrano. They left Cebu and continued
their journey around the world. In September 6, 1522, through the leadership of

Sebastian del Cano, the ship Victoria officially arrived at the Spanish port of
Sanlucar de Barrameda, becoming the first ship to circumnavigate the world.
With 270 men who set sail with Magellan in 1519 only 18 survived the voyage
with Antonio Pigafetta counted.
Relevance
Pigafetta’s chronicle was a great contribution to European historical writing
for it recorded as an eyewitness account of the experiences and
accomplishments of the Magellan-Elcano expedition. If Pigafetta did not survive
and his chronicles was not published, the achievements and contributions of
Magellan’s expedition to history, geography and navigation would have not been
known. It must not be forgotten that the Magellan expedition resulted to important
discoveries and achievements such as:
1. Proved that the earth is not flat but an oblate sphere
2. Debunked the myth of a boiling water at the equator
3. Completed the circumnavigation of the world
4. Confirmed that the Portuguese route is not the only way to the Spice
Island
5. Proved that theory that the east can be reached using the westward route
6. Made known the existence of the Pacific Ocean
7. The Philippines became known to the Europeans
On the part of Philippine historiography, the chronicle of Pigafetta was a
great contribution to the knowledge about the Visayan islands in the 16 th century.
The chronicle gave insight on the life of the Visayans at the time of the arrival of
Magellan. Noteworthy to mention as recorded in the chronicle are some leaders
that time, livelihood, agricultural activities, food production, social and cultural
practices and religious beliefs.
Interestingly, the excerpts presented in this module, exhaustively
discussed the importance of coconuts in the life of the early Visayans. As an
indigenous flora in the islands, the coconut is among the people’s main source of
food, vinegar, oil and even cordage for binding. The chronicles further gave hints

that most sought after spices by the Europeans were also grown and produced in
the islands.
The chronicle also provided for the beginning of Christianity, the baptism
of Rajah Humabon, the first mass and the story of the popular image of Sto.
Nino. The Filipinos’ innate hospitality can be noticed in the chronicle. They were
reported to have shown friendly attitude to the Spaniards. On the contrary, there
were others that were not happy with the coming of the westerners; among them
was Lapu- lapu as depicted in the Battle of Mactan.
These information from the chronicle of Antonio Pigafetta are valuable
source materials in the study and understanding of Philippine history. Let us not
forget that writings about the early Filipinos prior to the 17th century are scarce.
The work of Pigafetta and the succeeding chroniclers enriched Philippine
historiography.

Name: __________________________ Score: _________
Section: ________________________ Date: _________
Document Analysis: Analyzing a Written Document
You choose one event from the voyage of Magellan and you are expected to
describe it as if you are explaining to someone who cannot see it. 
1) Who wrote it?

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2) When is it from?
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3) What is it talking about?

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4) What was happening during the time in history this document was
created?
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Name: __________________________ Score: _________
Section: ________________________ Date: _________
Assessment
Write a critical essay based on the excerpts of Antonio Pigafetta’s work, First
Voyage around the World. Write your essay discussing a) the importance of the
text; b) background of the text author; c) context of the document; and 4)
contribution to the understanding of the Philippine history.
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LESSON 2: THE KARTILYA OF THE KATIPUNAN BY EMILIO
JACINTO
LESSON OUTCOMES
At the end of this lesson, you must have;
1. examined the content and context of the document;
2. determined the main teachings and guiding principles of the Kartilya;
and
3. recognized the importance of the Kartilya to the past and today.
Can you identify the people in the following

pictures?
He was known as the Supremo:

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He wrote the Kartilya of the Katipunan:

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He was considered as the Sublime Paralytic:

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Were you able to identify them?
What is common among them?
All of them were leaders and known figures of both the Katipunan and the
Revolution. Katipunan was a secret organization, whose leadership
spearheaded the 1896 Revolution.
In understanding the Kartliya, you also have to read about the Katipunan.
In the following narrative you will know the history of Katipunan and the
importance of the Kartilya.
The Katipunan and its Kartilya

The Katipunan was founded as a secret organization. It was
popularly known as the KKK from the three letters that stands for the name of the
organization – Kataastaasan, Kagalanggalangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng
Bayan. Its formal founding was on the night of July 7, 1892 in 314 Calle
Azcarraga (now Claro M. Recto) in Tondo, Manila. Coincidentally, it was also
the same date when Jose Rizal was
exiled in Dapitan as ordered by Gov.
Gen. Eulogio Despujol. The
founding of the Katipunan was led
by Andres Bonifacio together with
Deodato Arellano, Ladislao Diwa,
Teodoro Plata, Valentin Diaz and
Jose Dizon.
The Katipunan had three aims:
political, moral and civic. The
Figure 9: Illustration of the hierarchy of the
Katipunan depicting the three councils of the political aim was to gain
organization. (Source: malacanang.gov.ph) independence from Spain through a
revolution. Its moral aim was to teach good moral and right conduct and its civic
aim was to unite all the people for mutual support and cooperation in times of
need.

The hierarchy of the Katipunan was divided into three councils: Kataas-
taasang Sanggunian (Supreme Council), Sangguniang Bayan (Provincial
Council) and Sangguniang Balangay (Municipal Council). The Sangguniang
Hukuman (Judicial Council) took charged of the judicial matters in the
organization.
The Katipunan patterned some of its characters from masonry, such as
the degree of membership, rituals and the use of code/ symbolic names.
Recruitment of members used the triangular method, a method wherein each of
the three members have to recruit two new members.
However, this method was slow
considering that the time for a revolution
was running out. They changed to
initiation method which started in
October of 1892. Members were
categorized into three degrees. The first
was the Katipon and uses its same
name as password. A Katipon may be
promoted to a Kawal that uses the
password GOMBURZA. When he finally
Figure 10: Illustration depicting the triangle became one of the council leaders, he
method of recruiting members of the KKK
(Source: malacanang.gov.ph) can move on to the highest rank, the
Bayani and uses Rizal as password.
To concretize the moral aim of the Katipunan, Bonifacio wrote the
Decakologo and Emilio Jacinto wrote the Kartilya ng Katipunan–the code of
conduct of the Katipunan. The word “kartilya” was derived from the Spanish word
cartilla which was the primer used for grade school during the Spanish period.
Like the Spanish cartilla, the Kartilya ng Katipunan was used to instruct the
katipuneros. It is worthy to know first that the author of the Kartilya, Emilio Jacinto
was only 18 years old at the time when he joined the Katipunan in 1896.

Below is the Kartilya in its original Tagalog text:
I. Ang kabuhayang hindi ginugugol sa isang malaki at banal na

kadahilanan ay kahoy na walang lilim, kundi damong makamandag
II. Ang gawang magaling na nagbubuhat sa pagpipita sa sarili, at hindi sa
talagang nasang gumawa ng kagalingan, ay di kabaitan.
III. Ang tunay na kabanalan ay ang pagkakawang gawa, ang pagibig sa
kapua at ang isukat ang bawat kilos, gawa’t pangungusap sa talagang
Katuiran.
IV. Maitim man at maputi ang kulay ng balat, lahat ng tao’y
magkakapantay; mangyayaring ang isa’y higtan sa dunong, sa yaman,
sa ganda…; ngunit di mahihigtan sa pagkatao.
V. Ang may mataas na kalooban inuuna ang puri sa pagpipita sa sarili;
ang may hamak na kalooban inuuna ang pagpipita sa sarili sa puri.
VI. Sa taong may hiya, salita’y panunumpa.
VII. Huag mong sasayangin ang panahun; ang yamang nawala’y
magyayaring magbalik; nguni’t panahong nagdaan na’y di na muli pang
magdadaan. Value of time
VIII. Ipagtanggol mo ang inaapi, at kabakahin ang umaapi.
IX. Ang taong matalino’y ang may pagiingat sa bawat sasabihin, at
matutong ipaglihim ang dapat ipaglihim.
X. Sa daang matinik ng kabuhayan, lalaki ay siyang patnugot ng asawa’t
mga anak; kung ang umaakay ay tungo sa sama, ang patutunguhan ng
iaakay ay kasamaan din.
XI. Ang babai ay huag mong tignang isang bagay na libangan lamang,
kundi isang katuang at karamay sa mga kahirapan nitong kabuhayan;
gamitan mo ng buong pagpipitagan ang kaniyang kahinaan, at alalahanin
ang inang pinagbuhata’t nagiwi sa iyong kasangulan.
XII. Ang di mo ibig na gawin sa asawa mo, anak at kapatid, ay huag mong
gagawin sa asawa, anak, at kapatid ng iba.
XIII. Ang kamahalan ng tao’y wala sa pagkahari, wala sa tangus ng ilong
at puti ng mukha, wala sa pagkaparing kahalili ng Dios wala sa mataas na

