SGr13OM Dance

k¾;kh
13 jk fY%aKsh
w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;
^2018 j¾Ifha isg l%shd;aul fõ&
m%:u uqøKh 2018

fi!kao¾h wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=j
NdId udkj Ydia;% yd iudc úoHd mSGh
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
Y%S ,xldj
fjí wvúh ( www.nie.lk úµq;a ;emE, ( info@nie.lk
1
13 jk fY%aKsh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;
k¾;kh
13 fY%aKsh
w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;
m%:u uqøKh 2018
© cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
ISBN
fi!kao¾h fomd¾;fïka;=j
NdId" udkj Ydia;% yd iudcúoHd mSGh
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
Y%S ,xldj
fjí wvúh ( www.nie.lk

úoHq;a ;emE, ( info@nie.lk
uqøKh ( uqøKd,h
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
2
wOHCI ckrd,a;=ñhf.a mKsjqvh
wOHdmkfha .=Kd;aul ixj¾Okh i|yd cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh úiska ldf,daÑ; j úúO
l%shdud¾. wkq.ukh lrkq ,nk w;r ta ta úIhhkag wod< j w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;a iïmdokh tys
tla m%;sM,hls'
ta wkqj 6 isg 13 fY%aKs úIh ks¾foaY yd .=re ud¾f.damfoaY mka;s ldurh ;=< id¾:l j l%shd;aul
lsÍu i|yd cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh úiska w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;a iïmdokh lr we;'
w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;a u.ska úIh ks¾foaYhg wod< WOD; .=re YsIH fomd¾Yjh fj; iemhSfuka
wod< úIh Odrdj myiqfjka wOHhkh lsÍug myiqlï ie,fikq we;s nj wmf.a úYajdih hs'
fuu w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;a mßYS,kh fldg bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh id¾:l lr.kakd f,i
.=reNj;=kaf.ka o" isiq ore - ±ßhkaf.ka o b,a,d isáñ'
fuu w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;a Tn w;g m;a lsÍu i|yd Ydia;%Sh odhl;ajh iemhQ wdh;ksl ld¾h
uKav,h iy ndysr úoaj;=ka fj; udf.a ld;{;dj ysñ fõ'
wdpd¾h à' ta' wd¾' fÊ' .=Kfialr

wOHlaI ckrd,a
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
3
ksfhdacH wOHCI ckrd,af.a mKsjqvh
bf.kqu ksr;=re j we.hSu iu. iïnkaO l< yels h' by< we.hSï idOkhla i|yd w;a±lSï
mq`M,a úh hq;= h' úyso .sh mq¿,a mrdihla iys; by< we.hSul ysñlu ieug u Wmßu i;=gla Wreu
lrhs' ta i|yd fiajkhg wod< mqoa.," ia:dk" jia;=" isoaê nyq, ùu wjYH h'
tfia bf.kqï w;a±lSï mq¿,a lsÍu i|yd w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;a ilia lsÍug yels ùu cd;sl
wOHdmk whd;khg i;=gls' ta i|yd lem ù l%shd l< ieug wmf.a ia;=;sh msßkefï'
YsIH m%cdj fuu lshùï fmd; mßyrKh lrñka tu.ska bÈßm;a lrk fjk;a ±kqï uQ,hka o ióm
lr .;fyd;a by< idOkhla fj; <`.d ùug yels ùu ksiel h' tneúka YsIH" .=re fo.=re" ieuf.a
wjOdkh fhduq úh hq;= h' fuu w;sf¾l lshùï fmd; ;j ÿrg;a ixj¾Okh lsÍug Wla; ieuf.a
wjOdkh fhduq ùu o wm úiska wfmalaId flf¾' wod< hï lreKla fjf;d;a wm ±kqj;a lrk f,i
b,a,d isák w;r ±fha ¥ orejkaf.a bf.kqï mrdihka mq¿,a fjñka wNsudkj;a ±hla f.dv kef`.ajdZhs
m%d¾:kd lrñ'
wdpd¾h mQcH udUq,af.dv iqukr;k ysñ

ksfhdacH wOHlaI ckrd,a
NdId udkj Ydia;% iudÔh úoHd mSGh
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
4
ye|skaùu
YS% ,xldfõ mdi,a moaO;sh ;=< yr fyj;a m%Odk úIhhka f,i ms<s.;a uõni" .Ks;h"
úoHdj jeks úIhhka i|yd §¾> ld,hl isg úIhh ks¾foaYhg iu.dó j .=re w;afmd;g (Teachers'
Guide) wu;r j fm< fmd;a (Text book) Ndú;fha mj;S' ta wkqj .=re w;afmd; .=rejrhdg o" fm<
fmd; isiq mßyrKhg o ,nd foñka isiqka ;=< keK myka b;d Wiia f,i o,ajkakg iefjdu
ls%hd;aul fõ'
fi!kao¾hh úIhh" iqNdIs; l;= lS f,i zz.=K keK fnf,ka hq;= mq;= u h b;d .reZZ hk
fmfoys z.=KZ jvkg fokq ,nkqfha woaú;Sh odhl;ajfhls' keK jefvkqfha úIhnoaO ±kqu yd
yelshd jevqu uq,afldg h' ñksid .=Kj;a kï udkj hymeje;aug" mßirhg fidnd oyug ixfõ§
mqrjeishl= nj fya p¾hdfjka u m< lrhs' z.=KZ m<uqfldg o" zkeKZ Bg iß,k muKska o hq;= jQ
mqrjeishl= wo fufoig jvd wjeis h' ta .re lghq;= mqrjeishd ;ekqug kï fi!kao¾h úIhhka
m%Odk úIhhka f,i i<ld lghq;= lsÍu jà' ta neõ fndfyda lf,l isg y÷kd fuu úIh
lafIa;%fha keÕ=u Wfoid fjfyfik wms" fuf;laa ms<s.ekqug ,la j we;s yr úIhhkag fia u
óg o isiq le< i|yd fm<fmd;a ksmoùfuys w.h fmkajd ÿkafkuq' wm ;ju;a zzyrZZ fkdjk neúka
Bg bvlvla fkd ,o uq;a .=rejrhdg b.ekaùug Wmldrl w;afmd;la f,i fujka w;sf¾l lshùï
fmd;la moaO;shg ms<.
s ekaùug bv m%ia;dj ,Èuq' ñka bgqjkqfha fm<fmdf;ys ld¾hNdrh u fkdjk
uq;a fuh isiq mig o" .=re mig o" buy;a Yla;shla yd cd;sl jYfhka iïu;" iumd; njla we;s
lsÍug fkdu| M,odhl iïm;la jkq we;'
mka;sldurhg yrj;a jQ fuu bf.kqï iïm; fyg ojfia moaO;s .; lsÍfuka wm imqrd
.kakg wfmalaIs; iqúfYaI M, fufia fõ'
1' .=rejrhdg w;HjYH úIh lreKq tl f.dkqjla fldg imhd §fuka .=re ld¾hlaIu;dj by<
kexùu'
2' .=re ud¾f.damfoaYfhys iúia;rd;aul j bÈßm;a fkd flfrk úIhh wka;¾.;hka fuu fmd;
weiqßka ,nd §u'
3' .=re ud¾f.damfoaYhg W!K mQ¾Khla ùu'
4' u;fNaohkag ;=vq fok úIh lreKq fjf;d;a ta ms<sn| cd;sl jYfhka talu;sl Ndjhla we;s
lsÍug wjYH ksYaÑ; lreKq$;¾l iïmdokh lsÍu'
5' úIh lreKqj, iu;=,s; nj yd iSud ks¾Khkays m%ñ;s .; nj we;s lsÍfuka we.ehSï ld¾hh
myiq lr ùu'
6' .=rejrhdf.a ±kqu ks¾foaYfhka u|la Tíng m%idrKh lrñka úIhdkqnoaO ±kqu ms<sn|
úYajdikSh;ajh ;yjqre lsÍu'
7' .=re isiq fomsßig u bf.kqï- b.ekaùï ls%hdj,sh rij;a yd yrj;a w;a±lSula njg m;a lsÍu'
ta id buy;a iïm;la f,i fuu fmd; wm foi ore le<f.a hy .=K keK jvkakg fuka u
rij;a bf.kqï mßirhla ks¾udKh lr .kakg Tng msysg jkq we;' Tnf.a ls%hdYS,S nj yd ±kqj;a
nj ñka ;j ;j;a jefâjd! tfuka u j;auka ore le<g fi!kao¾h úIhh bf.kqu rij;a yd yrj;a
Ôú; w;a±lSula fõjd! hkqfjka uu m;ñ'
Ydia ;% m;s iq o;a iurisxy

^wOHCI" fi!kao¾h wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=j&
ksfhdacH wOHlaI ckrd,a ^je'wd&
.=re wOHdmk yd úl,am wOHdmk mSGh
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
5
úIhud,d lñgqj
wkqu;sh Ydia;%Sh lghq;= uKav,h" cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

WmfoaYkh wdpd¾h à' ta' wd¾' fÊ' .=Kfialr ñh
wOHlaI ckrd,a
wëlaIKh wdpd¾h mQcH udUq,af.dv iqukr;k ysñ
ksfhdacH wOHlaI ckrd,a
NdId udkj Ydia;% yd iudÔh úoHd mSGh
úIh wëlaIKh tia' j¾Kisxy" wOHlaI ^jev wdjrK&
úIh iïnkaëlrKh tÉ' tï' î' l,HdKs" fcHIaG lÓldpd¾h
f,aLl uKav,h
wNHka;r tÉ' tï' î' l,HdKs" fcHIaG lÓldpd¾h
î' tï' tia o fidhsid" lÓldpd¾h
ndysr iïudks; uydpd¾h ,hk,a fnka;rf.a

úY%dñl" fcHIaG lÓldpd¾h
c.;a moauisß" lÓldpd¾h
fi!kao¾h l,d úYajúoHd,hh" fld<U
fla' ta' u,a,sld" iyldr wOHdmk wOHlaI
fydrK l,dm wOHdmk ld¾hd,hh
iqika; .=Kj¾Ok" iyldr wOHdmk wOHlaI
fokqjr l,dm wOHdmk ld¾hd,hh" uykqjr
fla' t,a' ta' O¾u,;d" .=re WmfoaYl
l,dm wOHdmk ld¾hd,hh" foys´úg
Èma;s mshfialr" .=re fiajh
fld$wdkkao nd,sld úoHd,hh" fld<U 10
ta' ví,sõ' ìhkald tï' wfíisxy" .=re fiajh
nm$fyd$nKavdr.u uOH uyd úoHd,h" nKavdr.u
.=Kisß rdcmlaI" .=re fiajh
by<.u uy úoHd,hh" ksljeráh
fla' î' §md,a" .=re fiajh
ä,did,a uy úoHd,hh" fudaor" fld<U 15
mS' ví,sõ'à'vhka" .=re fiajh
ìfIdma úoHd,hh" fld,a¨msáh" fld<U 3
6
úIh ixialdrl uKav,h fcHIaG uydpd¾h uqÈhkafia Èidkdhl
mSGdêm;s" fi!kao¾h l,d úYajúoHd,hh
uydpd¾h ,hk,a fnka;rf.a
úY%dñl" fcHIaG lÓldpd¾h
fi!kao¾h l,d úYajúoHd,hh
úl%uisxy nKavdr" fcHIaG lÓldpd¾h
wdpd¾h wfidald Èidkdhl" fcHIaG lÓldpd¾h
wdpd¾h Y%shdKs rdcmlaI" fcHIaG lÓldpd¾h
ks,CIs bfkdald o w,aúia" fcHIaG lÓldpd¾h
wfia, rx.foaj" fcHIaG lÓldpd¾h
fhdydka fmdäks,fï" lÓldpd¾h
NdId ixialrKh tka' ta' úl%ur;ak" úY%dñl .=re fiajh

Y%Skd;a .fKaj;a;
lxpql ks¾udKh rùkaø f;akqjr" lÓldpd¾h

mß.Kl joka ieliqu ta' ví,sõ' ìhkald tï' wfíisxy" .=re fiajh
nm$fyd$nKavdr.u uOH uyd úoHd,h" nKavdr.u
fla' ta' ta' chrdKs .=K;s,l
úúO iydh §md YsfrdauKS

fla' Ô' fmf¾rd
7
wdY%s; .%ka: kdudj,sh
l¨wdrÉÑ¦ wdßhr;ak¦ ^2006& flda,ï kdgl úuiqu" wd¾' Ô' .%e*sla" leianEj mdr"
fndr,eia.uqj
l¨wdrÉÑ¦ wdßhr;ak¦ ^2007& nef,a Tfmrd .S; kdgH iy uqød kdgH
l¨wdrÉÑ¦ wdßhr;ak¦ ^2017& Y%S ,dxflah uqød kdgH l,dfõ iïNjh" ksfhda .%e*sla"
kqf.af.dv
 lreKdr;ak¦ nKavdr¦ ^2000& Wvrg fnr jdok l,dj" weia' f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda" 675"
mS' o' tia' l=,r;ak udj;" fld<U 10
 lreKdr;ak¦ nKavdr¦ ^2004& my;rg fnr jdok l,dj" weia' f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda"
675" mS' o' tia' l=,r;ak udj;" fld<U 10
 ldßhjiï¦ ;siai¦ ^1992& n,shd. ms<sfj<"
fldaÜgf.dv¦ chfiak¦ ^2002& Ndr;Sh iïNdjH k¾;k l,dj" l¾;D m%ldYkhls' Ô' fla'
mí,sflaIkaia" fÊ' fla' 50" lgqjdj," fndr,eia.uqj'
 fldaÜgf.dv¦ chfiak¦ ^1996& m%dfhda.sl my;rg k¾;kh 1" iSudiys; ´j,a Ñ*afiÜ m%skag¾ia"
wxl 27" n;a;ruq,a, mdr" we;=,afldaÜfÜ" fldaÜfÜ'
 fldaÜgf.dv¦ chfiak¦ ^1996& m%dfhda.sl my;rg k¾;kh 11" ,iaik uqøK Ys,amsfhda" 749"
wúiaidfõ,a, mdr" je,a,ïmsáh'
 fldaÜgf.dv¦ chfiak¦ ^1995& inr.uq lsßuvq Ydka;sl¾uh" o¨j;a; m%skag¾ia" t,a' Ô'15"
mSm,aia md¾la" fld<U 11'
 fldaÜgf.dv¦ chfiak¦ ^1995& my;rg Ydka;sl¾u idys;Hh" o¨j;a; m%skag¾ia" t,a' Ô' 15"
mSm,aia md¾la" fld<U 11'
 ohdr;ak¦ ví¦ ta¦ ã¦ à¦ ^2003& w'fmd'i' ^W$fm<& k¾;k wOHhkh"
 o¿j;a;¦ pkaøfiak¦ my;rg kegqï" rghl=u fyj;a ßoaoshd.h"
 osidkdhl¦ uqoshkafia¦ ^1998& lxldß ldjH idys;Hh" weia' f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda" 675" mS'
o' tia' l=,r;ak udj;" fld<U 10
 osidkdhl¦ uqoshkafia¦ ^1988& fldfydUd hla lxldßh yd iudch" weia' f.dvf.a iy
ifydaorfhda" 675" mS' o' tia' l=,r;ak udj;" fld<U 10
 osidkdhl¦ uqoshkafia¦ ^1994& wdishdfõ kdgH yd k¾;k l,dj" weia' f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda"
 osidkdhl¦ uqoshkafia¦ ^1993& isxy, k¾;k l,dj weia' f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda" 675" mS' o'
tia' l=,r;ak udj;" fld<U 10
 osidkdhl¦ uqoshkafia¦ ^2000& j,shla ux.,Hh úuiqu" weia' f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda"
 osidkdhl¦ uqoshkafia¦ ^2010& .eñ kdgl m%fõYh" weia' f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda" 675" mS' o'
 osidkdhl¦ uqoshkafia¦ ^2010& k¾;k jdla fldaIh" weia' f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda" 675" mS' o'
 moauisß¦ c.;a¦ ^2010& fõÈld kdgHfha wdkqIx.sl wx." ;rxð m%skaÜia" kdúkak" uyr.u
8
 m;srK¦ fiakdr;ak¦ ^1991& wNskh o¾mKh" m%ldYkh weia' f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda" 675" mS'
o' tia' l=,r;ak udj;" fld<U 10
 fnka;rf.a¦ ,hk,a¦ ^2000& isxy, ieris,s l,dj" tia' wekaâ tia' m%skag¾ia" fkd 33" mdi,a
mgqu." fld<U 09
 fnka;rf.a¦ ,hk,a¦ ^2000& rx. NdKav yd rx.dNrK ks¾udKlrKh"tia' wekaâ tia' m%skag¾ia"
fkd 33" mdi,a mgqu." fld<U 09
 fnka;rf.a¦ ,hk,a¦ ^2009& rSß hla ixl,amh yd iudch" tia' wekaâ' tia' m%skag¾ia" fkd' 33"
mdi,a mgqu`." fld<U 09
 fnka;rf.a¦ ,hk,a¦ ^2000& my;rg iskaÿ jkakï" tia' wekaâ tia' m%skag¾ia" fkd 33" mdi,a
mgqu." fld<U 09
 uoaÿudf.a¦ .hdks oSmsld¦ ^2004& inr.uq mykauvq hd.h"
 udrisxy¦ fjda,ag¾¦ Nr;uqks m%KS; kdgH Ydia;%h m%:u Nd.h ixfYdaê; ixialrKh
 uq;l
= =udrK¦ nqoaê l,HdKs¦ ^2013& k¾;kh" Wiia fm< bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdldrlï w;aje,-1"
l¾;D m%ldYkhls' Ô' t,a' ã' m%skaÜfIdma" fkd' 136$1" fydrK mdr"
udUq,af.dv" mkaksmsáh'
 uq;l
= =udrK¦ nqoaê l,HdKs¦ ^2015& k¾;kh" Wiia fm< bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdldrï w;aje,2"
l¾;D m%ldYkhls' fla,hska m%skaáka i¾úiia" 1294$c" fydalkaor mdr"
fudr.ylkao" mkaksmsáh'
 rdcmCI¦ Y%shdks¦ ^2000& inr.uq k¾;k l,dj" weia' f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda" 675" mS' o' tia'
l=,r;ak udj;" fld<U 10
 rdcmCI¦ Y%shdks¦ ^2000& inr.uq l=udr iuhu" weia' f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda" 675" mS' o' tia'
l=,r;ak udj;" fld<U 10
 úfÊj¾Ok¦ ir;a¦ ^1994& isxy, ;s;a ;d, l%uh" ixialD;sl fomd¾;fïka;=j" fld<U
 ùrr;ak¦ huqkd¦ ^1994& ck lú 1" cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh" isxy, fomd¾;fïka;=j
 irÉpkaø¦ tÈßùr¦ ^1992& isxy, .eñ kdglh" fofjks uqøKh" cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
 ixialD;sl lghq;= fomd¾;fïka;=j¦ ^1996& fldfydUd lxldßh
 úfYaI iure l,dmh¦ ^1996& ßoaoshd.h fyj;a rghl=u m%kdkaÿ¦ tia' t,a' tÉ¦ m%kdkaÿ¦ fla'
tia¦ fldaÜgf.dv¦ chfiak¦ ó.u¦ fla' isß,a¦ fnka;rf.a¦ ,hk,a
îriúmdh wdpd¾h ix.ufha m%ldYkhls&-
9
mgqk
wOHCI ckrd,a;=ñhf.a mKsúvh 03

ksfhdacH wOHCI ckrd,af.a mKsúvh 04
ye¢kaùu 05
úIhud,d lñgqj 06 - 07
úIh ixialdrl uKav,h 08 - 09
mgqk 10 - 13
1 mßÉfþoh 14 - 39
1'0 k¾;kh yd ine¢ uQ,O¾u wkq.ukh lrñka bÈßm;a lrk k¾;k-
m%dfhda.sl l=i,;d
2'0 k¾;kh yd ine¢ isoaOdka; wOHhkh lrñka m%dfhda.sl j Ndú; lsÍu
3'0 idïm%odhsl jdµ NdKavj, iajrEm y÷kd .ksñka bÈßm;a lrk
jdok l=i,;d
4'0 úúO w;a±lSï weiqre lr.ksñka f.dma fld< yd rU m;=re wdY%s;
ks¾udK f.dv ke.Su
5'0 Y%S ,dxflah ixialD;sh yd ine¢ .dhkj, miqìu wOHhkh yd .dhkh
6'0 Y%S ,dxflah k¾;k l,dj yd ine¢ ft;sydisl yd ixialD;sl miqìu
wOHhkh lrñka cd;sl Wreu /l .ekSu
7 mßÉfþoh 99 - 114
7'0 ri{;d j¾Okh i|yd nyqúO ixialD;sl wx.j, jákdlï úpdrh lsÍu
8 mßÉfþoh 115 - 140
10
8'0 k¾;k l,dj yd wfkl=;a fi!kao¾h l,djka w;r we;s iyiïnkaO;dj
wOHhkh lsÍu
1 mßÉfþoh
1'0 k¾;kh yd ine¢ uQ,O¾u wkq.ukh lrñka bÈßm;a lrk k¾;k - m%dfhda.sl l=i,;d
1'1 jkakï$iskaÿ jkakï k¾;kh

Wvrg k¾;k iïm%odhh
Wl=id" iqrm;s" .c.d jkakï
my;rg k¾;k iïm%odhh
fldKavkdúÉÑ ;d,h" .%yoKav ;d,h" fin¿fjÉÑ ;d,h iskaÿ jkakï
inr.uq k¾;k iïm%odhh
wdkkao" fï>" wgl=re .dyl jkakï
1'2 .dhkh rys; j bÈßm;a lrk idïm%odhsl k¾;k wx.

l=| l=ð.; jÜgu
f.d.a f.d.a ðx ðx.; jÜgu
wdjekaÿu
hla wekakqu
ish moh" kvkaÿj
fofjd,a mo ;=kla
hyka ±lau
m;a;sks mo 03
mÜgq;,a ud;%h
hdÈks ud;%h
hyka ±lau
foaj flda,amdvqj
1'3 mQcd NdKav yiqrejñka bÈßm;a lrk k¾;k wx.

nq,;a moh
o¿uqrmoh
o¿uqr md,sh
11
1'4 fjk;a k¾;k iïm%odhj,g wh;a k¾;k wx. folla bÈßm;a lrhs'
1'4 ux.,ï" Y+oaO ud;%h" uq,a ud;%h k¾;k wx.
2 mßÉfþoh

2'1 rx. úkHdih
2'2 rx. N+ñh yd kQ;k fõÈldj
2'3 ks¾foaYs; .dhkh" k¾;kh yd ine|s lú mo fldgia m%ia;dr
3 mßÉfþoh
3'0 idïm%odhsl jdµ NdKavj, iajrEm y÷kd .ksñka bÈßm;a lrk jdok l=i,;d
3'1 jkakï .dhkh iu`. fnr jdokh
3'2 u`.=,a fnr$mQcd ux., ojq,a jdokh
Wvrg k¾;k iïm%odh
u`.=,a fnr foaj moh" .=re moh" wdYS¾jdo moh" jÜgï msÍï
my;rg k¾;k iïm%odh
u`.=,a fnr m<uq jÜgu
inr.uq k¾;k iïm%odh
mQcd ux., ojq,a jdokh m<uq jÜgu
4 mßÉfþoh
4'0 úúO w;a±lSï weiqre lr.ksñka f.dma fld< yd rU m;=re wdY%s; ks¾udK f.dv
ke`.Su
4'1 f.dma fld< yd rU m;=re wdY%s; ieris,s ks¾udKh
f.dma f.äh
myka me, û,a me,&
4'2 bf.k .kakd k¾;k iïm%odhg wh;a ieris,a,la ks¾udKh
hyk
4'3 f;audjla weiqfrka flá uqød kdgHhla ks¾udKh
5 mßÉfþoh
5'0 Y%S ,dxflah ixialD;sh yd ine¢ .dhkj, miqìu wOHhkh yd .dhkh

5'1 k¾;k yd ine¢ .dhk yd tys miqìu
5'2 Ydka;sl¾u yd ine¢ .dhk
kuialdr lú
jrï lú
iQúis újrK lú
12
lv;=rd lú
lsß uvqfõ lsß b;srùfï lú
5'3 .eñ .S .dhk
nUr lemSfï lú
mdre lú
lr;a; lú
6 mßÉfþoh
6'0 Y%S ,dxflah k¾;k l,dj yd ine¢ ft;sydisl yd ixialD;sl miqìu wOHhkh
lrñka cd;sl Wreu /l .ekSu
6'1 foaYSh k¾;k l,dfõ ft;sydisl f;dr;=re
.ïfmd< hq.h
fldaÜfÜ hq.h
uykqjr hq.h
fld<U hq.h ^wµ;kh f;la&
6'2 foaYSh k¾;k l,dfõ kj m%jK;d
wOHdmk m%jK;d
ck udOH m%jK;d
wka;¾cd;sl ixialD;sl in|;d
iudc wd¾Ól m%jK;d
;dCIKsl fuj,ï yd Ys,am l%u
6'3 ikaks hl=u Ydka;s l¾uh
6'4 úúO m%ix.h
7 mßÉfþoh
7'0 ri{;d j¾Okh i|yd nyqúO ixialD;sl wx.j, jákdlï újdrh lsÍu
7'1 Nr; kdgHï k¾;k iïm%odhh
Yíoï" j¾Kï" ;s,a,dkd k¾;k wx.
7'2 l:la k¾;k iïm%odhh
.=re jkaokd" mrka" :qïß" ;rdkd k¾;k wx.
7'3 ngysr nef,a wdrïNh yd úldYh
b;d,sfha wdrïN ùu
m%xYfha § isÿ jQ j¾Okh
reishdfõ § isÿ jQ j¾Okh
wfkl=;a ngysr rgj,g jHdma; ùu
7'4 yxiú,$o kÜ la/l¾$ksÈ l=ußh nef,a lD;sj, iqúfYaI ,CIK
8 mßÉfþoh
8'0 k¾;k l,dj yd wfkl=;a fi!kao¾h l,djka w;r we;s iyiïnkaO;dj wOHhkh lsÍu
8'1 k¾;k úIhh yd ine|s w;S; yd kQ;k wx. rpk yd rx. jia;%dNrK
8'2 Ydka;sl¾u yd kQ;k fõÈldj weiqfrka wdf,dallrKh
13
8'3 Ydka;sl¾u yd ine|s ieris,s iys; miqìï ie,iqïlrK yd rx. WmlrK Ndú;h
8'4 k¾;kh i|yd wdkqIx.sl wx.hla f,i Ndú; ix.S;h
1 mßÉfþoh
1'0 k¾;kh yd ine¢ uQ,O¾u wkq.ukh lrñka bÈßm;a lrk k¾;k - m%dfhda.sl
l=i,;d
1'1 jkakï$iskaÿ jkakï k¾;kh

Wl=id jkaku
ud;%d 4 ûy ;ks;s;& ;d,h
fnr moh ( ;l=x ðx.;a ;ßlsg l=x;l
;dku ( ;dkd'''''' ;dfkk ;kï $$
;dkd;a ;fkk;a ;ïok ;dk;a $$
;dkd'''''' ;fkk ;kï
lúh ^jkaku& ( fudard îcfhkd $$
l,m;a folv;a lris;a ;=gq fj;a $$
fokakd wor f;did
kErd ;gqm;skd $$
f,,j;a fid,j;a mshU;a ko fo;a $$
hkakd mjk /id
idrd fndcqkfhkd $$
whsr;a fm;sfhd;a ;=v.;a nqÈis;a $$
mekakd tc, /id
fírd bisyq ±kd $$

mji;a fumj;a ±k i;a f,djg;a $$
jkaku kï Wl=id
lia;sru ( ;fodï fodñ; fodï - ;lfodï fodñ; fodï
;fodï fodñ; fodï ;d - ;l ððl=|
;lg ;lg ;l ;ßlsg l=| l=|$$ ;lg ;lg ;l ;ßlsg l=xo;a
fnr jdokh lrk wdldrh
^;lg l=|g ;lg l=|g l=| l=| $$ ;lg l=|g ;lg l=|g l=xo;a&
rex;l ðx;l ;ßlsg l=xo;a $$$;d.a .ðx;l ;ßlsg l=xo;a $$
rex;l ðxðx ;l=;l ðx ðx - rex;l ðx;l ;ßlsg l=xo;a
;d.a .ðx;l ;ßlsg l=xo;a rex;l ðx;l ;ßlsg l=xo;a ;d
iSreudrej ( ;l=;l ððl=| .ð; .ð; l=| .ð.;

l=|l=| ;d $$ l=| l=| ;dl= ð;a; .; fodñlsg ;ßlsg l=xo;a ;d
wvõj ( ;lalv ;ßlsg ððl=| f;ysx; f;ysx; l=|

f;ysx ;lalv ðlalv lv;l .Êð;a - lv;l ;lð;a - lv;l
14
;l=x ;l=x ðx $$ ð. ;l= ;l f;ysx ;d - ;lalv ðlalv lv;l
ð.;l= ;l f;ysx ;d
iqrm;s jkaku
ud;%d 3 + 4 ûeÿï uy fo;s;& ;d,h
fnr moh ( fodax ðxðx ;lg fodx;l
;dku ( ;kd k;a;ï ok ;kï ok ;dfkk;a ;ï odk ;dfkk $$

ok ;ïo kd kd $$
lúh ( Y%shd u;am;s Wu`.kd foõ ke;s j ú,s fYdalfhka biqß÷$$

oafõY fj,d .;s $$
.shd fld;k o ke;s j ±kqula fiõj l, ,enqKd tfoõÿ $$
f;dai ukd re;s $$
lshd r`. ko ;d,fhka j¾Khla f.kyer mEj tiqß÷ $$
flai irU ks;s $$
khd lrjg ork iqß÷f. j¾Khla f.k mEj mrisÿ $$
jkaku iqrm;s $$
lia;sru ( reo`. ð;a;l ;lg l=xo;a ;.a. ð;a;l ;lg l=xo;a

re|. ðx ðx re|. ðx ðx re|. ð;a;l ;lg l=| l=|
;.a. ð;a;l ;lg l=xo;a re|. ð;a;l ;lg l=xo;a
fodax ;d
iSreudrej ( ;l=| ;l=;l ;lg l=xo;a ;.a. ð;a;l ;lg l=xo;a

;l=| ;l=;l ;lg l=xo;a fodax ;d
wvõj ( ;;a; ;ß;ß ;;ß ;ß;ß reo`. ðñ ðñ

;s;s;a f;hs $$$ ;;;a ð;a ð;a f;df;dx kx kx
re|. ðñðñ ;s;s;a f;hs
.c.d jkaku
ud;%d 4 ûy ;ks ;s;& ;d,h
fnr moh ( ;l= ðx ðx ;l ðx ;l ðx l=o
w,xldr fnr moh ( ^;lal=x ðx l=x ðx.; l=l=;l ðxðx .;a;;a l=|l=| lv;l&
;dku ( ;dkd;a ;ï odk ;ïo ;ïfokd ;ï odk ;ïo
kdkd;a ;dï odk ;dï ok;dkd
lúh ( foõmqr wef;lS l=Uq oy ihlS

È. o< wglS i;a .enlS
jeõ fmdl=Kq olS i;aish .eK lS
15
tl fmdl=Kl lS isõ u,lS
isõ u, fm;s lS .eK ;sia follS

fm;a;l kgq lS isõ ieglS
lõlr jekq lS f,õ bis nilS
.c.d ku lS jkakulS
lia;sru ( ;lal=x ðx l=x ðx.; l=l=;l ðx ðx . - ; - l=|l=| lv;l

.Êðx lv;l ðx.; l=l=;l ðx.; l=l=;l ðx .; l=|l=|
.Êðx lv;l ðx.; l=l=;l ðx.; l=l=;l ðx .; l=|l=|
.Êðx lv;l ðx.; l=l=;l ðx.; l=l=;l ðl=;l ððl=|
.Êðx lv;l ðl=;l= ðð.; l=l=o;a fodfydlv ;ylv ðl=;l
;ßlsg l=xo;a ;d'
iSreudrej ( ;l=;l ððl=| .ð; .ð; l=| .ð.; l=|l=| ;d - ;ßlsg

l=|l=| ;d - ;ßlsg l=|l=| ;dl= ð;a; .; fodñlsg ;ßlsg l=xo;a ;d
wvõj ( lS%ia; lsá;l ;;a;s lsßlalsg lsá;la lsá;l= od -

;ððl frdx ox ðð ðl frdx ox
;lalv ðlalv f;dx.v ;ßlsg ð;a
ðfcys ð;a ;;að;a ;lð;a ;;að;a f;dxkx ;d

fldKavkdúÉÑ ;d,h iskaÿ jkaku

fnr moh ( .;a;ï fodï.; .=.=| .=|ï È;.;
;dku ( f;ksk$$ f;k f;ï f;k f;ksk f;ksk f;k f;kskd
lú h ( fmñk l=¨Kq ñ;=re .=fKk we¢k uqks÷ ifoi rEm

foñk oi; È.e;s m;< f;±;s hq.e;s ßú fi ;dm
kñk iyi mis÷ kS, mq,ajka foú÷ks m%;dm
foñk wNh isß § rl= iEu krka fkdlr fldam
brÜáh ( .;a;ï È;.; fodï fodï ;;a ;;a .=ys;s .Èßlsg .;a;;a
.=ys;s .Èßlsg .=|.=| .;a; È;a; .; .=x È;a lsg .=x od
16
.%yoKav ;d,h iskaÿ jkaku
fnr moh ( fodï .È;a;;a .È; .; Õ=o
;dku ( f;ï f;kï f;k f;k f;kd f;k$$

f;ï f;kï f;k f;k f;kï f;fkkd
lú h ( fkal f,dalsl imsß iem;u keuÈ i;yg foú÷ Wú÷f.

fkdu| ;=;sf.di jecô rÕ fjfifia
kd. kdhl .sð÷ l=Uqfhka wiqr iqr.=re uqyqKq iriú
.sð÷ nrK; ksh; fjk wyfia
fia l=iqï oï me,|s ks,ajka foay wnrK iqieÈ ;=kqhqre
fia yiqka fm< ieÿKs .ï fomfia
fnda úl=ï l< mqßi W;a;u f,da rlskakg isß; fkduyer
Ôj;=ka yg fi;a fojka if;dfia
brÜáh ( fodï. È;a;;a .È; .=ys;s. Èßlsg

fo.; .=|.; .;l= fodï .;s.;
fodï; fodï.; .È; .=ys;s .Èßlsg
;d - fodï.; .È; .=¢ .=| ;d
fin¿ fjÉÑ ;d,h iskaÿ jkaku

fnr moh ( ;dï ;;a È;.; .È;l= fodï .;
^;dï È;dï fodx fodx ;dï È;.;&
;dku ( f;k f;kï f;k $$$ f;k f;kd f;k
lú h ( .f`.a f.diska Èh fl<sk <÷ka i¿

