You will learn about :

• Definition Rate of Reaction

• 1.1 Measurement of Rate of Reaction

• Graph Drawing ; Quantity Product / Reactant againts
time
• Calculation Average rate of reaction
• Calculation rate of reaction at certain time

• 1.2 Factors Affecting the Rate of Reaction

• Total Surface Area of Solid reactant
• Concentration of reactant
• Temperature of reactant
• Use of Catalyst
• Pressure of gaseous reactant
• 1.3 Collision Theory
• Activation energy
• Correct Orientation

• 1.4 Application of the factors affecting the rate

of Reaction
Definition of rate of reaction

• Is a measurement of the change in

the quantity of reactant or product
perunit time

• Rate of Reaction

Change in amount of reactant or product

Time taken
Suitable changes which can be observed in
a chemical reaction are:

• Volume of a gas liberated

• Precipitate formation
• Change in mass during the reaction
• Colour changes
• Temperature changes
• Pressure changes
 Graph of Change of Amount of
Reactants and Products against
Time Reaction Rate of Reaction Time taken
Rapidly / fast High Short time
Quantity
Slowly Low Long time

Productt

Reactant

Time , s,
Exercise 1 :

Reaction between calcium carbonate and excess

hydrochloric acid 1.0 moldm-3

CaCO3 (s) + 2HCl (aq) → CaCl2(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2 (g)

Can U recognise which is Reactant & which is

Product?
Mass of CaCO3/g

Time / s
How about this one?
Conc. Of HCl /moldm-3

Time / s
Conc. Of CaCl2 /moldm-3

Time / s
Volume of CO2 / cm3

Time / s
1.1 Measurement of Rate of Reaction

1) Average rate of reaction =

Change in amount of reactant or product
Time taken for the change to happen

2) Rate of reaction at a given time =

gradient of the tangent to the curve at the given
time
(instantaneous rate of reaction)
Volume of
gas/cm3 To determine the rate of reaction at a given time t1 s
- Draw a tangent (line DE) at the point M on
D the graph.
- Draw a right-angle triangle DEF
M
- Measure the length of DF and EF.
E - Calculate the gradient of the tangent DE
F

Time/s
t1

Gradient of the tangent at any = change in volume of the gas

point on the curve
change in time

Rate of reaction at time t1 = length of DF cm3s-1

length of EF
Example 1
3.0g of marble chips reacts completely with excess of
hydrochloric acid in 60 seconds.
Calculate the average rate of reaction.

Answer:

The average rate of reaction

= Decrease in amount of reactant (marble chips)

Time taken for the change

= 3.0g / 60s

= 0.05 gs-1
Example 2

Time 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
(minutes)
Volume of 0 14 23 32 38 42 46 46
gas (cm3)

Table 1 shows the volume of carbon dioxide released when

excess calcium carbonate is added to hydrochloric acid each
minute.

a) Plot a graph of the volume of carbon dioxide gas collected

against time
Volume of gas, Draw the tangen at 1 minute
cm3 and find its gradient.

50 Read the length from the

graph

40

30

Gradient is positive because the

20 amount of product increases with time

At the beginning, the

10 slope is very steep,
so rate of reaction is
high
Time,
min
b) Based on the graph ploted,determine:
i) The average rate of reaction during the first three
minutes
ii) The average rate of reaction for the third minute
iii)The overall average rate of reaction
iV) The rate of reaction at 1 minute
b)
i) The average rate of reaction during
the first 3 minutes

(32-0) cm 3
=
(3- 0) min
10.67cm3 min-1
= ______________
ii) The average rate of reaction for the
third minute

= volume of gas between 2 and 3 minutes

time taken for the change

= ( 32 - 23 ) cm3
( 3 - 2 ) min
9 cm 3 min-1
= _________________
iii) The overall average rate of reaction

= total volume of gas released

time taken
=
46 cm3
6 min
=
7.67 cm3 min-1
iv) The rate of reaction at 1 minute

= gradient of the curve at 1 minute

= Length of tangen at Y axis

Length of tangen at X axis

= 25 - 5
1.9 - 0.3
=12.5 cm3 min-1 [ 12.0 -13.0 cm3 min-1 ]
 Exercise 1
Table bellow shows the burette reading of hydrogen
gas collected at different time intervals when
magnesium ribbon react with hydrochloric acid

Time/s 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300

Burette
50.00 36.00 25.00 17.00 11.00 8.00 6.00 5.00 4.00 4.00 4.00
reading/cm3
Volume of
gas 0.00 14.00 25.00 33.00 39.00 42.00 44.00 45.00 46.00 46.00 46.00
collected/cm3

(a) Calculate the volume of gas collected

(b) Plot a graph of volume of hydrogen gas collected against time.