kalagayan sa balat ng lupa; wagas at tunay na mahal na tao, kahit laking
gubat at walang nababatid kundi ang sariling wika, yaong may
magandang asal, may isang pangungusap, may dangal at puri; yaong di
napaaapi’t di nakikiapi; yaong marunong magdamdam at marunong
lumingap sa bayang tinubuan.
XIV. Paglaganap ng mga aral na ito at maningning na sumikat ang araw
ng mahal na Kalayaan dito sa kaabaabang Sangkalupuan, at sabugan ng
matamis niyang liwanag ang nangagkaisang magkalahi’t magkakapatid ng
ligaya ng walang katapusan, ang mga ginugol na buhay, pagud, at mga
tiniis na kahirapa’y labis nang natumbasan. Kung lahat ng ito’y mataruk na
ng nagiibig pumasuk at inaakala niyang matutupad ang mga tutungkulin,
maitatala ang kaniyang ninanasa sa kasunod nito.
Below is the translated version of the rules in Kartilya:
I. The life that is not consecrated to a lofty and reasonable purpose is a

tree without shade, if not a poisonous weed.
II. To do good for personal gain and not for its own sake is not virtue.
III. It is rational to be charitable and love one's fellow-creature, and to
adjust one's conduct, acts, and words to what is in itself reasonable.
IV. Whether our skin be black or white, we are all born equal: superiority in
knowledge, wealth, and beauty are to be understood, but not superiority
by nature.
V. The honorable man prefers honor to personal gain, the scoundrel, gain
to honor.
VI. To the honorable man his word is sacred.
VII. Do not waste thy time: wealth can be recovered, but not the time lost.
VIII. Defend the oppressed and fight the oppressor before the law or in the
field.
IX. The prudent man is sparing in words and faithful in keeping secrets.

X. On the thorny path of life, man is the guide of woman and of the
children, and if the guide leads to precipices, those whom he guides will
also go there.
XI. Thou must not look upon woman as a mere plaything, but as a faithful
companion who will share with thee the penalties of life; her weakness
will increase thy interest in her and she will remind thee of the mother
who bore thee and reared thee.
XII. What thou dost not desire done unto thy wife, children, brothers and
sisters, that do not unto the wife, children, brothers, and sisters of thy
neighbor.
XIII. Man is not worth more because he is a king, because his nose is
aquiline and his color white, nor because he is a priest, a servant of
God, nor because of the high prerogative that he enjoys upon earth, but
he is worth most who is a man of proven and real value, who does
good, keeps his word, is worthy and honest; he who does not oppress,
nor consent to being oppressed, he who loves and cherishes his
fatherland, though he be born in the wilderness and know no tongue but
his own.
XIV. When these rules of conduct shall be known to all and the longed-for
sun of Liberty shall rise brilliant over this most unhappy portion of the
globe and its rays shall diffuse everlasting joy among the confederated
brethren of the same race, the lives of those who have gone before, the
fatigues, and the well-paid suffering will remain. If he who desires to
enter has informed himself of all this and believes he will be able to
perform what will be his duties, he may fill out the following application
for admission.
So what can you say? Would you say that the Kartilya is still applicable
today? You will better appreciate it if you continue with the last reading of this
lesson.

RELEVANCE:
The Kartilya ng Katipunan by Emilio Jacinto serves as a guide for the rules
and principles of the Katipunan to be read and strictly followed by its new
members.
The Kartilya is a classic work. Although it was written in the 19th century,
the relevance of its message still applies to the present times. Reading and
critical analysis of the text revealed four important insights.
 One’s life must have a purpose and must not be wasted.

 Moral virtue and honor should guide actions.
 All men are equal.
 Defend the oppressed, protect and respect the women.
The guiding principles of the Kartilya is useful for living in the midst of the
present challenging times. Often we question the virtue of the actions of our
leaders, whether it was done with sincerity or with selfish interests. For it seems
that self-interests prevail over character and honor. Words according to the
Kartilya are a righteous man’s bond. However, today where information is
accessible to everyone, pronouncements from our leaders are not binding
anymore. All are lip service and are not put into action. If we live to the tenets of
the Kartilya, our today must have been worth living.
Here are some reasons on why it is relevant to Philippine History:
1. The text is one of the few recorded texts around that time. It allows us
today to have a glimpse on the ideologies of the Katipunan and its
members. This allows us to learn more about the goal.
2. It also encouraged involvement of the masses to join with the
revolution and bring a sense of nationalism to practice in any form.
This leads up to the Philippine independence.
3. It lays the foundation for the Filipinos’ way of thinking in general. Many
of the ideas in the Kartilya can also be applied today to our everyday
personal lives and to that of our country at present.

Name: __________________________ Score: _________
Section: ________________________ Date: _________
Rewrite a portion or one principle of the Kartilya ng Katipunan in such a

way that it encourages millennials like you to practice its teachings. Post it in
your Facebook or Social Media account and see how your friends will respond to
it.
For example:
Don’t waste time; lost wealth maybe recovered, but time lost is lost forever.
Agree ka dito Besh? Anong masa-say mo?
1). Which code from the Kartilya did you choose? Why did you choose that
code?
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2). What was the predominant reaction from your followers? Was it more of likes,
hearts, laugh, wow, sad or angry reactions?
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3). Reading at the reactions of your friends, can you provide your own realization
by having their comments or reactions as your bases?
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Name: __________________________ Score: _________
Section: ________________________ Date: _________
After reading and analyzing the Kartilya ng Katipunan, please answer this
question in an essay with not more than 500 words.
As a student, how will you embody the main teachings and the
guiding principles of the Kartilya? Concretize your answers through
examples and by citing specific lines from the document.
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LESSON 3: THE ACT OF PROCLAMATION OF
INDEPENDENCE OF THE FILIPINO PEOPLE (ACTA DE LA
PROCLAMACION DE LA INDEPENDENCIA DEL PUEBLO
FILIPINO)
LESSON OUTCOMES
At the end of the lesson, you should have:
1. discussed the factors that gave birth to Filipino nationalism;
2. evaluated the significance of the speech delivered in the proclamation
of Philippine Independence in 1898;
3. provided clarity to the misconceptions in history that was corrected by
the event in Kawit, Cavite; and
4. discussed the context and perspective of the speech delivered by
Emilio Aguinaldo.
More than three centuries of Spanish occupation has finally ended

at the latter part of the 19th century. A period that was very significant as a
concept of a nation developed and several nation-states arise. Before you
proceed with the formation of the First Philippine Republic, I would like you first
to provide an answer to this question:
What do you think would have been the feature of the Philippines if we
were not able to earn independence from Spain? Isolating the situation with the
absence of American interference in the country, do you think that the Philippines
would have been better?
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For you to understand the events that has led to the
formation of an independent Philippines, you needed to go back
first to the period 19th century or years 1800 to 1899. By 19th
century, the Filipinos united as a nation and campaigned for the reforms in the
colony. It was also in the 19th century when the Philippine nationalism was
born. Nationalism is simply defined as “love of country” by all its inhabitants.
Looking at the period, you will notice that this was the time where the known
figures of the Propaganda Movement, Katipunan and of the Revolution were
born. Names like Jose Rizal, Andres Bonifacio, Emilio Aguinaldo, Apolinario
Mabini, and Emilio Jacinto among others were influenced by liberal ideas coming
from the west causing them to aspire for freedom and independence.
Before you jump to the story of the revolution, you needed also to go back
to the events from the 19th century that has led to the formation of an
independent nation.
First is the Opening of the Philippines to World Trade (1834-1898).
Prior to the Philippines trading to the west, we know that the most famous route
we were using was the Manila-Acapulco Galleon route trade. The Philippines
was opened to world trade; hence, modern ideas came from Europe and the
United States. These ideas were printed in books and read by many Filipinos in
newspapers and taught freedom and the natural rights of men to life, liberty and
the pursuit of happiness.
Second is the Rise of the Middle Class, as exports in agriculture
increased, inquilinos or the tenants of the haciendas and their families began to
accumulate wealth. The economic prosperity experienced with the opening of the
Philippine ports to foreigners correspondingly led to the rise of a new class called
the Filipino middle class. They formed the main bulk of intelligentsia, popularly
called the illustrado. They have managed to have their children receive foreign
and university education comparable to the two higher classes in the country, the
peninsulares or Spaniards born in mainland Spain and the insulares or
Spaniards born in the Philippines.