/f.k f.diska m,;=frl ke`.S b|
.f`.a fkdueo oi ishla ;efkys tu
ú.i fmkS f.dm,`.k i÷ka i|
rf`.a we|sk lsß fmdjk hlskaks f.a
Toh Wrd î ì,s÷ f,iska ;o
if.a biqre ú| iefKl fkdù f;dr
fun÷ uysu l< mis÷ f.dú÷ i|
brÜáh ( ;dï È;a;ï .;a;ï È;.;

fodx fodx ;;a;;a .=ys;s .Èßlsg ;;a ;;a
.=ys;s .Èßlsg .=| .=| .;a; È;a; .;
17
.;a;ï fodx fodx ;d
we;eï .=rel=,j, my; i|yka brÜáh Ndú;fha mj;S'
brÜáh ( ;dï fodñ;a; .=x od È;a;. È;.;

.=È;l ;l=Èx ;È;a; ;;a ¾¾ï''''''
.;a;l fodx .=|s;l fodx l=| l=x l=x |d
lsg l=x|d l%;l È;a ls;a ;d

wdkkao jkaku
ojq ,a moh ( ðx ðx;;a ^ðx ;l ;ßlsg& $$ ðx ;;a

ðñ;l= od ;ßlsg
;dku ( ;ï odk;a ;dfkk ;dfkk ;dk ;ïfokd

;ïfo kdk;a ;dfkk ;dfkk ;dk ;ïfokd
lú h ( .ïNsr;a ;df,g jd,`. kgjñkd

Wka hdk;a fidank odrK is;=u;skd
ÿka ¥u;a meye+fhk fï f,i hi reúkd
±ka lSu;a wdkkao jkaku fï f,iskd
l,diu ( ðx ðx ;;a ðx;l ;ßlsg ðx;l ;ßlsg

ðx;;a ðñ; l=|d
wvõj ( ;lalv ;ßlsg ;l=|x ;l=ðl= ;l=|x

;lalv ;ßlsg ;l=|x lv ðínv l=x|x
ðlalv ;ßlsg ;l=|x ;l=ðl= ;l=ox
ðlalv ;ßlsg ;l=|x lv ðínv l=xox
;lalv ;ßlsg ;l=ox ;l= ðl= ;l=ox
ðlalv ;ßlsg ;l=ox ;l= ðl= ;l=ox
;lalv ;ßlsg ;l=ox - ðlalv ;ßlsg ;l=ox
;;alv ;ßlsg ðlalv ;ßlsg
fodxlv ;ßlsg fodx; .;s; .;
.;s.; Èßlsg ;ßlsg ;d - ðñ;a;;a
.;s.; Èßlsg ;ßlsg ;d
18
fï> jkaku
ojq ,a moh ( l=|;a ;lalsg ;lg ðñ;l=
;dku ( ;k ;k ;ïok ;dk - ;fkk ;kïok ;dk

kd ;k ;ïok ;dk ;k ;fkkd
lú h ( ko fok lfgdr f,iska o - jd; iq<ka f.difhka o

.=.=rk fyK y`vfhka o ko foñkd
j,dyl iqr`.k kka o - pl%dhqO .eiQ fuka o
wcg l=ig ysñ pkao - jd;h jk fyhskd
;lfcx hk mofhka o - f;dard .;a fuf,iska o
ok mskjk ú,iska o mo we¢kd
fu;s, kñka miiska o - mj;sk is;= ú,iska o
jkaku fï> kñka o wi uf.kd
l,diu ( l=¢; .; .; .;s; l=| l=| $$$l=|s; ;;a l=| .;s; l=| fodï
wvõj ( ðx; .; .; - .;s; .; .;

.ðx .;a ;;a - .;;a fcx fcx
.;;a l=xox - .;;a l=xox
.;;a l=xox - .;;a l=| l=|
fodx; l=xo;a ;ßlsg .;;a l=|.; ;d
.;a;;a .;;a l=|.; ;d
wgl=re .dyl jkaku

ojq ,a moh ( ðx ðx ;;a lr;l ;;alsg ðñ;l=
;dku ( ;k ;ïo kd ;ïo - kd ;ïo kd - wd ' ' wd ' '

f;hs ;ïo kd ;ïo - kd ;ïo kd - wd ' ' wd ' '
lú h ( ;sfhkav f,dj ieu ;ek u;= mj;sk f,ig u

olskav lsõ k¿jka yg jvñka lr fmu
wykav in ueo jev isá uy;=ka ieug u
lshkav fid|jo wgl=re .dyl jkak u
l,diu ( l=l=| .;s; .; .;s.; l=| .; - $$$

l=l=| .;s; l=| .;s; l=¢;a ;;a
wvõj ( Èßlsg ;ßlsg .;s.; l=l=| .;s; .; - Èßlsg ;;a

Èßlsg ;ßlsg fodx; .;s; .; .;s.;
Èßlsg ;ßlsg ;d - ðñ;a;;a .;s.;
Èßlsg ;ßlsg ;d
19
1'2 .dhkh rys; j bÈßm;a lrk idïm%odhsl k¾;k wx.

l=| l=ð.; jÜgu
ud;%d 3 ûeÿï ;ks ;s;& ;d,h
jÜgï msÍu ( l=|. ðð;a ;d fodfydlv ;ylv l=|. ðð;a ;d
1' moh ( l=| l=ð.; ''''''''''''''
lia;sru ( l=|. ðð;a;d ð;a;d l=|. ðð;a;d
wvõj ( ;d - ;lg ;ßlsg fodoa fodï

;ßlsg fodoa fodï .;a;;a ;ßlsg fodoa fodï
.;a ;l=;l - ð;a ;l=;l
;ßlsg fodoa fodï .;a;;a ;ßlsg fodoa fodï
2' moh ( l=| l=ð.; ''''''''''''''''''
lia;sru ( l=|. ðð;a;d ðð;a ;d ð;a;d l=|. ðð;a;d
wvõj ( ;d ðx; .; l=l=;l - lv;ßlsg ;lg .; l=l=;l

ðx ðx ;;a .; l=l=;l - lv ;ßlsg ;lg .; l=l=;l ðf;ysx
3' moh ( l=| l=ð.; ''''''''''''''''
lia;sru ( l=|. ðð;a;d ;lg $$ l=|. ðð;a ;d ð;a;d l=|. ðð;a;d
wvõj ( ;d;a ðx; ðx; ð;ß - ðxðx ;ß ðx; ð;ß

.;a ;l=;l ð;a ;l=;l lv;ßlsg ;lg
.Êð;a ;lð;a .Êð;a ;y¾ð;a
4' moh ( l=| l=ð.; '''''''''''''''''''''''''''
lia;sru ( l=|. ðð;a;d ;lg $$ l=|. ðð;a ;d -

^ðð;a ;d& $$ ð;a;d
l=|l ðð;aa ;d
wvõj ( ;lfrdxox .ðx ðl=| - ;;ß ð;ß ;l ;ðlsk

ðlfrdxox .ðx ðl=| ;d - ð;a - ;;a - ;ßlsg l=xo;a ;d
20
f.d.a f.d.a ðx ðx .; jÜgu
ud;%d 2 + 2 + 2 + 4 ^;=ka iq¿ uy isõ ;s;& ;d,h
jÜgï msÍu - ;ßlsg ;ßlsg f.d.a f.d.a ;la l=xox fcysx l=| ;d
1' moh - f.d.a f.d.a ðx ðx .;
lia;sru - .Êð;a ;l fodñlsg fodx.v ;ßlsg ð;a ;d
wvõj - fcysx ;l=;l ððl=| .;a ð;a ;;a l=xox ;l ð;a ;;a l=xox
.ðx; .ð ;l=ox ððx; ðð ;l=ox
;lalv ðlalv fodxlv ;ßlsg ð;a
;ßlsg ðlalv fodxlv ;ßlsg ð;a
fodoa fodx ;ßlsg fodxlv ;ßlsg l=|
.Êðð .; l=| .; .; fodoa fodx fodfodx;
fodxlv ;ßlsg ð;a ;d .;a;l= ð;a ;d .ð;l= ð;a ;d
.Êð;a ;l fodñlsg fodx.v ;ßlsg ð;a ;d
2' moh - f.d.a f.d.a ðx ðx .;
lia;sru - .Êð;a ;l fodñlsg fodx.v ;ßlsg ð;a ;d

;lð;a ;l fodñlsg fodx.v ;ßlsg ð;a ;d
wvõj - fcysx ;l=;l ððl=| lv;l ;ßlsg ;x ð;a;ï

.Êð;a;l ððl=| .ð;a l=|;a fodï
ðínv l=| .; l=| l=| .;a f;ysx ð;a f;ysx f;ysx
fodfydlv ;ylv ;l fodñlsg .; fodoa fodx ;d
.;a;l= ð;a ;d .ð;l= ð;a ;d .; f.df.d;l fodñlsg
fodx.v ;ßlsg ð;a ;d

ud;%d my îshmoh" kvkaÿj&
Ydia;%Sh mo tl;=jla jQ ud;%d my Ndú;h inr.uq yd my;rg k¾;k iïm%odh foflys u
wka;¾.; h' inr.uq k¾;kh yd ne|S mj;sk ud;%d my iy my;rg k¾;kfha wka;¾.; ud;%d my
meje;afï ms<sfj< wkqj fjkia uqyqKqjrlska ieliS we;s neõ fmfka' fldgia mylska iukaú;
ud;%d ieleiaula Bg wh;a neúka fukñka we;efula y÷kaj;s'
ud;r m%foaYfha we;eï foajhd.hkays wka;¾.; Ydia;%h

S mo f.dkakg tla ù we;s ud;%d my wo
tlS Ydka;sl¾uj, § Ndú;fhka wE;a j f.dia we;s neõ we;eul= mejeiQjo ud;r m%foaYfha lma
bkaÿï hd.fha flda,auqr hd.fhys wjYHfhka u lm fjkqfjka bÈßm;a flfrk k¾;khkays
;ju;a ud;%d myg wh;a kegqï bÈßm;a jkq ±lsh yels h'
21
ishmoh
moh ( ;ßlsg fodï ;;a fodï ¾¾Íï;fo .; .=| ±ysï
brÜáh ( ;ßlsg fodï fodï fodï
.;a;ï .=xoï fo.;ï
.;s; . fo.; . ;ï
fr.È; .; .=ï .=ï È.;ï
kvka¥j
moh ( ;ßlsg ±ysx Èßlsg ±ysx
;ßlsg .=xo;a fr.=|l ±ysï
brÜáh ( ;ßlsg fodx fodx fodx;. È;.;
.=|.;a .;.;a ^fo.;;a& fodï;. È;.;
.=|.;a fodï;. È;.;
.=|.; .; .=ï È;a ;d
fofjd,a mo
fofjd,a mo keàu foaj hd.j,g wdfõKsl jQjls' úfYaIfhka m;a;sks foaj;dúh mqo ,nk
.ïuvq" fofjd,auvq" mQkd uvq" mykauvq" lma bkaÿï flda,auqr hd.h wdÈ foaj hd.j, § fofjd,a
foúhkag mqo i;aldr lsÍfï ms<sfj;la jHjydrfha mj;S' ^fldaÜgf.dv" 1997" 15&
uvq idys;Hhg wkqj fofjd,a foú i;a lÜgqj fu,laÈjg f.dv niskafka iSks.ï f;dáks'
ta jk úg m;a;sks foaj;dúh iSks.ï f;dgg /lj,a ,d ;u wKil m;=rejd isáhd h' ,laÈjg f.dv
niskakg m;a;ks sh wjir fkdÿka w;r .sks l÷ y;la ujd /lj,a ;r l<d h' fofjd,a msßi .sksjeg
y; u ;rKh fldg .sks ksjd f.dv ù je,af,ka f;,a ujd myka ±,ajQy' miq j m;a;s;sh yd fofjd,a
foúhka hk fofokd u tl u uvqfjys mqo ,eîug mgka .;ay' m;a;sksh iSks.u fofjd,a foúhkag
bv ;nd kj.uqjg .shd h' fofjd,a idñ m%uqL fuu fofjd,a i;a lÜgqj fofjd,a msßi jQ nj;a Tjqka
miqj fõrf.dvg f.dia ;u wKil msysg jQ nj;a lshefõ'
fofjd,a foúhka .sksjeg ;rKh lrñka ,laÈjg meñKs wdldrh kdgHdkqidrfhka r`.
±laùula fofjd,a keàfï § ±l.; yels h' r;=" l¿" iqÿ j¾K iys; w;aÈ. yeÜg yd bKyev bKg
iqÿ fia,hlska o ierfik lmq m;a;sksjre ysig ld`.=,a me,| w;g fida¿ ,Shla o f.k wod< lú
.dhkhla o iys; j k¾;kfha fhfo;s'
fofjd,a mo .Kkska y;ls' fofjd,a k¾;khl ta ta mohg wod< j iqr,a yd w,xldr mo kgkq
,nk w;r ud,lalï" nUr j<,a, .eiSu olakg we;' wdrïNfha È ld`.=,a jÜgu kgkq ,efí' uvq
N+ñfha § fofjd,a mo keàfuka miq kdgHdkqidrfhka fofjd,a f.dv neiSu bÈßm;a lrhs'
wdrïNl moh ( fodï .; .=| .;a È;a ;;a .=ys;s. Èßlsg .=| .;a ±ysï
wdrïNh ( ±ysx È;a $$$$ ±ysx ¾'''' Íï ±ysx $$$$

ßï ±ysx $$$$ ±ysx $$$$$$$$$$$
re| .=| .;a; .=| .=| .;a; .=xo .;a È;a ;;a
.=ys;s .Èßlsg .=| .;a ±ysx
fr.;a ±ysï .; .;a ±ysï .=|.;a ±ysï .; .;a fodx $$
fr.;a ±ysï .; .;a fodï $$
fr.;a fodï $$.=x Èßlsg .;ï .;ï È;a;
.; .=| .=| .ys;s .;ï
22
^fuu by; mo fldgi ú,ïn" uOH" øe; ,hg kgkq ,efí' th my;rg k¾;kfha oS ld`.=,a jÜgu
f,i y÷kajkq ,nhs'&
1 moh ( .;a;ï .; .oaÈ; .;

.;a;ï .; .=xÈ; .=|
brÜáh ( .;a;ï .; .=ï - .=xoï .; .=ï

.=xÈßlsg .;ï .;ï È;a; .; .=| .=|
.ys;s .;ï
11 moh ( .;a; fodfodx - fr.; fodfodx

fr.; .; .=| - .; fodfodx
brÜáh ( .ys;s .;ï - .=ys;s .;ï - .ys;s .;ï

fo.; ±ysï $$$
fodx; .;a Èßlsg .;a Èßlsg .;a Èßlsg
.È; .=.=| .=¢; .=ï
.=x Èßlsg .;ï .;ï È;a;
.; .=| .=| .ys;s .;ï
111 moh ( ; .oaÈ; .; .È; .;ï .=.a .=| ±ysï
brÜáh ( .;a;ï .; .=kaoï .; .;a;ï .; .=.a .=xo$$

.;a;ï .; .=.a .=xo .=xoï .; .=ï
.=x Èßlsg .;ï .;ï È;a;
.; .=| .=| .ys;s .;ï

mÜgq;,a ud;%h
ud;%d mfya tk mÜgq;,a ud;%h úfYaIfhka uvq f;da;% i|yd fhdod .kS' úúO md,s bÈßm;a
lsÍfï § Ys,amSka úiska fuu ud;%h fhdod .kakd w;r fuys § Wvrg k¾;k iïm%odhfha jÜgï
k¾;khg iudk j inr.uq jÜgï kdñl j fkdue;s neúka .dhkh yd w,xldr ud;%dj,ska f;drj
mÜgq;d, ud;%fha jÜgu l,diu" wvõj hk fldgia ál muKla 13 fY%aKsh i|yd ks¾foaYs; h'
ud;%d 3+2+2 ûeÿï foiq¿ ;=ka ;s;& ;d,h

ojq,a moh ( l=|;a ;lalsg ;lg ðñ;l
l=|s; .; .; .;s; l=| l=| $$$$$$$$
jÜgu ( ;y¾ re| fodï .;s; l=|fodï $$$ $o
;y¾ re| fodï .;s; l=| fodï $$$ $j
;y¾ re| fodï $$$ .;s; l=| fodï $$ o $j
;y¾ re| fodï .;s; l=| fodï $$ o$j
.;s; l=| fodï $$
l,diu ( l=¢; .; .; .;s; l=| l=|
23
l=¢; ;;a l=| .;s; .; fodï
wvõj ( ;y¾o ;;a ;;a ;;;a ;;a ;;a

;y¾o ;;a lsg ;lg l=| fodï
;y¾ re| fodï $$$
fodï; .;a;;a .;;a l=| .;
;d .;a;;a .;;a l=| .; ;d
hdÈks ud;%h
inr.uq kegqu ud;%d my u; mokï ù we;s nj ckm%jdofha tk lreKls' úúO wjia:djkag
fuu ud;%d mfya tk ud;%d fhdod .ekSu isÿ fõ' inr.uq foajd,h fmryef¾ § ud;%d mfya tk .uka
ud;%h úfYaIfhka Ndú; lrk w;r inr.uq hla f;dú,aj, § hdÈks ud;%h fhdod.kS' fuu ud;%fha
;d, rEmj, yd .;s,CIKj, iqúfYaIS njla olakg we;' hdÈks ud;%fha .dhkfhka yd w,xldr
moj,ska f;drj jÜgï l,diu yd wvõj muKla 13 fY%aKsh i|yd ks¾foaYs; h'
ud;%d 2 + 2 + 2 + 4 ^;=ka iq¿ uy isjq ;s;& ;d,h
ojq,a moh ( ðxlsg ;la lsá;l ^ðx l=| ;;a lsá;l&
l,diï jÜgu ( ðxlsg l=xox ;lalsg lsá;l fodñlsg $$$$

ôjq,a w,xldr moh&
l,diu ( ðx l=| ;;a lsá;l ;ßlsg $$$ l=| .; l=| ;d
wvõj ( ðx ðx .; l=|.; - l=| .; .;a È;a ;;a

Èßlsg ;ßlsg .; l=l=ox $$$ l=| .; l=| ;d
ðx.; .;a È;a ;;a l=| .; l=| ;d

wdjekaÿu
Wvrg k¾;k iïm%odhfha Ndú; jÜgï i;rls' tla jÜgulg ud;%d ^mo& 12la" lia;srï 12la
iy wvjq 12la ne.ska we;' fuh fldfydUd hla lxldßfha w;sYh oS¾> jQ;a" w,xldr jQ;a kegquls'
wdjekaÿu wjidkfha zfod`.frdðx .ðx .ð.;ZjÜgfï oS yia; uqødfjka lsishï woyia m< lsrSula
o isÿ flf¾'
wd,;a;s moh ( ;.a.ðx $$$
;l=| l=|l=| '''''''''îqr,&
l=x; .; .; $$ l=x; .; l=| .ðð .; ðx
l=l=| .; .; $$ l=l=| .; l=| .ðð .; ðx
l=x; .; l=| .ðð .; ðx
l=l=| .; l=| .ðð .; ðx
l=x; .; ðx l=l=| .; ðx
.; l=x; .;g .; l=x; l=x;;a ðx
;l=x ;l=x ðx ðx .Êðx
24
wdjekaÿu ( ðx ox '''''''''''''''''''$$$
ðx ox ðx ox ox $$$
ðð ox ðð ox ox $$$
;ßlsg ;ßlsg f.d f.d ;la l=x ox
fcysx l=| ;d ^lv;l&
;l= ox ;l ðð l=| .ð ;l= ;l ðð l=|

;l=| f;ysx; $$$ ;;a f;ysx
l=x;l ðx ðx .;a;;a ;l=;l ðx ðx .;a;;a
l=|x .ð;a; l=| .;a;;a fodï $$$
uqÿka lsÍu
;l=ox ;l ððl=| - .ð ;l= ;l ððl=|$$$
;l=| f;ysx;$$$
;;a f;ysx $$$
rex;l ðx ðx .;a;;a - ;l=;l ðx ðx .;a;;a
l=o;a .ð;a; l=o .;a;;a fodx
ðx ðx .;a;;a ðx ðx l=l=;l''''''''''''''''''
ú,ïNh ,h - ;s;a f;hs

.;a; fodï ð;a; fodï ;lg ;l ð;a; fodï
lv;l ðla l=xox$$$ lv;l fodï
.ð; fodï ð;a; fodï ;lg ;l ð;a; fodï
lv;l ðlal=xox $$$ lv;l fodï
.;a; fodï ð;a; fodï ;lg ;l ð;a; fodï
.ð; fodï ð;a; fodï ;lg ;l ð;a; fodï
.;a ;fodï l=xox - .ð ;fodï l=xox
ú,ïn ,h ud;%d 2 + 3 îq¿ ueÿï& fo;s; ;d,h
fodï fodï .ðx ð.; $$$$

fodx fodx fodx ðx .;a;;a ðxl=| $$$$
fodx fodx fodx ðx $$$
ðla l=x |x" .;l= ðx
ûd;%d 4 ûy ;ks;s;& ;d,h &( ðx .;l= ðx $$$$

.;f.df.d ;l=;l - ðx .;l= ðx $$$$
ðx .; l= ðx $$$$
fodfydlv ;ylv ;l=ðx ðx .;l= ðx$$$$
fodfydlv ;ylv ;l=ðx $$$ ðx .;l= ðx $$
ðx .;l= ðx $$$$ ðx .;l= ðx
lia;sru ( .;a;;a ðxl=| .;a;l= ðxl=| - .ðx ðx; l=| .ð;l=|x

;l=|;a ðxl=| .;a; .ðx l=| - .ðx ðx; l=| .ð; l=|x
.;a;;a ðlal=| .;a; l=|x - ;l=|;a ðlal=| .ð; l=|x
.;a; l=|x - ð;a; l=|x - ;d
;lalv lv;l ðlalv lv;l
;kl= fckl= ;l fcx.;a ;Èlsk f;dï
;ßlsg ;ßlsg f.d.a f.d.a ;lal=xox fcysx l=|;d
25
hyka ±lau
foúhkag u,a hykaj,g wdrdOkd fldg hyka ±lau kgd k¾;k mQcdjla meje;aùu my;rg
Ydka;l
s ¾u iïm%odhfha olakg we;s iqúfYaI ,laIKhls' fujeks wjia:d inr.uq k¾;k iïm%odhfhys
o jHdma; j meje;sh o tlS hyka ±lau ;=< úúOdldr jkaokd l%u ^je÷ï w;a& rdYshla wka;¾.; h'
foaj Ydka;sl¾uj, fuka u fnka;r m<df;ys ish¨ u hla f;dú,aj, o u,ahyka lú .hñka
keàfï§ hyka ±lau wka;¾.; h' ud;r m%foaYfhys iuhï keàfï § we;eï wjia:djkays hyka
olsk mo f,i y÷kajkafka fuu k¾;k wx.h hs' yekaoE iuhï keàfï § hyfkka wjir f.k
k¾;k mQcdjla f,i hyka ±lau kgd mkaoï w;g .ekSu idïm%odhsl isß; hs' ñka fmkS hkafka
foúhka Wfoid hykaj,g k¾;kfhka bgq lrkq ,nk mQfcdamydrh zzhyka ±lauZZ f,i y÷kajk
nj hs' ^fldaÜgf.dv" 1996" 100&
wdrïNl moh ( oeysx È;a $$$$ oeysx

¾'''''''Íï ±ysx $$$$ Íx ±ysï $$$$
±ysï $$$$$$$
hykaj,g kuialdr lsrSu ( fr.; re| .=| .;a $$
re| .=| .;a $$
re|.=| .;a; .=xo .;a È;a ;;a
^my; oelafjk .uka ud;%j,ska rx. N+ñfha ish¨ u hykaj,g f.dia kuialdr lrkq ,efí'&
rhs.u yd ishkE fldar, iïm%odhkays .uka ud;%h yd w,xldr moh -
.uka ud;%h ( .=xoï .;a;ï fo.;ï .;a;ï
w,xldr ud;%d keàu ( .=È.=| .; .=È.=| oeysx
.;s.; .; .;s.; oeysx
fnka;r iïm%odfha
moh msrSu ( ßï Èï .;a;ï fo.;ï .;a;ï
ßï .;l oeysx; .;a;ï .;ï .=ï ''''''''''''
w,xldr ud;%d keàu ( ßï .;l ±ysx; .;a ;ï .;l= fodï; .=|
.=| .;l fo.; .;a ;ï .;l= fodï
.=|s; .=x Èx .;x fo.; .;a ;ï .;x

^w,xldr ud;%d keàu&
nr moh ( ßï ." ;" l oeysx" ;" .;a" ±ysx .; ." ;" l= fodï
rhs.u yd ishkE fldar, iïm%odhkays mo msrSula fkdjk w;r hykaj,g kuialdr lsrSfuka miqj
nr moh kgkq ,efí'
nr moh ( oeysx oeysx; .=ï
¾ '' ßï ." ;" l oeysx" ;" .;a" ;ï ." ;" l= fodï
brÜáh ( ßï .;ï .È .;ï .;a; .; .È; .=ï $$
ßï .;ï .È .;ï
fodx; .; .È; .; .=È; .; .È; .;a
fodx; .;a fodx; .;a
fodx; .=| .È; .=| .;a ;;a .;;a fodx
.oaÈßlsg .=xÈßlsg .;a;ï .;;a fodx
je÷ï w; (
fr.;a ;ï .;.;a ;ï .=|.;a ;ï .;.;a fodï $$
fr.;a ;ï .;.;a fodï $$fr.;a fodï $$
26
.;a Èßlsg .=xÈßlsg .;a;;a .;;a fodï$$$
^fnka;r iïm%odfha& ( fodx fodx fodx
fodx; .;a; .;a; .;x .È; .;a; .;a; .;x
fodx; .;x .È; .;x
.È.; .=o .;aÈ;a ;;a .=ys;s .Èßlsg .=| .;a oeysx
^ú,ïn" uOH" yd øe; ,hg by; mo fldgia kgkq ,efí'&
rhs.u yd ishkE fldar, iïm%odhkays jeÿï w; wjidkfha o kgkq ,nk yudr mo fldgi jkqfha"
fodx.; .=o .;a È;a ;;a .=ys;s .Èßlsg .=o .;a oeysx
oeysx oeysx; .=ï
hyka ±lau
hyka ±lau inr.uq k¾;k iïm%odhfha Nla;s mQ¾jlj bÈßm;a lrk k¾;kdx.hls' hyka
±lau-hyk mqo lsÍu hk wre;a f.kfoa' ish¨ foú foj;djqkaf.ka wdYS¾jdo ,nd .ekSu hyka ±lau
keàfï m%Odk wruqK fõ' foúhkag hykg wdrdOkd lr je|Su o fuys ;j;a wruqKls' fuu
k¾;kfha we;s je÷ï w;a wksl=;a iïm%odhkays olakg fkd,efnk w;r inr.uq k¾;k iïm%odhg
muKla iqúfYaI jQjls' mykauvqfõ ish¨ k¾;k Ys,amSka tlg kgk kegqula f,i fuh ye¢kafõ'
j¾;udkfha m;a;sks f;drK wìhi yd isõhykaj,g mi`. msysgqjd je÷ï w;alsÍfï § lKavdhu
tl jr rx.kfha fh§u olakg ,efí' iqúfYaIS mo fldgiaj,ska iïñY%Kh jQjla f,i hyka ±lau
k¾;k wx.h ye¢kaúh yels h' wdYS¾jdo lú" je`ÿï w;a" jÜgï" w,xldr mo fuys wka;¾.; fõ'
fuu k¾;k wx.h .dhkd rys; k¾;k wx.hla f,i ye¢kaùug fkdyels w;r l,jdk m%foaYfha
.dhkd fhdod .kS'
^wdrïNfha isg .; l=l=;l fodx l=xo;a ;ßlsg olajd&
ol=Kg ( lr;l ;lg .;s ;lg $$$ lr;l ;lg .;s .;;a
lr;l ;;a .;a ;;a $$$ lr;l ;d
lr;l ;lg .;s ;lg $$$ lr;l ;lg .;s .;;a
lr;l ;;a .;a ;;a $$$ lr;l ;d
lr;l ;lg .;s ;lg $$$ lr;l ;lg .;s .;;a
lr;l ;;a .;a ;;a $$$ lr;l ;d $$o'j
lr;l ;;a .;a ;;a lr;l ;d $$ o'j lr;l ;d $$
lr;l ;;a .;a ;;a lr;l ;d $$ o'j lr;l ;d $$ o'j
ðx ;lg ðx ;l=x - .;s ;lg ðx ;l=x

;y¾ ;lg ðx ;lg ðx ;lg ðx ;l=x $$
;y¾ ;lg ðx ;l=x $$ ;y¾ ;lg ðx ;lg ðx ;lg ðx ;l=x
fodx; ;d lr;l ;d lr;l'''''''''''
.;l=l=|;a fodx l=xo;a ;ßlsg $$$$ .; l=l=o;a ð; l=l=o;a

ðxlsg .;a;;a .;a;;a - ;ßlsg .;a;;a - .;a;;a
.; l=l=|l fodx - l=xo;a ;ßlsg
.; l=l=|l fodx - l=xo;a ;ßlsg $$$
.; l=l=ox ð; l=l=ox
ðxlsg .;a;;a .;a;;a - ;ßlsg .;a;;a .;a;;a
.; l=l=|l fodx l=xo;a ;ßlsg $$$
.; l=l=|x ð; l=l=|x - ðxlsg .;a;;a .;a;;a
27
;ßlsg .;a;;a .;a;;a ^.; l=l=;l fodx l=xo;a ;ßlsg&
hla wekakqu ^hla wekqu&
fldfydUd hla lxldßhg iyNd.s jk ish¨ u hla foiaika fjia we÷ï lÜg,h we| bÈßm;a
lrkq ,nk m%:u rx.kh hla wekqu hs' TjQyq fcHIaG;ajh yd m%ùK;ajh wkqj fnr jdolhska
msgqmiska fyda fnr jdolhkaf.a fma<sj,g bÈßmiska uqyqKg uqyqK,d fydA isá;s' ju;g fmd,a
mkaoula iy ol=K;g B.ila /f.k k¾;kfha fhfok w;r lxldßhg hl=kaf.a we,au ne,au ,nd
.ekau iy Tjqka tu ia:dkhg f.kajd .ekSu uQ,sl wfmaCIdj hs'
wd,;a;s moh ( ;.a.ðx $$$ ;l=| ''''''''''''' îqr,&
l=x; .; .; $$ l=x; .; l=| l=x; .Êðx
l=l=| .; .;$$ l=l=| .; l=| l=l=| .Êðx
l=x; .; l=| l=x; .Êðx
l=l=| .; l=| l=l=| .Êðx
l=x; .Êðx - l=l=| .Êðx
.; l=x; .;g .; l=x; l=x;;a ðx
hla wekqu ( ;l=| .ðð ;lð ðl=x $$$
.ðx .ðx l=ðx l=ðx $$$$ ûOH ,h&
.ðx .ðx l=ðx l=ðx $$$$^øe; ,h&
;.a.ðx ;l=| l=| l=| l=| l=|
.ðx .ðx fodoa fodoa ;d
fodfydlv ;ylv '''''''''''''''''' ^lv ;lg l=|g ;lg l=|g ;lg l=|g&
;l=|;a ðx ðx ;l=;l ðx ðx $$
;l=;l ðx;l ðxl=| $$$$
;l=;l ðl=;l $$$
;.a.ðx ;l=| l=| '''''$$
fodfydlv ;ylv'''''''$$
ðx .;a;;a f;ysx ðð.;a;;a f;ysx

ðx ðx .; l=| .; l=l=|;a ðx
;l=;l ðx;l ðxl=| $$$$
;l=;l ðl=;l $$$
;.a.ðx ;l=| l=| '''''$$$
fodfydlv ;ylv ''''''$$$
28
rEx rEx rEx
l=ðx ;;a $$
ðx ;;a $$ ðx;l ;ßlsg
l=l=|x l=ðx ðx ðx ðx .;a;;a
f;ysx f;ysx ;l=l=| .ðx
.;a;;a l=ðx$$$''''
.;a;;a l=ðx; .;a;;a''''''
.;a;;a ðx;l ðx.; ðl=;l ;ßlsg
l=l=|;a l=ðx ðx ðx ðx l=xo;a ;d
;;a ðl=;l ððl=| ;ßlsg ð;a
;ßlsg fodñlsg ;d ^;l ;ßlsg&
l=l=|;a l=ðx ðx ðx ðx l=xo;a ;d
;;a ðl=;l ððl=| ;ßlsg ð;a

;ßlsg fodñlsg ;d ^;l ;ßlsg&
l=l=|;a l=ðx ðx ðx ðx
.;a;;a f;ysx f;ysx ;l= l=| .ðx
.;a;;a l=ðx'''''$$$
ol=Kg .;a;;a ðx;l ðx.; ðl=;l ;ßlsg

l=xo;a ðx ðx l=xo;a ðx ðx
ðx ðx l=xo;a ;d ^;ßlsg&
re| l=| ;d$$$ ;l ;ßlsg
fodx ;d
fodoa fodx ;d
fodï ;d ;d'''' ;d'''' fodoa fodx ;d - ;;a
ðl=;l ððl=| ;ßlsg ð;a ;ßlsg fodñlsg$$$
;ßlsg ð;a ;ßlsg fodñlsg$$$
.;a;l= ð;a;ï - .ð;l= ð;a;ï ^.;a;l ð;a;l ðl=;l ððl=|&
;ßlsg ð;a ;ßlsg fodñlsg ;d ;l ;ßlsg
jug l=l=|;a l=ðx ðx ðx ðx

l=xo;a ðx ðx l=xo;a ðx ðx
ðx ðx l=xo;a ;d ^;ßlsg&
re| l=| ;d$$$ ;l ;ßlsg
ð;a f;ysx
ð;a ð;a f;ysx
ð;a f;ysx f;ysx - f;ysx - ð;a ð;a f;ysx - ;;a
ðl=;l ððl=| ;ßlsg ð;a ;ßlsg fodñlsg$$$
;ßlsg ð;a ;ßlsg fodñlsg$$$
29
.;a;l= ð;a;ï - .ð;l= ð;a;ï ^.;a;l ð;a;l ðl=;l ððl=|&
;ßlsg ð;a ;ßlsg fodñlsg ;d
;l ;ßlsg
.;a;;a f;ysx f;ysx ;l= l=| .ðx

m;a;sks mo
m;a;sks mo keàfï úfYaI whs;shla we;af;a m;a;sks foaj;dúh uQ,sl fldg mj;akd jQ foaj
Ydka;ls ¾u wrNhd h' mka;sks foajd,hfhys fyda úfYaI jQ uKavmhl fyda ;ekam;a lr we;s mka;k
s s
i<U Wvqúhka mdjv uOHfha ysi u; ;nd r`. u~f,ys ;kd we;s wdikhla u;g f.fkkq ,nkafka
m;a;sks idñ fyj;a m%Odk lmq uy;d úisks' fï wjia:dfõ § m;a;sks idñ m;a;sks foaúhf.a
ú,difhka ieriS isá' i,U hyfka ;ekam;a fldg m;a;skshg Wmydr jYfhka mo y;la iy iqr,a
y;la o keàu idïm%odhsl pdß;%h hs' m;a;sks moj, úfYaI ,laIK jkqfha ieu mohla u zfodxZ
j,skq;a ieu iqr,la u zÈ.;xZ j,skq;a wjika ùu hs' ^fldaÜgf.dv" 1997" 28&
1 moh ( .;a oeysï - .=|ï .=|ï .;a ±ysï