50

X X X

volume of hydrogen gas collected, cm3

X
X
X
40
X

X
30

20

10

X
0
30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300
Time, s
(c) Based on the graph plotted, determine

(i) the average rate of reaction in the first 2

minutes

= 39.00 cm3
120 s

= 0.325 cm3s-1
(ii) the average rate of reaction in the
second minute

= 39.00 – 25.00 cm3

120 - 60 s

= 0.233 cm3s-1
(iii) the overall average rate of
reaction

= 46.00 cm3
240 s

= 0.192 cm3s-1
(iv) the rate of reaction at 1 minute
(tangent drawing = 1 mark)

= 35.50 – 15.00 cm3

90 - 27 s

= 0.325cm3s-1
[0.225 – 0.425 cm3s-1]
(v) the rate of reaction at 3 minutes
(tangent drawing = 1 mark)

= 47.75 – 40.00 cm3

246 - 102 s

= 0.054 cm3s-1
[ 0.044 – 0.154 cm3s-1]
(d) Compare the rate of reaction
obtained in (iv) and (v).
Explain your answer.

Rate of reaction at 1 minute is higher

than rate of reaction at 3 minute.
Because the concentration on H+ is
reduce_
(e) Write a balance chemical equation
of the reaction between magnesium
and hydrochloric acid.

Mg + 2 HCl → MgCl2 + H2
• 1.2 Factors Affecting the Rate of Reaction
• Total Surface Area of Solid reactant
• Concentration of reactant
• Temperature of reactant
• Use of Catalyst
• Pressure of gaseous reactant
I. Effect of total surface area of
reactant on the rate of reaction.
(a) For a fixed mass of solid reactant, the
smaller the size of the reactant the higher the
rate of reaction

Smaller size of a solid reactant

• Larger total exposed surface area
• Rate of reaction is higher
Examples :
• Cube sugar dissolves slower than that of
fine sugar of the same mass in same
amount of water and temperature
• Meat cut into small pieces cook faster
than meat cut into big lump of the same
mass.
• Powdered zinc reacts faster than
granulated zinc of the same mass with
hydrochloric acid of the same volume and
concentration.
II. The effect of concentration of reactant on the
rate of reaction.
When concentration of reactant increases,
the rate of reaction increases.

Examples :
• Reaction between concentrated sodium thiosulphate
and 1.0 moldm-3 sulphuric acid is faster compare to
reaction between dilute sodium thiosulphate and 1.0
moldm-3 sulphuric acid

• The catalytic decomposition of hydrogen peroxide-

Solid manganese(IV) oxide is often used as a catalyst
in this reaction. Oxygen is given off much faster if the
hydrogen peroxide is concentrated than if it is dilute.
III. The effect of temperature on rate of reaction.
(a) Increase in temperature of reaction, increases the
rate of reaction.

Example
• Food stored in refrigerator lasts longer than food
stored in kitchen cabinet
• Cookies bake faster at higher temperatures.
• Bread dough rises more quickly in a warm place than
in a cool one.
• Low body temperatures slow down metabolism. In
fact, warm-blooded animals regulate body
temperature so that their biochemical reactions run at
the correct rate
IV Effect of catalyst on the rate of reaction.
(a) Catalyst is a substance which alter the rate
of a chemical reaction while it remains
chemically unchanged at the end of the
reaction

(b) Special characteristic of catalyst

• Catalyst alters the rate of a chemical
reaction
• The amount of products formed remain
unchanged with or without the catalyst
Volume of
hydrogen
released/cm3
Without catalyst

_______ With catalyst

Time/s
• Only a small amount of catalyst is needed to achieve a
big change in the rate of reaction
• Increasing the amount of catalyst used generally will
increase the rate of reaction
• Catalyst may undergo physical changes
• Catalyst remains chemically unchanged during the
reaction
• The mass and chemical composition of the catalyst
remain the same before and after the reaction
• Most catalyst are transition elements or compounds of
transition elements such as iron, nickel and copper(II)
sulphate, CuSO4
• Catalyst is specific in its action
Example:

When copper(II) sulphate solution is added

into a reaction between zinc and sulphuric
acid, the rate of reaction increases but the
final quantity of hydrogen produced is the
same the reaction of zinc with hydrochloric
acid without copper(II) sulphate solution.
 Most catalysts are transition elements or compounds of
transition elements. Catalyst is specific in its action
and only a small amount is required in a chemical
reaction.

Industrial process Product Catalyst

produced
Haber Process Ammonia, NH3 Iron, Fe
Sulphuric acid,
Contact Process Vanadium (V) oxide, V2O5
H2SO4
Nitric acid,
Ostwald Process Platinum, Pt
HNO3
Hydrogenation of
margerine Nickel, Ni
vegetable oil
Diesel, gasoline zeolite, aluminum
Cracking of petroleum and kerosene hydrosilicate, bauxite and
(jet fuel) silica-alumina.