Third is the Spanish Revolution of 1868. Are you not wondering why
despite the number of years that we were under the rule of the Spanish
monarchy, we were not visited and regularly monitored by the monarchs? One
event that can explain about this reason was the Spanish Revolution of 1868.
The Spanish Revolution of 1868 was a bloodless revolution that resulted in the
overthrow of Queen Isabella II (1836-1898). It was in reality a military coup led by
Serrano and Prim, the two able generals of the Spanish military force. Their
victory forced the queen to abdicate and live in self-exile in France. Internal and
external threats and obviously the distance of the Philippines from Spain are
some of the factors why the monarchs did not visit the Philippines.
With the military rule of the empire comes the appointment and
Liberalism of Gov. Gen. Carlos Maria de la Torre, making it the fourth factor.
The new military government in Spain appointed General Carlos Maria de la
Torre as governor-general in the Philippines. He was an able soldier and a liberal
leader. It was at his time that books from the west with liberal ideas were able to
freely enter the Philippines. We were able to have the taste of several forms of
freedom like the freedom of speech, freedom of the press, freedom of assembly
and other human rights.
Fifth is the Opening of the Suez Canal in 1869. Imagine the distance of
trading and voyage from the Philippines to Europe prior to the year 1869. With
the opening of Suez Canal came the shorter route and travel time between the
Philippines and Spain. The exchanges of ideas, goods and services were
shortened and many books were able to enter the country as well.
Figure 11. Map depicting the location of the Suez Canal

(Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.)

Sixth is the Secularization of Parishes. Priesthood during the Spanish
period was composed of two classes: the regular and the secular. The regular
priests were those who belonged to the religious orders like the Dominicans, the
Recollects, the Augustinians and the Franciscans while the secular priests were
not members of any religious order. The main role of a secular priest is for
missionary purposes like converting non-Christians into Christianity. If their
mission in one locality was done, they were expected to turn over the area to a
regular priest and they were expected to transfer to another area with many non-
Christians and convert them in the process. Race prejudice against Filipinos
became priests were prevalent by the 19th century. Nevertheless, they were not
given their own parishes because of the racial prejudice coming from the heads
of the church. Consequently, many Filipino priests campaigned for reforms in the
Catholic Church. This was called the “secularization controversy” and later on
became the movement called “Filipinization”. It was led by Fathers Pedro Pelaez,
Jose Burgos, Mariano Gomez, Jacinto Zamora and others.
The remaining factors will be tackled by separate lessons in this module.
On the other hand, kindly remember this flow: The Cavite Mutiny of 1872 was
an event that caused the GOMBURZA Martyrdom and with the death of the
three martyred priests follows the formation of the Propaganda Movement, Jose
Rizal being one of the members of the Propaganda Movement is instrumental in
the formation of the KKK, for without Rizal’s exile in Dapitan, there would be no
Katipunan; without the Katipunan there would be no Revolution and without the
Revolution there would be no “First Philippine Republic”.
The main focus of this lesson is on the event of the proclamation of
independence.
The early phase of the Revolution of Emilio Aguinaldo was a failure,
Bonifacio brothers were executed, many revolutionaries were killed and the
influence of Aguinaldo diminished. The succession of defeats for the Katipunan
could also be attributed to conflict within the organization that resulted from
Bonifacio's assassination, with those loyal to him refusing to subject themselves
to the command of Aguinaldo. It did not, however, deter Aguinaldo and his men
to keep on fighting. They moved northward, from one town to the next, until they

finally settled in Biak-na-Bato, in the town of San Miguel de Mayumo in Bulacan.
Here they established what became known as the Republic of Biak-na-Bato,
with a constitution drafted by Isabelo Artacho and Felix Ferrer and based on the
first Cuban Constitution. It was in Biak-na- Bato where a truce or a treaty was
signed. In accordance to the treaty, Aguinaldo will surrender and they are to live
in exile in Hong Kong.
The Spanish Empire was already on its sunset period at the latter part of
the 19th century. From once the largest empire in the world, Spain was only
holding few remaining colonies like Cuba, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Guam and the
Philippines. In the case of the United States, it was becoming a military
superpower and an industrialized country at the beginning of the 20th century.
The United States emerged a world power after decisive victories during
the Spanish-American War. The Philippine revolution could not have happened
at a more opportune time. Not only were the Spaniards waging war against the
Filipinos, they were also engaged in a much more costly war against an
emerging world power. After the "destruction" of the USS Maine, United
States President William McKinley declared war against Spain. America with its
ambition of becoming a superpower but with Spain still holding a colony near to
its territory had interfered in the struggle of Cuban independence and assisted
the Cuban by using the sinking of USS Maine as a valid reason for it to be
involved in a war with Spain. It was realized when the Congress of the United
States voted in favor of direct intervention in Cuba. Commodore George Dewey,
acting upon orders, sailed to Manila Bay on April 25, 1898. He encountered a
fleet of twelve old rusty ships commanded by Admiral Patricio Montojo. The
resulting battle lasted only a few hours, with all of Montojo's fleet subdued
because he did not have enough troops to capture Manila. Dewey had to call for
armed reinforcements and while waiting, contented himself with merely acting as
a blockade for Manila Bay.
Meanwhile, United States consuls E. Spencer Pratt and Rounceville
Wildman paid Aguinaldo a visit while in Hong Kong. The two persuaded
Aguinaldo to again take up the mantle of leadership in the revolution. After some

discussion with his Hong Kong junta, he agreed to return to the country with
Commodore Dewey.
When Aguinaldo returned to Hong Kong after a brief spell
in Singapore (where he had met Pratt), Dewey had already come back to Manila.
The commodore, however, left instructions for the arrangement of Heneral
Miong's return to the country. Aguinaldo left aboard the ship McCulloch on May
15, 1898, and arrived in Cavite two days later.
Public jubilance marked the general's return. Several revolutionaries, as
well as Filipino soldiers employed by the Spaniards, submitted themselves to
Aguinaldo's command. Soon after, Imus and Bacoor in Cavite, Parañaque and
Las Piñas in Morong, Macabebe and San Fernando in Pampanga, as well
as Laguna, Batangas, Bulacan, Nueva Ecija, Bataan, Tayabas (now Quezon),
and the Camarines provinces, were liberated by the Filipinos. They were also
able to secure the port of Dalahican in Cavite. The revolution was gaining
ground.
Declaration of Independence
By June, the island of Luzon, except for Manila and the port of Cavite, was
under Filipino control. The revolutionaries were laying siege to Manila and cutting
off its food and water supply. With most of the archipelago under his control,
Aguinaldo decided it was time to establish a Philippine government.
When Aguinaldo arrived from Hong Kong, he brought with him a copy of a
plan drawn by Mariano Ponce, calling for the establishment of a revolutionary
government. Upon the advice of Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista, however, an
autocratic regime was established instead on May 24, with Aguinaldo as a
dictator.
It was under this dictatorship that independence was finally
proclaimed on June 12, 1898 in Aguinaldo's house in Kawit, Cavite. It was at this
event where the national anthem, then known as “Marcha Nacional Filipina”,
which was composed by Julian Felipe was played by the Banda de San
Francisco de Malabon and the Filipino flag was unfurled again after it was

hoisted in Alapan, Imus and unfurled at the Teatro Caviteño in Cavite Nuevo
(Cavite City) on May 28, 1898.
Figure 12: Reconstruction of the flag (obverse) under the custody of Emilio Aguinaldo's
heirs at the Aguinaldo Museum. Regarded by some as the first flag of the Philippines
About the Author

(Although the actual author of the proclamation was Ambrosio Rianzares
Bautista, the initiator of Philippine independence that led to the making of the
proclamation was Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo.)
Emilio Aguinaldo was born on March 22, 1869 in Kawit, Cavite. He is the
second to the youngest of eight children of Carlos Aguinaldo and Trinidad Famy.
Aguinaldo was of Chinese and Tagalog parentage. He attended San Juan de
Letrán College in Manila but left
school early to help his mother run
the family farm. In August 1896, he
was the mayor of Cavite Viejo
(present-day Kawit; adjacent to
Cavite City) and was the local leader
of the Katipunan, a revolutionary
society that fought bitterly and
successfully against the Spanish. He
was a figure of the Spanish,
American and Japanese periods.
Figure 13: Image of Emilio Aguinaldo c. 1919
(Source: Harris & Ewing Photo Studio)