.=|ï .=|ï ;;a - ±ysï È;.;
.-;-l fodï;l= - fodï
¾''''' Íï ±ysï
.;a ±ysï .;a ±ysï - .=ï - ±ysï
.;a ±ysï .;a ±ysï - fodï È;.=| .È.; - .=È.=| .;a
¾'''''' fr.;l= fodï
iqr, ( .;a Èßlsg .; .; $$ .;a Èßlsg .=ys;s .Èßlsg .; .È;l= fodï

.=x Èßlsg .; .; $$ .=x Èßlsg .=ys;s .Èßlsg .; .È;l= fodï
.;a Èßlsg .; .; - .;a Èßlsg .=ys;s .Èßlsg .; .È;l= fodï
.=x Èßlsg .; .; - .=x Èßlsg .=ys;s .Èßlsg .; .È;l= fodï
.È;l= fodï - .=È;l= fodï
fodï ;;a - fodï;. È;a;;a - ;l%.; .=|.;a È.;ï
2 moh ( .=|.; .=|.; .;a - ±ysï $$

fodx;.= .=|.; .;aÈ;a oeysï
fr.;;a Èl=|l fodï ^È;.;&
iqr, ( Íï.=ï oï.; .È; .=|ï .; - .; .=.=¢; .; .;a;;a fodï

Íï.=ï oï.; .=¢; .=|ï .; - .=| .=.=¢; .=| .;a;;a fodï
.; .=.=¢; .; .;a;;a fodï - .=| .=.=¢; .=| .;a;;a fodï
.;a;;a fodï fr.;;a fodï
fodï ;;a - fodï; . È;a;;a - ;l%.; .=|.;a È.;ï
3 moh ( ¾ ''''' Íï; .=.=|ï .;ï .;a;;a fodï
iqr, ( Íï; .; .È; .; .=È; .; .=xox $$

Íï; .; .=xox - .È; .; .=xox
.=xox - .=xox - fodï;;a - fodï;. È;a;;a
;l%.; .=|.;a È.;ï
30
foaj flda,amdvqj
foaj flda,amdvqj hkq w;sú,ïn j kgd l%ufhka fõ.j;a jk yrnr mo fldgiaj,ska hqla;
jQ kegquls' myka uvqfjys foúhka i|yd úfYaIfhka kgk flda,amdvqj .dhkd rys; k¾;k
wx.hla f,i ye¢kaúh yels h' flda,amdvqj" fou< flda,amdvqj" foaj flda,amdvqj hk kïj,ska o
y÷kajhs' fuu foaj flda,amdvqj ish¨ k¾;k Ys,amSka tlg kgk k¾;k wx.hla jk w;r
lKavdhu foms,l isg k¾;kfha fhfohs' úúO mo fldgia jÜgï mo uqÿka lr keàu fuys § isÿ
flf¾' Ys,amSh oCI;d fmkaùu i|yd o fuh wjia:djla lr .kS' foaj flda,amdvqfõ iqúfYaI mo
w;r wd>d;d;aul fukau wkd>d;d;aul mo o olakg we;' myka uvqj i|yd le|jqï ,enq ish¨ u
k¾;k Ys,m a k
S a wksjd¾hfhka u fï wjia:djg iïnkaO úh hq;= fõ' fuys § ish¨ Ys,m
a y
S q fk;a;sud,h
iys; we÷ñka ieriS isá;s' foaj flda,amdvqj jÜgï y;rlska hqla; fõ' jÜgï msÍu" jÜgu keàu"
uy jÜgï msÍu" uy jÜgu keàu hkqfjks' fuys § m<uq jÜgu muKla ie,ls,a,g .kS'
moh ( ðx ðx ;;a ;;a $$$ l=|.; ;d

ðx ;;a .;s .; - .; fodï .;s .; $$$
.; fodï .;s .; l=| .; ;d
jÜgu ( l=| .; ;d ' ' ' '
w,xldr ud;%d keàu ( l=x ox l=x ox .;a;l ;ßlsg ' ' ' '
yudrh ( l=xo;a l=|.; ;d
l,diu ( l=| .; ;d ;ßlsg $$$ l=| .; ð.;;a
wvõj ( l=| .; $$$ ;;a ;;a l=| .; l=l=|;a l=| .; ;d
Èßlsg ;ßlsg .;s.; l=| .; ;;a ;;a
Èßlsg ;ßlsg .;s.; l=| .; ;d
ðx.; l=| .;a l=| .; ;d
^by; olajd we;s jÜgu isg wvõj f;la fldgi jug o k¾;kh l< hq;= h &
jÜgu ( l=| .; ;d
w,xldr ud;%d keàu ( l=xox l=kaox .;a;l ;ßlsg '''''
yudrh ( l=xo;a l=| .; ;d
l,diu ( l=| .; ;d ;ßlsg $$$ l=| .; ðx;;a
wvõj uqÿka lsÍu ( l=| .; $$$ ;;a ;;a
l=| .; l=l=|;a l=| .; ;d
$$
Èßlsg ;ßlsg .;s.; l=|.; ;;a ;;a
Èßlsg ;ßlsg .;s.; l=|.; ;d
l=| .; $$$ ;;a ;;a l=| .; l=l=|;a l=| .; ;d$$ ô'j&
l=| .; $$$;;a ;;a $$ ô'j&
l=| .; ;;a ;;a $$ ô'j&
fodx;l ðx;l ðñ;l fcÊ fcx $$
ð.;l fodx;l ðñ;l fcÊ fcx
Èßlsg ;;a $$$ Èßlsg ;ßlsg $$$
;;a lr;l Èlalr;l f;dx lr;l f;dx f;dx lr;l
f;dx.v lr;l fodx; .;s; .; .;s.; Èßlsg ;ßlsg ;d ðñ;a;;a
31
.;s.; Èßlsg l=xo;a ;d
1'3 mQcd NdKav yiqrejñka bÈßm;a lrk k¾;k wx.

nq,;a moh
fldfydUd hla lxldßfha y;amoh hkqfjka y÷kajk kegqï wxl yf;ka nq,;a moh
m<uq wx.hhs' oüqr moh hkqfjka o ye|skafjk fuh iqÿ frÈ lvlau; ;nk ,o nq,;a w;la f.k
hyk bÈßmsg ;kslÉÑ we÷ï lÜg,fhka ieriS bÈßm;a lrkq ,nk tal, k¾;k wx.hls' u,a hyka
lú lshd hykg jäk f,i wdrdOkd l< foúhkag nq,;a w;la oS ms<s.kakd wdldrh fuhska
ksrEmKh fõ'
wd,;a;s moh ( l=ðx ;;a$$$ l=ðx ;;a l=ðx ;;a ;;a $$$
;l=|;a .Êðx ;ßlsg
l=| l=| .; $$ l=| l=x;l ;ßlsg l=| .; l=l=|;a
$$
ðx ðx ;l=|;a .Êðx ;ßlsg
ú,ïn ,h ud;%d 2 + 4 îq¿ uy fo;s;& ;d,h

.uka ud;%h ( l=| l=| .; ''''''''''''''''
w,xldr ud;%h ( l=xov l=xðx ;ßlsg" ðx;l ðx;l ;ßlsg
.uka ud;%h ( l=| l=| .; ''''''''''''''''''''''
ol=Kg yudrh ( ðx.; l=l=|;a ðx ðx" ðlal=x ox .Êðx;l
ðx;l ðl=;l ;ßlsg ;l=|;a .Êðx ;ßlsg
jug .uka ud;%h ( l=| l=| .;
jug yudrh ( by; mßÈ
.uka ud;%h ( l=| l=| .; ''''''''''''''''''''''
w,xldr ud;%h ( l=xo~ l=xðx ;ßlsg" ðx;l ðx;l ;ßlsg
ol=Kg yudrh ( ðx.; l=l=|;a ðx ðx l=| .; l=l=|;a ðx ðx
ûOH ,h& ðlal=x ox.Êðx;l " ðx;l ðl=;l ;ßlsg
;l=|;a .Êðx ^;ßlsg&
jug .uka ud;%h ( l=| l=| .;''''''''''''''''''''''
jug yudrh ( by; mßÈ
øe; ,hg
.uka ud;%h ( l=| l=| .;
w,xldr ud;%h ( l=xov l=xðx ;ßlsg" ðx;l ðx;l ;ßlsg

.uka ud;%h ( l=| l=| .; ''''''''''''''''''''''
yudrh ( ðx.; .; l=| .; .; l=| .; l=l=o;a ðx ðx
l=| .; .; l=| .; .; l=|.; l=l=|;a ðx ðx
ðx.; l=l=|;a ðx ðx - l=| .; l=l=|;a ðx ðx
ðx; l=|;a - ð.; l=|;a
32
.Êðð.; l=| .;;a fodx - lv ;ßlsg ðlal=xox
. ðx; fodx
o¿uqr moh
isxy, ixialD;sfha nq,; yd ne|S we;s pdß;% jdß;% fndfyduhls' o¿uqr fyj;a nq,;a hd.lrKfha
oS o fnfyúka fhdod.kq ,nkakls' my;rg k¾;k iïm%odh yd ine|s y;a mo fm<md,sfhys tk
tla wx.hls o¿uqr moh' nq,f;a Wm;a l;d lsysmhla we;s w;r fn!oaO idys;Hfha tk YY cd;lh
jvd;a m%p,s;j h' tu l;d m%jD;a;shg wkqj hd.hg wjYH jQ nq,;a kd f,dj isg krf,djg
f.fkk ,oafoa kdrcq úiskehs úYajdihla mj;S' nq,f;a .=K wdkqNdjh isysm;a fldg wd;=rhdg
fi;am;d o¿uqr moh f.kyer olajhs'
ud;%d 3 ^ ueÿï ;ks ;s;& ;d,h

wdrïNl moh ( fodx .; .=| .;a È;a ;;a .=ys;s .Èßlsg .=| .;a ±ysï
fnr moh ( .;a;ï .È;l= fodx
w,xldr fnr moh ßï .;s .; .=| .=| .;a ;x .È;l= fodx .; .=|
.=| .;s .; .; .=| .; .È; .;l= fodï
;dku ( fvka fvk fvk. fvk fvk fvk fvkak fvfkda

kdfvk fvk. fvk fvk fvk fvkak fvfkda
lúh ( kd. f,dfõ fur ihqf¾ Wmka fka

fõ. fkdfhla wKúk ÿre lrka fka
hd.uq, mgka o¿uqr mqoka fka
kd. ±yeá iqn o¿uqr jvka fka
brÜáh ( fodx; .;l= $$$ fodx fodx fodx

fodx; .;x .È; .;x .È;a; .=xo;a fo.=|;a ;d
2 moh ( .=xo fo.; .;s .; .=|

lúh ( bkav hyka foñ irid fu;eka fka
Wkakq úudfka i,s; j jfrka fka
lkav leu;s msoú,s mqo ,nka fka
ÿkakq o¿uqrg md,sh jfrka fka
;dku ( fvkdk fvka fvk fvk fvk fvkak fvfkda

kdfvkdk fvk fvk fvk fvkak fvfkda
brÜáh ( ±ysx fodï fodï fodï .;x .;a; .; .È.;x

fo.; .; .È .;x .;sx .;x .=¢ .=|x
.;x .=|x .;a;ï .;ï fodï ;;a
fr.; .; .È .;ï fodï .;a ±ysï
fr.; .=| .=| .;a $$ .=| .=| .;a $$
.=| .=| .;a; .=xo .;a È;a ;;a .=ys;s .Èßlsg
33
.=| .;a oeysx
mQcd moh ( fodx; .;x .oaÈ;.; .È; .;ï ^.;l=& fodx fodx fodx ' ' ' ' '
( fr.; .=| .=| .;a $$ .+| .+| .;a $$
re| .=| .;a; .=x| .;a È;a ;;a
.=ys;s .Èßlsg .=| .;a oeysï
o¿uqr jeãu ( .=.a.=| .;a fo.; .;a; $$$

.=.a.=| .;a fo.;a fodx
.=.a .=| .; .È.; .; .È.; .; .;;a oeysx
fr.; fo.=| oeysx .;a;
wdjvk moh ( oeysx $$$$$$$

.=xo .=xo .=xo .;x .;a; .È; .;s .=| .;a $$$
.=xo .;x .;a; .;x - .È.; .=| .;a È;a ;;a
.È; .;s .=| .;a fodï - .=¢; .;s .=| .;a fodï
fodï; .oaÈßlsg .oaÈßlsg .oaÈßlsg
fodx; .;ï .È; .;ï
.È.; .=| .;a È;a ;;a
.=ys;s.Èßlsg .=| .;a ±ysx
±ysx ±ysx ; .=ï
o¿uqr md,sh
hyka ±lau keàfuka wk;=re j myka uvqfõ § kgkq ,nkafka y;amo fm<md,sh hs' Wvrg
y;amoh" inr.uq y;amo fm<md,sh jkdys tlsfklg fjkia jQ k¾;k wx. folls' fm<md,shl
Wm;a lú .dhkh iys; w,xldr ud;%d l,diï wvjq iy" flá lú .dhkh iys; w,xldr ud;%dj,ska
wk;=re j md,s moh kgd wjidkfha wdjeãu isÿ lrhs' inr.uq y;amo fm<md,sfha m%:ufhka w`.=re
ÿïu, md,sh" l,ia md,sh" flKaä md,sfhka miq wjidkfha o¿uqr md,sh keàu isÿ lrhs' o¿uqr
md,sh keàug m%:ufhka fmd;alfâ hlalu keàu isÿ lrhs' fuh ixjdoj,ska hqla; jQjls' msrejghla
iys; nq,;a w;la w;e;s j o¿uqr md,sh kgkq ,efí' Nla;h
s okjk k¾;k wx.hls' foúhkag o¿uqr
ms§ula fuys § isÿ flf¾'

ojq,a moh ( l=|;a ;lalsg ;lg ðñ;l
lúh ( Wmkafka o¿uqr kd.f,dj kdrcqf.a úI ¥ufhka

f.fkkafka fmd;alvl wiqrd /f.k o¿uqr l=iqufhka
fujka o¿uqr hd. olajd ish¨ frda ÿla ÿr,ñka
yßkafka wo ish¨ msßm; tuyd fl< kd rcq fnf,ka
34
l,diu ( l=¢; .; .; .;s; l=| l=| $$$
l=¢; ;;a l=| .;s; l=| fodï
wvõj ( ;y¾o ;;a ;;a ;;;a ;;a ;;a
;y¾o ;lalsg ;lg l=| fodï
;y¾ re| fodï $$$
fodï; .;a;;a - .;;a l=|.; ;d - .;a;;a
.;;a l=| .; ;d
^flá lú& ud;%d 3 ûeÿï ;ks;s;& ;d,h

ojq,a moh ( fodx; ;lg
lúh ( ñka ;=kaf,dj ieu i;g fmfka fid|
rka f;,af,ka w¢ñka rej i| ueo
bka±uq f;,a,| forK jegqKq i|
iqkalr forK; m,d .sfha fid|
l,diu ( l=| l=| .;$$$ l=| .; l=| .; l=| fodï
l=|;a ;lg ;d - l=kao;a ;ßlsg - l=|.; l=|;d - .;;a
wvõj ( ;y¾ fcxox .ðx ðl=|
l=|l fcx; fcx; .;;a $$
fodï; .;;a .;s; .;;a
l=| .; l=| .; l=| fodï
Èßlsg ;ßlsg ;lg ;y¾ o ;;a; .; l=| .; ;y¾o ;d
md,s moh ( ;y¾o;a $$$$$$'''''''''''''''¾ ''''''''''''''''îqr,&
ðx .;s .;x ;lg ;;a fcx; fcx ;lg
l=| .;s .;x ;lg ;;a fcx; fcx ;lg
ðx .;s .;x ;lg ;;a fcx; fcx ;lg
;;alr ;;alr ;l $$$ lr;l ;d
fuu fldgi ;j;a ðx .;s .;x ;lg - l=| .;s .;x ;lg
l%u follg muK ðx .;s .;x ;lg - ;;a fcx; fcx ;lg $$ô'j'&
k¾;kh l< yels h' ;;alr ;;alr ;l $$$ lr;l ;d
yudrh ( ^lr;l ;;a.;a;;a $$$ lr;l ;d& $$ ô'j'&

lr;l ;;a.;a;;a lr;l ;d $$ ô'j'&
lr;l ;d $$ ;;a l=o;a fcx ;lg $$$$ ;;a l=|;a" ð;a l=|;a
.; l=|l fcx ;d lr;l ;lg .; l=|l fcx ;d
35
1'4 fjk;a k¾;k iïm%odhj,g wh;a k¾;k wx. folla bÈßm;a lrhs'

ux.,ï k¾;kh
ud;%d 2 + 2 + 2 + 4 + 4 ^;=kaiq¿ fouy mia ;s;& ;d,h
fnr moh ( fodx ;l= fodx ðx ;l ;ßlsg
;dku ( ;ïo kdï ok - ;k ;dkdï ok

;dfkkdï ok - ;d fk kd wd''''
;;k ;dk ;dï - ok ;dkdï ok
;dfk kdï ok - ;d fk kd wd''''
lúh ( nqoaO rdc h jekafo m<uq j fojkq ioaO¾uh j¢ï

iqoaO ix>x r;afk je|,d .;a;= ;sirK w;a ûqÿka& uq ÿ ï
isoaO fjhs ch .=reka md je| .;a;= ilaj< foú jrï
iqoaO forK; md ;nkakg fmdf<dj ñysl;a foú jrï
ux.,ï ch ux.,ï ch ux.,ï ch ux.,ï

ux.,ï isß ux.,ï isß ux.,ï isß ux.,ï
ux.,ï iqN ux.,ï iqN ux.,ï iqN ux.,ï
ux.,ï fï ifí ieug u fõjd chisß ux.,ï
lia;sru ( .;a ð;a;;a ðx;l ;ßlsg - .ð;a l=|;a ðl=;l ;ßlsg

.; l=l=o;a ðl=;l ;ßlsg - .; l=| l=| ;d - ^;l ;ßlsg&
;l ð;a;;a ðx;l ;ßlsg - .ð;a l=|;a ðl=;l ;ßlsg
.; l=l=|;a ðl=;l ;ßlsg - .; l=| l=| ;d
.;a ð;a ;;a ðx;l ;ßlsg - .ð;a l=|;a ðl=;l ;ßlsg
;l ð;a ;;a ðx;l ;ßlsg - .ð;a l=|;a ðl=;l ;ßlsg
.;a ð;a ;;a ðx;l ;ßlsg - ;l ð;a ;;a ðx;l ;ßlsg
.; l=l=|;a ðl=;l ;ßlsg
.; l=| l=|" ;;a ð;a f;dx kx ;d'
Y=oaO ud;%h
my;rg k¾;kh yodrk wdOqkslhl= úiska oKaähfï yrU" b,x.ï yrU" jÜgu" ud;%d my wdÈ
m%d:ñl k¾;k wx.hla yeoEÍfuka miq j mßmQ¾K k¾;khla f,i yodrkq ,nkafka Y=oaO ud;%d
kegqu hs' Y=oO
a ud;%d kegqu foaj Ydka;sl¾u yd ne£ mj;S' j¾;udkfha in kegqula f,i úldYkhg
m;a j we;;a Y=oaO ud;%d kegqu Ydka;sl¾u fCIa;%fha r. olajk ,oafoa foúhkag m%Kdu lú;d,
jYfhka bÈßm;a lsÍfuka muKs'
ud;r m%foaYfha meje;afjk foaj Ydka;sl¾u wdrïNfha § lm /f.k tk fmryer .uka wdrïN
36
lrk moh f,i bÈßm;a lrkq ,nkafka Y=oaO ud;%d mohls' ta wjia:dfõ È th .uka moh f,i
y÷kajkq ,efí' ^fldaÜgf.dv" 1996" 32 ms&
nr moh ( ud;%d 3 ûeÿï ;ks ;s;& ;d,h
.;a È;a ;;a fodï ;l= fodï

re| .=| .-;-l-Èï Èï ±ysï
w,xldr moh ( .;a ;ï .;a È; .È;l= fodx fodx

;l= fodï re| .=| .;s.;
.;a ±ysï .=ï ±ysï
.=¢;l Èl= |l ±ysï
brÜáh ( re| .; .; .È;. ;ï - .;a È;a ;;a fodï ;l= fodï

re| .; .; .È; .;ï - fo. È;a ;;a fodï ;l= fodï
re| .; .; .È; .;ï - re| .; .; .È; .;ï
.È; .;ï - .=¢; .=|ï
.;a È;a ;;a - fo. È;a ;;a
fo. È;a fo. È;a fo. È;.;
.=¢;l fr.=|l fodï
^zzre| .;ZZhk mo fldgi zzßï .;ZZ hkqfjka o Ndú;fha mj;S'&
2 moh ( ud;%d 3 + 4 ûeÿï uy fo;s;& ;d,h
ßï .; ±ysï ; fo .; .; .=| .=|

.=| .; ±ysï ; fo .; .; .=ï
lúh ( fuf,iska u,a uo foaúfha

hqohg fldä ne| taúfha
uf. ilshks kqU mdúfha
in kegqjd ud foaúfha
brÜáh ( .=ys;s .Èßlsg .=| .;a ±ysï $$$

±ysï ±ysï ±ysï .=ys;s .Èßlsg .=| .;a ±ysï
.È; .;a ±ysï - .=È; .=ï ±ysï
.;aÈßlsg .;l= fodï
3 moh ( ud;%d 3 + 4 ûeÿï uy fo;s;& ;d,h
fodx; .=ox.; .È; .;x .=|
lúh ( ks,a,d /<s,d w¢kd fia,h ;=kq bÕ nn<j f;hs

ix.d mqiafld< f;davq ;nd,d ijka máka n¢ f;hs
<ueo mqrd tk mSk mfhdaor rka máfhka n¢f;hs
fï infhka wm Èkjd fokakg ieu foú msysg fjf;hs
brÜáh ( fodx; .;a;ï .È; .;a;ï

.; .=|ï .; .È; .=ï È;a ;d
4 moh ( ud;%d 4 ûy ;ks;s;& ;d,h
37
fo.;a .;l= fodï ^fodx; .=ox.; .È; .;x .=|&
lúh ( w;a;k u, fia we| iqÿ fia,h bK jg /,s w,a,d

fk¿ï u,la fia n¢kd fldKavh u,a fm;s .jid,d
.; .krka kqfU uql=¿ iskdjg neu fol bÕs lr,d
n,d isáka ils <| hk wkaou ;df,g md ;n,d
brÜáh ( fodï; .;ï .=ï Èï .; .;a ;;a

.;aÈ; .; .;a Èï .; .=ï o;a ;d
wjidk brÜáh ( fodx; .=|x.; .È; .;x .=|$$$ }

.=xo .È; .; .;a ;;a fodï $$ o'j
fodx; .=|x.; .;a; .;x .;
.=xo .È; .; .;a ;;a fodï $$ }$$ o'j
fodx; .È; .; .;a ;;a fodï
.;a; .È; .; .;a;;a fodï
.;a;;a fodï - fo.;;a fodï
fodï; .È; .; .È.; .=| .=| ;d
^fodï; .;ï .=ï Èï.; .=ïo;a ;d - hkqfjka o Ndú;fha mj;S'&
.=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yfha fuu brÜáh wdrïN lrkqfha .=xo .=|x .; .È; .;x .=| moh uQ,l
s fldg
f.k h'

uq,a ud;%h
inr.uq k¾;k iïm%odhfha uKaämo yd fodôk mo keàfuka miq j wdOqkslhl= úiska kgkq
,nk m%:u k¾;kh fuh hs' uq,a ud;%h fyj;a ud;%d msrSfï kegqu hkqfjka y÷kajk fuh uQ,sl
ud;%d myg wh;a fkdfõ' ud;%d my keàug mQ¾j iQodkula fyj;a wdrïNhla ie,iSula f,i fuu
kegqu ye|skaúh yels h' Wvrg ux.,ï kegqfï ;d,rEmhg iudklï olajhs' ud;%d 2+2+2+4+4 ;d,
rEmhg wkqj uq,a ud;%h kgkq ,efí'
fodôk mo keàfuka wk;=re j uKaäfha isg fow;a ;k u;a;la Wiska ;nd uQ,sl yia; p,k
iys; j mo keàu flf¾' uQ,sl yia; p,k yqre ùu;a iu`. u uKaähg isg keàu" bÈßhg yd
miqmig .uka lsrSu" me;a;g hdu" rjqug mo keàu wdÈ isjq wdldrhl p,k mqyqKq lsrSula fï ;=<ska
isÿ fõ' ú,ïn ,hg wkqj flfrk ñysß jQ kdoud,djla iys; j uq,a ud;%fha lú .dhkd lrk w;r
ukd ixhufhka hq;= j yia;mdo yeisrùu isÿ l< hq;= nj;a' tlS ,CIK wdrCId jk mßÈ k¾;kh
l< hq;= nj;a uq,a ud;%h keàfï oS u;l ;nd .; hq;= h'
ud;%d 2 + 2 + 2 + 4 + 4 ^;=kaiq¿ fouy mia ;s;& ;d,h
ojq,a moh ( l=x È;a ;;a fodx;l ;ßlsg ^ðx ðx ðx fodx; .;s; .;&
;dku ( ;dk ;k ;k ;dk ;k ;k

;dk ;k ;ï odfkkd
lúh ( iisß isß,l fldfoõ fooyia mEj wKil ux.,ï

fuisß ,l ;=ka mshjrg uek uqks rcqg msÿ ux.,ï
t isßud fnda ms<su od .eí idifka msÿ ux.,ï
wiqr mq,ajka foú÷ n,fhka fõ jd chisß ux.,ï
38
l,diï jÜgu ( ^l=kaÈ;a ;;a fodx;.;s; .; $$$$ l=kaÈ;a ;;a fodï&$$$o$j$o ^;lalsg&
l,diu ( l=| l=| l=| l=¢; .È;.;

