II.

Nature of Mathematics:
Mathematical Language and Symbols W
E
Language of E
Mathematics Sets K

Mr. Armando U. Miranda Jr., MATM 111 Instructor

 1 W
E
E
K

Language of 3

Mathematics
 L
Mathematical Language and Symbols A
N
Syntax and Rules G
U
Language is a system of conventional spoken, manual A
(signed), or written symbols by means of which human G
beings, as members of a social group and participants E
in its culture, express themselves. Below are some of the
of
symbols which are commonly used in Mathematics:
M
A
T
H
E
M
A
T
I
C
S
 L
A
Characteristics of N
G

Mathematical Language U
A
G
E

of

M
A
T
H
E
M
A
T
I
C
S
 L
A

Expressions vs Sentences N
G
U
A
G
E

of

M
A
T
H
E
M
A
T
I
C
S
 L
A

Let’s try the following: N

G
U
Identify whether the given is an expression or a sentence. If it is a A
sentence, determine whether it is true or false. G
E
1.) 5x2 2.) A square has four sides.
3.) 4 + 3 = 12 4.) a + 1 – b x 3 of

Answers: M
A
1.) It is an expression since it does not contain a verb such as =, T
> or <. H
E
2.) It is a sentence. All squares have four side. Therefore, it is a
M
true sentence.
A
3.) It is a sentence in which the verb is =. It is a false sentence
T
since 4 + 3 is 7 and not 12. I
4.) It does not contain any verb. Therefore, it is an expression. C
S
 L
A
Convention in the N
G
Mathematical Language U
A
Below are some words which connotes the following operations: G
Addition Subtraction Multiplication Division E

of
plus minus times divided by
M
added to subtracted from multiplied by quotient of A
T
sum of difference of product of ratio of H
E
increased by decreased by twice, thrice reciprocal of
M
A
T
exceeds by less, less than doubled, tripled I
C
S
 L
A
Translate the following english phrases/sentences into N
mathematical expressions/equation. G
English phrases Mathematical expressions U
A
5 more than twice a number
G
3 less than the sum of a and b E
3 less the sum of a and b
product of thrice x and the square of y of
ratio of c minus 1 and d
M
A
English sentences Mathematical equations T
m added to ten is 18.
H
E
j exceeds k by 2.
M
3 is less than the sum of a and b. A
5 times s is greater than or equal to15. T
4 subtracted from z is equal to the I
quotient of m and 7. C
S
2
W
E
E
K

SETS
3
 Concepts on Sets
Set – is a collection of common objects, numbers, letters in the
alphabet, people, and any other sets. S
Examples: A = {1, 2, 3, 4}
B = {1, 2, 3, 4, . . .}
E
Element – is a member of a set. It is denoted by ∈.
Examples: 1∈A
12 ∈ B
T
Subset – is a set in which all of its elements are found in another S
set.
Example: A ⊆ B since all elements of A are found in B.
B ⊄ A since there are elements in B which are not
found in A.
Cardinality – refers to the number of elements in a set. It is
denoted by n( ) where the name of the set is written inside the
parenthesis symbol.
Example: n(A) = 4 or 𝐴 = 4
n(B) = ∞ or 𝐵 = ∞
 Concepts on Sets
Universal Set – a set that contains all elements found in the other given
set/s. It is denoted by U.
Example: C = {a, e, i, o, u}
S
D = {j, k, l}
U = {a, e, i, j, k, l, o, u}
E
Null Set – a set with no element. It is denoted by { }. This is also known
as null set, denoted by ∅.
T
Note: An empty set is a subset of any set. Any set is subset of universal
set.
S
Equal Sets – are sets with exactly the same elements.
Example: E = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}
F = {9, 7, 5, 3, 1}

Therefore, E = F.

Equivalent Sets – are sets with the same cardinality.

Example: G = {w, x, y, z}
H = {0, 10, 100, 1000}

Therefore, G ~ H.
 Concepts on Sets
Union of Sets
The UNION of two sets is a set
Intersection of Sets
The INTERSECTION of two given
S
containing all elements that are in A or in sets is the set that contains all the
B (possibly both). For example, 1, 2, 3 ∪
2, 3, 4 = 1, 2, 3, 4 . Note that every A ∪ B is
equal to B ∪ A.
elements that are common to both sets.
For example, 1, 2, 3 ∩ 2, 3, 4 = 2, 3 .
Like union of sets, every A ∩ B is equal to
E
B ∩ A.
T
S
Exercises: Given that J = 2, 3, 5, 7 , Exercises: Given that D = 𝑓, 𝑟, 𝑒, ,
A = 4, 6, 8, 9,10 , and Y = 1 , find the ff: E = 𝑠, ℎ, 𝑚 , F = 𝑒, 𝑛 and find the ff:
1. J ∪ A 2. Y ∪ A 1. E ∩ F 2. D ∩ F

Answers: Answers:
1. J ∪ A = 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 1. E ∩ F =
2. Y ∪ A = 1, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10 2. D ∩ F = 𝑒
Do you have any questions? W
E
Offline Learning: E
Take Quiz #1 – K
Mathematical
Translation under
Week 3 in CANVAS. 3
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