The First Republic of Emilio Aguinaldo and the Malolos Constitution were
short lived as the Americans whom Aguinaldo thought at first as an ally engaged
in an encounter that resulted to the Philippine-American War and the American
occupation. After three years of costly fighting, the insurrection was finally
brought to an end when, in a daring operation on March 23, 1901, led by Gen.
Frederick Funston, Aguinaldo was captured in his secret headquarters at
Palanan, Isabela. Aguinaldo took an oath of allegiance to the United States, was
granted a pension from the U.S. government, and retired to private life on his
family farm. He returned to politics when he ran for the presidency of the
Philippine Commonwealth but lost to Manuel L. Quezon.
Aguinaldo was also labelled a collaborator by the Japanese during World
War II but he was later freed in a general amnesty. Emilio Aguinaldo died of a
heart attack at Veterans Memorial Hospital in Quezon City, Philippines, on
February 6, 1964. He died at the age of 94, making him the youngest to become
the president and also the oldest to die.
The Act of Proclamation of Independence of the Filipino People

In the town of Cavite-Viejo, Province of Cavite, this 12th day of June 1898:
BEFORE ME, Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista, War Counsellor and Special
Delegate designated to proclaim and solemnize this Declaration of Independence
by the Dictatorial Government of the Philippines, pursuant to, and by virtue of, a
Decree issued by the Engregious Dictator Don Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy.
The undersigned assemblage of military chiefs and others of the army
who could not attend, as well as the representatives of the various towns,
Taking into account the fact that the people of this country are already
tired of bearing the ominous joke of Spanish domination,
Because of arbitrary arrests and abuses of the Civil Guards who cause
deaths in connivance with and even under the express orders of their superior
officers who at times would order the shooting of those placed under arrest under
the pretext that they attempted to escape in violation of known Rules and
Regulations, which abuses were left unpunished, and because of unjust
deportations of illustrious Filipinos, especially those decreed by General Blanco

at the instigation of the Archbishop and friars interested in keeping them in
ignorance for egoistic and selfish ends, which deportations were carried out
through processes more execrable than those of the Inquisition which every
civilized nation repudiates as a trial without hearing.
Had resolved to start a revolution in August 1896 in order to regain the
independence and sovereignty of which the people had been deprived by Spain
through Governor Miguel Lopez de Legazpi who, continuing the course followed
by his predecessor Ferdinand Magellan who landed on the shores of Cebu and
occupied said Island by means of a Pact of Friendship with Chief Tupas,
although he was killed in the battle that took place in said shores to which battle
he was provoked by Chief Kalipulako ** of Mactan who suspected his evil
designs, landed on the Island of Bohol by entering also into a Blood Compact
with its Chief Sikatuna, with the purpose of later taking by force the Island of
Cebu, and because his successor Tupas did not allow him to occupy it, he went
to Manila, the capital, winning likewise the friendship of its Chiefs Soliman and
Lakandula, later taking possession of the city and the whole Archipelago in the
name of Spain by virtue of an order of King Philip II, and with these historical
precedents and because in international law the prescription established by law
to legalize the vicious acquisition of private property is not recognized, the
legitimacy of such revolution cannot be put in doubt which was calmed but not
complete stifled by the pacification proposed by Don Pedro A. Paterno with Don
Emilio Aguinaldo as President of the Republic established in Biak-na-Bato and
accepted by Governor-General Don Fernando Primo De Rivera under terms,
both written and oral, among them being a general amnesty for all deported and
convicted persons; that by reason of the non-fulfilment of some of the terms, after
the destruction of the plaza of Cavite, Don Emilio Aguinaldo returned in order to
initiate a new revolution and no sooner had he given the order to rise on the 31st
of last month when several towns anticipating the revolution, rose in revolt on the
28th, such that a Spanish contingent of 178 men, between Imus Cavite-Viejo,
under the command of major of the Marine Infantry capitulated, the revolutionary
movement spreading like wild fire to other towns of Cavite and the other
provinces of Bataan, Pampanga, Batangas, Bulacan, Laguna, and Morong, some

of them with seaports and such was the success of the victory of our arms, truly
marvellous and without equal in the history of colonial revolutions that in the first
mentioned province only the Detachments in Naic and Indang remained to
surrender; in the second all Detachments had been wiped out; in the third the
resistance of the Spanish forces was localized in the town of San Fernando
where the greater part of them are concentrated, the remainder in Macabebe,
Sexmoan, and Guagua; in the fourth, in the town of Lipa; in the fifth, in the capital
and in Calumpit; and in last two remaining provinces, only in their respective
capitals, and the city of Manila will soon be besieged by our forces as well as the
provinces of Nueva Ecija, Tarlac, Pangasinan, La Union, Zambales, and some
others in the Visayas where the revolution at the time of the pacification and
others even before, so that the independence of our country and the
revindication of our sovereignty is assured.
And having as witness to the rectitude of our intentions the Supreme
Judge of the Universe, and under the protection of our Powerful and
Humanitarian Nation, The United States of America, we do hereby proclaim and
declare solemnly in the name by authority of the people of these Philippine
Islands,
That they are and have the right to be free and independent; that they
have ceased to have allegiance to the Crown of Spain; that all political ties
between them should be completely severed and annulled; and that, like other
free and independent States, they enjoy the full power to make War and Peace,
conclude commercial treaties, enter into alliances, regulate commerce, and do all
other acts and things which an Independent State has right to do,
And imbued with firm confidence in Divine Providence, we hereby
mutually bind ourselves to support this Declaration with our lives, our fortunes,
and with our sacred possession, our Honor.
We recognize, approve, and ratify, with all the orders emanating from the
same, the Dictatorship established by Don Emilio Aguinaldo whom we reverse as
the Supreme Head of this Nation, which today begins to have a life of its own, in
the conviction that he has been the instrument chosen by God, in spite of his
humble origin, to effectuate the redemption of this unfortunate country as foretold

by Dr. Don Jose Rizal in his magnificent verses which he composed in his prison
cell prior to his execution, liberating it from the Yoke of Spanish domination,
And in punishment for the impunity with which the Government sanctioned
the commission of abuses by its officials, and for the unjust execution of Rizal
and others who were sacrificed in order to please the insatiable friars in their
hydropical thirst for vengeance against and extermination of all those who
oppose their Machiavellian ends, trampling upon the Penal Code of these
Islands, and of those suspected persons arrested by the Chiefs of Detachments
at the instigation of the friars, without any form nor semblance of trial and without
any spiritual aid of our sacred Religion; and likewise, and for the same ends,
eminent Filipino priest, Doctor Don Jose Burgos, Don Mariano Gomez, and Don
Jacinto Zamora were hanged whose innocent blood was shed due to the
intrigues of these so-called Religious corporations which made the authorities to
believe that the military uprising at the fort of San Felipe in Cavite on the night of
January 21, 1872 was instigated by those Filipino martyrs, thereby impeding the
execution of the decree—sentence issued by the Council of State in the appeal
of the administrative case interposed by the secular clergy against the Royal
Orders that directed that the parishes under them within the jurisdiction of this
Bishopric be turned over to the Recollects in exchange for those controlled by
them in Mindanao which were to be transferred to the Jesuits, thus revoking
them completely and ordering the return of those parishes, all of which
proceedings are on file with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs to which they are sent
last month of the year of the issuance of the proper Royal Degree which, in turn,
caused the grow of the tree of the liberty in our dear land that grow more and
more through the iniquitous measures of oppressions, until the last drop of our
chalice of suffering having been drained, the first spark of revolution broke out in
Caloocan, spread out to Santa Mesa and continued its course to the adjoining
regions of the province were the unequalled heroism of its inhabitants fought a
one sided battle against superior forces of General Blanco and General Polavieja
for a period of 3 months, without proper arms nor ammunitions, except bolos,
pointed bamboos, and arrows.