l=| l=| l=| l=¢; .È;.;
l=| l=| l=| l=¢; .È;.;
l=| .; l=| ;d
wvõj ( l=| l=| l=| ;;a ;;a ;;a ;;a - l=| l=| l=| .;a; l=¢; .; $$o'j '
l=| l=| l=| .;a; l=|s;a ;;a - l=| .; l=| ;d ^;ßlsg&
l=| l=| l=| ;;a ;;a ;;a ;;a - l=| l=| l=| .;a; l=|s;.; $$ o'j'
l=| l=| l=| ;;a ;;a ;;a ;;a $$ o' j'
l=| l=| l=| .;a; l=¢; .; $$$
l=| .; l=| ;d
l=| l=| l=| ;d ^;lalsg& $$$
l=| l=| l=| ;;a ;;a ;;a ;;a
l=| l=| l=| .;s; l=¢; .;
l=| l=| l=| .;a; l=¢;a ;;a
l=| .; l=| fcx ;d
39
2 mßÉfþoh
2'1 rx. úkHdih
rx. úkHdifha § isrer yeisrùu iy wjldY Ndú;h
k¾;k ks¾udKlrejdf.a ukfiys ;uka úiska bÈßm;a lrkq ,nk k¾;kfha wdlD;sh
ms<sn| j f.dvkeÕ=Kq ixl,amhla mj;S' ta wkqj wdrïNfha isg wjidkh f;la k¾;kh .,d hk
wdlD;sh h:d¾:hla njg m;a lsÍu rx.k Ys,amshdf.a ld¾hNdrh hs'
k¾;kh m%dix.sl j bÈßm;a lsÍu i|yd wjYH jk rx. úkHdih ^Choreography& ms<sn|
wjfndaOh k¾;k rplhdg w;HjYH jQjls' ta wkqj k¾;k ks¾udKlrejd ;ud úiska ks¾udKh
lrkq ,nk k¾;kh ufkdauh Ñ;%hlg muKla iSud fkdfldg rEm igykla f,i ie,iqï l<
hq;= h' th rx. rpkh fõ' tlS rx. rpkh k¾;k Ys,amSka fhdod m%dfhda.sl j Ndú; lsÍfuka rx.
úkHdih iïmQ¾K fõ'
rx. úkHdih yd ine¢ uQ,sl ixl,am
p,kh wjldYh iïnkaO;d
k¾;kh YÍrdx. Ndú;fhka wjldYh ;=< lrkq ,nk úêu;a ixp,k yeisrùuls' ta wkqj
mqoa., YÍrfha wx." m%;Hx." Wmdx. ixfhdackfhka ixp,k udOH fldgf.k wjldYh ;=< pu;aldr
ckl rgd fudaia;r ujñka fm%alaIlhd fj; k¾;kh bÈßm;a lsÍu wruqKq fldg rx. rpkh isÿ
flf¾' fuu wx." m%;Hx." Wmdx. k¾;kfha § yeisrúh hq;af;a flfia oehs Nr;uqks ish kdgH
Ydia;%fha o olajd we;'
idïm%odhsl k¾;kh yodrk wdOqkslhd tys p,k úê uQ,sl wNHdij,ska y÷kd .kS' wk;=re j
jkakï" Ydia;%h
S k¾;k yd kdglSh wjia:d i|yd wx." m%;Hx." Wmdx. fhdod .kakd wdldrh y÷kd
.ekSfuka rx. úkHdih ms<sn| j ;j ÿrg;a wjfndaO lr.; yels h'
zzyia;x oDIaá uqLx ;d,x mdox p .ukx h:dZZ
k¾;kfha § yd pß; ksremKfha § wx. m%;Hx." Wmdx. Ndú; jk whqre
kdgH Ydia;%fha i|yka jk mßÈ wdx.sl wNskh ;=< wx." m%;Hx. yd Wmdx. yeisrùu ms<sn|
úia;r lr we;' ljr fyda k¾;k iïm%odhhla yiqrejk wdOqkslhd tlS k¾;k ffY,sh y÷kd
.ekSug ;u YÍrfha wx." m%;Hx." yiqrejd uQ,sl wNHdifhys fhfohs' ta i|yd uQ,sl irU úê
wNHdifha ksr; fõ' úfYaIfhka úoHd;aul mokula iys; j iunr;dfjka hq;= j YÍrfha úúO
fldgia yeisrùu isÿ fõ' tys§ idïm%odhsl yia; mdo úê ksjerÈ ;d, u; msysgqjd idïm%odhsl
,laIK wdrlaId jk mßÈ yeisrùug wNHdi ieliS we;' ;d,dkql+, j mo lshñka ,h m%.=K lrñka
wod< k¾;k ffY,sfha uQ,sl wx.ydr y÷kd .; yels fõ' fuu p,k úê w;r tlS iïm%odhkag
wdfõKsl mekSï" lerlSï" iqr,a mE.Sï" ir, nfõ isg ixlS¾K jk whqßka f.dvkÕd we;' k¾;k
Ys,amsfhl=ùug mxp wx. ksjerÈ j yeisrùug wjYH uQ,sl wNHdi úê i;;dNHdifhka j¾Okh lr
.ekSu idïm%odhsl kshuh fõ'
k¾;k udOHfhka bÈßm;a lrk pß; ksrEmKfha § pß;fha .;s iajNdjh u;= jk fia ksoyia
p,k Ndú; lsÍug yels h' úfYaIfhka wx." m%;Hx. iuÕ Wmdx. Ndú; fldg iaÓ;sl ^tl ;ek
/f|ñka& yd ixpdß ^.uka lrñka& ixp,khka wkq.ukh l< yels h' YÍrh ieye,a¨" iunr"
40
úysÿKq iajNdjfhka hq;= j WÑ; p,k fhdod pß;h f.dvkeÕSug myiq jk p,k úê kuH;d
wNHdi uÕska y÷kd .ekSu fnfyúka m%fhdackj;a fõ' wx." m%;Hx. ksoyfia yiqrejd pß;fha
iajNdjhg WÑ; mßÈ p,k f.dvkeÕSug wjYH oekqu yd wNHdi wkq.ukh lsÍfuka rx. úkHdih
w¾:j;a j .=Kd;aul j f.dvkeÕSug yels jkq we;'
wx." m%;Hx." Wmdx. p,kh tlsfkl ne÷Kq iajNdjhla mj;S' ri WoaoSmkh jk whqßka p,k
ksmoùu i|yd wx." m%;Hx." Wmdx. ifudaOdks; j Ys,amshd úiska Wmfhda.S lr .; hq;= h' we;eï úg
p,kh YÍrdx. tla fldgilska wdrïN l< miq wfkla fldgiaj,g wkql%ufhka .,d hEu isÿ fõ'
we;eï p,k l%shdldrlïj, § YÍrfha fldgia lsysmhla muKla l%shd;aul jk wjia:d ;sfí'
k¾;kfha § isÿ jk tjeks ksoiqka isyshg kÕd .ksñka k¾;kfha § wx." m%;Hx." Wmdx. Ndú; jk
wdldrh ir, j wjfndaO lr .; hq;= fõ'
tfia u p,kfhys iajNdjh fjkia ùu flfrys n,mdk idOl lsysmhls'
Yla;sh ld,h
p,kh
ÿr fõ.h
p,kfhys iajNdjh fjkia lrk idOlhla f,i fhdok Yla;sh mqoa., noaO h' tkï
tlsfkld ;=< we;s úúO Yla;s wkqj th úúOdldr fõ' úfYaIfhka p,kfha uDÿ nj" ieye,a¨ nj"
r`M nj" nr nj m%o¾Ykh jkafka wx." m%;Hx. yd Wmdx. Ndú;fhka lrkq ,nk p,k uÕsks' tlS
p,kfha úúO;ajh fhdok Yla;f s ha m%udKh u; ;SrKh fõ' tfia u p,kfha we;s Ndjh u;= fldg
ri ckkh lsÍug wjYH Yla;sh YÍr fldgiaj,g fhdoñka p,kfha wfmalaIs; .;s iajNdjh u;=
lr .ekSu tuÕska isÿ l< yels h'
WodyrK ( uy fnda jkakfï m%ldYs; chisß uy fndaê jDlaIfha iajNdjh yd Ndjuh ri
u;= lr,Su i|yd p,k fhdod .ksñka u| iq<fÕa fnda m;a ishqï j p,kh jk
whqre m%dix.sl j bÈßm;a lsÍu'
tfia u p,kh ±laùug .; jk ld,h uÕska o úúO .;s iajNdj u;= fõ' th ßoaudkql+,"
;d,dkql+, fyda tlS iajNdj foflys ñY%Khla fyda úh yels h' fï wkqj fhdok Yla;sh;a ta i|yd
.; lrk ld,h;a hk idOl iqixfhda.fhka p,kfha .;s iajNdjh ;Sj% fõ' tfia u p,kfha
iajNdjh úúO wjia:dj, § fjkia fõ'
WodyrK ( fõÈldfõ ol=Kq miska tk ÿkq yS /.;a igkaldó pß; ksrEmK Ys,amshd jï
mi isák i;=re lKavdhu fj; fõ.fhka Èj f.dia by<g mek myr §u'
fufia p,khka ±laùug fhdok Yla;sh iy .; jk ld,h uÕska úúO ye`.Sï - ±kSïj,
fjkila we;s lrjhs' foaYSh k¾;k iïm%odhj, p,k ms<sn| j úuiSfï § fhdok Yla;sh iy .;
jk ld,h wkqj tlS p,k iajNdjh iïm%odhfhka iïm%odhhg fjkia fõ'
tfia u fõ.h ;SrKh jkafka Yla;sfhys we;s Odß;dj wkqj h' lsishï ÿrla hEug ork Yla;sh
yd .; lrk ld,h wkqj fõ.h r|d mj;S' úfYaIfhka p,kfha wka;¾.;h ;d,djfndaOfhka hq;=
j iu.=K" fo.=K yd isjq.=K ,laIKfhka bÈßm;a lsÍfï § ;d,h kue;s idOlh p,kh i|yd
n,mdkq we;' rx. úkHdifha § flá ld,hla ;=< p,k fhdod úúO wjia:d yd ye`.Sï bÈßm;a lsÍug
yels jkq we;'
by; lS ish¨ u p,k isÿ jkafka wjldYfhys h' p,k i|yd fhdok Yla;sh .; jk ld,h
41
iy wjldYh w;r ukd in|;djla we;' wjldYh hkq k¾;kfhys fhfokakl=g ta i|yd fjka jQ
iSudj hs' fõÈldjl k¾;kfha fhfokakl=g fõÈldfõ we;s bvlv m%udKh wjldYh fõ' rx.
úkHdifha § wjldYh yiqrejd .ekSu isÿúh hq;= jkafka k¾;khg ke;fyd;a k¾;k ks¾udKfhys
wjYH;djhg idfmalaI jYfhks' ke;fyd;a k¾;kfhys rx. úkHdih yeisrúh hq;af;a ;ud úiska
iSud lr .kakd ,o ksYaÑ; wjldYh ;=< muKs'
wjldYh m%Odk fldgia follg j¾. lrkq ,nhs' tkï fm!oa.,sl yd fmdÿ wjldYh
jYfhks' fm!oa.,sl yd fmdÿ wjldYh y÷kd .ekSu;a ta wkqj rx. úkHdih ie,iqï lsÍu;a
ks¾udK Ys,amsfhl=f.a ld¾hNdrh fjhs'
tmuKla fkdj k¾;kh Ys,amshdg o wjldY Ndú;h ms<sn| j ukd wjfndaOhla ;sìh
hq;= h'
wjldY Ndú;h yd ine|s ixl,am
fmdÿ wjldYh wjldY Ndú;h fm!oa.,sl wjldYh
Èid ;, iïnkaO;d
hfula ;ks j rx.kfha fhfokafka kï leu;s mßÈ úúO ;," Èid yd fldaK Ndú; lrñka
ixp,k l%shdj,sh ±laúh yels h' tla tla mqoa.,hkaf.a we;s YlH;d uQ,sl fldg f.k Ndú; lrk
bv m%udKh fm!oa.,sl wjldYh f,i ±laúh yels h' ta wkqj rx. úkHdih isÿ lrk wjldYfha
fm!oa.,sl j ixirKh l< yels h' th .;sl ,laIKfhka hqla; h' fm!oa.,sl wjldYh wjYH mßÈ
ixfldapkh fyda m%idrKh o l< yels h' tfia u ;ks j rx. WmlrK yiqrejñka wjldYh yiqrejd
.ekSug o yels fõ' th rx. úkHdifha úêl%u f,i ±laúh yels h'
fofofkl= fyda Bg jeä mqoa., ixLHdjla iduQysl j wjldYh Ndú; lrñka rx.kfha
fhfokafka kï th fmdÿ wjldYh f,i ±laúh yels h' tkï th fm!oa.,sl wjldY lsysmhl
tl;=jls' tfy;a tu fm!oa.,sl wjldYh ;ukag ksoyia j yiqrejd .ekSug fmdÿ wjldYfha
wjia:djla fkd,efnkq we;' fõÈldfõ we;s isó; bv m%udKh ukd f,i yiqrejd .ksñka rx.
úkHdih isÿ lsÍug fuu fmdÿ wjldY Ndú;fha § ie,ls,su;a ùu jeo.;a fõ' th ixlS¾K
ld¾hhla jkqfha tneúks' ta wkqj k¾;k rx.k úkHdifha § mqoa., yd fmdÿ wjldYh yiqrejd
.ekSu k¾;k rplhdf.a wjYH;dj wkqj isÿ úh yels w;r k¾;k Ys,amshdf.a ksmqK;dj u;
wjldYh ksis f,i Ndú; flf¾'
fufia p,kh yd wjldYh w;r we;s wfkHdakH iïnkaO;dj fuka u tys ixúOdkd;aul nj
u; m%dix.sl ,laIK ms<sìUq lsÍu myiq fõ' tla tla mqoa.,hd wjldYh ;=< lrkq ,nk ixprKh
k¾;khla ;=< § yiqrejkq ,nkafka l,a ;nd ie,iqï lr.;a úêu;a ie,eiaulg wkqj h' ta i|yd
wx." m%;Hx. iy Wmdx. p,kh lsÍfï § th ÈYd.; ùula olakg we;' úfYaIfhka p,k l%shdldrlï
;sria w;g .,d hEfï § tu p,k úúO ÈYd Tiafia .uka lrhs' fufia YÍrdx. ÈYd.; lrúh yels
wdldrhg wkqj th m%Odk jYfhka ÈYd 6la wjldYfha fjka fldg oelaúh yels h'
YÍrh flakaø fldg .;a úg bÈßhg" miqmig" ol=Kg iy jug hkqfjka m%Odk ÈYd 4 iy ta
tlsfkl ÈYd folla w;r msysgk fldaK y;rla jYfhka wmf.a w;a md úysÿùug wjldY we;' Bg
wu;r jYfhka by<g iy my<g jYfhka ;j;a m%Odk ÈYd 2la yd fldaK wkqj ^ÈYd 4la iuÕ&
iïmQ¾K ÈYd 10ls' th rEm igykla weiqfrka my; oelafõ'
42
2
9 10 5
3 4
7 8
1 6
^1& bÈßmi
^2& miqqmi
^3& ol=K
^4& ju
^5& by<
^6& my<
^7& bÈßmi ol=K
^8& bÈßmi ju
^9& miqmi ol=K
^10& miqmi ju
mqoa.,hl= ;ud flakaø fldg f.k w;a md úysÿùu Wla; ÈYd.; j olajhs' fulS ÈYd.; lsÍï
mqoa.,hd tl u uÜgul isg isÿ fkdlrhs'
fï wkqj p,k l%shdj,sfha § wmf.a isrer isria w;g wjldYfha úysoúh yels h' tu wjldY
iSudj ;, ;=kls'
1' by< ;,h
2' ueo ;,h
3' my< ;,h
oE;a by<g tiùu" isrer by<g tiùu" Wv mekSu jeks p,k yeisrùfï § by< ;,h Ndú;
fõ' fõÈld WmlrK Ndú;fhka o by< ;,h Ndú; l< yels h' ìug keóu" ìu b| .ekSu" ìu
je;sÍu jeks p,k l%shdldrlïj, § my< ;,h Ndú; fõ' by< ;,h;a" my< ;,h;a w;r" ueo
;,fha oS isÿ jk k¾;k p,k l%shdldrlï i|yd WodyrK f,i" uKaähg keóu yd uKaäfha
keàu" uKaähg isg n| lerleùu jeks wjia:d oelaúh yels h'
tal," hq., fyda iduQysl fyda jYfhka p,k udOHfhka úúO rgd yd fudaia;r ks¾udKh
lsÍfï § iïnkaO;d ixl,amh fhfok wdldrh yd wjia:d úúO h' fulS iïnkaO;dj rx. úkHdifha
§ oDIaá fldaK lsysmhla Tiafia y÷kd .; hq;= fõ'
43
bkaøshhka w;r iudfhdack
mqoa.,hl= lKavdhula iuÕ
iïnkaO;d lKavdhula lKavdhula iuÕ
rx. Ys,amshd WmlrK iuÕ
rx.kh yd rx. jia;%dNrK iuÕ
iïnkaO;dj ms<sn| j kHdhd;aul j úuiSfï § w;sYhska u jeo.;a jkafka bkaøshhka w;r

iudfhdackh hs' tkï wx." m%;Hx." Wmdx. w;r we;s wfkHdakH iïnkaO;dj Nr;uqk"s kkaÈflaYajr
jeks fmrÈ. rijdÈkaf.a uQ,O¾uhkays muKla fkdj wmrÈ. rx. úkHdi uQ,O¾uhkays mjd
fmkajd § we;'
zzhf;da yia;ia;f;da oDIaÀBhf;da - oDIaÀia;f;da uk#

hf;da ukia;f;da Ndfjda hf;da - Ndjia;f;da ri#ZZ
^w; hk ;ekg wei o hd hq;= h' weia hk ;ekg is; o hd hq;= h' is; hk ;ek Ndjh my< úh hq;=
h' Ndjh my< jQ úg rih u;= úh hq;= h'& zzwNskho¾mKhZZ
zzyia;x oDIaá uqLx mdox ;d,x p .ukx h:dZZ
^w; iuÕ fkf;ys ne,au o úh hq;= h .dhkh iuÕ ;d,dkql+, .uk o mej;sh hq;= h'&
hkqfjka Nr;uqks fmkajd § we;af;a Ys,amshl= ;u bkaøshhka ;=< u we;s lr .; hq;= iïnkaO;dj hs'
bkaøsh iudfhdackh k¾;k Ys,amshl= ;=< ;sìh hq;= w;HjYH wx.hls' bkaøsh iudfhdackh jQ
l,s YÍrfhys tla tla bkaøshhka wfkl=;a bkaøshhka iuÕ tla j .<md .ekSfï yelshdj hs' th
jvd;a id¾:l jkafka hym;a udkisl tald.%;djla uekúka mj;ajd .;a úg § h'
mqoa.,hl= mqoa.,hl= iuÕ iïnkaO;dj hq., k¾;khl § w;HjYH idOlhls' th iuQy

k¾;khl § o úh yels h' hq., k¾;kfha fhfok Ys,amSka fofokd w;r mj;sk wfkHdakH
wjfndaOh rx. úkHdifha § ia:dk.; ùu yd id¾:l idOlhla fõ' tfia u WmlrK Ndú; lrñka
k¾;kfhys fh§u yd fnr jdok Ys,amshd iuÕ wka;¾ mqoa., iïnkaO;dj f.dvkÕd .ekSu
k¾;k ld¾hfhys w;HjYH jQjls'
mqoa.,hl= lKavdhula iuÕ k¾;kfha fhfok úg we;s jk iïnkaO;dj o jeo.;a fõ' th

úúO f;aud mokï lrf.k hï isoaêhla k¾;kh udOH fldgf.k bÈßm;a lsÍfï § wksl=;a pß;
iuÕ mj;ajk iïnkaO;dj úfYaI fõ' tfia u lKavdhula iuÕ mqoa.,hl= k¾;kh lsÍfï §
iuQyh yd k¾;k w;r mj;ajd .; hq;= iïnkaO;d yd rgd" rx. úkHdifha § wjfndaO lr .; hq;=
fõ'
Ys,amSka lKavdhï folla jYfhka tlg wjldYfha r`.k úg tu Ys,amS lKavdhï fol w;r
we;s iïnkaO;dj /l .ekSu jeo.;a fõ' úfYaIfhka wjldYfhys ;, yd ÈYd Ndú; lrñka rx. rgd
yd fudaia;r ueùug rx. úkHdilre fuu wfkHdakH iïnkaO;dj y÷kd .; hq;= h' ;j o rx.
úkHdifha § ks¾udmlhl= rgd f.dvkÕkafka Tyqf.a YlH;dj u; h' Tyq ,nd we;s w;a±lSï yd
44
ks¾udKd;aul Ñka;kh Ndú;hg .ekSfuks' túg Tyq ks¾udKh lrk rgd yd fudaia;r rx.
úkHdifha pu;aldrh u;= lr ±laùug o bjy,a fõ'
ta yereKq fldg rx.k Ys,amshd rxf.damlrK Ndú;h iuÕ olajk iïnkaO;dj o rx.
úkHdifha § jeo.;a fõ' rx. WmlrK Ndú;fha úêl%u u; wjldYh ;=< yev;, yd rgd
f.dvkeÕSfuka rx. úkHdih m%dix.sl l< yels h' tfia u rx. WmlrK Ndú;fhka mqoa., fyda
fmdÿ wjldYh m%idrKh jk neúka th úêu;a j yiqrejd .ekSu ms<sn| j wjfndaOh w;HjYH fõ'
tfia u rx.k Ys,amshd iy rx.kh iuÕ rx. jia;%dNrKj, iïnkaO;dj o rx. úkHdifhys
;SrKd;aul idOlhls' rx. jia;d% NrK rx.khg WÑ; yd fhda.H úh hq;= h' yevh" j¾Kh" idïm%odhsl
nj hk ieu me;slvla u ie,ls,a,g .; hq;= h' th fkd.e<fmk úg iuia; rx. úkHdihg u
th ydkslr h' úfYaIfhka rx.jia;%dNrK k¾;khg ydkslr fkdjk iqkaor;ajh f.k tkakla
ùu rx. úkHdifha m%dix.sl nj u;= lr ±laùug fnfyúka bjy,a fõ'
2'2 rx. N+ñh yd kQ;k fõÈldj
zzrx. N+ñhZZ
iÔj f,i k¾;khla" rx. ld¾hhla fm%alaIlhka bÈßfha isÿ lrk ia:dkh rx. N+ñh fõ'
md;% j¾.hd rx.kfha fhfok ia:dkh fyj;a lr<sh rx. N+ñh f,i o ye¢kafõ' Nr;uqksf.a kdgH
Ydia;%fha fojk wOHdfhys ^35-105& kdgH uKavmh" kdgH .Dyh bÈ l< hq;= wdldrh uekúka
úia;r lr we;' kkaÈflaYj
a rhkaf.a wNskh o¾mKfhys fõÈldjg zzrx.hZZ hk ku Ndú; flfrhs'
tys keàu wdrïN lrk úg r`.uvf,ys jdµ jDkaoh iy k¾;k Ys,amSka isáh hq;= wdldrh úia;r
lr we;'
foaYSh rx. N+ñ
foaYSh rx. N+ñ úldYh ms<sn| j úuid ne,Sfï § .eñ kdgl iy Ydka;sl¾u rx. N=ñ ms<sn|
wjOdkh fhduq lsrSu jeo.;a fõ'
foaYSh k¾;k iïm%odhhka yd ne¢ .eñ kdgl r`. ±lajQfha tajdg wdfõKsl jQ rx. N=ñ ;=< h'
fidlß kdglh r`. ±lajQfha luf;ys h' w;S;fha oS ljdldr rx. N+ñh ueo f.ä iys; wU w;a;la
f;dard isgqjhs' uqkska w;g ;nk ,o jxf.ähla u; fmd,a f;,a mykla oe,aùu o j¾;udkfha mjd
Ndú; jk pdß;%hls'
fidlß kdglfha r`. uvf,a mfilska úhk ,o f.dma w;a;lska wdjrKhla ilia lrhs' tfia
ilia lr .kakd wdjrKh we;eï m<d;aj, u,ame, hkqfjka o ;j;a iuyr m<d;aj, § myka me,
hkqfjka o ye¢ka fõ' fidlß kdglh wdrïN lrk úg ueá mykla fyda mefmd,a m¿jla mykla
f,i Ndú; fldg ;sr oud o,ajd myka me, ;=< ;nd k¿fjda iy lKavdhfï .=rejrhd foúhkag
hÈkjd lshd foúhka j¢;s' kdglh wjidkfha § jia weÍu isÿ jkafka o fï myka me, wNshi
isg h'
flda,ï kdglh r`. olajk rx. N+ñh ;dkdhï fmd< f,i ye¢kafõ' fuh ljdldr h' tys
msgqmi mqjla w;=" mqjla fld< iy f.drl w;= wdOdrfhka ;ekQ fjiaw;a; h' rx. ld¾hfha § iNdjg
wj;SrK ùug fjiaw;a; Ndú; lrhs' fjiaw;a; msgqmi ;djld,sl fkam:Hd.drhla ;kd we;'
;dkdhï fmdf<ys" nqÿkag" úIaKq" l;r.u" ±äuqKav foújrekg iy m%foaYSh foújrekg mQcd msKsi
u,a hykla ;kkq ,nhs'
Ydka;sl¾u rx. N+ñh
foaYSh k¾;k iïm%odh ;%s;j

a fhys u Ydka;sl¾u r`. ±lajQfha t<suyka N+ñhl h' Ydka;sl¾uj,
wfmalaIK u; bÈ lrk fuu r`. uv, zzuvqjZZhk kdufhka o ye¢kafõ' fmdÿ N+ñhla fyda
wd;=rhdf.a f.ñÿ, fuu uvqj bÈ lsÍug N+ñh f,i fhdod .kS' Ydka;sl¾ufha wjYH;d wkqj ;kkq
,nk uvqfõ È." m<," Wi ms<sn| kshu we;' tla tla lú .dhkdj, § m%ldY fõ'
Wod (- È.ska uvqj iegßhk hs'''

45
r`. uvf,ys hlafoiaika yeisßh hq;= wdldrh ^mej;sh hq;= ms<sfj<& lú .dhkdj, wk¾;.; h'
Wod (- we;hoafoysks f;dm

lsõfjd;a fur`. jev ,m
is;f;d;a myo f;dm
fkd,jq r`. uvqfõ nq,;a ym
Ydka;sl¾u i|yd ;kkq ,nk uvq ieriSu ta ta hd.hg wod< j isÿ lrhs' fuu ieris,s i|yd
f.dma fld<" ynr, fld<" fmd,a fld<" flfi,a fld<" úúO w;= j¾." brgq" mÜgd" flfi,a nv"
rU m;=re" u,a j¾." fmd,a" mqjla" ;eô,s" rUleka" wU" wkakdis wdÈh fhdod .kS'
fufia uvq ieriSfï § ta ta iïm%odhhkays Ydka;sl¾ufha uqLHd¾:h yd .e<fmk mßÈ ie,iqï
lr ;sfí'
WodyrK (- fldfydUdlxldßfha uvqj idod bka miq miaj¨ t,a,d irikq ,efí'
fndaÈ,s ;eô,s ;,a fmd,a u,a mqjla j¨

ta ta ;ekska rUleka iu`. b¢j¨
lSlS ;ekska lmamd ne|mq foda;¨
lmamd,d fkdyeru ne|mq miaj¨
ikakshl=ï hd.fha § ;kkq ,nk ikaksùÈh hl=kag iqÿiq jdi N+ñhla fia
jkdka;rhl iajrEmfhka ilihs'
Ydka;sl¾u r`. u~f,ys § fm%alaIlhd iy Ys,amska fjka lrkqfha uvqj jgd f.dma /yeka we§u
jeks ir, úê l%uhlsks' Ydka;sl¾uh keröug fma%laIlhd uvqj jgd frdla fj;s' meÿre u; jdä
ù keröu fndfyda úg isÿ fõ' we;eï úg wdik u; isg o krU;s'
rx. N+ñj, úúO;ajh
w;S;fha § t<suyka ìula ljdldr N+ñhla rx. N+ñh f,i fhdodf.k we;' .%Sisfha tmsfvd¾iays
msysá rx. N+ñh f,dj m%:u iaÓr j f.dvkÕk ,o t<suyka ljdldr rx. N+ñh f,i ye¢kafjhs'
fuu rx. N+ñfhys m%Njh .%Sisfhys mej;s mQcdl¾u iu`. ne£ mej;sKs' wdrïNfha § ä;s/ïNfha
.dhkhg fjka jqKq jg rjqï mSGh l%ufhka úldYh úh' l%s' mQ' 5jk ishji jk úg fuu .%Sl
t<suyka r`.uvf,a ody;a odylg jeä iuia; .%Sl ck.ykhla /ia ù kdgH kerUQ nj lshefõ' fuu
r`.yf,a m%Odk ,laIKh jQfha ;shfg%dka ^Theatrone& fyj;a fm%alaIl uKavmh hkqfjka ye¢kajqKq
nEjqfï msysá fm%alaIld.drh hs' fma%laIld.drh bÈßfhka nEjqfï Tfliag%dj kñka ye¢kajqKq
w¾Oljdldr rx. N+ñh msysáfha h'
fmardfoKsh úYajúoHd,hfha zztÈùr irÉpkaø t<suyka rx. mSGhZZ fuu .%l

s rx. N++ñ wdlD;sh
wkqj irÉpkaøhkaf.a u woyila wkqj ks¾udKh jQjls'
zzfrdau rx. N=ñh o trg mej;s wd.ñl W;aij mokï fldgf.k ìysjQjls' tfy;a .%Sl
kdgHj,g jvd uyd mßudK jQ ikao¾Ykd;aul ,laIKj,ska fyì kdgH úfYaIhla jQ frdau kdgH
r`. ±laùu i|yd fhda.H jk mßÈ tlS ;;a;ajhkag wkq.; fjñka ±jeka; jdia;= úoHd;aul
,laIKj,ska hq;= j frdau rx.Yd,d ks¾udKh úh' frdau r`.yf,a úfYaI ,laIKh kï .%Sl r`.yf,a
;snq ;sfhfg%dka fyj;a fm%alaIl uKavmh ^flaßhd& ^Carea& kñka y÷kajk ,o w;r th w¾Oljdldr
uKavmhla njg mßj¾;kh ùu hs' ialSka fyj;a fõÈld .Dyh w;sYh úÑ;% yd úis;=re flaj,
uKavmhla f,i f.dvkÕk ,ÿj th ialekshd f*%dkaia ^Scaenae Frons& kñka y÷kajk ,§' tys Wi
46
flaúhd fyj;a fm%alaIl uKavmfha Wig iudk fõ' fuu r`.y, nEjqula fjkqjg ;eks;,d N+ñhl
bÈ lrk ,§'
.%Sisfha tmsfvd¾ia r`.y,
uOHld,Sk rx. Yd,d w;r fõÈld uKavm ^Plat form stage) yd ikao¾Yk lr;a; ^Cara-
van& iqúfYaI h' fuu fõÈld uKavm fndfyda úg ;eks;,d m%foaYhl bÈ jQ neúka fm%alaIlhkag th
jgd frdla ù keröug yels jk fia fmdf<dj uÜgñka Wi mSÀldjl r|jd ;sìKs' ikao¾Yk lr;a;
jvd úÑ;% j úYd, j ks¾udKh úh' fuu ikao¾Yk lr;a; iïm%odh wµ;kfha o foajia:dkj,
wd.ñl W;aijj, § Ndú;hg .efka' yskaÿ wd.ñl fõ,a W;aijj, § o lf;da,sl wd.fï ùÈ hdfï
§ o fuu ikao¾Yk lr;a; mßyrKh lsÍu ±l .; yels h'
rx.Yd,dfõ yevrej fjkia ùu;a rx. ld¾hh .Dy .; ùu;a" fm%diSkshï fõÈldfõ wdrïNh
isÿ ùu;a mqkreo hq.fha rx.Yd,d ms<sn| j úuid ne,Sfï § iqúfYaI ,laIK f,i i|yka l< yels
h' mqkreo hq.fha kdgHlrefjda iajlSh kdgHj, § miq;, Ndú; l<y' fufia miq;, Ndú; lsÍfï
§ Ñ;% jia;% biau;= ùu i|yd rduqjla wjYH úh' tneúka ^Skene& ialSka kñka ye¢kajqKq o¾Yk
;,hg fmr wdrelal=jla wjYH úh' fï ksid u fm%d ^Pro& fyj;a bosßfha iSkshï ^Cenium& fyj;a
o¾Ykh wd¾É Ârch& fyj;a wdrelal=j hk w¾:h we;s j j¾;udk fm%diSkshï wd¾É kue;s fõÈld
l%uh ìys úh'
t,siî;ka rx.Yd,dfjys w.%M,h ú,shï fYalaIamsh¾ ks¾udKh l< iqm%lg .af,daí ^Globe&
r`.y, hs' t,siî;ka rx. Yd,dj wä 46la Wi úYd, újD; fõÈldjlska iukaú; fjhs'
mqkia:dmk rx.Yd,d uQ,sl jYfhka RcqfldaKdi%dldr ^Rectranguler& úh' fm%diSkshï wdrelal=
fõÈldfõ fuka tam%khla bÈßhg fkrd ;sfí'
47
kQ;k fõÈldj
wµ;kfha b;d ckm%sh yd f,dalfha b;d nyq, j Ndú; jkafka mska;+r rduq fõÈldj hs' fuys
;=ka me;a;lska wdjrKh ù we;' bÈßmi újrfhka fm%alaIlhdg o¾Ykh fõ' fuh ì;a;s y;rlska
hq;= ldurhl bÈßmi ì;a;sh bj;a lr ta bÈßmiska isg fm%alaIlhkag b;d myiq f,i wiqkaf.k
keröug yelsjk wdldrhg f.dvk`.d we;' bÈßmi ljq¿j jeiSug fhdok o¾YkSh ;sr wjYH úgl
újr lsÍug;a wdjrKh lsÍug;a yels ;dlaIK WmlrK Ndú; lrhs' fomi ;sr fhdoñka fõÈld
wjldYh wjYH muK iSud lr we;' fõÈldfõ bÈßmiska fyda msgqmi fomiska k`M-ks<shkag
fõÈldjg wj;SrK ùug myiqlï iys; mä fm< ilia lr ;sfí'
,xldfõ m%:u wx. iïmq¾K fm%diSkshï wdrelal= fõÈldj ìys jqfKa 1911 foieïn¾ 6 jk Èk
urodk gj¾ r`.y, h'
urodk gj¾ r`.y,

kQ;k fõÈldj - iqúfYaI;d
kQ;k fõÈldfõ iqúfYaI;d ms<sn| idlÉPd lsÍfï §
fõÈld N+ñh by<g my<g yeisrùu' flan,a udOHfhka
by< isg my<g k¿ ks<shka f.k tau' wdf,dallrK ^LED
WALL& wdos kùk ;dlaIK Ndú;hka u`.ska fõÈld u;g
úúO wmQ¾j wx. f.k tau wdÈh iqúfYaI h'zzfk¿ï fmdl=K
rx.Yd,djZZ ,xldfõ fujeks kùk ;dlaI Kfhka hq ;=
r`.y,ls' ÈhqKq rgj, fujeks myiqlï iys; úÑ;% rx.Yd,d
fndfyda úg ±l.; yels h' rx.Yd,djl fõÈldj fuka u
fm%alaIld.drh o jeo.;a wx.hls' rx.Yd,d fj; meñfKk
fm%alaIlhkayg iqjmyiqj keröfï wjia:dj mej;sh hq;= h'
fk¿ï fmdl=K r`.yf,ys fm%alaIld.drh o úúO ;,j, iy
úúO me;sj, isg kerôh yels wdldrhg ks¾udKh ù ;sîu
iqúfYaI h' fm%alaIld.drh iy fõÈldj wjldYfhka fjka
lr ;nhs' jdoH jDkaohg fjk u bvla my<ska we;'
rx.df,dalh kQ;k rx. N+ñh fyj;a fõÈldfjys w;HjYH
wx.hls' tfyhska rx.df,dal Ys,amshd Wmßu ;dlaIKsl
{khlska hqla; úh hq;= jkakd fia u ks¾udKd;aul
yelshdfjka o hqla; úh hq;=hs' tod mkaoï t<sfhka w÷r
m,jd yeßh o wµ;kfhys f;audfjys w¾:h ;Sj% lsÍug
rx.df,dalh iu;a h' wdf,dal j¾K NdIdjl ld¾h bgq
lrhs' miq;, ks¾udKh fõI N+IKh iy wx. rpkh
wdf,dalh iu. iqixfhda.Sj ;sìh hq;=u h' rx. rpkh lsrSfï
48
oS Ndú; lrk fõÈldj ms<n
s | wjfndaOfhka hql;
a ùu jeo.;a
fõ'
2'3 ks¾foaYs; .dhkh" k¾;kh yd ine¢ lú mo fldgia m%ia;dr
k¾;kh yd ine¢ .dhkh" jdokh" lú mo fnr mo kshñ; ;d, ,laIK wkqj m%dfhda.sl j
Ndú; lrk wdldrh igyka lr ±laùfï úêl%uh m%ia;drlrKh hs' k¾;k úIhfha § m%ia;drfhka
kdoud,dj ms<sn| j igyka fkdflf¾'
ix.S; úIh yd ne¢ iajr m%ia;dr yd ixfla; u`.sska iajrhkaf.ka ks¾ñ; kdo ud,dj fuka u
;d, rEmh o úia;r flf¾' m%ia;dr igykska ljr od fld;ekl § jqj o ks¾foaYs; wdldrhg u
.dhkh yd jdokh lsÍug yels h' iuQyhla f,i jdokh lsÍfï § tla tla ix.S; Ys,amshd bÈßfha
fuu m%ia;dr igyk m%o¾Ykh lrkq ,nkafka o tu ksid h' t ;=< ud;%d fhfok wdldrh úNd.ia:dk
.%y msysàu yd iajr msysàu wdÈh igyka lr we;'
m%ia;drlrK l%shdj,sfha § wkq.ukh l< hq;= uQ,O¾u fukau k¾;k iïm%odhhkays wkkH;d
m%o¾Ykh lrk .;s ,laIK kS;sÍ;s moaO;sh ;=< jHjydr fõ'
m%ia;drlrKfha § wkq.ukh lrkq ,nk uQ,O¾u yd ixfla; Ndú;h
Y%S ,dxflah k¾;k iïm%odhj, ;d, ;eîu i|yd fhdod.kq ,nkafka ;d,ïmghs' ;d,ïmfgka
ksl=;a lrk kdo folls' zz;s;a yd f;hsZZ hkqfjks' fïjd CIkdka; ySkd;a; hkqfjka o y÷kajkq
,efí' m%ia;drlrKfha oS th ixfla;j;a lrkqfha fï wdldrhg h'
Wod(- - ;s;a ^CIkdka;&
- f;hs ^ySkdka;&
ud;%d 2" 3" 4 ;ks ;sf;a m%fNaoj,g wd>d; ;eîfï § ;d,ï mfgys mshkam;a fol >Ügkh lr
fomig úysod zf;hsZ hkqfhka jdokh flf¾' fuh ySkdka; fõ' th ixfla;j;a lrkq ,nkafka
z Z hk ix{dfjks'
ud;%d2+3" 2+ 2+ 3" 2+ 2+ 2+ 4 ;s;a rEm folla fyda lsysmhla ixfhda. lsÍfuka ksmojk fo;s;
";=ka;s;" isõ;s; ;d, z;s;a f;hsZ " z;s;a ;s;a f;hsZ" z;s;a ;s;a ;s;a f;hsZ f,i olajkq ,efí' fuys §
;d,ïmg mshka fol jiñka tlg >Ügkh lrk wdldrh ;s;a hkqfjka jdokh flf¾' fuh
CIKdka; fõ' th ixfla;j;a lrkq ,nkafka z Z hk ix{dfjks' fo;s;" ;=ka;s;" isõ;s;
m%ia;drlrKfha oS ixfla;j;a lrkqfha fï kñks'
Wod(- - ;s;a f;hs
- ;s;a ;s;a f;hs
- ;s;a ;s;a ;s;a f;hs
.dhkfha § ud;%d wefok úg h;sh wefok ud;%d ixLHdj i,l=Kq lrkafka zz _ ZZ hk ix{d
i,l=fKks' ix.S;fha § zz S ZZ ixfla;h fhdod .;a; o k¾;kfha § th zz _ ZZ f,i iïu; ù we;'
lsishï .dhkhla" jdokhla ;d,h ;eîu;a iu`. wdrïN fkdjkafka kï ta i|yd zz +ZZ ix{d
i,l=K o fhdokq ,efí' ksYaYío h;shl §;a zz+ZZ ix{d i,l=K fhfoa' fulS i,l=K fhdok
ud;%dj, § ksYaYío nj y`.jhs'
tla ud;%djl § wlaIr lSmhla leájk úg wod< u;a leá wlaIrj,g háka zz ZZ hk
ix{d i,l=K fhdokq ,efí' ;ks ;s;lg wh;a ;d, rEmhla m%ia;dr lrk úgl § wdj¾;h iïmQ¾K
lr úNd.ia:dk y;rla ;sfnk fia m%ia;dr lsÍu jHjydrfha mj;sk Í;shls'
Wod(-
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
49
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
we;eï fnr mo m%ia;dr lsÍfï § fnr moh iïmQ¾K jk f,i u úNd. fhoSu idudkH
Í;sh hs' m%i;
a drlrKfha oS fuu kS;s yd rS;s jHjydrfha mj;sk nj y÷kd .ksñka l%h
s dldrlï ys fhoSu wjYH fõ'
Wod (
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
fodï- ; l= fodï - ðx - ; l ; ß ls g
l=x - È;a - ;;a - fodï - ; l ; ß ls g
1 2 1 2 1 2 3 1 2 1 2 1 2 3
f;ysx;l=f;ysx ;l= f;ysx ðx - .;a - ;;a - ðx ;ß lsg
È;a - ;ï - È ; l= fodï - fodï - ;d
50
Wl=id jkaku ud;%d 4 - ûy ;ks ;s;& ;d,h
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
fnr moh ; l=x ðx .;a ;ß lsg l=x ;l ; l=x ðx .;a ;ß lsg l=x ;l
;dku ;d - kd - - - - - - - - - - - - -
}$$
;d - fk - k - ; - kï - - - - - - -
;d - k;a - ; fk k;a - ;ï - o k ;d - k;a - $$
;d - kd - - - - - - - - - - - - -
;d - fk - k - ; - kï - - - - - - -
lúh fuda - rd - - - - - - - - - - - - -
}$$
î - - - c - fh - kd - - - - - - -
l , m ;a fo l v ;a l r is ;a ;= gq fj ;a $$
foka - kd - - - - - - - - - - - - -
w - o - r - f;d - id - - - - - - -
lia;sru ; fodx - fod ñ ; fodx - ;l fodx - fod ñ ; fodx -

; fodx - fod ñ ; fodx - ;d - ; l ð ð l= |
;l gl= |g ;l gl= og l=| l=| ;l gl= |g ;l gl= |g l=| l=|
;l gl= og ;l gl= og l=x o;a rex ;l ðx ;l ;ß lsg l=x o;a
rex ;l ðx ;l ;ß lsg l=x o;a rex ;l ðx ;l ;ß lsg l=x o;a
;d .a. ð;a ;l ;ß lsg l=x o;a ;d .a. ðx ;l ;ß lsg l=x o;a
rex ;l ðx ðx ;l= ;l ðx ðx rex ;l ðx ;l ;ß lsg l=ka o;a
;d .a. ðx ;l ;ß lsg l=x o;a rex ;l ðx ;l ;ß lsg l=x o;a
;d
iSreudrej ; l= ; l ð ð l= | . ð ; . ð ; l= |
. ð . ; l= | l= | ;d - - - l= | l= |
;d - - - l= | l= | ;d - l= ð;a - ; . ;
fod ñ ls g ;ß lsg l=ka o;a ;d
wvõj ;;a lv ;ß lsg ð ð l= | f; ysx - f; ysx ; l= |

f; ysx ;;a lv ðla lv lv ;l .Ê - ð;a - - - lv ;l
; l ð;a - - - lv ;l ; l=x - ; l=x - ð;a -
; l=x - ; l=x - ð;a - ð . ; l= ; l f; ysx
;d - ;;a lv ðla lv lv ;l ð . ; l= ; l f; ysx
51
;d
iqrm;s jkaku- ud;%d 3 + 4 ûeÿï uy fo;s;& ;d,h
$ $
1 2 3 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 1 2 3 4
fnr moh fodax - - ðx - ðx - ; l g fodx - ; l
;dku ; kd - k ;a ; ï o k ; k ï o k
$$
+ ;d fk k ;a ; ï od - k ;d - fk k
+ + + o - k - ;d - ï o - - -
- - - kd - - - kd - - - - - -
lúh Y%s hd - u ;a m ;s W u `. kd - fo õ
$$
+ ke;s j ú ,s fYda - l fh ka b iq ß ÷
+ + + oafõ - - - Y - - fõ - - -
- - - ,d - - - . - - ;s - - -
lia;sru re | . ð;a - ; l ; l g l=x - o;a -
;.a - . ð;a - ; l ; l g l=x - o;a -
re | . ðx - ðx - re | . ðx - ðx -
re | . ð;a - ; l ; l g l=| - l=| -
;.a - . ð;a - ; l ; l g l=x - o;a -
re | . ð;a - ; l ; l g l=x - o;a -
fodax - - ;d
iSreudrej ; l= | ; l= ; l ; l g l=x - o;a -
;.a - . ð;a - ; l ; l g l=x - o;a -
; l= | ; l= ; l ; l g l=x - o;a -
fodax - - ;d
wvõj ;;a - ; ; ß ; ß ; ; ß ; ß ; ß
re | . ð ñ ð ñ ;s ;s;a - f;hs - - -
;s ;s;a - f;hs - - - ;s ;s;a - f;hs - - -
; ;;a - ð;a - ð;a - f;d f;dx - kx - kx -
re | . ð ñ ð ñ ;s ;s;a - f;hs - - -
52
.c.d jka k u - ud;%d 4 ûy ;ks;s;& ;d,h
$ $ $ $
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
fnr moh ; l=x ðx - ðx - ; l ðx - ; l ðx - l= |
;dku + + + + + + ;d - kd - - - ;d - - ï
od - - - k - - - ;d - - ï o - - -
- - - - + + ;ï fo kd - - - ;d - - ï
od - - - k - - - ;d - - ï o - - -
- - - - + + kd - kd - - - ;d - - ï
od - - - k - - - ;d - - - - - - ï
- - - - + + o k ;d - - - - - - -
kd - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
lúh + + + + + + fo õ mq - - - r - - -
we - - - f; - - - lS - - - - - - -
- - - - + + l= Uq o - - - y - - -
i - - - h - - - lS - - - - - - -
- - - - + + È . o - - - < - - -
w - - - g - - - lS - - - - - - -
- - - - + + i ;a .e - - - n - - -
lS - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
lia;sru ;la l=x ðx l=x ðx .; l=l= ;l ðx ðx . ; l=| l=| lv ;l
.Ê ðx lv ;l ðx .; l=l= ;l ðx .; l=l= ;l ðx .; l=| l=|
.Ê ðx lv ;l ðx .; l=l= ;l ðx .; l=l= ;l ðx .; l=| l=|
.Ê ðx lv ;l ðx .; l=l= ;l ðx .; l=l= ;l ðx ;l ðð l=|
.Êðxlv;lðl= ;l ðð .; l=l= |;a fodfydlv;ylv ðl= ;l ;ß lsg l=x o;a
;d
iSreudrej ; l= ; l ð ð l= | . ð ; . ð ; l= |
. ð . ; l= | l= | ;d - ;ß lsg l= | l= |
;d - ;ß lsg l= | l= | ;d - l= ð;a - ; . ;
ð l= ; l ;ß lsg l=x o;a ;d
wvõj l%Sia - - ; ls á ; l ;;a - ;s ls ßla - ls g

ls á ;;a - ls á ; l= od - - - - - - -
; ð ð l frdx - ox - ð ð ð l frdx - ox -
;;a lv ðla lv f;dx lv ;ß lsg ð;a - - ð fc ys ð;a -
;;a ð;a ;l ð;a ;;a ð;a f;dx kx ;d
53
fldKavkdÉÑ ;d,h iskaÿ jkaku - ud;%d 4 ûy ;ks;s;& ;d,h
$ $ $ $
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
fnr moh .;a - - - ;ï - - - fodï - - - . - ; -
.= - .= - | - .= - |ï - - - È ; . ;
;dku f; - ks - k - f; - ks - k - - - - -
f; - k - f; ï - - f; - k - - - - -
f; - ks - k - f; - ks - k - - - - -
f; - k - f; - ks - - - kd - - - - -
lúh fm - ñ - K - l= - ¨ - Kq - - - - -
ñ - ;= - re - .= - fK - k - - - - -
we - ¢ - k - uq - ks - ÷ - - - - -
i - fo - fi - rE - - - m - - - - -
brÜáh .;a - ;ï - È ; . ; fodï - fodï - ;;a - ;;a -
.=ys ;s. Èß lsg .;a - ;;a - .=ys È. Èß lsg .= | .= |
.;a - ; È;a - ; . ; .=x - È;a - ls g .=x -
od
fuu iskaÿ jkaku my; i|yka whqßka o .dhkh l< yels h'
54
fldKavkdÉÑ ;d,h iskaÿ jkaku - ud;%d 4 ^ uy ;ks;s;& ;d,h
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
fnr moh .;a - - - ;ï - - - fodï - - - . - ; -
.= - .= - | - .= - |ï - - - È ; . ;
;dku + + f; ks k - - - f; - k - f; - k -
+ + f; ks k - - - f; - k - f; - k -
+ + f; ks k - - - f; - k - f; - k -
+ + f; k f; - - - kd - - - - - - -
lúh + + fm ñ k - - - l= - ¨ - Kq - - -
+ + ñ ;= re - - - .= - fK - k - - -
+ + we Ès k - - - uq - ks - ÷ - - -
+ + i | fi - - - rE - - - m - - -
brÜáh fodï - ;ï - È ; . ; fodï - fodï - ;;a - ;;a -

.=ys ;s. Èß lsg .;a - ;;a - .=ys ;s. Èß lsg .= | .= |
.;a - ; È;a - ; . ; .;a - È ; . ; È;a -
;d
55
.%y oKav ;d,h - iskaÿ jkaku 3 + 4 ûeÿï uy fo;s;& ;d,h
$ $
1 2 3 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 1 2 3 4
fnr moh fodï - . È;a - ;;a - . È ; . ; .= |
;dku f;ï - f; kï - f; k f; k f; kd - f; k
f;ï - f; kï - f; k f; k f; kd - f; k
f;ï - f; kï - f; k f; k f; kï - f; fk
kd - - - - - - - - - - - - -
lúh fka - l f,da - ls l i ms ß ie m ; u

ke u È i ; y g fo ú ÷ W ú ÷ f.
fkd u | ;= ;s f.d i je c ô r Õ fj fi
fia - - - - - - - - - - - - -
brÜáh fodï - . È;a - ;;a - . È ; .=ys ;s. Èß lsg

fo . ; .= | . ; . ; l= fodï - .;s .;
fodï - ; fodï - . ; . È ; .=ys ;s. Èß lsg
;d - - fodï - . ; . È ; .= |s .= |
;d
56
fin¿ fjÉÑ ;d,h - iskaÿ jkaku ud;%d 4 ûy ;ks;s;& ;d,h
fuu iskaÿ jkaku my; oelafjk wdldr folgu .dhkh l< yels h'
$ $ $ $
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
fnr moh fodï - ;;a - È ; . ; . È ; l= fodï - . ;
;dku f; k - - - - f; - kï - - - f; - k -
+ + f; k - - f; - kï - - - f; - k -
+ + f; k - - f; - kï - - - f; - k -
+ + f; k - - f; - kd - - - f; - k -
lúh . f`.a - - - - f.d - iska - - - È - h -
+ + fl <s k - , - ÷ka - - - i - ¿ -
+ + / f. k - f.d - iska - - - m - , -
+ + ;= r l - ke - `.S - - - b - | -
brÜáh ;dï- - - È;A - ;ï - .;a - ;ï - È ; . ;
fodx- fodx - ;;a - ;;a - .=ys ;s. Èß lsg ;;a - ;;a -
.=ys;.
s Èß lsg .= | .= | .;a - ; È ;a; - . ;
.;a - ;ï - fodx - fodx - ;d
^.;a- È ; . ; È;a - ;d&
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
fnr moh ;dï- - È ;dï - fodx - fodx - ;dï - È ; . ;
;dku f; k f;ï - f; k f; fk kd - - f; kï - f; k
f; k f;ï - f; k f; fk kd - - - - - - -
lúh . f`.a - f.d iska - È h fl <s k , ÿka - i ¿
/ f. k f.d iska - m , ;= r l ke .S - b |
57
wdkkao jkaku ud;%d 4 ûy ;ks;s;& ;d,h
$ $ $ $
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
fnr moh + ðx - - ðx - ;;a - ðx ;l ;ß lsg ðx ;l ;ß lsg
+ ðx - - ð ñ ; l= |d - - - ; ß ls g
;dku + + ;ï - od - k;a - ;d - fk k ;d - fk k
;d - - k ; - ï fo kd - - - - - - -
+ + ;ï fo kd - k;a - ;d - fk k ;d - fk k
;d - k - ;ï - fo - kd - - - - - - -
lúh + + .ï - NS - r;a - ;d - f, g jd - , .
k - g - j - ñ - kd - - - - - - -
+ + Wka - hd - k;a - fida - n k od - r K
is - ;= - u - ;s - kd - - - - - - -
l,diu + + ðx - ðx - ;;a - ðx ;l ;ß lsg ðx ;l ;ß lsg $$$
ðx - ;;a - ð ñ ; l= |d
wvõj ;;a lv ;ß lsg ; l= |x - ; l= ð l= ; l= |x -
;la lv ;ß lsg ; l= |x - lv ðx nv l=x |x - - -
ðla lv ;ß lsg ; l= |x - ; l= ð l= ; l= |x -
ðla lv ;ß lsg ; l= |x - lv ðx nv l=x |x - - -
;la lv ;ß lsg ; l= |x - ; l= ð l= ; l= |x -
ðlaa lv ;ß lsg ; l= |x - ; l= ð l= ; l= |x -
;la lv ;ß lsg ; l= |x - ðlaa lv ;ß lsg ; l= |x -

;la lv ;ß lsg ðla lv ;ß lsg f;dx lv ;ß lsg fodx - ; .
;s ; . ; . ;s . ; Èß lsg ;ß lsg ;d - - ð
ñ;a - ;;a - . ;s . ; Èß lsg ;ß lsg ;d
58
fï> jkaku - ud;%d 3+4 ûeÿï uy fo;s;& ;d,h
$ $
1 2 3 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 1 2 3 4
ojq,a moh l= o;a - ;la - ls g ; l g ð ñ ; l=
;dku + + + ; k ; k ;ï - - o - k -
;d - - - - - - k - - - - - -
+ + + ; fk k ; kï - - o - k -
;d - - - - - - k - - - - - -
+ + + kd - ; k ;ï - - o - k -
;d - - - - - - k - - - - - -
+ + + ; - k - ; - - fk - - -
kd - - - - - - - - - - - - -
lúh + + + k o fo k l fgd - r - f, -
iska - - - - - - o - - - - - -
+ + + jd - ; iq ,ka - - f.d - i -
fhka - - - - - - o - - - - - -
+ + + .= .= r k fy K - y - ~ -
fhka - - - - - - o - - - - - -
+ + + k - o - fo - - ñ - - -
kd - - - - - - - - - - - - -
l,diu l= ¢ ; . ; . ; . ;s ; l= | l= | $$$
l= ¢ ; ;la - l= | . ;s ; l= | fodï -
wvõj ðx - ; . ; . ; . ;s ; . ; . ;
. ðx - .;a - ;;a - . ;;a - fcx - fcx -
. ;;a - l=x - ox - . ;;a - l=x - ox -
. ;;a - l=x - ox - . ;;a - l= | l= |
fodx - ; l=ka o;a ;ß lsg . ;;a - l= | . ;
;d - - .;a - ;;a - . ;;a - l= | . ;
;d
fuu wvõfjys w,xldr mo fhdodf.k we;s nj i,lkak'
59
wgl=re .dyl jkaku - ud;%d 4 ûy ;ks;s;& ;d,h
$ $ $ $
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
fnr moh ðx - ðx - ;;a - lr ;l ;;a - ls g ð ñ ; l=
;dku + + ; k ; ï o - kd - - - ; ï o -
- - kd - ; ï o - kd - - - - - - -
- - wd - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - wd - - - - - - - - - - - - -
+ + f; hs ; ï o - kd - - - ; ï o -
- - kd - ; ï o - kd - - - - - - -
- - wd - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - wd - - - - - - - - - - - - -
lúh + + ;s fh ka - v - f,d - j - ie - u -
- - ;e k u - ;= - m - j - ;s - k -
- - f, i g - - - u - - - - - - -
- - wd - - - - - - - - - - - - -
+ + o ls ka - v - ls - ú - k - ¿ -
- - j ka y - g - j - v - ñ - ka -
- - l r fm - - - u - - - - - - -
- - wd - - - - - - - - - - - - -
l,diu l= l= | . ;s ; . ; . ;s . ; l= | . ;
l= l= | . ;s ; l= | . ;s ; l= È ;a ;;a -
wvõj Èß lsg ;ß lsg . ;s . ; l= l= | . ;s ; . ;
Èß lsg ;;a - Èß lsg ;ß lsg fodx - ; . ;s ; . ;
. ;s . ; Èß lsg ;ß lsg ;d - ð - ñ;a - ;;a -
. ;s . ; Èß lsg ;ß lsg ;d
60
fldfydUdyE,af,a lú - ud;%d 3 ûeÿï ;ks ;s ;& ;d,h
$ $ $ $
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
fnr moh ðx - . ; f.d f.d ðx - . ; f.d f.d
lúh + fldi fnda - os h + kd mQ - - -

- - - - - - + jhs jhs - f.d v
+ md je | ,d - + ysg mQ - - -
- - - - - - + mek mQ - - -
- - - - - - + isg u , r c
+ oel mQ - - - - - - - - -
+ wla l b ;s - ka kd v ka fka -
+ tla j f.d is - ka wm t ka fka -
- - - - - - + ÿla j is ; la
+ fkdis ; ka fka - + ±la u la ke ;
+ fldi Uq ka fka - - - - - - -
b y ; l ú oa
ú; a d 2+4 îq¿ uy fo;s;& ;d, rEmhg o .dhkh l< yels h'
j h u d; %
61
rghl=fï kdkquqrh lú - ud;%d 3 ûeÿï ;ks ;s;& ;d,h
$ $ $ $
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
fnr moh ßx .; .;a ±ysï .; .; .;s .; .;a ±ysï .; .;

.=| .=| .; .; .=| .; .;aÈßlsg .; l= fodï - -
lúh + rka ú, ßoa - È + ú, fl <s kd -
+ ìi jq ka g - - - - - - -
+ ue Ksla ú f,a - + Èh kd - ,d -
+ f.dv fj ka g - - - - - - -
+ wh fjk mq o m + `vqre fy ma mq j
+ mqr j ka g - - - - - - -
+ rka rej fia - u - ìi j re h y
+ kg t ka g - - - - - - -
fnr moh .=x - o fo . ; . ;s . ; .= |
lúh W äka - W äka - W vq .= j kska -
f. kd - jd - - - - - - - -
ì ñka - ì ñka - ìï - ;e ka fkka -
f. kd - jd - - - - - - - -
l md - fld gd - ,s h jd - ,d -
f. kd - jd - - - - - - - -
ßoa È - ì iõ - ys i mS - r K
m kd - jd - - - - - - - -
62
lsß uvqj Ydka;sl¾ufha lsß b;srùfï lú - ud;%d 2 îq¿ ;ks ;s;& ;d,h
$ $ $ $
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
ojq,a moh ðx . ;d l=| ðx . ;d l=|
lúh + fnda fld g u vq j la
- ìu fma - l r ;S -
+ foú h ka he o ,d -
- wj i r w r . ;s
+ j rï , nd - w j
- ir b,a - ,d - . ;s
+ lsß W ;= r ka k g
- ud k n ,d - h ;s
63
3 mßÉfþoh
3'0 idïm%odhsl jdoH NdKavj, iajrEmh y÷kd .ksñka bÈßm;a lrk jdok l=i,;d
3'1 jkakï .dhkh iu`. fnr jdokh ^Wvrg" my;rg" inr.uq&
fnr irU jdokh uÕska ,nd.;a ksmqK;dj Wmfhda.S fldg .ksñka k¾;kfhys m%dfhda.sl
fldgia i|yd fnr jdokh lsÍfï yelshdj ,nd.; hq;= h' ta wkqj .dhkh iu`. jdokh lsÍfï
olaI;d we;s lsÍu fuys wruqK fõ' .dhkh l%shdldrlfï § W.;a jkakï lú" ;d, ;nd .dhkh
lsÍfuka miq wod< uQ,sl fnr mo jdokh lsÍfï wNHdih l< hq;= w;r wk;=re j uQ,sl fnr mo
jdokh;a iu`. .dhkh wNHdi lsÍu isÿ l< yels h'
jkakï .dhkh iu. fnr jdokfha § y~ md,kh ms<sn| úfYaIfhka wjOdkh fhduq l<
hq;= h' .dhkh fyd¢ka Y%jKh jk wdldrfhka fnr y~ md,kh lr .ksñka jdokh l< hq;= h'
úfYaIfhka .dhkh iu`. jdokfha § ;d,h yd ,h ksis mßÈ mj;ajd .ekSu;a wjkoaO wlaIr
meyeÈ,s f,i jdokh lsÍu;a jeo.;a h'
tfia u .dhkh wjidkfha oS wod< lia;srï$brÜá$l,diï jdokfha § y~ ;Sj% jk mßÈ

jdokh l< hq;= h' fuu l%shdldrlu wjidkfha § isiqjl=g ;ks j .dhkh lrñka jdokh lsÍfï
YlH;dj j¾Okh lr.; hq;= neúka wod< Ys,am l%u Ndú; lrñka jdokh lsrSu w;HjYH fõ'
3'2 u`.=,a fnr$mQcd ux., ojq,a jdokh
Wvrg my;rg iy inr.uq hk iïm%odh ;=kg u fmdÿ jQ jdok úfYaIhla f,i u`.=,a fnr
jdokh ye¢kaúh yels h' u`.=,a fnr hkq mQcd¾:fhka lrkq ,nk jdok úfYaIhls' ta wkqj iEu
iïm%odhhl u jdokh lrk jdok NdKavh iy thska W;amdokh lrkq ,nk wjkoaOdlaIr fjkia
jqj o jdokfhka wfmalaId lrkqfha fmdÿ wruqKls'
u`.=,a fnr jdokh iEu iqn lghq;a;la wdrïNfha § lrkq ,nkafka wdYS¾jdoh wfmalaIdfjks'
iïm%odh ;%s;j
a fhys u`.=,a fnr jdok wka;¾.;fhys zzjÜgïZZ hk mdßNdIsl moh we;=<;a h' Wvrg"
my;rg yd inr.uq ux., ojq,a jdok jÜgïj, .=rel=, yd m%foaYsl wkkH;d ,CIK oelsh yels h'
u`.=,a fnr jdokh lsÍfï § my; i|yka lreKq flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu jeo.;a fõ'
• idïm%odhsl .;s ,laIK wdrlaId jk mßÈ jdokh lsÍu
• wod< Ys,am O¾u wkq.ukh lsÍu
• wlaIr ksjerÈ f,i W;amdokh lsÍu
• y~ md,kfhka hq;= j jdokh yeisrùu
• oô - fodôh$,l nqre, ms<sn| wjfndaOfhka hq;= j jdokh lsÍu
fufia jdokfha § iïm%odhhg wh;a jdok fldgi f;dard f.k tys wdlD;shg wkqj ms<sfj<ska
jdokh lsÍu idïm%odhsl ,laIKh hs'
Wod ( Wvrg u`.=,a fnr jdokh - foaj moh
wdYS¾jdo moh
.=re moh
jÜgï msÍu
m<uq jk jÜgu wdÈ jYfhks
fnr jdokfha § wkq.ukh l< hq;= Ys,am l%u jk oô fodôh kñka y÷kajk ;;a" ð;a" f;dx"
kx hk i;r îcdlaIr kshñ; Yíoh WmÈk wdldrfhka jdokh lsÍu;a" zz,l nqre,ZZ iys; j tkï
64
jdokfha fhfoñka u iq¿ myrlska .egfnrfha jï fnr wei nqre,a jk fia jdokfha fh§u;a
wkq.ukh l< hq;= j we;'
;j o úfYaIfhka u u`.=,a fnr jdokfha § ksYaÑ; f,i wlaIr W;amdokh jeo.;a jkafka th
Yíoh uq,a fldg .ksñka lrkq ,nk mQcdjla jk neúks' ta i|yd fnr irU yd wfkl=;a mo jdokh
u`.ska yia; idOkh we;s lr f.k ;sîu w;HjYH fõ'
Wvrg k¾;k iïm%o dhh - uÕ= ,a fnr jdokh

foaj moh ( ;xðx $$$ ;l ðx .; l=| .ðx
;ßlsg l=| .; .;
l=l=| l=| .ðx
;l ðx .; l=x ðx
.; l=x; l=x;;a ðx
wdYS¾jdo moh ( ;ßlsg l=xox l=xox ðx ðx .;a;;a
l=xoka l=xoka .Êðx
;ßlsg l=xoka l=xoka .Êðx$$
;ßlsg l=xoka l=xoka .ðð.; - l=x; l=x;;a ðx

.=re moh ( ;l=|;a ðx ðx ;l= ;l ðx ðx $$$
;l=;l ðx ðx $$$ - ðl=;l $$$
l=ðx l=ðx fodx fodx ;d
^.ðx .ðx&
jÜgï msÍfï moh ( ;la larEka ^lv ;lg l=|g ;lg l=|g ;lg l=|g $$$&
lDDrEka $$$
rel=| l=| .ðx.; l=ð.;
l=x; .ðx ðx ðx ;;a rex;l
ðl=;l ðx.; l=o.;a
ðx ðx l=x ðx l=xðx
l=l=o l=o .ðx .; l=ð.;
l=x; .ðx ðx ;;a
rex;l ðl=ol ðx
m<uq jÜgu ( ;l ðx $$ ;l ðx.; l=x;l ðl=x $$$
rel=;l ð -l= -; - l ðx
;l ðx $$ ;l ðx.; l=x;l ðl=x
rel=;l ðx.; l=x;l ðl=x $$ rel=;l ð - l= - ; - l ðx
;l ðx $$ ;vlv ;l=|v lv;l ðl=x rel=;l ðl=; -l ðx
;l ðx $$ lv lv ;l=|v lv;l ðx $$ lvlv
;l=|v lv;l ðl=x rel=;l ð - l= - ; - l ðx
65
my;rg k¾;k iïm%odhh - u`.=,a fnr jdokh
m<uq jÜgu ±ysx $$$ ¾ ''' fr.È; .;

.=.=¢; .; .=.=|;a .; .=|;a ±ysx
¾ ----ßï Èï ±ysx $$$
Èx Èx .È.; .=|;a ±ysï $$
Èx Èx .È.; .=|;a $$ .È.; .=|;a $$
.; .=|;a $$ ±ysx $$$ ¾ ''' ßï Èï .È.; .;;a
Èx Èx .È.; .;;a
fodx fodx ;;a .;a;;a fo.;;a $$

fodx fodx ;;a $$ fodx ;;a $$
fodx; .=|x; .;x; .=| .È; .;
.=.=¢; .; .=.=|;a .; .=|;a ±ysï
¾ ''' ßï Èï ±ysï Èx ±ysï ;.=ï
inr.uq k¾;k iïm%o dhh - mQcd ux., ojq ,a jdokh
;;a fodï;d - .;;a fodï ;d $$$

ðx;;a .;s.; - ðx; .;s; .;
ðx ;;a .;s.; - ðx; .;d
.;s ;;a .;s.; - .;s; l=|s; .;
.;s;;a .;s.; - .;s; .;d
ðx;;a .;s.; - ðx; .;s; .;

.;s;;a .;s.; - .;s; l=¢; .;
ðx;;a .;s.; - .;s;;a .;.;
;;a ;l frdx ;l frdx ;l frdx ;l frdx ;l frdx
ðla ðl frdx ;l frdx ;l frdx ;l frdx ;l frdx
;;a ;l frdx - ðÊ ðl frdx
.ðka; .;s; .;;a ðx ðx .;;a
.;a .;;a .;;a ðx. - ;;a
66
4 mßÉfþoh
4'0 úúO w;a±lSï weiqre lr.ksñka f.dma fld< yd rU m;=re wdY%s; ks¾udK
f.dvke`.Su
4'1 f.dma fld< yd rU m;=re wdY%s; ieris,s ks¾udKh
4'1'1 f.dma f.äh

f.dma f.ähla ks¾udKh lsÍfï § leghï Ys,amshdf.a olaI;dj yd wjYH;d j wkqj úúO
yevj,ska hqla; jQ f.dma f.ä ks¾udKh lrhs' fndfyda úg fmdf<dj u; f.dma f.ähla ks¾udKh
lsÍfï § ;Ügq lsysmhlska hqla; j fuka u f;drKj, ysia uqÿkg ;ks ;Ügqjla iys; j o tajd
ks¾udKh flf¾'
fï i|yd flfi,a nv iy f.dma fld< uQ,sl jYfhka wjYH fõ' fmdf<dj u; ilia lrk
f.dma f.ähla i|yd wä 2la muK ^wjYH;dj wkqj& flfi,anvhla ilia lr .; hq;= fõ' bka
miq j m%Odk ld¾h jkqfha f.dma fld< leghï lmd .ekSu hs' fuys§ f.dma fld<fha weo yer yev
lmd .; hq;= fõ' f.dma fld<fha uq, iy w. w`.,a 1½ la 2la muK brgqj b;sß lr .; hq;= fõ'
f.dma fld< leghula wdo¾Y fld<hla fia f.k tys uQ,sl ia:dk f.dma fld< ñáfha u;=msg f.dma
fld<fha u msys ;=vlska fyda brgqjlska fyda ,l=Kq fldg leghï lr.kS' bka miq ish¨ f.dma
leghï iudk wdldrfhka lmd .kS' by<ska mshqul yevhg;a my<ska ;Ügq lsmhlg;a wfmalaIs;
yevhg wkqj wjYH f.dma fld< ish,a, m<uq j leghï lr .; hq;= fõ'
f.dma f.äh .eiSfï § ta ta ;Ügqjg wjYH f.dma fld<j, È. m%udK wkqj fjka fjka jYfhka
lmd .efka'
Wod ( hg ;Ügqj fld< È.ska jeä h
fojk f;jk Bg jvd È.ska wvq h
mshqu jvd;a l=vd fõ
leghï lmd wjidkfha flfi,a nvh jgd ;Ügq follg fyda lsysmhlg fyda f.dma fld<
lmd .; hq;= fõ' wjidkfha § flfi,anvh by< jgrjqfï mshqula fuka fmfkk fia lmd .;a
f.dma fld< .ikq ,efí' cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfha ksIamdÈ; Y%jH oDYH ixhqla; ;eá bf.kqï
wdOdrl f,i Ndú; l< yels nj i,lkak'
67
4'1'2 myka me, û,a me,&
myka me,$u,a me, w;S;fha isg fï olajd idudkH ck ðú;fha § úúO wjYH;d i|yd ilia lr
.kakd idudkH ieris,a,ls' myka me,la ks¾udKh lsÍu i|yd uQ,sl jYfhka wjYH jkqfha wä
wgla muK Wi bks ;=kla f.dma w;= lene,a,la iy f.dma fld< lSmhls'
f.dma w;a; iudka;r j folg m<d wjYH È.ska lmd .; hq;= h' bka miq ms;a; iys; fldgi iu
uÜgulska ilid fiú,s lsßug .kakd fmd,a w;= úùfï rgdfjka f.;a;ï lr .; hq;=fõ'
wk;=re j f.dma fld<fha brgq me;a; msgg isák whqßka f.dma ms;a; fldgi jD;a;dldr j kjd
fofl<jr tlsfkl u; isák fia Yla;su;a j ne| f.dma w;= w. fl<jr tlg w,a,d n¢kq ,efí'
fuh we;efula f.dma l=ßh kñka o y÷kaj;s' myka me, ilia lrk ;ek bÈßmig bks folla yd
msgqmig bkakla jk fia ilid .kakd bks ;=k u; l+vqj ;nd ne|.; hq;= fõ' miq j foaj
f;davqj,ska w,xldr lr .; yels h' l+vqj we;=<; flfi,a w;= lene,a,la t,d ta u; u,a myka
o,ajkq ,efí'
4'2 bf.k .kakd k¾;k iïm%odhhg wh;a ieris,a,la ks¾udKh
hyk
hyk hla f;dú,aj, oS yd uvq f;da;%j,§ ksrka;rfhka bÈ flfrk w;HjYH ieris,a,ls' fuu
ieris,a, ;=kqrejka yd foúhka úIhfhys w;HjYH mQcd øjH ;eîu i|yd;a hd.hg wdrdOkd
flfrk foújreka hd.h wjidkh f;la r|jd .ekSu msKsi;a Ndú; lrk nj we;euqkaf.a woyi
hs' ta wkqj u,a hyk b;d jeo.;a mQcdikhla f,i Ydka;sl¾uj, § Ndú; fõ'
;ku;a;la Wiska ilia lrk u,a hyk úúO m%udKfhka hqla; j ieliSu isß;ls' fldfydUd hla
lxldßfha § yd wfkl=;a uvq f;da;%j, oS fuu hyk iqúfYaI f,i ilia lrkq we;' uvq
f;da;%j, § m%Odk f;drKg iudka;r j fomi yd bÈßmi úfYaI foaj u,a hyka myla bÈ flfrk
kuqÿ hla f;dú,aj, § tla u,a hykla muKla ;ekSu úfYaIhls'
±j o~q Wmfhda.s lrf.k RcqfldaKdi%dldr j ne|.;a hyka ;Ügqj wfmalaIs; ia:dkfhys ;nd tys
we;=<; isria w;g fldagq yhla isgqjd ;ku;a;la Wiska hyka ;Ügqj Tijd ne| Bg by<ska msgqmig
my;a jk f,i jy,hl m,hla fuka fldagq Wmfhda.S fldg úhkla ±óug iqÿiq mßÈ ne|.kq ,efí'
hyka iels,af,a bÈßmi f;drK rU m;=re wdY%hfhka w,xldr flf¾' hyka ;Ügqj u; ;nk mQcd
øjH o¾Ykh flfrk whqßka bÈßmiska l=vd fodrgq ieliSfï isß;la o mj;S' fuh úydr - foajd,hj,g
we;=¿ ùfï § olakg ,efnk m%Odk fodrgqjl yevh .kS'
68
69
4'3 f;audjla weiqfrka flá uqød kdgHhla ks¾udKh
flá uqød kdgH ks¾udKfha § wkq.ukh l< hq;= ms<sfj<
uqød kdgHh y÷kd .ekSu

uqød kdgH hk kduh foaYSh l,d fCIa;%hg tla jkafka j¾I 1942ka miq j h' tfia Ndú;hg
wd uqød kdgH hk moh ieliS we;af;a uqød yd kdgH hk fomoh úfYaIK iudi úêfhka iudi
lsrSfuks' uqødj jQ l,S ikaksfõok udOHhla jYfhka merKs Ndr;Sh l,dfõ§ka úiska ks¾udKh
fldg iïu; lr .kakd ,o tla;rd ixfla; fkdfyd;a ix{d úfYaIhls' fuys p, wp, f,i
±lafjkafka yia; Ndú;h muKla Wmfhda.S lr.kq ,nk woyia m%ldYk h' wp, uqød hkq fkdfjkia
j mj;sk uqød h' ^fn!oaO fuka u wfkl=;a wd.ïj,g wh;a h'& foaj m%;sud fk<Sfï § yd we£fï §
lsishï woyila m%ldY lsÍu Wfoid Ndú; lrkq ,nk yia; úê fï .Khg wh;a fõ' Ndr;Sh
k¾;k iïm%odhhkays yia; úê ixhqla; wixhqla; yd ñY% hkqfjka uqød ixlS¾K f,i olajd ;sfí'
^l¿wdrÉÑ" 2010" 102&
lsishï woyila m%ldY lsÍfï § Ndr;Sh iïNdjH k¾;k l,djkays fuu uqød Ndú;h wksjd¾h
wx.hla f,i y÷kd .efka' flfia jqj o uqød kdgH hkqfjka foaYSh l,d fCIa;%h ;=< Ndú; jk
fuu udOH ms<sn| ks¾Kdhl ljf¾ oehs meyeÈ,s f,i ieliS ke;'
YÍrfha wx." m%;Hx. yd Wmdx. Ndú;hg .ksñka jdÑl wNskfhka f;dr j lsishï l;djla
fyda wjia:djla fyda ix.S;h" wdyd¾h yd id;a;ú
a l wNskh ixfhdackh lr .ksñka bÈßm;a lsÍu uqød
kdgH f,i ye¢kafõ' ^l¿wdrÉÑ" 2010" 102&
id¾:l uqød kdgHhlg jeo.;a jkafka k¾;k p,k rgd Ndj wNskh wdÈh fhdodf.k
fma%CIlhd ;=< lsishï rihla cks; lrùu hs' ta wkqj uqød kdgH nqoaêuh jYfhka fuka u Ndjuh
jYfhka o ri ú¢h yels l,d udOHhls' jdÑl wNskfhka f;dr ùu ksid we;eul=g f;areï .ekSug
wmyiq jqj o fuh b;d ishqï njlska hq;a úYaj l,d udOHhla f,i ie,fla'
l;d f;audjla f;dard.ekSu
uqød kdgHhla i|yd l;d f;audjla f;dard .ekSu" b;d mßiaiñka yd ie,ls,su;a j l< hq;=
fohls' ukao h;a tfia f;dard.kq ,nk l;d f;audj k¾;kh yd ix.S;h uQ,sl udOHhka fldg
f.k bÈßm;a l< hq;= ksidfjks'
uqød kdgHhla Wfoid l;d f;audjla f;dard .ekSfï § tys ld,Sk l;d mqj;la" b;sydi .;
l;d mqj;la fyda uk#l,ams; l;d mqj;la jYfhka jQ úúO ldKav hgf;a f;dard .ekSug wjia:dj
we;' tfy;a wmf.a úfYaI wjOdkh fma%laIlhd fj; mej;sh hq;= h' fndfyda úg iuia; fm%alaIlhd
fkdokakd wm%lg l;d mqj;la f;dard .ekSu hï muKlg uqød kdgHhl ks¾udK ld¾h wmyiq
tlla njg m;a úh yels h' hï muKl m%lg l;d mqj;la f;dard .ekSfï§ fm%alaIlhdg isoaê yd
wjia:d f;areï .ekSug yels ksid ksrEmKfha § lsishï jdishla Ys,amshkg Wod fõ' tfuka u
úYajikSh;ajfhka hq;= j ks¾udKh lsÍfï j.lSu o ks¾udKlre u; mejfrk j.lSuls'
uq,a hq.fha uqød kdgH i|yd bkaÈhdkq l;d f;audjla Ndú; lsÍfï m%jK;djla mej;s w;r
l%ñl j foaYSh Wreu iys; l;d f;aud Ndú; lsÍug yqre úh'
Wod ( iS;dyrK
Poaoka; odiï
ufkdayrnkaOkï
Ysj rx.
pKavd,sld
70
bkaÈhdkq Wrej iys; uq,a hq.fha ìys jQ ks¾udK w;ßka lsysmhls'
lrÈh" i;am;a;sks" fldaÉÑh" .%y wm,h" ie<,sysKsh" l=Uqre mk;" ;s;a; n; miqld,Sk j
foaYSh Wrej iys;j ks¾udKh jQ uqød kdgH fõ' fuu ks¾udK w;ßka miq ld,Sk j ìys jQ foaYSh
Wrej iys; uqød kdgH jvd;a id¾:l ks¾udK ,laIK fmkakqï fldg we;' tfyhska mdi,a YsIH
lKavdhula Wfoid uqød kdgHla ks¾udKh lsÍfï § wod< jhia ldKavhg jvd;a .e<fmk yd
myiqfjka bÈßm;a l< yels wdrïNh yd wjidkh jvd;a myiqfjka o¾Ykh l< yels flá l;d
f;audjla Ndú; lsÍu fhda.H fõ'
YsIH woyia úuiSfuka jvd;a id¾:l l;d f;audjla f.dvk.d .ekSfuka wk;=re j .=rejrhd
úiska isiqkaf.a woyia w.hñka tajd ixj¾Okh lsÍug iydh ùu w;HjYH fõ'
ix.S;h ixfhdackh lsßu
uqød kdgHhl ix.S;h wod< ks¾udKfha Ôj .=Kh r|d mj;sk uQ,sl m%mxph hs' wjiaf:daÑ;
j ckkh úh hq;= ri Woa§mkhg ix.S;fhka ukd msgqn,hla ,efí' uqød kdgHhla i|yd iÔj
ix.S;h iïmdokh lsÍu b;d wiSre l%shdj,shls' j¾;udkh jk úg má.; lrk ,o ix.S;h
iïmdokh lr .ekSug fndfyda úg wjia:dj we;' th m%dfhda.sl j hym;a ;;a;ajhls'
uqød kdgHhl § jdÑl wNskfhka woyia bÈßm;a lsÍula fkdjk neúka ix.S;h m%n, u
m%ldYk udOHh njg m;a fjhs' uq,a hq.fha ìys jQ fndfyda uqød kdgHj, .S; Ndú; lsÍfï m%jK;djla
olakg we;' bka iuia; uqød kdgHfha u m%ldYkh ;Sj% lsÍug wjldY i,iajd we;'
Wod ( wE; l÷lr ysujq wrfKa ^k, ouhka;s&