Moreover, we confer upon our famous Dictator Don Emilio Aguinaldo all
the powers necessary to enable him to discharge the duties of Government,
including the prerogatives of granting pardon and amnesty,
And lastly, it was results unanimously that this Nation, already free and
independent as of this day, must use the same flag which up to now is being
used, whose designed and colored are found described in the attached drawing,
the white triangle signifying the distinctive emblem of the famous Society of the
"Katipunan" which by means of its blood compact inspired the masses to rise in
revolution; the tree stars, signifying the three principal Islands of these
Archipelago - Luzon, Mindanao, and Panay where the revolutionary movement
started; the sun representing the gigantic step made by the son of the country
along the path of Progress and Civilization; the eight rays, signifying the eight
provinces - Manila, Cavite, Bulacan, Pampanga, Nueva Ecija, Bataan, Laguna,
and Batangas - which declares themselves in a state of war as soon as the first
revolt was initiated; and the colors of Blue, Red, and White, commemorating the
flag of the United States of America, as a manifestation of our profound gratitude
towards this Great Nation for its disinterested protection which it lent us and
continues lending us.
And holding up this flag of ours, I present it to the gentlemen here
assembled:
(The text is then followed by the names of those who were present.)
Who solemnly swear to recognize and defend it unto the last drop of their
blood?
In witness thereof, I certify that this Act of Declaration of Independence
was signed by me and by all those here assembled including the only stranger
who attended those proceedings, a citizen of the U.S.A., Mr. L.M. Johnson, a
Colonel of Artillery.
Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista

War Counsellor and Special Delegate-Designate

Significance
June 12, 1898 was a significant date in Philippine history as it was the day
when the Philippine independence was first declared. Although the declaration of
the independence was not recognized by several countries at that time, the
revolutionary members consider the event significant as they were able to enjoy
having their own government, independence from colonial rule, and several
forms of freedom even in a short period of time. The struggle for Philippine
independence was the first nationalistic revolution of its kind in Asia. Looking at
the years of independence of countries in Asia from European powers, you will
notice that the Philippines had a taste of independence in 1898 (and still first in
1946 from the Americans). The revolution led to the establishment of the first
non-western independent republic. Although it was not recognized by both Spain
and the US, the First Philippine Republic was instrumental in the aspiration of the
Asian people to be free from foreign control. Subsequent revolutions in the
region--the Indonesian National Revolution, the revolution in Vietnam, and
the Chinese Revolution--follow, or improved on, the Philippine paradigm. India
became independent in 1947, Burma and Sri Lanka in 1948, Indonesia in 1949,
and Malaya was formed in 1957.

Name: __________________________ Score: _________
Section: ________________________ Date: _________
Speech Analysis Worksheet: Analyzing a Written Document

You are expected to describe it as if you are explaining to someone who cannot
see it. 
Who wrote it?
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Who read/ listened to or received it?

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What was happening at the time in history when this document was written/
delivered?
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What are the historical information that you have learned from the speech?
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What did you feel or realize after reading the speech?

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Name: __________________________ Score: _________
Section: ________________________ Date: _________
1. Who were the inspirations of the revolution as cited by the speech

of Emilio Aguinaldo?
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2. Who do you think is a figure in history that is also deserving to be

appreciated but was not mentioned in the speech? Discuss.
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3. What are some of the common misconceptions in the symbolisms

found in the flag that are historically incorrect as found in the speech?
What do you think are the reasons why most of the students are still
believing in it? Explain.
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LESSON 4: THE PHILIPPINES DURING THE AMERICAN
PERIOD FROM THE CARICATURES COMPILED BY
ALFRED MCCOY
LESSON OUTCOMES
1. described the Philippines during the American period through the
caricatures compiled by Alfred McCoy;
2. analyzed how Filipino nationalism was prevented and awakened during
the American occupation as depicted in the different caricatures
compiled by Alfred McCoy; and
3. discussed the cultural influences of the Americans to the Filipinos.
INTRODUCTION
Imagine the Philippines which was the biggest colony of Spain in

the eastern hemisphere and had them control for more than 300 years but in a
short span of only about half a century, the Filipinos then became Americanized
–from having Spanish as the most widely spoken foreign language among
Filipinos into becoming the fifth largest English speaking country in the world in
the present. Others would say that the Filipinos are the greatest imitator of the
American culture or from the words of the American Civil Governor William
Howard Taft the “Brown Americans” or “brown brothers”.
We are a nation that is very fascinated with basketball in a sport where
height is always a factor but our average height is one of the shortest in the
world. We were able to enjoy free education with the establishments of Normal
Schools and public schools. The status of health and cases of epidemics
diminished with the establishments of hospitals and construction of nursing and
medical schools. Religious freedom also began at this period with the
establishments of many different churches besides Catholicism, the swing dance,
democracy, and fast food or even in clothing. There are many contributions of

America to the Filipino society, but the question is was it good or bad? Are we
truly free from the interferences of America in the present for us to call a true
independent state? This lesson will give you the idea of what American
occupation was in the eyes of different editorial caricatures compiled by Alfred
McCoy.
One thing that you need to remember in dealing with this lesson is that,
the comics selected were taken from the editorial sections of nationalist
newspapers during the American period. Thus, it is the opinions of the nationalist
journalists that are reflected about the American period on the caricatures
selected.
This sequence of photographs was published in the 1910’s both in a government

report and a popular account of U.S. Philippine policy. Illustration in Frederick Chamberlin, The
Philippine Problem, 1898–1913 (Boston: Little, Brown, 1913). Book caption: “Educational Value of
the Constabulary. 1. Bontoc Igorot on entering the service, 1901. 2. After a year’s service, 1902.
3. After two years’ service, 1903.

Filipinos in loin cloths sitting in circle together at Dreamland, Coney Island, N.Y. Courtesy of
Library of Congress. LC-DIG-ggbain-03959
Young Filipino girl, Coney Island, N.Y. Courtesy of Library of Congress. LC-DIG-ggbain-03951
Before you analyze the different caricatures compiled by Alfred McCoy, I

would like you first to provide answers to the following questions:
1. What do you feel about the pictures?

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2. What is your reaction to the way Filipinos were treated by the Americans?
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3. Are the pictures consistent with other evidences depicted by Americans as to
how they have provided us advancements in our country?
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“Viewed from the vantage point of a half century and more,

these prewar political cartoons are an evocative record of a half-
forgotten history. The scandals, struggles, and social changes of the
American colonial period gain an immediacy in these graphic images that
elude even the most historical prose. For those who drew and published
them, these cartoons were simultaneously a mirror in the society’s colonial
condition, an act of protest, and a weapon in the struggle for reform.”
These were the introductory words of Alfred McCoy in his essay “Images
of a Changing Nation” discussing about how the different caricatures from the
1900 to 1941 had highlighted the kind of culture,
politics and society of the Philippines from the
remnants of Spanish occupation down to American
administration.
Dr. Alfred William McCoy is a professor of SE
Asian History at the University of Wisconsin at
Madison where he also serves as director of the
Figure 12: Image of Alfred Center for South East Asian Studies, a federally-
McCoy (Source: wisc.edu)
funded National Resource Center.
His dissertation at the Yale University, advised by Harold C. Conklin was
entitled Yloilo: Factional Conflict in a Colonial Economy, Iloilo Province,
Philippines, 1937-1955, which examined the region of Iloilo. Looking at his own

dissertation, you will also see the connection of Alfred W. McCoy to our own
province and to the Philippines as a whole.
We will be using different cartoons from the compiled book of Alfred
McCoy and Alfredo Roces entitled, Philippine Cartoons: Political Caricature of
the American Era (1900-1941). These images were taken from different
newspaper dailies and periodicals in the period 1900 to 1941.
You will be presented with different editorial caricatures expressed by
different nationalist figures compiled by Alfred McCoy with actual words from his
discussion of the comics.
The first comic as presented below was published at the Philippines Free
Press on December 11, 1920. In Alfred McCoy's book he discussed the
caricature as…
In one of the most insensitive outburst in its colonial publishing history, the
Free Press, then American-owned, mocked Senator Lope K. Santos for
introducing a bill requiring all mountain people to wear lowland dress and change
their names or be imposed for 30 days to five years. Although clearly insensitive
to mountain cultures, the bill must be understood in its historical context. As the
Philippines advanced rapidly towards independence during the 1920’s, American
imperial interests used the minority issue to attack Filipino nationalists. Arguing
variously that all Filipinos were primitive like the half-naked Igorots or that
lowland Christians could not control minorities, imperialists argued for either

postponing independence or, in its event, extending an American protectorate
over Muslim Mindanao and pagan Mountain Province.
Your views regarding the bill of Lope K. Santos will possibly make you
sympathize with the Americans but it is worthy for you to know as to how Lope K.
Santos was inspired to come up with that bill. One event was at the year 1903-
1904 at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition in St. Louis, the U.S. colonial
government had exhibited an Igorot mountain village complete with a small
contingent of half-naked head hunters. From the account of an American colonial
judge, the Igorot show was a hit at the Exposition: “It was the recollection of them
that lingered longest with the visitor to the exposition and there was always in his
mind thereafter an association… between Igorrotes and Filipino capacities for
self-government…” It was so popular that one entrepreneur toured Europe and
America with an Igorot sideshow for several years until the insular government,
responding to Filipino pressure was forced to ban the practice.
The second selected image was published at Lipag Kalabaw, a satiric
nationalist newspaper on July 11, 1908, mocking the political begging of
Nacionalista Party politicians Dr. Dominador Gomez (left) and Rafael del Pan
(right) during the great faction fight of 1907- 1909 for getting the Catholic support.
In 1907, an election for the First Philippine Assembly was held. The
Nacionalistas in Manila had split into factions supporting the rival slates for the
city’s two seats- the radical nationalists Fernando Ma. Guerrero and Dr. Justo
Lukban versus the somewhat more moderate Gomez and Del Pan.
The July 1907 elections appeared a split decision, with Guerrero defeating Del
Pan in Manila South and Gomez over Lukban in Manila North. Claiming that
Gomez was Spanish instead of Filipino on purely technical grounds, Dr. Lukban
filed a protest and won Gomez’s seat in the interim until a special election could
be called. Gomez won the election in 1909, but until then had to campaign
vigorously for popular support. Their sincerity begging for people’s money and
votes were being questioned as depicted in the picture due to charges to them
that they are actually pro-friar sympathizers.