Ôú;h;a uqyqo jf.a ^lrÈh&
we;eï úg f;audjg wkqj uq,ska u ix.S;h ks¾udKh lr ta wkqj k¾;k ks¾udKh l< yels
h' tfia u f;audjg wkqj l< k¾;k ks¾udKh ksÍCIKh lr Bg miqj iqÿiq mßÈ ix.S;h
ks¾udKh l< yels h' fuys oS ;SrKh .; hq;af;a ks¾udmlhka h'
k¾;k udOHfhka wjia:d" isoaê yd pß; ksrEmKh
f;dard .kq ,enq f;audjg wod< pß;" isoaê" wjia:d b;d iQlaIau f,i f.dvke`.Su uqød kdgH
Ys,amshdg mejfrk b;d j.lSï iy.; l%shdj,shls' ta i|yd k¾;k Ndú;h o b;d yslaóulska
hq;= j isÿ lsÍu o jeo.;a fõ' f;dard.kq ,nk l;d f;audfõ m%dfoaYsl wdfõKsl;ajh" ld,dkqrEmS
nj ms<sn| j wjOdkh fhduq lrñka p,k ks¾udKh l< hq;= h' lsishï k¾;k iïm%odhhlg wod<
p,k Ndú; lsÍfï § f;audjg flf;la WÑ; ±hs wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= h' ke;fyd;a uqød kdgH
ks¾udKh o Ydia;%Sh k¾;k m%ix.hla njg m;a jkq we;' iuia; YÍrh u m%ldYkh i|yd fhdod
.ekSfuka Ys,m a Ska w;r f.dvk`.k iyiïnkaO;dj yd p,kj, iqix.; nj fma%l a I
a lhkg myiqfjka
jgyd.; yels f,i Ndú; lsÍu uqød kdgHhl § jvd jeo.;a fõ'
k¾;k p,kj, Ys,amSh mrdih ta ta k¾;k Ys,amSkaf.a YlH;dj u; isÿ lsÍu jeo.;a fõ'
pß; f;dard .eksfï § ta ta Ys,amshdf.a Ndj m%ldYk yelshdj yd k¾;k udOHfha m%ldYk Ndú;h
ms<sn| j jvd;a ie,ls,su;a úh hq;= h' tfuka u k¾;k ks¾udKfha §"
wjldYh
osid" ;,
fõÈld ;sr Ndú;h
wdf,dalh" rx. WmlrK
fm%l
a Ia ld.drh wdÈ wxY ms<n
s | j o ie,ls,u
s ;a ùu wksjd¾h
fõ'
71
wdf,dallrKh miq;, o¾Yk yd rx. WmlrK Ndú;h
uqød kdgHhl f;audj Woa§mkfhys ,d Wla; idOl jvd jeo.;a ld¾hNdrhla bgq lrhs' fï ish¨
idOl øjH j¾K yd wdf,dal j¾K hk j¾K m%fNao fol u; W;amdokh fõ' tkï" fõÈld miq;,
yd rx. WmlrK ksIamdokfha § Ndú; lrk wuqøjH u; fhdok j¾K wdf,dal j¾K yd úoHd;aul
mokula u; isg ixfhda. lsrSu l< hq;= h' ke;fyd;a wjYH m%ldYk ld¾h úfgl fma%laIl
oDIaáfhka jika jkq we;' wdf,dallrKh rfidaoa§mk ld¾hfhys ,d jvd;a jeo.;a fõ' mdif,a
isák .=rejrhdf.a yd ;dlaIK úIh Ndr .=rejrhdf.a iyfhda.h fï i|yd ,nd .ekSu id¾:l
ks¾udKhlg bjy,a jkq we;'
rx. jia;% ks¾udKh yd wx. rpkh
uqød kdgH ks¾udKhl oS pßf;daoa§mk ld¾hfhka 50]l muK j.lSula rx. jia;%dNrK yd wx.
rpkfhka bgq fõ' fma%laIlhd lsishï pß;hla m<uq jrg y÷kd .kafka wod< pß;h fjia.kajd
we;s whqßks' Tyq ;u pß;h ksrEmKh lrkafka fojkqj hs' wod< pß;fha úYajikSh;ajh wod<
fjia.ekaùï u; r|d mej;sh hq;= h' tfuka u Ys,amSka olajk p,k i|yd rx. jia;%j,ska wjysr;d
we;s ùu isÿ fkdúh hq;= h' wod< rx. jia;% u`.ska p,k i|yd Wmldrhla tla l< yels kï th
jeo.;a fõ' wfkla lreK kï wdf,dal j¾K yd øjH j¾K iqix.; jk wdldrh ms<sn| j wjOdkh
fhduq lsÍu hs' wod< pß;fha m%ldYs; rih rx. jia;% yd wdf,dal j¾K tlaùfuka ukd fldg
fm%alaIlhdg o¾Ykh úh hq;= h'
72
5 mßÉfþoh
5'0 Y%S ,dxflah ixialD;sh yd ine¢ .dhkhj, miqìu wOHhkh yd .dhkh
5'1 k¾;k yd ine¢ .dhk yd tys miqìu

Wvrg jkakï 18 ixLHd;aul jYfhka uykqjr hq.fha isg u ia:djr w.hla j mej;s l,dx.hls'
Y%S ùr mrdl%u kf¾Jøisxy rcq oji ks¾udKh úKehs ie,flk jkakï 18 Wvrg ck ix.S;fha w.%
.KH ks¾udKhls' úúO jia;= úIhka mdol fldg .ksñka ks¾ñ; Wvrg jkakï l,d;aul w;ska
Wiia ,CIK úIh lrjk l,dx.hls' Wvrg jkakï 18ys tk Wl=id" .c.d yd iqrm;s hk jkakï
13 fY%aKsfha § m%dfhda.sl úIh tallhla f,i yeoEÍug ks¾foaYs; h'
Wl=id jkaku
fuu jkakfï kdoud,d Wl=idf.a mshdir ú,dih wkqj ieliS we;s njla fyd¢ka úu¾Ykh
l< úg fmfka' Wl=idf.a .;s mej;=ï iajNdjh ldjHd;aul whqrlska moHhg k`.d we;'
mo.; wre;
ì;a;r fudard ld,h meñKs l,ays tajd folv lr ûjqmsh& fofokd wdorh lrñka i;=gq fj;s'
fkdkj;ajd ;gqm;a f,,jñka" fid,jñka yd kdo lrñka iq<f`.a mshdUd" wdydr fidhd ixpdrh
lrñka whsrdjqka" fm;shka fydáka /f.k lEfï wdYdfjka c,hg mks;s' RISka jykafia,d fuu
i;H f;dard fírdf.k fufia f,dalhkg mji;s' tu miqìu mdol fldgf.k Wl=id jkaku
ks¾udKh ù we;' ^úfÊj¾Ok" 1996" 44&
Wl=id jkakfï ;d,rEmh ud;%d 4 ;ks ;s; hs' wvq ,h .dhk fldgilska o jeä ,h .dhkh
fldgilska o hqla; kdo ud,d fmr lS mßÈ Wl=idf.a mshdir ú,dYhg wkq.; j .dhkh flf¾'

fnr moh ( ;l=x ðx.;a ;ßlsg l=x;l
;dku ( ;dkd'''''' ;dfkk ;kï $$
;dkd;a ;fkk;a ;ïok ;dk;a $$
;dkd'''''' ;fkk ;kï
lúh ^jkaku& ( fudard îcfhkd $$
l,m;a folv;a lris;a ;=gq fj;a $$
fokakd wor f;did
kErd ;gqm;skd $$
f,,j;a fid,j;a mshU;a ko fo;a $$
hkakd mjk /id
idrd fndcqkfhkd $$
whsr;a fm;sfhd;a ;=v.;a nqÈis;a $$
mekakd tc, /id
fírd bisyq ±kd $$

mji;a fumj;a ±k i;a f,djg;a $$
jkaku kï Wl=id
73
iqrm;s jkaku
Wvrg jkakï oy wg w;=frys foú - foaj;djka iïnkaO l;d mqj;a f;audj njg fhdod .;a
wjia:d lsysmhla we;' iqrm;s jkaku o bka tla wjia:djls' Ysj foúhka iïnkaO foaj mqrdK
idys;Hhla yskaÿ idys;Hfha wka;¾.; fõ' th Ysj mqrdKh kñka y÷kajhs' iqrm;s jkakug o fuu
Ysj mqrdKfha tk l;dkaorhla mdol ù we;'
mo.; wre;
rdcY%Sfhka w.;ekam;a m;skshl jQ Wuhx.kd foaúh fkdue;s j ,Êcdjg yd fYdalhg m;a

BYajr foú÷ ;ryska fj<S .sfha h' fld;ekl .shd o hkq ±k.; fkdyels jQ kuq;a" fijQ l,ayS tu
foõÿj ,enqKd h' bka i;=gg yd m%fudaohg m;a BYajr foú f;fï ;udf.a r`.mdo ;d,fhka
ú,dYhla flaY irUh o iu`. kgd ±laù h' kd.hl= lr jfgys ord isákd foúhkaf.a ú,dihla
f.k yer mdkakd jQ m%isoaO iqrm;s jkaku hs' ^úfÊj¾Ok" 1996 ( 75&
d 3+4 fo;s;g iqrm;s jkakug kdoud,dj ieliS we;' uykqjr hq.fha jvd;a ckm%h
u d; % s ;ajhg
m;a ù ;snQ ;d, rEmh ù we;af;a ud;%d 3+4 fo;s; hs' ûeÿï uy fo;s;& fuu ;s; u; úIukdä ;s;
l%shd;aul ùfuka ud;%d 4 ;ks;s; jHx.h wka;¾.; fõ' tfy;a iqrm;s jkaku imqrd u ud;%d 3 yd
4 ldKavfhka hq;= j wjOdrKh lrk mßÈ kdoud,dj ieliS we;'

fnr moh ( fodax ðxðx ;lg fodx;l
;dku ( ;kd k;a;ï ok ;kï ok ;dfkk;a ;ï odk ;dfkk $$
ok ;ïo kd kd $$
lúh ( Y%shd u;am;s Wu`.kd foõ ke;sj ú,s fYdalfhka biqß÷ $$
oafõY fj,d .;s $$
.shd fld;k o ke;s j ±kqula fiõ j l, ,enqKd t foõ ÿj$$
f;dai ukd re;s $$
lshd r`. ko ;d,fhka j¾Khla f.kyer mEj tiqß÷ $$
flai irU ks;s $$
khd lrjg ork iqß÷f. j¾Khla f.k mEj mrisÿ $$
jkaku iqrm;s $$
.c.d jkaku
isxy, idys;Hfha yia;shd ;rï j¾Kkhg md;% jQ i;a;ajhl= ;j;a ke;s ;rï h' .c.d
jkakug o th idOdrK h' .c.d hkq yia;shdg m¾hdh kuls' .c.d jkakug m%ia;=; ù we;af;a
ifoõ f,djg wêm;s ilafoú÷kaf.a we;a jdykh jQ fftrdjk kï yia;shd h' Wvrg jkakï oy
wfgys tk jkakï w;=frka jvd;a m%isoaêhg m;a j we;af;a .c.d jkakfï kdoud,dj hs' o<od
fmryef¾ miqìï kdoud,dj imqrd u .c.d jkaku mdol fldg f.k we;' .c.d jkakfï
kdoud,dj" ;d, ,CIKh ;=,ska èjks;jk w,xldrh .uka mo jehSu i|yd jvd;a fhda.H nj
fmfka'
^úfÊj¾Ok" 1996" 27&
.c.d jkaku .efhkafka ud;%d 4 ;ks;s;g b;d ú,ïN ,fhks' tys jefhk fnr moh
yia;shdf.a .uka ú,dYfha we;s .dïNSr" wNsudkj;a nj èjks; fõ'
74
fnr moh ( ;l= ðx ðx ;l ðx ;l ðx l=o
w,xldr fnr moh ( ^;lal=x ðx l=x ðx.; l=l=;l ðxðx .;a;;a l=|l=| lv;l&
;dku ( ;dkd;a ;ï odk ;ïo ;ïfokd ;ï odk ;ïo
kdkd;a ;dï odk ;dï ok;dkd
lúh ( foõmqr wef;lS l=Uq oy ihlS

È. o< wglS i;a .enlS
jeõ fmdl=Kq olS i;aish .eklS
tl fmdl=KllS isõ u,lS
isõ u, fm;slS .ek ;sia follS

fm;a;l kegqlS isõ ieglS
lõlr jekqlS f,õ bis nilS
.c.d ku lS jkakulS
iskaÿ jkakï
my;rg Ydka;sl¾u Ys,amSka w;g m;a iskaÿ jkakïj,g wjYH úfYaI fnr mo iqr,a" brÜáh
ta ta .=rel=, w;r mej;s m%dfhda.sl jHjydrfha § tajdg tla j we;' kï lrkq ,enq jD;a; yd ;d,
wkqj .dhkhg WÑ; mßÈ rndkla fyda Wvelalshla jeks hï NdKavhla jdokh lrñka iskaÿ jkakï
wdrïNfha § Ndú; l< o k¾;khg fhdod .ekSfï § mo mka;s yd lú ;d, keàfï§ fuka úúO
w,xldr iys; fnr mo o tlS m%dfhda.sl jHjydrhg tlaùfuka tajd iskaÿ jkakï kñka mdrïmßl
my;rg k¾;k yd jdok Ys,amSka i;= odhdohla jYfhka mej;s iskaÿ jkakï j;aufkys mdi,a yd
Wiia wOHdmkh úIhud,djkag tl;= ù we;' ^fnka;rf.a" 2000 ( 48&
fldKavkdúÉÑ ;d,h iskaÿ jkaku

iskaÿ jkakï 32ys fojk iskaÿ jkaku fldKavkdúÉÑ ;d,fha .yldr jD;a;hhs' we;eï
mdrïmßl Ys,amSkaf.a w;a msgm;aj, finï ;d,h" ;d,dhï ;d,h hkqfjkao y÷kajd we;' .yldr
jD;a;h" .x`.dldr jD;a;h hkqfjkao olajd we;' ^fnka;rf.a" 2000" 54& ud;%d 4 ;ks ;s; fuu iskaÿ
jkakfï ;d, rEmhhs' uq,a mo ;%s;ajfhka Wmq,ajka foúÿf.a .=K j¾Kkh lrk w;r y;rjk
lúmdofhka krhka /l fok fuka Wmq,ajka foúÿf.ka wheo isà' fuys iskaÿ jkakïj, wdfõKsl
fmdÿ ,CIKhhs'
fnr moh ( .;a;ï fodï.; .=.=| .=|ï È;.;
;dku ( f;ksk$$ f;k f;ï f;k f;ksk f;ksk f;k f;kskd
lú h ( fmñk l=¨Kq ñ;=re .=fKk we¢k uqks÷ ifoi rEm
foñk oi; È.e;s m;< f;±;s hq.e;s ßúfi ;dm
kñk iyi mis÷ kS, mq,ajka foú÷ks m%;dm
foñk wNh isß § rl= iEu krka fkdlr fldam
75
.%y oKav ;d,h iskaÿ jkaku
.%y oKav ;d,h kñka y;rjk iskaÿ jkaku kï fldg we;' we;eï w;a msgm;aj," oKavl
;d,h" .x.d oïn ;d,h" n%yau ;d,h" .; ;d,h" .%y oKav ;d,h hkqfjka o fuu iskaÿ jkaku kï
fldg we;' jD;a;h >áldr jD;a;h hs' we;eï ;ekl .x.d oKavl jD;a;h >áld jD;a;h hkqfjka
o olajd we;' fuhg o Wmq,ajka foúhkaf.a n, mrdl%uh jia;= úIh ù we;' Wmq,ajka foúhkaf.a
wdNrKfhka iqieÈ ks,ajka isrer we;eï ;ekl j¾Kkhg ,lalr f,dai; /l fok fuka b,a,d
isáhs' ud;%d 2+2+3 ^foiq¿ ueÿï& ;=ka;s;g kdoud,dj ;d, rEm .; fldg we;'

fnr moh ( fodï .È;a;;a .È; .; Õ=o
;dku ( f;ï f;kï f;k f;k f;kd f;k$$
f;ï f;kï f;k f;k f;kï f;fkkd
lúh ( fkal f,dalsl imsß iem; u keuÈ i;yg foú÷ Wú÷f.

fkdu| ;=;sf.di jecô rÕ fjfifia
kd. kdhl .sð÷ l=Uqfhka wiqr iqr.=re uqyqKq iriú
.sð÷ nrK; ksh; fjk wyfia
fia l=iqï oï me,|s ks,ajka foay wnrK iqieÈ ;=kqhqre
fia yiqka fm< ieÿKs .ï fomfia
fnda úl=ï l< mqßi W;a;u f,da rlskakg isß; fkdu yer
Ôj;=ka yg fi;a fojka if;dfia
fin¿ fjÉÑ ;d,h iskaÿ jkaku

we;eï msgm;aj, fid| fjäÉÑ ;d,h" infõ§ ;d,h" ixlßhiai ;d,h hkqfjka o olajkafka
fuh hs' ^fnka;rf.a" 2000 ( 56& we;eï msgm;l fõo lu,d jD;a;h" rx. lu,d yd k¿ wkqrd.
hkqfjka o olajd we;' fuys idys;Hd;aul m%jD;a;sh jYfhka úIaKq oY wj;drj,ska tlla jk
lDIaK wj;drfha we;eï wjia:djka mdol fldgf.k we;' lDIaK l=vd wjêfha § .f`.a Èh fl<sk
<÷kaf.a i¿ i`.jñka f.dm¨ .fuys f.jk Ôú;h ms<sn| j wod< lúfhka olajhs' fuu jkakfï
wjidk mofhka zzf.dú÷ZZ f,i olajkafka f.daúkao hk kduh hs' f.daúkao hkq úIaKq foúhkg
fhfok ;j;a kuls' ud;%d 4 ;ks;s;g fuys kdoud,dj ieliS we;'

fnr moh ( fodï ;;a È;.; .¢;l= fodï .;
;dku ( f;k f;kï f;k $$$ f;k f;kd f;k
lú h ( .f`.a f.diska Èh fl<sk <÷ka i¿

/f.k f.diska m,;=frl ke`.S b|
.f`.a fkdueo oi ishla ;efkys tu
ú.i fmkS f.dm,`.k i÷ka i|
rf`.a weÈk lsß fmdjk hlskaks f.a
Toh Wrd î ì,s÷ f,iska ;o
if.a biqre ú| iefKl fkdù f;dr
fun÷ uysu l< mis÷ f.dú÷ i|
76
wdkkao jkaku
f,dalfha isák j¾Kj;a uk#l,ams; u;aiHhl= ms<sn| j flfrk j¾Kkdjla f,i wdkkao
jkaku ye¢kaúh yels h' fuu u;aiHhdf.a l%shdldrlï yd p,khka .ek zz.ï ysr;a ;df,g jd<.
kgjñkdZZ hk lúfhka úia;r flf¾' u;aiHhdf.a jr, p,kh lrk wdldrh" meyeh wdÈh ms<sn|
j¾Kkdfõ we;=<;a flf¾' jkakug b;d WÑ; wdldrhg kdoud,dj" ojq,a mo ixfhdackh lr we;'

ojq ,a moh ( ðx ðx;;a ^ðx ;l ;ßlsg& $$ ðx ;;a
ðñ;l= od ;ßlsg
;dku ( ;ï odk;a ;dfkk ;dfkk ;dk ;ïfokd
;ïfo kdk;a ;dfkk ;dfkk ;dk ;ïfokd
lú h ( .ïNsr;a ;df,g jd,. kgjñkd

Wka hdk;a fidank odrK is;=u;skd
ÿka ¥u;a meye+fhk fï f,i hi reúkd
±ka lSu;a wdkkao jkaku fï f,iskd
fï> jkaku
fï> jkakfï m%ia;=;h jYfhka jeys j,dl=<la mdol lrf.k we;' jeiaila mgka .ekSug
fmr we;s jk mdßißl úm¾hdihka fuys wka;¾.; ù we;' zzko fok lfgdr f,iska o jd; iq<x
iu`.ska oZZ úÿ,s flàu" fyKy~" iq<`. wdÈ úúO wjia:djka fuys § u;=fldg we;' fuu wmq¾ j
rpkdjg .e<fmk kdoud,djka yd ;d, ixfhda.hka fhdod we;'
ojq ,a moh ( l=|;a ;lalsg ;lg ðñ;l=

;dku ( ;k ;k ;ïok ;dk - ;fkk ;kïok ;dk
kd ;k ;ïok ;dk - ;k ;fkkd
lú h ( ko fok lfgdr f,iska o - jd; iq<x f.difhka o
.=.=rk fyK y`vfhka o - ko foñkd
j,dyl iqr`.k kkao - pl%dhqO .eiQ fuka o
wcg l=ig ysñ pkao - jd;h jk fyhskd
;lfcx hk mofhka o - f;dard .;a fuf,iska o

ok mskjk ú,iska o - mo we¢kd
fu;s, kñka miiska o - mj;sk is;= ú,iska o
jkaku fï> kñka o - wi uf.kd
77
wgl=re .dyl jkaku
moH rpk idys;Hfha oS wdrïNl wCIrh tla fma<shl wgjrla fhoSfï kHdh wgl=re f,i
ye|skafõ' kuq;a fuu jkakfï oS tlS ,CIKh m%o¾Ykh fkdjQj o wdrïNl mo fma<s y;frys uq,a
jpkh yd wjika jpkfha w. wCIrh wg jdrhla fhoS we;snj m%o¾Ykh fõ' tu ,CIKh mokï
fldgf.k wgl=re .dyl jkaku f,i kï lr we;ehs wkqudk l< yels h'

ojq ,a moh ( ðx ðx ;;a lr;l ;;alsg ðñ;l=
;dku ( ;k ;ïo kd ;ïo - kd ;ïo kd - wd
f;hs ;ïo kd ;ïo - kd ;ïo kd - wd
lú h ( ;sfhkav f,dj ieu ;ek u;= mj;sk f,ig u

olskav lsõ k¿jka yg jvñka lr fmu
wykav in ueo jev isá uy;=ka ieug u
lshkav fid| jo wgl=re .dyl jkak u

o¿uqr moh
ud;%d 3 ^ ueÿï ;ks ;s;& ;d,h
wdrïNl moh ( fodx .; .=| .;a È;a ;;a .=ys;s .Èßlsg .=| .;a ±ysï
1 moh ßï .;s .; .=| .=| .;a ;x .È;l= fodx .; .=|

.=| .;s .; .; .=| .; .È; .;l= fodï
kd. f,dfõ fur ihqf¾ Wmka fka
fõ. fkdfhla wKúK ÿre lrka fka
hd.uq, mgka o¿uqr mqoka fka
kd. ±yeá iqn o¿uqr jvka fka
2 moh ( .=xo fo.; .;s .; .=|
;dku ( fvkdk fvk fvk fvk fvka fvkd fvkd

kdfvka fvk fvkd fvk fvka fvkd fvkd
lúh ( bkav hyka foñ irid fu;eka fka

Wkakq úudfka i,s; j jfrka fka
lkav leu;s msoú,s mqo ,nka fka
ÿkakq o¿uqrg md,sh jfrka fka
78
o¿uqr md,sh
ojq,a moh ( l=|;a ;lalsg ;lg ðñ;l=
lúh Wmkafka o¿uqr kd.f,dj kdrcqf.a úI OQufhka

f.fkkafka fmd;alvl wiqrd /f.k o¿uqr l=iqufhka
fujka o¿uqr hd. olajd ish¨ frda ÿla ÿr,ñka
yßkafka wo ish¨ msßm; tuy fl< kd rcq fnf,ka
^flá lú& ud;%d 3 ûeÿï ;ks;s;& ;d,h

ojq,a moh ( fodx; ;lg
lúh ( ñka ;=kaf,dj ieu i;g fmfka fid|

rka f;,af,ka w¢ñka rej i| ueo
bka±uq f;,a,| forK jegqKq i|
iqkalr forK; m,d .sfha fid|
79
5'2 Ydka;sl¾u yd ine¢ .dhkh
5'2'1 kuialdr .dhkh
kuialdrh hkq je£u hs' ish¨ Ydka;sl¾uj, § kuialdrh yd iïnkaO jQ kuialdr Ndú;
fõ' tys § f;rejka yd foúhka iïnkaO kuialdr .d:d" kuialdr ikak" Yaf,dal wdÈh o .dhkh
lr;s' fndfyda isxy, kegqï yd jdokh wdrïN lsrSug fmr kuialdr kegqï" jehqï" .ehqï olakg
,efí' kuialdr .d:dj, NdId jHjydrfha we;af;a jHla; ixialD; md,s jHjydrh fkdj wjHla;
iajrEmhls' fuu .dhk iqn .K msysgqjd rÑ; tajd h' iqn lghq;= wdrïNfha § ;s%úO r;akfha
wdYS¾jdoh;a wdrlaIdj;a m;d .dhkh flf¾' foaYSh k¾;k iïm%odh ;s%;ajfha u fmdÿ jHjydrhka
fmkakqï lrk fuu .dhk úfYaIh ta ta iïm%odhhg wkq.; j .dhk ffY,sj, wdfõKsl ,laIK
o fmkakqï lrhs' wod< iïm%odhfha jdµ NdKavj, èjks .=Kh fuu úúO;ajhg fya;= ù we;'
kuialdr .dhkdj, kdoud,dfõ rih fndfyda úg Ydka; njla m%lg lrhs'
uu isri uqkskaod nqoaO rdcd kudó

uu ;s,l ,,dfÜ Oïu rdcd ksfrdaOx
uu il, YÍf¾ ix>rdcd fcHIaGx
uu o ;=kqrejkaySs oeka j¢ï w;a uqÿka §
fïrex úrdð; iux úh nqoaO rdcx

Y%S oka; id.r iux - úh ix> rdcx
i;al+< mín; iux úh ix> rdcx
Y%S nqoaO" Oïu" .=K ix> jrx kudó
n%yafïkaø udê uls,x N+jfkaiq N+;x

fudaykao ldr Nð;x NjNdr ydrx
f,daflda;a;ux irK;x hÈfoaj foajx
ðfkakaø iSy mjrx isrid kudó
jrï lú
fYa%IaG;ajhg m;aùu yd n,h" wjirh ,nd§u hk woyia ñka .uH flf¾' Ydka;sl¾u hd.
idys;Hhg wkqj" zzjrïZZ hkq ;%súO r;akfhkaa fyda foúhkaf.ka fyda lsishï ksYaÑ; wjirhla
msysgla ,nd .ekSu h' Wvrg iïm%odhfha jrï lú .dhkj,ska foúhkaf.a .=K" n, mrdl%uhka yd
foú foaj;djqkaf.a Wm;a l;d idys;Hhka mdol fldg .ksñka rÑ; njla úµudk fõ' jrï lú
.dhkh lrñka keàu j¾;udkfha jHdjydßl k¾;k wjia:djls' fmryerj, § fjia k¾;k
Ys,amSka jrï lú .dhkhg yqre ù we;s w;r l< t<s neiSï jeks wjia:dj, jrï lú keàu kñka
k¾;kdx.hla ckm%sh ù mj;S'
fnr moh - fodax ðx ðx ;lg fodï;l
wE; isg fmreuka mqrdf.k

fuf;a uqks nqÿ nj m;df.k
kd:foaj iqßf|a Tfnka ug
wjir ,efnkq wfka ''''
80
rEmhla we;s uqyqKq ihlska
w;a fod<ilska nn<jd f.k
lkao lÈr iqßf|a Tfnka ug
wjir ,efnkq wfka ''''''''
iQúis újrK lú
f.!;u nqÿ rcdKka jykafia nqÿ ùug fmr iqfïO ;jqia j ,;a újrKfha mgka" újrK
úisy;r lúfhka lshd ta wkqyiska fi;a me;Su iQúis újrKfha § isÿ flf¾' Wvrg kegqfï §
fukñka úfYaI .dhk iys; k¾;khla úydr wdY%s; j f.dvke`.S we;' tys § ta ta újrKhg wh;a
mqj;a .hñka mkaf;are kegqï bÈßm;a flf¾' ^Èidkdhl" 2001" 1311&
oSr .=Ke;s oSmxlr uqks nqÿ fjñfka

kEr mq,s, fndaêh uqks÷g mekke`.=fKa
idr ,CIhla ry;=ka msßjr t;efka
idr ,CIhla wdhqI wjqreÿ .Kfka
lúfhka lSj;a uqks.=K jreKd

foijka fhduqfldg wikq h funKd
uqks joy< nK i;yg lreKd
fujoka wikqh hhs u;= ksjkd
lv;=rd lú
foaYSh Ydka;sl¾uj, § olakg we;s úfYaI wjia:djla lv;=rd yerSu kñka ye¢kafõ' zzlv;=rd
yßkjdZZ hkq f jka o kï lr ;s f nk fuu pdß;% f ha § uka ; % Ndú;fhka hd.hg
hl=kag$foúhkag$.%yhkag wdrdOkd fldg fod< msoú,s lem lr §ug m%:u lv;=rdj kñka t,a,d
we;s msrejgh bj;a l< hq;= hehs hleÿfrda woy;s' ^Èidkdhl" 2001( 270& n,s Ydka;sl¾ufha §
wd;=rhd;a n,s ueiai;a w;r ;sfnk iSudfjys wd;=rhdg lsÜgq j isá mqoa.,hka fofofkl= úiska
fofldkska w,a,d isák ;srh lv;=rdj kï fõ' fï i|yd Ndú; lrkafka hdr ;=k y;rl iqÿ frÈ
lvls' wd;=rhdg n,sh fmkSu wjysr lrkafka fï frÈ läks' fuu ;srh bj;a lsÍug m%:u .hkq
,nk lú .dhk úfYaIh lv;=rd lú kñka y÷kajhs' lv;srh yeÍug iQúis nqÿ jrekaf.a wkqyi yd
wguia:dkj, n,h" fidf<diauia:dkj, n, mrdl%uh wkqyi wjeis nj fuu lúj,ska úia;r
flf¾' foaYSh Ydka;sl¾u iïm%odh ;%s;a;ajfha u olakg ,efnk fuu lú úfYaI idïm%odhsl
wkkH;d ,laIK wkqj f.dv ke`.S we;s w;r kdo ud,djka u`.ska o idïm%odhsl wkkH;dj m%lg
fõ'
isyska isks÷ i¿j me,| ú;a Wka ur`.k
jykai kqU wm w;yer ukao uyK WK
wyxldr ta ur`.k ÿgqjhs nqÿ .=K
ñyska;,d Od;= fnf,ka lv;sr yßñk
81
wE; tmsg §mxlr uqks újrK .kafka
uE; lfma § u;= nqÿ fj ue hs is;d .kafka
N+; msiia hlaIfrda. Nh ÿla ÿr ,kafka
fÊ;jkdrdfu fnf,ka lv;sr yßñkafka
mjka fï> jeis j,yl foúfhda isgf.k
ksjka m;d ieu foúfhda isá;s wid nK
fujka fuNd;sh rcqf.a rka fodr werÿk
rejkaje,sh Od;= fnf,ka lv;sr yßñk
foda; mdmq fid;aÓh kï nuqKd ifidnk

fldam fkdù l=i;K f.k fndauev irik
§md n, ;=ÿiaßhka ta jc%dik
:Qmdrdu Od;= fnf,ka lv;sr yßñk
inr.uq k¾;k iïm%odhh ^ðxlsg ;;a ;;a lsá;l&

wd,jvk .kao l=áfh uqks jev isgf.k
kS,j¾K md;a;rd Od;=j wrf.k
fj,dj n,ñka rc.y kqjrg jäñk
fia, ffp;Hd n,fhka lv;sr yßñk
iegodyla rc orefjda weúÈka isáñk

kS,j¾K md;a;rd Od;=j wrf.k
fj,dj n,ñka rc.ykqjrg jäñk
fia, ffp;Hd n,fhka lv;sr yßñk
lsß b;srùfï lú înr.uq k¾;k iïm%odhfha lsß uvqj&
lsßuvq Ydka;sl¾ufha mqo ,nk ux.r foúhkaf.a Wm;a l;dfõ tk ñh.sh óudf.a wjhj
tlafldg lsß ueiaila ;kd lsß W;=rjd tu lsß ñh .sh msßig biSfuka kej; mK bmeojQ l;dj
fuu lúj,ska ixfla;j;a lrhs' lsß b;srùug wjYH iy,a yd ly wd;=rhd w;ska u ,nd .ekSu
idïm%odhsl j mej; tk pdß;%h hs' lsß W;=rejd biSfï oS tu lsß lmq uy;df.a w;ska u ysfia ;jrd
.ekSu;a m~qre ±óu;a úfYaI wjia:djla f,i ye|skaúh yels h' fuys § .efhk lú lsß b;srùfï
lú f,i ye|ska fõ' ^fldaÜgf.dv" 1995" 81&
fnr moh - Ôx .;d l=|
fndaf;dg uvqjla ìu fma lr;S
foúhka heo,d wjir .ks;S
jrï ,nd wjir b,a,d .;S
lsß W;=rkakg udk n,d h;S
82
wx fol j. fmd¨ folg hs .kafka
W.=re oKav .sks msôkak .kafka
by fud< lsßj,g hs wr.kafka
fï f,i lssß W;=rkakg meje;af;a
5'3 .eñ .S .dhkh

nUr lemSfï lú
ó ueiaika fuka u nUre wdydr f,i meKs /ia lr ;nd .ekSug .iaj, w;=" .,a ^Èrd .sh ,S
len,s& wdÈfhys jo n¢;s' f,dalfha we;s ñysß;u meKs nUr joj,ska .ekSug ñksid fuka u j,yd
o mqreÿ j isáhs' úYd, m¾j; fuka u wiSre ;ekaj, n¢k fuu joj, meKs leãu i|yd ñksiqka
hkafka je,l t,a,S Ôú;h wjodkï ;;a;ajhl ;nd f.k h' tu /yeka w,a,d .kakg ;u
úYajdijka;hd f,i fhdod.kafka o wejeiai uiaiskd h' tu jef,a t,a,S isáh § my< n,k Tyq
wjg mßirfha pu;aldr nj olsk w;r ta mßirfha we;s pu;aldr nj yd ksixi, nj j¾Kkd
lrñka nUr lemqï .S ks¾udKh lr we;' nUr lemSfï úmdl ms<sn| j o fuu lúj,ska lshefõ'
wïum,a, nUreka w; jro ke;s

lef,a ;sfnk u,a ld,d Wka /fl;s
wkqka lrk f.dúm<lg ydks ke;s
nUr lmk wh krldÈfha h;s
neoao jgg iqÿ fudr u,a msmS,d

ioao lr nUre ta u`. lshd,d
bá;a meKs;a f,dj ieug u fnod,d
hkafkï nUre ÿla ueisú,s ;shd,d
mdre lú
tod u`.Ska fuka u NdKav m%jdyKh i|yd o mdrej fhdod .eksKs' .`. fof.dv u`.Ska tyd
fuyd f.k hdu i|yd .f`.a by< isg my<g;a my< isg by<g;a ie;mqï .Kkla ÿrg mdrej .uka
lrùu ñksia oEf;a n,fhka isÿ úh' jre .Kka" Èk .Kka mdre mÈk wjia:dj, § Tjqka w;ska
lúhla .dhkh ùu ks;e;ska u isÿúh' mdre me§u b;du;a fjfyig m;a jk ld¾hhls' ;u ldkaish
uykaish ksjd .ekSu i|yd mdre lú .dhkh l<y'
Tkak uf,a Th kdu, fk<d jfrka

w;a; ìf|hs mh nqref,ka ;nd jfrka
le,Kss .f`.a Tre hkjd n,d jfrka
idÿldr § Trejl ke`.S jfrka
iQßh Wod jk ;=re msks nEú,a,

mdrej mÈk ;=re ihqf¾ fi,ú,a,
udrej n, n,d is; hg lerls,a,
ldßh flfrk ;=re ldf.;a /já,a,
83
lr;a; lú
;u ðú; jD;a;sh f,i fjf<odï lrk whg ta i|yd ÿr neyer m%foaYj,g hdug isÿ fõ'
w;S;fha fjf<odu i|yd o fhdod .ekqfKa .e,a h' fjf<kafoda .e,aj, nvq mgjdf.k ÿr neyer
m%foaYj, fjf<odfï h;s' ? odj,a fkd;ld hk fï .ufka wiSre nj lshd ksu l< fkdyels h'
f.dkdg;a" ;udg;a fjfyi ±kqKq úg th ksjd .ekSug lú .dhkh lsÍu .e,alref.a isß; úh'
tf.dv f.dfâ kd lKqfõ nekao f.dkd

fuf.dv f.dfâ imq lKqfõ nekao f.dkd
fof.dv ;<d hk j;=rg mekak f.dkd
wfka uf.a rkauq;= j,a,shd f.dkd
;Kavf,a fokak fofmdf<a olalkjd

lgq lef,a .df,a fkd,syd jofokjd
ymq;f,a lkao ±l,d nv okjd
mjq l< f.dfkda weomka ymq;,a hkjd
84
6 mßÉfþoh
6'0 Y%S ,dxflah k¾;k l,dj yd ine¢ ft;sydisl yd ixialD;sl miqìu wOHhkh
lrñka cd;sl Wreu /l .ekSu'
6'1 foaYSh k¾;k l,dfõ ft;sydisl f;dr;=re

foaYSh k¾;k l,dfõ ft;sydisl f;dr;=re wOHhkh l< yelafla úúO uQ,dY%h weiqßks'
fuu uq,dY%hj, wka;¾.;fhys k¾;k l,dj ms<sn| f;dr;=re f.dkq ù we;' ta wkqj idys;H uQ,dY%
hgf;a jxY l:d" idys;H lD;s foaYdgk jd¾;d" úfoaYslhkaf.a jd¾;d yd ikafoaY ldjH WodyrK
fõ' mqrdúoHd;aul uQ,dY%h hgf;a rElï" uQ¾;s" geï,sms" f,ka,sms" fi,a,sms wdÈh WodyrK fõ'
fïjdfha wka;¾.; idOl weiqfrka k¾;k l,dfõ mej;s ;;a;ajh wkdjrKh lr .; yels fõ'
.ïfmd< hq.h
.ïfmd< hq.fha ^l%s'j' 1371 - 1378& bÈ lrk ,o weïnelal foajd,hh ;;a ld,Sk k¾;k l,dj
iïnkaOfhka f;dr;=re imhd.; yels mqrd úµd;aul idOlhls' tu foajd,hfha W`Mjiaig jï
miska by< we;s ,S nd,alfhys leghï lr we;s ,S fl<s k¾;k olajk leghu tl, k¾;fha
iajNdjh úuiSug uq,dY%h fldg .; yels h' ta wkqj ,S fl<s .eñ kegqu .ïfmd< hq.h f;la merKs
jQ l,d;aul rx.djia:djlska hq;a fmdÿ ckhd w;r ckm%sh jQ k¾;k wx.hla f,i mej;s nj fmkS
hhs'
tu foajd,fhau ,S lKqj, we;s isõ/ia ^y;/ia& mfka,hl k<`.k rejla okakg ,efí' fuys
±lafjk k¾;k ú,dih ol=Kq bka§h ,laIK fmkakqï lrhs' uKaähg isák bßhõfjys tla
mdohla mQ¾Kj o wfkla mdofhys úÜ o ;nd we;' jï w; oKysi u; o ol=Kq w;ska yïimlaI uqødj
o olajd isá;s' fï foi n,k l< Ndr;Sh wdNdih tl, k¾;k fCIa;%h ;=< olakg ;snq nj
meyeÈ,s h'
IV jk nqjfklnd rc iufha bÈ lrk ,o .v,dfoKsh úydrfha mdofï ±lafjk rElïys
^.,ska fk<k ,o& we;s kgk" jhk" bßhjq ksrEmKh lrk k¾;khkaf.a ú,di yd tys jdolhka
w; k<dj" Wvelalsh" rndk iy ;d,ïmg jeks NdKav ±lafjk rEmdj,sh ;j;a jeo.;a f;dr;=re
fy<s lrk mqrdúoHd;aul uQ,dY%hhla f,i ie,lsh yels h'
;j o fuu hq.hg wh;a hehs ie,flk .d¨ Èia;%slalfhys fnkaf;dg wi, .,md; .,;=re
uq, rcuy úydrfha .,a W¿jiafiys leghï lr we;s fnrjdok rEm" fydrKE msôk ia;%S rEm yd
kdgHdx.kdjkaf.a rEm u`.ska o ;oa hq.fha k¾;k l,dfõ mej;s ;;a;ajh újrKh fõ'
,sÅ; uQ,dY%hhkays we;s f;dr;=re ms<sn| úuiSfï § m%:u isxy, ikafoaY ldjH f,i ful,
rpkd jQ ;sir ikafoaYfha ±lafjk rdc iNdfõ kD;H .S; jdol j¾Kkd" lrk k<`.k /`.=ï
±lafjk lúj,ska ;;a ld,Sk j mej;s k¾;kdx. iy jdµ NdKav ms<sn| j fufia ±lafõ'
;y,ï l, fnr ;ïueg mg;ka;sß vure

;Ufïgl fnr fndïì,s ùKd ñKs reisre
fnr uoao, ly,ï riq ks.,ï ne| fid÷re
fuish,a u. .s.=ñka m< flfrñka is÷ whqre
by; lúfhys wka;¾.; jdµ NdKav oCIsK Ndr;Sh l¾Kdgl ix.S;hg jvd;a ióm nj
úoHudk fõ'
.ïfmd< hq.fha w. Nd.fha ,shejqKq uhQr ikafoaYfha fojqkaor Wmq,ajka foajd,hfha flreKq
k¾;k ms<sn| tla tla lúfhys j¾Kkd lr we;'
r<,d Wmq,d f,¿u ;=,dhd - fk; ,d neu ,d nujd,dhd

r`.,d tl,d neü ks,dhd - fk;e,d is;e,d we|ne|,dhd
fuu lúfhka ;d, iy ßoau wkqj k¾;kh isÿjk whqre Ñ;a; rEm èjks; lrjhs'
85
l%s' j' 1350 § muK ,xldjg meñKs bnka n;+;df.a jd¾;dfjys fojqkaor Wmq,ajka foajd,hfha
ñksia Wig ksuejq .k rka foaj m%;sudj bÈßmsg yskaÿ nd,sldjka mkaishhla muK uq¿ /hla ;siafi
.S .hd kegQ nj i|yka fõ' fulS foajd, k¾;k l%uh ksiel j u bkaÈhdkq wdNdifhka ,;a
foajodis k¾;k l%ufhka wdfoaY jQ wx.hla nj wkqudk l< yels h'
fldaÜfÜ hq.h
isxy, idys;Hfha iaj¾Kuh hq.h jYfhka i,lk fldaÜfÜ hq.h o k¾;k b;sydih ms<sn|
j b;d jeo.;a h' l%s' j' 1412 - 1467 ld,fha rc l< 6 jk merl=ïnd rcqf.a frda ÿla iy i;=re lror
ÿre lr,Sug fldfydUd lxldß Ydka;sl¾uh meje;a jQ nj l=fõKs wiafkys ,sheù we;' tuÕska
fldaÜfÜ hq.h jk úg fuu Ydka;sl¾uh rdcH wjYH;djka i|yd Wiia uÜgulska ms<sf.k ;snQ
nj;a ck;dj w;r jHdma; j mej;s Ydka;sl¾uhla nj;a meyeÈ,s h'
1457 ld,fha § ùod.u ffu;%s ysñhka úiska fn!oaO uqyK

q j
q rlska hq;= j foaYSh n,s Ydka;l
s ¾uh
furg m%p,s; lsÍfï miqìu f.dvk`.k ,oS' fuu wjia:d foaYSh k¾;k b;sydifha jeo.;a
ikaêia:dkhla f,i i|yka l< yels h'
;j o f;dg.uqfõ úchnd msßfjk" lEr., moaudj;s msßfjk jeks msßfjka wOHdmk wdh;kj,
k¾;kh úIhhla jYfhka mej;Sfuka fmkS hkafka fldaÜfÜ hq.fha § ms<s.;a úIhhla f,i
k¾;k l,dj mej;s nj h'
isxy, m%Yia;s ldjHhla f,i ms<s.efkk zzmerl=ïnd isß;ZZ rpkd ù we;af;a o fldaÜfÜ y;r
jk mrdl%undyq rc;=ud fjkqfjks' fldaÜfÜ hq.h k¾;k b;sydifha iaj¾Kuh hq.h f,i i,lkqfha
fujeks fya;= uQ,sl fldgf.k h'
lE.¨ Èia;%slalfha wïnq¨., yd fnka;r .,;=reuq, úydr leghï iys; W¿jiafia we;s
k<.k rej óg fmr mej;s hq.hkays ;snQ rElïj,g jvd fjkia h' fï wkqj Ndr;Sh wdNdih
,nñka ;snQ k¾;k l,dj fldaÜfÜ hq.fha § fjkia u`.la .;a nj fmfka'
;j o fldaÜfÜ O¾umd, l=ure fn!;Siau lsÍu i|yd mq¾;=.d,fha ,sianka kqjrg hejq we;ao;a
uxcqidfõ w,xldr jia;%dNrKfhka ieriqKq ks<s rEm folla we;' iS' o' tia l=,;s,l olajkafka
th fmd,au,a Ydka;s kegqu nj hs'
mfrú" fldal,s " yxi" ie<,sysKs" iejq,a wdoS ikafoaY yd .=;a;s, ldjH hk idys;Hh uQ,dY%hhkays
we;=<;a idOl u`.ska ;;a hq.fha k¾;k l,dj mej;s ;;a;ajh uekúka olajd we;'
f,,jk È.=fk; ks¨mq, fiahd

f,, mjkska rka ,shú,s fiahd
k<`.k r`.kd ±l fkd, fiahd
k<,; kqjk. r`. ie,fiahd ^mfrú ikafoaYh&
f,,ÿka kj ;U m¨jka mdfoa

;nñka fkdjro uoao, kdfoa
.hñka mdkd .Sf;ka lS foa
w`.kka r`. ÿgqjka is; mEfoa ^mfrú ixfoaYh&
wÈñka iqÿmg i¿ f., i÷fk;a ;=kq ;jrd

irñka Wruq;= yr;sr t,s.sh uq,a imqrd
fidnñka hq. irk; kqmqr /õ§ b÷rd
nisñka in ueo r`. fo;s lshñka .S ñhqrd
^fldals, ikafoaYh&
86
nr; i;r fmr bisjr lS f,ig
fofk; hq.; fomfiys muK ißfldg
iu; ;d, uoao, .Shg tlafldg
Èuq; k<U r`.fo;s Èh k, f,ig
îejq,a ikafoaYh&
úfok f,f,k kre nr mq¿¨l=, /¢

fy<k k.k w; kqjk. ne`Mï ÈÈ
reúk Èf,k wnrK leü .; fhÈ
ief,k myka is¿jeks r`.k ,sh ieÈ
îe<,sysKs ikafoaYh&
,l, mq¿¨l=, n| ñks fujq,a,d

iu. rka i<U /ú§ fjjq,a,d
jhk mog ;nñka mo lu,a,d
r`.k ,÷ka n, rE isß ish,a,d
îe<,sysKs ikafoaYh&
rE /fia w¢kd f,fia w;a f,, È§ úÿ,sh mnd

rka rfia tlajk f,fia fjk kd o kQ md ;n ;nd
lï mfia fok ir f,fia foi n, n,d fk;.ska ind
uï flfia mjiï tfia jr iqr ,÷ka ÿka r`. fidnd
^.=;a;s, ldjHh&
Wla; ldjHhkays wka;¾.; ,laIK ms<sn| úuis,su;a jQ úg tl, ldka;djka k¾;kfhys nyq, j
fhÿKq nj;a" úúO w,xldr rx. jia;%dNrK me<¢ nj;a meyeÈ,s h' Ndr;Sh jdµ NdKav fukau ;d,
ms<sn| wjfndaOhla iys; j k¾;kfhys fhÿKq wdldrh ldjH wka;¾.;fhka wjfndaO fõ' ful,
Ndr;Sh wdNdih we;sj b;d Wiia uÜgñka k¾;k l,d fCIa;%h j¾Okh ù ;sî we;s njg Wla; lú
idlaIs orhs'
uykqjr hq.h
Wvrg k¾;k iïm%odhfha úldYh ms<sn| iaj¾Kuh hq.h f,i i,lkafka uykqjr hq.h hs'
fuu jljkqfjys we;s jQ rdcH wkq.%yh k¾;k l,dfjys m%.ukhg fya;= úh' úfYaIfhka uykqjr
jd¾Isl wei< fmryer k¾;k jdok wdÈfhka iu,xlD; jQ o¾YkSh ixialD;sl wx.hla jQ nj;a" tys
ia;%s k¾;kj,g yd .eñ kegqïj,g úfYaI ia:dkhla ysñ jQ nj;a úfoaYlhskaf.a yd foaY
ixpdrlhkaf.a jd¾;djkg wkqj meyeÈ,s fõ' uykqjr hq.fha § ,xldj meñKs iams,a n¾cka úiska
,shk ,o zúfoaYSka ÿgq mqrdK ,xldjZ kï lD;sfhys zzuykqjr fmryef¾ rEu;a ;reKsfhda ,iaikg
kg;a' Tjqkaf. Wvqlh k.ak jQ w;r hálh úis;=re f,i jev ±uq ÿyq,a jia;%fhka irid ;sìKs'ZZ
hkqfjka olajd we;'
fojk rdcisxy rcq l< ,xldfõ Ôj;a jQ ^úfoaYsl isrlrejl= jQ& frdnÜ fkdlaiaf.a ztod
fy<ÈjZ kï lD;sfhys úydr foajd,j, f;ajdj i|yd kshu jQ l=,j,ska meñKs l<f.ä fi,a,fï
fhfok k<`.fkda fj;s'
zzia;%Ska yg kshu jQ úúO l%Svd lrñka ;=kafokd ne.ska w;sk; f.k r`.k ia;%Syq fj;s'ZZ
Wla; idOl iu. lS¾;s Y%S rdcisxy rcqf.a ld,fha § i;r foajd, fmryer kqjr wei<
fmryerg iïnkaO ú we;s w;r tla tla foajd,j,g iïnkaO úfYaI k¾;k lKavdhï ;u
rdcldßfhys fh§ we;'
uykqjr hq.fha k¾;k l,dj iïnkaOfhka jeo.;a jk rdcH md,lfhl== jYfhka Y%S ùrmrdl%u
87
kf¾kaøisxy rc;=ud ye¢kaúh yels h' ol=Kq bkaÈhdfõ uÿrdmqr kdhlal¾ jxYsl l=ußhla irKmdjd
.;a l,dldñ úfkdaoldñ rcl jQ fu;=udf. ld,fha § k¾;k l,djg mQ¾K rdcH wkq.%yh ,eî
we;'
fuu hq.fha§ ,shjqKq isynd wiak lD;sfhys Y%S ùrmrdl%u kf¾kaøisxy rcqf.a fodaI úm;a ÿre
lsÍug fukau hiia f;o Wiia lr .ekSug fldfydUdlxldß Ydka;sl¾uh meje;ajQ nj i|yka fõ'
1816 ,xldj meñKs fcdaka fâõ f.a lD;sfhys rcjdi, iïnkaO mej;s wdh;k 5la ms<sn|
i|yka lr we;s w;r tajd Ndrj lghq;= lsÍug uqykaÈrï flfkl= m;alr we;'
1' lúldr b,x.u - lúldr uvqfõ uqykaÈrï

2' kegqï b,x.u
3' jdy, b,x.u
4' ;Uqre mqrmafmÜgqldr b,x.u
5' isx.drlaldr b,x.u
fuu lúldr uvqj .dhkh jdokh yd ix.S;h i|yd iqúfYaI ia:dkhla úh' tneúka fuu
.dhk lKavdhï Ndrj lúldr uvqfõ uqykaÈrï jrhd hgf;a md,kh úh' Y%S ùrmrdl%u kf¾kaøisxy
rcq iufha wêldrlu yd .Ks;d,xldr nuqKq mçjrhd jeks wh lúldr uvqfõ .dhkh i|yd
jkakï rpkd l< nj lshfõ' m%Yia;s ldjH rpkdjla isÿ ù we;af;a o uykqjr hq.fha § h' rcqf.a
.=K j¾Kkd lsÍug rpkd ù we;s ldjH w;r Y%S kduh" mjk" rdcisxy úreodj,sh bka lsysmhls'
.dhkh i|yd ks¾ñ; jQ fuu lú miqj k¾;kh i|yd fhdod.kakd ,È'
ls¾;s Y%S rdcisxy ld,fha § wei< fmryer úêu;a wdldrfhka ixúOdkh lrk ,o w;r o<od
ud,s.hg fukau foajd, iïnkaOj o k¾;k yd jdok lKavdhï isá w;r Tjqkaf.a hemSï i|yd
ud,s.dj yd foajd, i;= bvlvï N=la;s ú¢fï whs;sh ,nd § ;snqKs'
tl, iïu; iudc l%uh hgf;a l,dj ÈhqKq ù we;s w;r ro, m%N+jreka Wiia hehs iïu; rdc
ud,s.djg iïnkaO jQ Wvrg ks,fïjreka ;u j,õj, W;aij wjia:d i|yd fhdod .ekSug fm!oa.,sl
k¾;k lKavdhï mj;ajdf.k f.dia we;' tl, ck iudch w;r k¾;k l,dj jvd;a ckm%sh
wx.hla j ;snQ nj ta wkqj ikd: fõ'
fld<U hq.h ^wµ;kh f;la&

woH;k hq.h f,i fuys § idlÉPd lrkq ,nk ld,mßÉfþoh 20 jk ishjfia wdrïNfha
isg wo olajd ld,jljkqjg wh;a fjhs' j¾I 1918 § kq.fj, u. Èidj úiska idïm%odhsl Wvrg
fjia kegqu uykqjr o<od fmryerg tla lsÍu fuu hq.fha isÿ jQ iqúfYaI isoaêhla f,i ie,lsh
yels h' fldfydUd hla lxldß Ydka;sl¾uhg muKla iSud ù mej;=K fjia we÷ï lÜg,fhka ieriS
lrkq ,nk Wvrg k¾;kdx. fmryerg tla lsÍu jQ l,s Wvrg k¾;kh úfkdaod¾: ud¾.hla njg
mßj¾;kh ùfï m%jK;djls'
foaYSh k¾;k l,dfjys wµ;k m%fndaOhg uq, msfrkafka 1934 j¾Ifha uehs ui 13 Èk isÿ
jQ uyd lú rúkaøkd;a ;df.da¾;=udf.a Y%S ,xld ixpdrh iu`.sks' t;=ud iu. meñKs k`M ks<s
lKavdhu úiska Í.,a Yd,dfõ § zzYdmafudapkaZZ kD;H kdglh m%o¾Ykh lrk ,È' fuu.ska we;s jQ
l,d m%fndaOh Y%S ,dxflah l,dlrejkg uy;a n,mEula we;s lrkakg ;rï iu;a úh'
fuys m%;sM,h jqfha Ñ;%fiak" mKsNdr;" fm%u

a l=udr tmsgfj," ví,sõ' î' ul=f,d`Mj" .x.dkd:"
fYaId m,sylaldr" ksu,a fj,a.u wdÈ ;reK msßia bkaÈhdjg f.dia k¾;k l,dj bf.k .ekSfï
kj m%jK;d we;sù u hs'
foaYSh m%N+ me,eka;sfha ldka;djka o k¾;kh bf.kqu;a m%isoaO k¾;k ikao¾Ykj,g

iyNd.sùu;a fuu hq.fha we;s jQ ;j;a iqúfYaI isÿùuls' foaYSh ldka;d k¾;kfha tla mqfrda.dñ
88
fufyjrla wdrïN jkafka l,d.=re fÊ' ã' ta' fmf¾rd ue;s÷f.a ìßh jQ pkaøf,aLd uy;añh iy
fïßhï mSßia uy;añh k¾;k l,djg m%úIag ùu;a iu.sks' pkaøf,aLd uy;añh m%:u jrg fjia ne¢
ldka;djl f,i k¾;k b;sydifha jd¾;d .; ú we;' t;=ñhf.a fnrjdok Ys,amshd f,i lghq;=
lr we;af;a wdpd¾h tia' mKsNdr; h' úfYaIfhka pkaøf,aLd fmf¾rd ue;sksh Ndr;hg f.dia Y%S
,dxflah ldka;d k¾;kh Ndr;fha o m%o¾Ykh lr ldka;d wNsjDoaêh we;s lr,Sug iu;a ùfuka
ldka;d mlaIhg k¾;k l,dj yeoEÍug wjYH miqìu ilia lr §ug mqfrda.dó jQjd h'
k¾;kfha wdOHdmksl m%fõYh ms<sn| úuiSfï § 1936 § ú,auÜ ta' fmf¾rd ue;s÷kaf.a
lemùfuka ìys l< m%:u úêu;a wdh;kh fydrK Y%Smd,sh hs' fuh k¾;k l,dfõ idïm%odhsl
wruqKq iy tys m%n,;d iSudjka fjkia lsÍu flfrys n,mE ;SrKd;aul wdh;khla úh'
1936 j¾Ifha § isÿ jQ ;j;a iqúfYaI isÿùula f,i .dkaO¾j úNd.h ye¢kaúh yels h' tjlg
wOHdmk wOHCIjrhl= jQ tia' t,a' î' lmqfldgqj uy;df.a m%Odk;ajfhka ,xld .dkaO¾j iNdj
msysgqjd kegqï úNd. wdrïN lr we;' 1966 j¾Ifha § fmrÈ. ix.S; yd kegqï ms<sn| iy;sl m;%
úNd.h f,i fuh m%;sixúOdkh úh' 1977 j¾Ifha § tu úNd.h cd;sl ix.S; yd kegqï úNd.h
hkqfjka jHdma; j Y%S ,xld úNd. fomd¾;fïka;=j u`.ska mj;ajdf.k hkq ,efí'
1943 § rcfha mdGYd,dfõ wdrïN jqK k¾;k úIh ^úIh iud.ó& i|yd k¾;k .=rejreka m;a
lsÍu wOHdmk úIhhla jYfhka woH;k iajrEmhg m;aùfï uQ,drïNl wjia:dj úh' 1972 .srd.u
fi!kao¾h .=re úÿy, wdrïN lr tu`.k
s a .=rejrekag úêu;a mqyK
q j
q la ,nd § k¾;k úIh b.ekaùfuys
.=Kd;aul ixj¾Okhla we;s lf<a h'
1953 § rcfha l,dh;kfhys k¾;k wOHhkh wdrïN úh' bka miq th rcfha ,,s; l,dh;kh
kñka o rcfha kegqï yd uqød kdgH úoHd,hh kñka o y÷kajd we;' tys kegqï wxYfha m%Odkhd ù
we;af;a tia' mKSNdr; uy;d h' miq j 1974 uehs 01 Èk Y%S ,xld le,Ks úYajúoHd,hSh
fi!kao¾h wdh;kh kñka m%;sixúOdkh úh' miqld,Sk j le,Ksh úYajúoHd,hhg wkqnoaO
wdh;khlaj mej;s th wk;=re j 2005 jif¾ § fi!kao¾h l,d úYajúoHd,h kñka m%ldYhg m;a
úh'
1956 § ixialD;sl fomd¾;fïka;=j wdrïN lsÍu iy tf;la mej;s l,dh;khka ms<s.;a
k¾;k wOHdmk wdh;k f,i ,shdmÈxÑ fldg rdcH wdOdr ,ndÿka w;r tys wOHdmk lghq;=
úêu;a iajrEmhg m;a lrk ,È'
1959 j¾Ifha § m%:u rdcH ixialD;sl ¥; lKavdhu bkaÈhdjg hjk ,È' 1963 § fmdÿ rdcH
uKav,Sh l,d Wf,<g o k¾;k Ys,amSka lKavdhula iyNd.s ù we;' 1967 lekvdfõ tlaiaf*da
m%o¾Ykhg ixialD;sl fomd¾;fïka;j = u`.k
s a kegqï lKavdhula iyNd.s lrjd wka;¾cd;sl wjOdkh
Y%S ,xldjg fhduqlrjd .; yels úh'
1972 j¾Ifha kj wOHdmk m%;sixialrK wjia:dfõ fi!kao¾h úIh lñgq jd¾;dj wkqj
wOHhk fmdÿ iy;sl m;% idudkH fm< úNd.h i|yd fi!kao¾h úIh wksjd¾h úh' 1978 j¾Ifha
§ wOHhk fmdÿ iy;sl m;% Wiia fm< úIh Odrdjg fi!kao¾h úIh o we;=<;a úh'
rdcH wkq.%yh u; k¾;k lKavdhï f.dv ke.Su o wdrïN jQfha fuu ld,jljdkqfõ § h'
1968 § ixialD;sl wud;HdxYh u`.ska m%:u rdcH k¾;k lKavdhu o" 1972 j¾Ifha § hqo yuqod yd
kdúl yuqod k¾;k lKavdhï o 1973 fmd,sia k¾;k lKavdhu o" 1978 cd;sl ;reK fiajd iNd
k¾;k lKavdhu o wdÈ lKavdhï wdrïN ùu isÿ úh'
1986 oS cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfha fi!kao¾h wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=j ìys úh' fi!kao¾h
úIhka ms<sn| fmdÿ wruqKq" úIh yd ine|s wruqKq uQ,sl fldgf.k úêu;a úIh ks¾foaY iliaùu
fuys oS isÿ úh' fuys úldYh;a iu`.u fi!kao¾h úIfha .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ilia lsrSu" .=re mqyqKj
q "
lshùï .%ka: iïmdokh isÿ úh'
89
by; oelajQ f;dr;=re iu`.u foaYSh k¾;k l,dfõ úldYhg úúO fya;= rdYshla woH;kfha n,md
we;s w;r ckudOHfha úldYh o Bg msgqn,hla ù we;'
6'2 foaYSh k¾;k l,dfõ kj m%jK;d
• wOHdmk m%jK;d
• iudc wd¾Ól m%jK;d
• ck udOH m%jK;d
• wka;¾ cd;sl ixialD;sl in|;d
• ;dCIKsl fuj,ï yd Ys,am l%u
wOHdmk m%jK;d
• 1934 j¾Ifha rîkaøkd;a ;df.da¾;=udf.a meñKSu;a iu`. k¾;k l,dfõ kj m%fndaOhla
we;sùug miqìu ilia ùu'
• 1936 oS .dkaO¾j iNdj wdrïN fldg .dkaO¾j úNd.h wdrïN lsrSu'
• 1943 oS m%:ufhka mdi,aj, k¾;k úIh b.ekaùu wdrïN lsrSu'
• 1952 rcfha ,,s; l,dh;k iy 1956 ixialD;sl fomd¾;fïka;=j wdrïN ùu ;=<ska
l,dh;k ìysùu'
• 1972 oS rcfha mdi,aj,g fi!kao¾h úIh wksjd¾h ùu yd tu tu jif¾ oS fi!kao¾h
.=rejreka mqyqKq lsrSu i|yd .srd.u fi!kao¾h .=re úoHd,h wdrïN úu'
• 1952 we;s l< rcfha ,,s; l,dh;k Wiia wOHdmkh i|yd 1974 j¾Ifha oS le,Ksh
úYaj úoHd,hg wkqnoaO fldg fi!kao¾h wOHhk wdh;kh wdrïN lsrSu'
• 1978 j¾Ifha oS m%:u jrg ,,s;l,dfõoS WmdêOdrSka ìysjQ w;r w'fmd'i ^W'fm'& úIh
Odrdjg k¾;kh úIhhla jYfhka we;=<;a ùu'
• 1986 oS cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh hgf;a fi!kao¾h fomd¾;fïka;=j msysgqùfuka úIh
ks¾foaY" .=reud¾f.damfoaY ilialsrSu wdrïN lsrSu'
• 2005 oS le,Ksh úYajúoHd,Sh fi!kao¾h wOHhk wdh;kh fi!kao¾h úYaj l,d úYaj
úoHd,h kñka iajdëk úYajúoHd,hla njg m;aùu'
• wOHdmksl jYfhka ixj¾Okh ùfï oS .=rel=, yd .=ref.og iSudù ;snQ k¾;kh jHjydßl
l,djla njg m;aùu ;=<ska úNd. wruqKq fldg .;a ;r.ldrS iajNdjhla úIh ;=< we;s
ùu'
• k¾;kl,dfjys ixialD;sl miqìu yd Bg wod< fCIa;%hka ms<sn| m¾fhaIK lD;s ìys
ùu'
• idïm%odhsl u;su;dka;r úpdrhg fhduqùu yd úúO u;jdo ìys ùu'
• wOHdmk wjia:d mq¿,aùfï m%;sM,hla f,i k¾;kh úIh ;=<ska wdpd¾h" uydpd¾h
moú ,nd .ekSug l,dlrejka iu;aùu'
• cd;Hka;r in|;d ;=<ska úfoaYSh k¾;k l,djka yeoErSug uxfm;a fy<sùu'
• mdi,a w;r jirlamdid iuia; ,xld k¾;k ;r`. meje;aùfuka" .=re isiq YlH;d
m%j¾Okh ùu'
iudc wd¾Ól m%jK;d