The existence of political begging is still present today. Article 2, Section 6
of the 1987 Constitution states that, “the separation of Church and State shall be
inviolable”. For sure, you will agree that this is not true and applicable when it
comes to Philippine politics. Our politicians are still begging church leaders and
followers for their votes with hidden propaganda or exchanges in the future.
The third selected image was published at The Independent on October
23, 1915, depicting the inequality on wages between a Filipino teacher and an
American teacher. When Filipinos began winning civil service appointments after
1913, many of them had experience serious discriminations in both wages and
positions. It was at this period where the “Filipinization” of the civil service or
government service has started, reversing the earlier pro-American policies of

Howard Taft (1900-1912) with the help of the liberal Governor-General Francis B.
Harrison.
The story of inequality on wages was even concealed by former Senator
Camilo Osias who was appointed as a teacher in 1910: “After a month and a half
I received… my first monthly check of ninety pesos (Php 90.00). I thought that
was low pay; Php 1,080.00 a year, after graduating from Columbia University and
qualifying in a high civil service examination. It was not very pleasant to receive
only Php 1,080.00 when Americans who were only Normal graduates… were
paid Php 4,000.00 a year… I did not complain about the discrimination. I
contented myself with the thought that I was serving my people…”
American teachers were enjoying several forms of privileges at their time,
from higher wages, larger classrooms, opportunity to teach on elite secondary
schools in the cities and have their own free summer holiday at the Teacher’s
Camp in Baguio. While Filipino teachers are mostly in rural areas, smaller
classrooms, in primary schools and have lower wages.
The next caricature was published by Lipang Kalabaw on August 24, 1907
entitled El Turno de los Partidos or The Parties Take Turns. In the cartoon, you
will notice the depiction of Uncle Sam representing the United States of America
offering porridge to different political leaders from two political parties. He offered
it first to the Progresista (Federalista) Party members while the Nacionalistas are
waiting for their turn. The Federalista Party are known for their struggles in the

end to make the Philippines be officially counted as one of the states of the US
while the Nacionalistas are envisioning for a total independence from the US.
The last cartoon was published at Lipag Kalabaw on November 14, 1908
depicting the image of Juan and Uncle Sam conversing with each other on the
issue concerning true restoration of civil liberties as a product of the inauguration
of the Philippine Assembly in October 1907. Juan: “May I claim the right of free
speech now?” Uncle Sam: “Why do you ask that question?” Juan: “The rumor is
that free speech will again be suppressed.”
Several laws were implemented by the Americans suppressing several

rights of the Filipinos. From the Sedition Law of 1901, Brigandage Act of 1902,
Reconcentration Act of 1903 down to Flag Law of 1907. The Sedition Law of
1901 prohibits any Filipino from advocating Philippine independence or its
separation from the United States. Enacted by the Philippine
Commission headed by William Howard Taft, on November 4, 1901, the Sedition
Law of 1901 declared unlawful, any peaceful or overt means such as speech,
printing, publication and circulation of any materials that encourages the
Filipinos to fight against the American colonial rule in the Philippines. This law
imposed death penalty or a long imprisonment on many Filipino nationalist
leaders. Brigandage Act of 1902 prohibits the Filipinos from forming or joining
any organization or nationalist movement and relegated all armed resistance
against the Americans as pure banditry. Reconcentration Act of 1903 refers to

the American policy in the Philippines which relocated rural populations into
overcrowded villages—a newly created concentration camps. The Flag Law of
1907 proscribed the Philippine flag or any nationalist flags, banners or symbols,
particularly those identified to the Katipunan, and banned the use of
the Philippine National Anthem.
Illustrations and caricatures have played a vital role in awakening Filipino
nationalism; they have provided a clearer picture of what American occupation
was; and they became sources of political expressions conveyed in editorial
cartoons during the period when we fell under American control.

Name: __________________________ Score: _________
Section: ________________________ Date: _________
Directions: Given the skills of analyzing comics as presented to you in

the earlier caricatures, you are now expected to give your own three to five
sentences containing your interpretations about the two selected caricatures
during American occupation.
1
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2)
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Name: __________________________ Score: _________
Section: ________________________ Date: _________
Every July 4 of the year is commemorated as the Philippine-American

Friendship Day. It disguises as the actual day when America granted Filipino
independence on July 4, 1946. Several years passed by but the influences of
America from the culture to the language are still manifested down today. You
describe the Filipino society through an artwork depicting American influences
that are still occurring in the country today. In at least three to five sentences,
provide a brief description of your work. Choose from any of the following:
a) Cartoon c) Photo essay
b) Painting d) Collage

LESSON 5: THE SPEECH OF CORAZON AQUINO BEFORE
THE US CONGRESS
LESSON OUTCOMES

1. analyzed the content and significance of Cory Aquino’s speech;
2. evaluated the Marcos and Aquino regime by correcting several claims
about their administrations; and
3. enumerated the salient points of Cory Aquino’s speech.
INTRODUCTION
Ferdinand Marcos regime has already ended in 1986 and he died in 1989.
More than three decades passed by but the effects of his administration are still
dividing the nation today. We have those who would say that he is the best
president ever and those who would say that he is a traitor to the republic. We
have those who consider him a hero and others treating him more of a villain.
We have those who are disregarding the contribution of the People Power
Revolution and those who are thanking the event for the full restoration of
democracy.
The lesson that you are about to analyze will provide you with the idea of
how the People Power Revolution I and the presidency of Cory Aquino was
formally recognized in the world through the speech she delivered before the US
Congress.

Before you deal with the speech, kindly ponder on the
questions first.
If you are to become a president of the nation, how would
you like to be perceived and treated by your constituents? Would you like to be
feared or loved? Explain.
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How did you provide answer to the questions? Did you

also select leaders from the past or other figures in history as
your reference?
When we talk about Filipino leaders, the mentioning of the names
Corazon Aquino and Ferdinand Marcos always ring a bell especially among your
generations. We made them clash with us—still affiliating ourselves between two
campaign colors Red and Yellow. We still have those who think of the dictatorial
rule of Marcos as ideal and is even applicable to the present.
The speech of Maria Corazon Cojuangco-Aquino before the US Congress
in Washington DC in September 18, 1986 is one of the most significant events in
the country’s history yet, what’s with the speech? Who is Cory Aquino?
Before you provide your own analysis about the speech, it is ideal for you
to get to know first the context behind the speech and the happenings in the
country at that period. Cory Aquino is known as the 11th President of the
Republic of the Philippines from February 25, 1896 to June 30, 1992. She was
born on January 25, 1933 from an affluent family in Tarlac. She graduated from
the College of Mount St. Vincent in New York in 1953, with a bachelor's degree in
both French and Mathematics. Corazon Aquino was brought into the limelight
when Ninoy Aquino was assassinated upon his return to the Philippines in 1983

and was widely accredited as the “Mother of Asian Democracy”. Some of the
awards and recognitions she received are: One of the 100 Women Who Shaped
World History, 20 Most Influential Asians of the 20th Century, 65 Great Asian
Heroes, J. William Fulbright Prize for International Understanding and was the
Time Magazine’s 1986 “Person or Woman of the Year” in January 1987. She
died on August 1, 2009.
Figure 13. Corazon Aquino before the US the Congress

(Photo Courtesy by AP)
The speech is assumed to have been written between April-September

seven months after the EDSA Rrevolution (Feb 25, 1986) by Cory’s Executive
Secretary Teodoro “Teddy Boy” Locsin and was finished and polished by Cory
Aquino herself. The speech delivered is known as one of the most applauded
speeches in the history of the US Congress. Cory’s speech ran for about half an
hour and interrupted by several applauses and standing ovations at the
beginning and ending of her speech from all the legislators present.

Speech of President Corazon Aquino during the Joint Session of the U.S.
Congress, September 18, 1986 [Delivered at Washington, D.C., on
September 18, 1986]
TRANSCRIPT:
Three years ago, I left America in grief to bury my husband, Ninoy Aquino.
I thought I had left it also to lay to rest his restless dream of Philippine freedom.
Today, I have returned as the president of a free people.
In burying Ninoy, a whole nation honored him. By that brave and selfless
act of giving honor, a nation in shame recovered its own. A country that had lost
faith in its future found it in a faithless and brazen act of murder. So in giving, we
receive, in losing we find, and out of defeat, we snatched our victory.
For the nation, Ninoy became the pleasing sacrifice that answered their
prayers for freedom. For myself and our children, Ninoy was a loving husband
and father. His loss, three times in our lives, was always a deep and painful one.
Fourteen years ago this month was the first time we lost him. A president-
turned-dictator, and traitor to his oath, suspended the Constitution and shut down
the Congress that was much like this one before which I am honored to speak.
He detained my husband along with thousands of others – senators, publishers
and anyone who had spoken up for the democracy as its end drew near. But for
Ninoy, a long and cruel ordeal was reserved. The dictator already knew that
Ninoy was not a body merely to be imprisoned but a spirit he must break. For
even as the dictatorship demolished one by one the institutions of democracy –
the press, the Congress, the independence of the judiciary, the protection of the
Bill of Rights – Ninoy kept their spirit alive in himself.
The government sought to break him by indignities and terror. They locked him
up in a tiny, nearly airless cell in a military camp in the north. They stripped him
naked and held the threat of sudden midnight execution over his head. Ninoy
held up manfully–all of it. I barely did as well. For 43 days, the authorities would
not tell me what had happened to him. This was the first time my children and I
felt we had lost him.

When that didn’t work, they put him on trial for subversion, murder and a
host of other crimes before a military commission. Ninoy challenged its authority
and went on a fast. If he survived it, then, he felt, God intended him for another
fate. We had lost him again. For nothing would hold him back from his
determination to see his fast through to the end. He stopped only when it dawned
on him that the government would keep his body alive after the fast had
destroyed his brain. And so, with barely any life in his body, he called off the fast
on the fortieth day. God meant him for other things, he felt. He did not know that
an early death would still be his fate, that only the timing was wrong.
At any time during his long ordeal, Ninoy could have made a separate
peace with the dictatorship, as so many of his countrymen had done. But the
spirit of democracy that inheres in our race and animates this chamber could not
be allowed to die. He held out, in the loneliness of his cell and the frustration of
exile, the democratic alternative to the insatiable greed and mindless cruelty of
the right and the purging holocaust of the left.
And then, we lost him, irrevocably and more painfully than in the past. The
news came to us in Boston. It had to be after the three happiest years of our lives
together. But his death was my country’s resurrection in the courage and faith by
which alone they could be free again. The dictator had called him a nobody. Two
million people threw aside their passivity and escorted him to his grave. And so
began the revolution that has brought me to democracy’s most famous home, the
Congress of the United States.
The task had fallen on my shoulders to continue offering the democratic
alternative to our people.
Archibald Macleish had said that democracy must be defended by arms
when it is attacked by arms and by truth when it is attacked by lies. He failed to
say how it shall be won.
I held fast to Ninoy’s conviction that it must be by the ways of democracy. I
held out for participation in the 1984 election the dictatorship called, even if I
knew it would be rigged. I was warned by the lawyers of the opposition that I ran
the grave risk of legitimizing the foregone results of elections that were clearly
going to be fraudulent. But I was not fighting for lawyers but for the people in

whose intelligence I had implicit faith. By the exercise of democracy, even in a
dictatorship, they would be prepared for democracy when it came. And then,
also, it was the only way I knew by which we could measure our power even in
the terms dictated by the dictatorship.
The people vindicated me in an election shamefully marked by
government thuggery and fraud. The opposition swept the elections, garnering a
clear majority of the votes, even if they ended up, thanks to a corrupt
Commission on Elections, with barely a third of the seats in parliament. Now, I
knew our power.
Last year, in an excess of arrogance, the dictatorship called for its doom in
a snap election. The people obliged. With over a million signatures, they drafted
me to challenge the dictatorship. And I obliged them. The rest is the history that
dramatically unfolded on your television screen and across the front pages of
your newspapers.
You saw a nation, armed with courage and integrity, stand fast by
democracy against threats and corruption. You saw women poll watchers break
out in tears as armed goons crashed the polling places to steal the ballots but,
just the same, they tied themselves to the ballot boxes. You saw a people so
committed to the ways of democracy that they were prepared to give their lives
for its pale imitation. At the end of the day, before another wave of fraud could
distort the results, I announced the people’s victory.
The distinguished co-chairman of the United States observer team in his
report to your President described that victory:
“I was witness to an extraordinary manifestation of democracy on the part
of the Filipino people. The ultimate result was the election of Mrs. Corazon C.
Aquino as President and Mr. Salvador Laurel as Vice-President of the
Philippines.”
Many of you here today played a part in changing the policy of your
country towards us. We, Filipinos, thank each of you for what you did: for,
balancing America’s strategic interest against human concerns, illuminates the
American vision of the world.

When a subservient parliament announced my opponent’s victory, the
people turned out in the streets and proclaimed me President. And true to their
word, when a handful of military leaders declared themselves against the
dictatorship, the people rallied to their protection. Surely, the people take care of
their own. It is on that faith and the obligation it entails, that I assumed the
presidency.
As I came to power peacefully, so shall I keep it. That is my contract with
my people and my commitment to God. He had willed that the blood drawn with
the lash shall not, in my country, be paid by blood drawn by the sword but by the
tearful joy of reconciliation.
We have swept away absolute power by a limited revolution that
respected the life and freedom of every Filipino. Now, we are restoring full
constitutional government. Again, as we restored democracy by the ways of
democracy, so are we completing the constitutional structures of our new
democracy under a constitution that already gives full respect to the Bill of
Rights. A jealously independent Constitutional Commission is completing its draft
which will be submitted later this year to a popular referendum. When it is
approved, there will be congressional elections. So within about a year from a
peaceful but national upheaval that overturned a dictatorship, we shall have
returned to full constitutional government. Given the polarization and breakdown
we inherited, this is no small achievement.
My predecessor set aside democracy to save it from a communist
insurgency that numbered less than 500. Unhampered by respect for human
rights, he went at it hammer and tongs. By the time he fled, that insurgency had
grown to more than 16,000. I think there is a lesson here to be learned about
trying to stifle a thing with the means by which it grows.
I don’t think anybody, in or outside our country, concerned for a
democratic and open Philippines, doubts what must be done. Through political
initiatives and local reintegration programs, we must seek to bring the insurgents
down from the hills and, by economic progress and justice, show them that for
which the best intentioned among them fight.

As President, I will not betray the cause of peace by which I came to
power. Yet equally, and again no friend of Filipino democracy will challenge this, I
will not stand by and allow an insurgent leadership to spurn our offer of peace
and kill our young soldiers, and threaten our new freedom.
Yet, I must explore the path of peace to the utmost for at its end, whatever
disappointment I meet there, is the moral basis for laying down the olive branch
of peace and taking up the sword of war. Still, should it come to that, I will not
waver from the course laid down by your great liberator: “With malice towards
none, with charity for all, with firmness in the rights as God gives us to see the
rights, let us finish the work we are in, to bind up the nation’s wounds, to care for
him who shall have borne the battle, and for his widow and for his orphans, to do
all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace among ourselves and
with all nations.”
Like Lincoln, I understand that force may be necessary before mercy. Like
Lincoln, I don’t relish it. Yet, I will do whatever it takes to defend the integrity and
freedom of my country.
Finally, may I turn to that other slavery: our $26 billion foreign debt. I have
said that we shall honor it. Yet must the means by which we shall be able to do
so be kept from us? Many conditions imposed on the previous government that
stole this debt continue to be imposed on us who never benefited from it. And no
assistance or liberality commensurate with the calamity that was visited on us
has been extended. Yet ours must have been the cheapest revolution ever. With
little help from others, we Filipinos fulfilled the first and most difficult conditions of
the debt negotiation the full restoration of democracy and responsible
government. Elsewhere, and in other times of more stringent world economic
conditions, Marshall Plans and their like were felt to be necessary companions of
returning democracy.
When I met with President Reagan yesterday, we began an important
dialogue about cooperation and the strengthening of the friendship between our
two countries. That meeting was both a confirmation and a new beginning and
should lead to positive results in all areas of common concern.

Today, we face the aspirations of a people who had known so much
poverty and massive unemployment for the past 14 years and yet offered their
lives for the abstraction of democracy. Wherever I went in the campaign, slum
area or impoverished village, they came to me with one cry: democracy! Not
food, although they clearly needed it, but democracy. Not work, although they
surely wanted it, but democracy. Not money, for they gave what little they had to
my campaign. They didn’t expect me to work a miracle that would instantly put
food into their mouths, clothes on their back, education in their children, and work
that will put dignity in their lives. But I feel the pressing obligation to respond
quickly as the leader of a people so deserving of all these things.
We face a communist insurgency that feeds on economic deterioration,
even as we carry a great share of the free world defences in the Pacific. These
are only two of the many burdens my people carry even as they try to build a
worthy and enduring house for their new democracy that may serve as well as a
redoubt for freedom in Asia. Yet, no sooner is one stone laid than two are taken
away. Half our export earnings, $2 billion out of $4 billion, which was all we could
earn in the restrictive markets of the world, went to pay just the interest on a debt
whose benefit the Filipino people never received.
Still, we fought for honor, and, if only for honor, we shall pay. And yet,
should we have to wring the payments from the sweat of our men’s faces and
sink all the wealth piled up by the bondsman’s two hundred fifty years of
unrequited toil?
Yet to all Americans, as the leader of a proud and free people, I address
this question: has there been a greater test of national commitment to the ideals
you hold dear than that my people have gone through? You have spent many
lives and much treasure to bring freedom to many lands that were reluctant to
receive it. And here you have a people who won it by themselves and need only
the help to preserve it.
Three years ago, I said thank you, America, for the haven from
oppression, and the home you gave Ninoy, myself and our children, and for the
three happiest years of our lives together. Today, I say, join us, America, as we

build a new home for democracy, another haven for the oppressed, so it may
stand as a shining testament of our two nation’s commitment to freedom.
Significance
Reading or listening to the speech of Cory, one common tone that you will
notice is that it sounds like she was grateful for the Americans. After her delivery,
Senate Majority Leader Robert Dole said to Cory, “Cory, you hit a home run.”
Cory smiled back and said, “I hope the bases were loaded.” Five hours later, the
House of Representatives voted, 203 to 197, in favor of $200 million emergency
aid for the Philippines. The event was like conforming to the realigning of the
Philippines to the United States.
When we talk of Cory’s administration, it was also characterized as
generally not ideal. She inherited an economy that went bankrupt. Imagine your
national bank, the Philippine National Bank who went bankrupt at the time of
Marcos. Our economy at the time of Cory was also stagnant; inflation and
unemployment were also high. Her presidency had experience different political
upheavals like series of coup d'état , making her the president with the most
number of coup attempts experienced. Some of the deadliest calamities in our
country’s history was also at her time. The Mount Pinatubo Eruption in 1991, the
Luzon Earthquake in 1990, the worst loss of life occurred when Tropical Storm
Thelma (also known as Typhoon Uring) in Ormoc City in November 1991, leaving
around 6,000 dead in what was considered to be the deadliest typhoon in
Philippine history prior to Typhoon Yolanda. It was also during Aquino's term that
the MV Doña Paz sank, which is the world's worst peace-time maritime disaster
of the 20th century killing more than 1,700 people. To add in the long list is a long
period of El Nino phenomenon from 1989 to 1993 causing drought, water
problems, food shortage and massive blackouts in the country.
With the many negative experiences of our country at her time, one
contribution that you should be thankful for is the full restoration of democracy.
Can you imagine if we failed to topple Marcos as a president? Who do you think
has the control of the country today? The democracy that Cory planted from the
suppressed democracy existing at the time of Marcos, although not perfect and

still has remnants of the dictatorial influences has allowed the country to rise little
by little again. The People Power Revolution should not also be claimed solely by
Cory Aquino, as it was a product of many Filipinos aspirations and actions to be
free from military abuses, stagnant economy, Filipino exodus abroad and
corruption. The peaceful revolution was a long result of the long oppressed
freedom and the life threatening abuses executed by Marcos government.
In dealing with both Marcos and Aquino, you will notice that their
presidencies have both the good and negative contributions to our country. On
the contrary in dealing with your own conclusion as you weigh their
administrations, it is expected of you to look for primary and reliable sources.
Most importantly, you should reject the idea of isolating our own history between
the two families as we always argue as to who is better, the Marcoses or the
Aquinos.
Many millennial students today can easily be deceived by what they see
and hear in different social media platforms may it be on YouTube, Twitter,
Tiktok, Instagram or Facebook. Different politicians with big political machinery
are also using these platforms as avenues for their propagandas and disguising
some of what you read and view as believable only to realize in the end that
these are fake.
Create a two to three-minute short video providing your own views about
any of the following claims surrounding the Marcos or Aquino Administrations:
1. During Marcos time, the people are much disciplined.
2. During Marcos time, the Philippines was the 2nd wealthiest country in
Asia.
3. During Cory’s time, cronyism drastically diminished.
4. During Cory’s time, agrarian reform greatly helped the poor peasants.

Make sure to validate your perspective by citing a reference and primary
source at the end of your video or the credits part of your video. You can have
yourself expressed in any of the following languages: Filipino, English,
Hiligaynon, or Kinaray-a.
Name: __________________________ Score: _________

Section: ________________________ Date: _________
Directions: Kindly write your answer in a bulleted or sentence format. In

the explanation or discussion part, kindly limit your sentences or bullets to three
to five sentences only.
1. What are the salient points of Cory’s speech? Cite five.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
2. What is the phrase from the speech that struck you the most?
Explain.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
3. What are the points in her speech that you agree/ disagree with?
Discuss.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

References:
Aquino, C. (1986). Speech of President Corazon Aquino during the Joint

Session of the US Congress, September 18, 1986. Retrived from
https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1986/09/18/speech-of-president-
corazon-aquino-during-the-joint-session-of-the-u-s-congress-september-
18-1986/. Retrieved 04 August 2020.
Bautista, A. (1898). Declaration of the Philippine Independence. trans.

Sulpicio Guevarra in The Laws of the First Philippine Republic 1972.
Manila: National Historical Commission.
Delos Santos, E. (1918). Emilio Jacinto. The Philippine Review, Volume 3,
Number 6.
Gripaldo, Eden et.al. (2003). Kasaysayan ng Pilipinas at mga Institusyong
Filipino. Sentro ng Wikang Filipino-Diliman, U.P.
Furay, C. & Salevouris, M. (1988). The Methods and Skills of History: A Practical
Guide.” Harlan Davidson. p. 223.
Pigafetta, A. (1874). The First Voyage Around the World by Magellan. trans. Lord
Stanley of Alderley. London: Hakluyt Society.
McCoy, A., & Roces, A. (1985). Philippine Cartoons: Political Caricature of the
American Era, 1900-1941. Quezon City: Vera-Reyes.
Torres, J. V. (2018). BATIS: Sources in Philippine History. Quezon City: C & E
Publishing Inc.
VIDEO:
[youtube] http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4ZnnvbKyNCQ[/youtube]


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MODULE OF READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

MODULE OF READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

Module Outcomes: At the end of the unit, you must have:

1. analyzed the context, content, and perspective of different kinds of primary

 First Voyage Around the World (of Magellan) by Antonio Pigafetta

MODULE OF READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

At the end of the lesson, the students must have:

The Crusade Spices of Asia

Seal of the Spanish Empire

MODULE OF READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

The story behind the three pictures are

MODULE OF READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

Factors that Motivated European Exploration and Colonization

MODULE OF READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

MODULE OF READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

The Voyage of Magellan

Figure 8: Image of Ferdinand Magellan and illustration of the Battle of Mactan

MODULE OF READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

MODULE OF READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

MODULE OF READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

“when we reached land we found the islanders fifteen hundred in number,

MODULE OF READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

MODULE OF READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

MODULE OF READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

MODULE OF READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

Document Analysis: Analyzing a Written Document

1) Who wrote it?

3) What is it talking about?

MODULE OF READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

MODULE OF READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

Can you identify the people in the following

He was known as the Supremo:

He wrote the Kartilya of the Katipunan:

He was considered as the Sublime Paralytic:

MODULE OF READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

The Katipunan and its Kartilya

MODULE OF READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

MODULE OF READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

I. Ang kabuhayang hindi ginugugol sa isang malaki at banal na

MODULE OF READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

Below is the translated version of the rules in Kartilya:

I. The life that is not consecrated to a lofty and reasonable purpose is a

MODULE OF READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

MODULE OF READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

 One’s life must have a purpose and must not be wasted.

MODULE OF READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

Rewrite a portion or one principle of the Kartilya ng Katipunan in such a

MODULE OF READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

MODULE OF READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

More than three centuries of Spanish occupation has finally ended

MODULE OF READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

MODULE OF READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

Figure 11. Map depicting the location of the Suez Canal

MODULE OF READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

MODULE OF READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

MODULE OF READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

Name: __________________ Score: _