• úúO wdh;k yd k¾;k lKavdhï ìys ùu'
• ixialD;sl uOHia:dk
• cd;sl ;reKfiajd iNdfõ fn,ajqâ wdh;kh
90
• ;%súO yuqod iy fmd,sia k¾;k lKavdhu
• rdcH k¾;k lKavdhu
• m<d;a k¾;k lKavdhï
• fm!oa.,sl k¾;k lKavdhï
• úúO W;aij i|yd k¾;kh fhdod .ekSu'
• ux., W;aij
• ms<s.ekSfï W;aij
• iudrïNl W;aij
• fmryer
• jD;a;Sh k¾;k lKavdhï ìys ùu'
• ldka;djka YS>% f,i k¾;k l,dj je<| .ekSu'
• ix.S; ixo¾Yk hkdÈfhys úúOdldr rx.jia;%dNrK Ndú; lrñka .S; wkqj úúO
k¾;k bÈßm;a lsrSu'
• iEu iïm;lau uqo,auh jákdlulg wf,ú lsrSug fhduq ùu'
ck udOH m%jK;d
• Ydka;sl¾u" k¾;k jevigyka" m%ùK k¾;k Ys,amSka iyNd.S jk idlÉPd uKavm"
jd¾;d jev igyka rEmjdysksh u.ska úldYkh ùu'
• rEmjdysksh u`.ska ish¨ jhia ldKavj,g wod< k¾;k ;r`. meje;a ùu'
• ;r. úksYpa h i|yd úksYp a h uKav,hg wu;rj tia' tï' tia' ukdm uÕska fm%aCIlhska
iyNd.S lr .ekSu'
• cd;sl iu.sh f.dvke.Sug úúO cd;Skag wh;a k¾;k wx. we;=<;a jev igyka
rEmjdysksh u.ska úldYkh lsrSug bv m%ia:d ie,iSu'
• fj<| m%pdrl lghq;= i|yd k¾;kh fhdod .ekSu'
wka;¾ cd;sl ixialD;sl in|;d

• wka;¾cd,h uÕska f,dalfha ´kEu rgl" ´kEu ia:dkhl we;s k¾;k wx. keröfï
yelshdj'
• foaYSh k¾;k wka;¾cd,h yryd keröug;a" ;u ks¾udK wka;¾ cd,hg uqod yerSug;a
wjia:dj ie,iSu'
• ixpdrl jHdmdrh wdoS fCIa;%hka i|yd k¾;kh fhdod .ekSu'
;dCIKsl fuj,ï yd Ys,am l%u

• wdf,dallrKh i|yd wê ;dCIKsl WmlrK Ndú;h" ;dCIKsl fuj,ï yd Ys,am l%u
• rx. jia;%dNrK yd fõIksrEmKh i|yd úúO Ys,amSh l%u Ndú;h'
• whs ,EIia Ndú;h

• weiajgd l¿ j¾K f¾Ld we|Su
• rx. jia;j
% ,g úúO j¾K .,a" ßnka wdoS úis;=re øjH tlalr .ekSu yd úúO
j¾K Ndú;h'
• w;S;fha ßoS yd m,amaj,ska ieliQ wdNrK fjkqjg rn¾ iSÜ" j¾K .,a wdÈh
fhdod .ekSu'
• ks¾udKd;aul úúO wdNrK yd Ndr;Sh wdNrK Ndú;h'
91
6'3 ikakshl=u Ydka;sl¾uh
ikakshl=u Ydka;sl¾ufha l;d mqj;a

ox WÈhdf.a l;dj iy ixLmd, l;dj f,iska mqrd l;d folla ikakshl=ï hd.fha § wikakg
,efí'
nqÿka Wfoid hehs mjiñka oxWÈhd fndrejg ox is`.d lE múka urKska u;= fm%a; wd;auhl bmso
.,la j bmÿK nj ckm%jdofha i|yka fõ' fndre lSu mxpYS,fha ±lafjk mßÈ mia mõj,ska tlls'
fndre lshkakd fyda fndrefjka Ôj;a jkakd fyda urKska u;= wmd.; ùu fyda tu wd;au Ndjfha
§u úúOdldr mSvdj,g f.dÿre ùu fyda isÿ fõ' hk wdl,amh;a fndre lshkakd f.a uqúka ÿ¾.kaOhla
msg jk nj;a fn!oaO iudch ;=< m%p,s; lreKls' fn!oaO iudch tjka l%shdj,skaf.ka uqojd
.ekSug .;a W;aidyhla f,i ox WÈ l;dj iudc .; lsÍug W;aidyf.k we;s nj meyeÈ,s lreKls'
fn!oaO ms<sfj;aj,g mgyeKs j lghq;= lrkakdg ú£ug isÿjkakd jQ mdmfhka uqojd .eksfï n,h
we;af;a o nqÿka jykafia foiQ O¾uhg nj o ñka meyeÈ,s jk lreKls'
ox WÈhdf.a l;dj iy ixLmd, l;dj w;ßka ikakshl=u Ydka;sl¾u idys;Hfha m%Odk ;ekla
.kafka ixLmd, l;dj h' fuh kdfgHdaÑ; ,laIKj,ska wkQk njla olakg ,efí' ikakshl=ka
iNd .eng meñK lrk ixjdoj,ska bÈßm;a flfrkafka ixLmd, l;dj jqj;a ÈIaá uka;rj, È ox
WÈhd yd ine|s l;djg jeä wjOdkhla ,nd § we;af;a th fn!oaO wd.uhg iïnkaO lr ;sfnk
ksid úh yels h' ikakshl=ï Wmam;a;sh ,sÉPù mrïmrdjg iïnkaO lr we;af;a o ta i|yd jeä
jákdlula §ug nj fmfka' ,sÉPú mrïmrdj fn!oaO idys;Hhg iïnkaOlï olajk msßils'
fn!oaO idys;Hfha we;=<;a jQ ,sÉPùyq rEm fYdaNdjh iy hymd,kh ksid nqÿkaf.ka mjd meiiqï
,enqfjda fj;a' ,sÉPùka o YdlH l=,hg wh;a ùu jeo.;a fõ' fn!oaO j;a ms<sfj;a yd nqoaO O¾ufha
wka;¾ .; b.ekaùï idlaId;a lrúu Wfoid ixLmd, l;dj wjia:dj lrf.k we;' B¾IHdj"
oafõIh yd m,s.ekSu fn!oaO j;a ms<sfj;aj,g mgyeKs h' ixLmd, l;dfõ wdhqmd, fyj;a wiQmd,
ìijf.a fod< ÿl ixisÿùu i|yd ó wU f.ähla lEfï ixisoaêfha § odishg ó wU lE,a,la
fkd,eîu ksid ìijf.ka m<s.ekSug is;d .ekSu" rcqg fndre wdrxÑ lk jeàu" rc flfkl= yÈis
;srK .ekSu ^fidhd n,d lghq;= fkdlsÍu& u`.ska ffjÍ is;a my< lr .ekSu jYfhka fn!oaO
iudchg Èh hq;= mKsúv lsysmhla ,nd §ug W;aidy f.k we;' rcqf.aa wKska ìijqka urd ±uQj o
wehf.a l=iska rcqg odj Wmka l=urd ;=< o we;s oafõIh" ffjrh yd m<s.ekSfï l%shdoduh .ek
úuiSfï § ffjrfhka ffjrh fkdixis£u hk fn!oaO b.ekaùu biau;= flfrkq we;' ^mshd
ueÍug;a rdcH wjq,a lsÍug;a l=urd wêIaGdk lsÍu&
ikakshl=u yd ne¢ mqrdjD;a;j,ska fy<s jkafka fn!oaO j;a ms<sfj;a ms<smeo jvd ÿre l< hq;=
múgq is;e`.shdj,ska w;añ§ hym;a fn!oaO iudchla f.dv ke`.Sug W;aidy .; hq;= nj hs'
ikakshl=u meje;aùfï mqo mQcd j;a ms<sfj;a ^mQcd úê ms<sfj<&
ikakshl=u fnka;r yd ud;r hk rx. ffY,Skays oS iqúfYaI wkkH;d ,CIK olakg ,efí'
• wd;=rhd hd. uKavmhg le|jdf.k tau' meñK ;=Kqrejka isyslr myka o,ajd" fuu
hd.fhka ish¨ frdaÿla ksjdrK hehs lshd isyl
s rjñka wd;=r mkao,fuys bo.ekSug ie,eiaùu
fnka;r iïm%odfhys oS isÿ flf¾'
• ud;r ffY,sfha oS ;=Kqrejka Wfoid u,a myka mQcd lsrSula fkdlfrk w;r iQkshï
foúhka fjkqfjka iQkshï ùÈfha ^ms,a¨ ùÈfha& myka o,ajkq ,efí' ud;r oS u,a hyka
keàula olakg fkd,efnk w;r fnka;r ffY,sfha oS wkqms<sfj<ska kd: foúhka m%uqL
fldgf.k úIaKq" l;r.u yd m;a;sks hk foúhka Wfoid u,a wiak û,a hyka& kgkq
,efí'
• ud;r ffY,sfha oS l¿ hld" rSß hld" wNsudk hld iy f;dg hld fjkqfjka ieliqKq
msfoaks ;gq iys; l;a;sßlal wd;=rhd bÈßfha ;nd lv;sr wÈkq ,efí' msfoaks ÈIaá lsÍu" y;a
92
moh fm<md,s keàu r;sldu hl=ka fjkqfjka yekaoE iuhfï oS mkaoï mo yd mkaoï
brÜá keàu isÿ flf¾'
fnka;r rx. ffY,sfha oS fulS yekaoE iuhï kgk wjia:dfõ oS m%:ufhka u yia;
lrK" N+; lrK .hkq ,efí' wk;=re j fm%A; ;gqjg;a yekaoE iuhfï mqo fok l¿ hld"
rSß hld" wNsudk hld" f;dg hld yd iQkshï hld hk hl=ka Wfoid ieliqKq msfoaks
ueiai wd;=rhd bÈßfha ;nd lv;srdjla wÈkq ,efí' msfoaks ÈIaá lr uka;% lSfuka miq j
lv;=rd lú .dhkd lr lv;srdj bj;a lrhs' fuu wjia:dfõ oS wIaG ux.,H jia;k + a wd;=r
fomfha mh .ekaùu fnka;r ffY,shg wkkH jQ ,CIK hs' mkaoï mo mkaoï brÜá
keàu fuys oS isÿflf¾'
• wIaG ux., jia;= wg ( fmd,a" fudfyd,a" Èú lÿre" Èú ysi" f;d,fnda" yS/iai"''''''''''''
• ud;r ffY,sfha oS yekaoE iuhfï mqo ,nk hl=ka fjkqfjka ieliQ l;a;sßlal fjka
fjka jYfhka /f.k hl=g wh;a hdÈks lkak,õ yd Wm;a lú.dhkh lr msfoaks lem
lsrSu wd;=rhd w;ska nq,;a m~qre oS ^msfÈks ;gqjg ouhs& msfoaks lemlsrSu isÿ lrkq ,efí'
fnka;r ffY,sfha oS yekaoE iuhfï mqo ,nk hl=ka fjkqfjka msfoaks lemlsrSfï oS tu
pß;h iNdjg msúfia' fuys oS fnrlre yd hla pß;h w;r fonia yd ixjdo Ndú; fõ'
rx. ffY,Ska foflysu ure rSß hld fjkqfjka wjux.,H msfoaksh lem fok w;r tu
wjia:dj meÿf¾ oemú,a, kñka o y÷kajkq ,efí' fnka;r oS urejd iNd.; ùu o úfYaI
fõ' tfiau uyfidfydka hld fjkqfjka fofldK ú,lal= iuhula keàu o fnka;r
ffY,shg úfYaI jQjls'
• ud;r ffY,sfha oS uy iuhï keàu i|yd iuhï we÷ï lÜg,fhka ierfik weÿfrda
iuhï mo" mkaoï mo yd mkaoï brÜá kgkq ,efí' wd;=rhdf.a frda. ,CIK wkqj ^frda.
;;ajh oreKq kï& oeryej msfoaKsh lem lrkq ,efí'
• fnka;r ffY,sfha oS mn¿ we÷ï lÜg,fhka ierfik weÿfrda l=udr fm<md,sh fyj;a
,sÉPú k¾;kh bÈßm;a lrhs'
ud;r ffY,sfha oS fuh ,sÉPú fyj;a iqj|u,a wud;Hdf.a kegqu hkqfjka y÷kajhs'
• fnka;r yd ud;r ffY,Ska foflysu ikaks f.kaùug wdrdOkd lsrSula jYfhka kshñ;
fjia uqyqKq me<| .dhk yd fonia iu`.ska md,s bÈßm;a lrhs' tfia md,s keàfuka
wk;=re j ikaks oy wg bÈßm;a lrk w;r m<d;a foflysu wjidk jYfhka meñfKkafka
flda, ikaksh hs' we;eï wjia:dj, oS ikaks n,shla o mdjd foa'
• wd;=rhdg wdrCId kQ,a .eg.id foúhkag mska oSfuka wk;=re j msx fnr jdokh lr
ikakhl=ï hd.h wjika lrhs'
k¾;kfha" .dhkfha yd jdokj, iqúfYaI;d

i¾j rd;%sl j meje;afjk fujeks Ydka;sl¾uj, mqo mQcd rgdfõ tlsfkl iïnkaO
fldg .,dhdug ie,eiaùfuka yd ta ta pdß;% wjia:d iïnkaOh f.dv k`.d .ksñka úúO;ajhla
we;s lsÍug WmldrS jkafka fnr jdokh hs' fnrfhka kxjk Ojks rgd Ydka;l
s ¾uhl § k¾;kfha
fhfokakkaf.a p,kj,g Ôjh §ug;a ;d,h yd Ndjd;aul .=Kh cks; lsÍug;a bjy,a fõ' fï
ish,a,g u jvd krUkakkag wdiajdohla we;s lsÍfï .=Kh o we;af;a jdokh u`.sks'
f;dú,aj, § fnrmo m%n, f,i Y%jK udOHfhka wd;=r mlaIhg ±fka' iuhï mo
keàfï § yd hCI pß; iNd.; lsÍfï § Nhdkl rih cks; jk wdldrhg fjia .;a weÿrkag tlS
pß; m%n, j f.k yer ±laùug fnr jdokh ukd miqìula imhhs' tla tla hlaIhd iNd.; ùug
m%:u .hkq ,nk flá lú wjidkfha iNd.; ùug jdokh flfrk wdrïNl moh óg lÈu
ksoiqkls'
Wod ( ±ysx fodï fodï fodï .;x .;a;.; .È.;ï
fo.; .; .È .;ï '''''''
ikakshl=fï ;=kahdufha fnr mo jdokfha oS .dhkh mdol lr.;a jdokh" k¾;kh mdol
93
lr.;a jdokh" mQcd¾:fhka lrk jdokh" kdglSh wjia:d ne¢ jdok yd .=ma; n,fõ. ksrEmKh
yd ne¢ jdokh jYfhka fjka fldg ±laúh yels fõ'
.dhkh mokï lr.;a fnr mo

wd>d;d;aul" .dhkh i|yd jdokh lrkq ,nk fnr mo iy wkd>d;d;aul .dhkh i|yd
jdokh lrkq ,nk fnr mo hkqfjka fldgia folls'
wkd>d;d;aul .dhkh i|yd jdokh lrk fnr mo ^kd: u,a wiak flá lú&
Wod ( î; f;o mqj;g - md; le,Ksh jev isg
foda; uqÿk;a fldg - kd: iqrm;s jÈñ uq,afldg
wd>d;d;aul .dhkh i|yd jdokh lrk fnr mo ^úIaKq u,a wiak flá lú&
Wod ( ol=Kq wf;a .krkañKs i,U ork jg ''
k¾;k Ys,amshd kshñ; mohg wkql+, jk mßÈ meÈfha uq,a mdoh .dhkh lrñka kgkq ,efí'
th ±lsfuka yd weiSfuka wk;=re j fnr jdolhd lúhg wod< moh jdokh lsÍu mdrïmßl isß;ls'
fuh mdrïmßl my;rg fnr jdok Ys,amSh m%d.=KHh úoyd ±lafjk wjia:djls'
hka;%" uka;%" ikak" hdÈks wdÈ wkd>d;d;aul .dhkh i|yd miqìñka w>d;d;aul fnr mo
jdokh fhdod .efka' uka;% cm lsÍfï § we;eï wlaIr WÉp iajrfhka bÈßm;a lsÍug hleÿrdg
wjYH miqìu ilia lrkq ,nkafka o fnr jdolhd úisks'
k¾;k mdol fldg.;a fnr jdok

.dhkh fkdue;s j k¾;khg m%uqLia:dkhla ,efnk wjia:d yd iïnkaO fnr jdokh fuu
.Kfhys ,d ie,fla' k¾;k Ys,m a h
s df.a úúO p,kj,g w;HjYH Ôjh ,nd fokafka fnr jdokfhks'
fnr mo msÍu" nr fmkajd jehSu wdÈ jdolhdf.a olaI;dj k¾;k Ys,amshdg k¾;kh bÈßm;a lsÍug
ukd msgqn,hla imhhs'
mQcd¾:fhka flfrk fnr mo jdok

k¾;k Ys,amshdf.a iyNd.s;ajhla fkdue;s j meje;afjk fnr jdok wjia:d ikaks hl=u
Ydka;s l¾ufha o we;' ;d,ï" iõoï" iqr,a jkaoudkï" ±l=ï w;a" iqr,a mo wdÈ jYfhka fïjd kdñl
j i|yka flf¾' we;eï wjia:dj,§ bvlv ,o úg Ys,amSh olaI;d fmkakqï lsÍug o fuu fldgia
jdokh lr;s'
kdglSh wjia:d yd ne¢ fnr jdokh

hla" ikaks yd md,s jeks kegqï iNd .; lsÍfï § ta ta pß; ;=< wka;¾.; ,laIK ms<sìUq
lsÍug k`Mjd wkq.ukh lrk p,k mdol fldg .ksñka fnr jdokh lsrSu iïm%odhh hs' ixjdo
u.ska pß; y÷kajd§fï § Ndjd;aul iajNdjh jvd;a biau;= lsrSu i|yd fnr y~ Wmfhda.S lr.kq
,efí' ksoiqkla f,i l`Mhld iyd.; ùfuka miq wd;=rhd ÿgq nj w.jñka l¿ hl= ±lal" ±lal"
±lal" ±lal hkqfjka ßoaudkql+, j lshñka wd;=rhd <`.g meñfKa' túg fnrfhka o tu jpkj,
èjks;d¾: oekfjk f,i jdokh lrhs'
.=ma; n,fõ. ksrEmKh lsßu yd ne÷Kq fnr jdokh

fuys § k¾;kh fyda jdokh fyda biau;= fkdù Ys,amshd msfhú ;;a;ajfhka u|la fjkia
iajrEmhlg m;afõ' fuh m%,h úu" wdfõY ùu" wdrEV ùu" udhï ùu yd ÈIaáh hk úúO kï
hgf;a .eñhka w;r jHjydrfha mj;S' hla fnrfha y`äka mqoa.,hl=f.a Wmú{dkfha ;ekam;a jQ
Ñ;a;fõ.hka flfuka msg;g meñKsùu i|yd fodrgq újD; ùu isÿjk nj we;eïyq mji;s'
WodyrK f,i ikakshl=fï fofldk ú,lal= keàu" iQkshï ùÈh keàu" jdy, keàu" wj;dr
ne,Su wdÈh ±laúh yels h'
94
ikakshl=ï hd.fha rx. jia;%dNrK fjiauqyqKq yd rx. ieris,s
my;rg iïm%odhfha ikakshl=ï hd.h b;d úÑ;%j;a wmQ¾j;ajfhka hqla; jQ ixialD;sldx.hla
njg m;aù we;af;a tys tk rx. ieris,s" rx. jia;%dNrK" fjia uqyqKq ks¾udKh ksid h' rx.
jia;%dNrK yd fjiauqyqKq u`.ska ikakshl=ï hd.h mqrd ießirk hlaI pß;" ikaks pß; wdÈfhys
Ndj mQ¾K;ajh ;Sj% lsÍug iu;a fõ' th jvd;a Ôjudk lsßu i|yd rx. ieris,s jvd;a ufydamldß
ù we;s neõ ikakshl=ï hd.h keröfï § meyeÈ,s fõ'
fnka;r ffY,sfha l¿hldf.a pß;h .;a úg" tu pß;h ;sj% lsÍu i|yd fhdodf.k we;s rx.
jia;%dNrK fld;rï WÑ; fõ o@ ^l`M w;aÈ. nekshu" l`M mscdudj" l`M hlsks fjia uqyqK yd bK
/,a,& iQkshï hlaIKshf.a wj;dr ;=kjka ;reK ldka;dj" nvore l;" orejl= w;e;s ujl wdÈ
jYfhka we;s fuu .eyekq pß;j,g Ôjh § we;af;a hleÿrka h' ta ta wjia:djkag WÑ; wdldrhg
rx. jia;d% NrK Ndú; lrñka ta i|yd kshñ; fjiauqyqKq me,| .ksñka pß;h ksrEmKh lsÍu fuys
È b;d jeo.;a fõ'
;reK ldka;d iajrEmhla .kakd wjia:dfõ § fldKavh ne| iqÿ jia;%hlska îdßhlska& ieriS
bK ysi jidf.k l=vd fjiauqyqKla me,|f.k ths' f,akaiqjla w;e;s j meñfKñka b`.sìÕsmdhs'
nv ore l;la f,i iNd.; fjk wjia:dfõ fjk;a fjiauqyqKla me,|f.k tkq ,efí' orejl=
,efnkak isák wjêfha § we;s jk ldhsl fjkialï fjiauqyqKska yd rx. jia;%j,ska ;Sj% lr
olajhs' f;jeks jr orejl= /.;a ujla f,i úúO wkqrEmK bÈßm;a lrhs' wjia:d ;=fkys u iqÿ
fia,h w¢kq ,efí'
rSßhldf.a jia;% yd fjiauqyqKq i|yd r;= j¾Kh Ndú;fhka pß;h ;Sj% lsÍu isÿ fõ' ikaks
hl=fï ,sÉPú kegqfï tk ,sÉPú rdc pß;h rc l=udrhl= f,iska ±laùu;a ta ta wjia:djkag WÑ;
ta ta pß;hkag .e<fmk riNdjhka WoaÈmkh lsßug;a rx. jia;d% NrK fhdodf.k we;s nj lsj hq;=
h' úfYaIfhka mkaoïmd,sh i¿md,sh jeks kegqï fuka u ikaks keàfï ure ikaksh" jeÈ ikaksh
mgka wjika jrg bÈßm;a flfrk flda, ikaksh f;la fhdodf.k we;s jia;% yd fjiauqyqKq u`.ska
ta ta pß; ukd j ksrEmKh flf¾'
rx. jia;%dNrK fuka u ieris,s l%u o ikakshl=ï hd.fha § b;d jeo.;a fõ' fuys § m%Odk
rx. uKavmh ikakshl=ï ùÈhhs' fuh lmd, ùÈh" ikakshl=ï ùÈh" ixLmd, ùÈh hk kïj,ska o
y÷kajhs' th ks¾udKh lr we;af;a f;drK y;lska h' ta w;r ta ta ikaks hlaIhkag fjk fjk
w;= j¾. ne| ieris,s lrkq we;' m%Odk f;drK rU m;=re f.dmafld< wdÈfhka w,xldr lr we;'
ùÈh mqjla w;=" nqre,a, lsks;s wdÈfhka yd rU m;=re yd f.dma fld< Ndú;fhka wjYH fudaia;r
fhdod iri;s' isgqjk ,o ßáj,g hla f;davq ne| f.dma /yeka we§fuka fmd,a u,a" mqjla u,a w;=
ne|Sfuka f;drK mduq, l,ia ;eîfuka w,xldr lr.kS' m%Odk ùÈhg wu;r j u,a hyk" ms,a¨
úÈh" ûd;r oS muKs& lmd, l=vqj" îkaks l+vqj& l;a;sßlal" msfoaks ueiai" bfia msfoaksh" bfKa
msfoaksh" fow; msfoaksh" u,anq,;a mqgqj" B.y" úÿre lvqj" hu uq.=r" ;=jlal=j" ÿkq mkaou" fofldk
ú,lal= jeks rx. ieris,s yd WmlrK rU m;a" f.dmafld< wdÈfhka b;d o¾YkSh f,i ilia lr
we;'
95
6'4 úúO m%ix.h
úúO m%ix.hla meje;aùfï wjYH;dj yd jeo.;alu ms<sn| j idlÉPd lsrSfï oS mshjr
jYfhka úúO m%ix.h ixúOdkh ms<sn| idlÉPd lsßu b;d jeo.;a fõ' m<uq jk mshjf¾ § wod<
md¾Yajhka iu`. uQ,sl idlÉPdjla meje;aúh hq;= hs' fuys §
• .=re isiq idlÉPdj yd WmfoaYk lñgq m;a lsrSu

• Èkh ia:dkh fõ,dj yd f;audj ;SrKh lsÍu wjir .ekSu jeo.;a fõ'
• fï i|yd iyNd.s lrjd .kakd b,lal .; lKavdhu f;dard.; hq;= h'
Wod ( 6 - 13 fY%aKs" 12 - 13 fY%aKs
• fldmuK wx. m%udKhla we;=<;a lrkafka o hkak'
• fï i|yd wdrdOkd lrkafka ldg o@
• iure l,U ilia lrkafka kï ta i|yd wjYH ,sms ,nd.kafka ldf.ka o@
ta i|yd ld,h fldmuK o@
• wod< ixúOdk lñgq m;a lr.ekSu yd ta i|yd mqoa.,hka y÷kd .ekSu'
ie,lsh hq;= w;HjYH ldrKd Èk ;SrKh lsÍfï § i;sfha uq,$w. Èkhka ms<sn| jvd;a
ie,ls,su;a úh hq;= fõ' úfYaIfhka bÈß Èkh ksjdvq Èkhla ùu jeks Èkhka .ekSu jvd;a fhda.H
fõ' k¾;k wx. ;SrKh lsÍfï § f;audjg WÑ; mßÈ úúO iïm%odhhkag wod< j f;dard .ekSu
jeo.;a fõ'
tfia u fm%alaIlhkag fyd| riúkaokhla we;s lsÍug fuka u úúO iïm%odhhka ms<sn|
wjfndaOhla ,nd§ug yelshdjla ,efnk mßÈ k¾;k wx. f;dard .ekSu jeo.;a fõ'
WodyrKhla f,i .;a l,

Wvrg k¾;k iïm%odhfhka 03
my;rg k¾;k iïm%odhfhka 03
inr.uq k¾;k iïm%odhfhka 03
.eñ k¾;k wx. 03
úfoaYSh - øúv 02
jdokh 01
mQcd k¾;kh îïm%odh iïñY%Kh& 01
16
fï wdldrhg k¾;k wx. f;dard .ekSfï § m%dix.sl nj /l .ekSfï wjYH;dj ms<sn| wjfndaO lr
.kq we;'
k¾;k wx. ilia lsßu yd mqyqKq lsÍu i|yd ld,h fjka lsßu
mqyqKq lsÍï i|yd ld,h fjka lsÍu yd tajdfha .=Kd;aul nj ks.ukh lsrSu w;HjYH fõ'
mqyqKq lsÍfï § rx. rgd ilia lr .ksñka m%dix.sl nj we;s jk whqßka k¾;k wx. ilia lsÍu
w;HjYH fõ' fï i|yd udi 03l muK ld,hla wjYH fõ' k¾;k wx. i|yd isiqka f;dard .ekSfï
§ ixLHdj ms<sn| ie,ls,su;a úh hq;= h' f,dl= fõÈldjlg wvq ixLHdjla fhdod.ekSu" l=vd
fõÈldjlg jeä ixLHdjla fhdod .ekSu WÑ; fkdfõ' ta ksid fõÈldj .ek is;d isiq ixLHdj
f;dard.ekSu;a ieu k¾;k wx.hla u .,df.k hk wdldrhg ilia lsÍu;a" mqyqKq lsÍu;a jeo.;a
fõ'
lñgqm;a lsÍu
ljr fyda ld¾hhla iduqysl j bÈßm;a lsÍfï § jeä M,hla yd id¾:l;ajhla wfmalaId l<
yels h' úúO m%ix.h i|yd o ta ta YlH;d wkqj lñgq lsysmhla Tiafia tys j.lSu mejßh hq;= fõ'
96
• WmfoaYk lñgq iu`. idlÉPd lsrSu yd wjYH wjir ,nd .ekSu
• wdrdOkd m;% ilia lsÍfï yd fnod yeÍfï lñgqj
• iure l,U ilia lsÍfï lñgqj
• Yd,dj msßisÿ lsrSu ilia lsÍfï yd fmd,af;,a myk ieris,s lsÍfï lñgqj
• ms<s.ekSfï yd wiqka .ekaùfï lñgqj
• mqyqKq lsÍï iïnkaO lñgqj
• k¾;k wx. fm<.eiaùu yd bÈßm;a lrùfï lñgqj
• Yío úldYk" úÿ,s wdf,dalh yd ksfõok lghq;= ixúOdk lñgqj
• ix.%y lñgqj
• rx. jia;%dNrK" wx. rpkh" fõI ksrEmK lghq;= ie,iqï lñgqj
• l%u iïmdok lñgqj
1'1 wdrdOkd m;a ilia lsÍfï lñgqjg we;s ld¾hNdrh jkafka Èkh" ia:dkh yd fõ,dj fhdod
meñfKk m%Odk wuq;a;ka ljqreka±hs i|yka lr o< wdrdOkd m;% ilia lr th wkqu; lrjdf.k
l,a we;sj wdrdOkd m;% uqøKh lr .ekSu hs'
tu lñgqfõ wfkla j.lSu kï wdrdOkd m;a fn§u i|yd kdu f,aLkhla ilia lsrSu hs'
,nd.;a kdu f,aLkhg wkqj ksis l,g wdrdOkd m;% fnod Èh hq;= fõ'
2'1 iure l,U ilia lsÍfï lñgqj udi 03lg muK l,ska ;SrKh lr.;a mßÈ ta i|yd ,sms
iïmdokh lr.; hq;= h' k¾;k wx.j, PdhdrEm wdÈh we;=<;a lrkafka kï ta i|yd o wjYH
PdhdrEm ,nd.; hq;= h' ish,a, tla/ia lrf.k vñhla ^wdlD;shla& ilia lrf.k th ksis l,g
uqøK lghq;=j,g Ndr§ yß jerÈ ksÍlaIKh lr wjYH m%udKh ;SrKh lr Wmfoia § uqøKfhka
m<uqj fmd;a ,nd.; hq;= h' m%ix.h wjia:dfõ oS ksis f,i fnod §u o Tjqkaf.a j.lSu fõ'
Yd,dj ilia lsÍu" fmd,af;,a myk yd ieris,s lsÍfï lñgqj

Yd,dj ilia lsÍfï § wdrdê;hka yd krUkakka i|yd wdik mekúh hq;= fõ' wdrdê;hka
i|yd wdik fjka lsßu wdÈh fuys § b;d jeo.;a fõ' fmd,af;,a myk yd fõÈld ieris,s o
foaYSh;ajhg WÑ; jk wdldrhg bf.k .;a f.dma l,dj wdÈh m%fhdackhg .ksñka o ilia lr.;
yels h' úúO m%ix.h wjika jQ úg tu ia:dkh msßisÿ lsrSu NdKav yd WmlrK ia:dk.; lsrSu o
j.lSfuka hq;= j bgq l< hq;= ld¾hhla fõ'
fmd,af;,a myk ilia lsÍfï § wjg mßirh yd wdrdê;hka ixLHdj ms<sn| j ie,ls,su;a úh
hq;= w;r ta i|yd wjYH muKg myka jeá iQodkï l< hq;= fõ'
ms<s.ekSfï yd wiqka .; lsÍfï lñgqj

wdrdê;hska ish¨ fokdu ^úfYaI& ms<s.ekSu isÿúh hq;= h' tfia u ish¨ wdrdê;hkag wiqka
mekùu úuid n,d wiqka .ekaùu isÿ l< hq;= h'
k¾;kdx. fm< .eiau yd bÈßm;a lrùu

mQ¾jfhka k¾;k wx. fm< .iajd .ekSu b;d jeo.;a fõ' m%ix.hl id¾:l;ajh r|d mj;skafka
m%ix.fha fm<.eiaùu u; h' uq," ueo" w. jYfhka fnod f.k uq, fldgig fõ.j;a nfjka wvq
k¾;k wx. fh§u jvd;a .e<fma' wjidk Nd.hg fõ.j;a nfjka jeä jQ k¾;k wx. iuQy jdok
wdÈh iqÿiq h' fï wdldrhg ish¨ k¾;k wx.hka iïñY% fm<.eiaùu lsÍu b;d jeo.;a fõ' k¾;k
wx. fm< .eiau fuka u tu wx. fõÈldj u;g meñKSfï ld¾hh o b;d jeo.;a ld¾hNdrhls'
ish¨ u k¾;k wx. fõÈldfjka msgqmig fkdf.k fõÈldfõ tla k¾;k wx.hla fõÈld.;
flfrk úg ;j k¾;k wx. ^2la& muKla iQodkï lr fõÈldj msgqmi ;nd ;eîu WÑ; fõ'
wfkl=;a k¾;k wx. i|yd hdn| ia:dkhl iQodkï ù isàug Wmfoia Èh hq;= h' fõÈldfjka kslau
hdfï § o wkq.ukh l< hq;= Ys,am l%u yd ukd ixhuhla Ndú; lsÍug b;d wjYH fõ'
97
jeo.;a u foa fõÈldfõ ;srh újD; lsÍfuka miq yd ksfõokh lsÍfuka miq fõÈldj ysia fkdlr
ksrka;rfhka u fõÈldfõ rx.khla fhfok wdldrhg fm<.eiaùu hs' l,n,hlska f;dr j
ksYaYío;dj o /l .ekSfuka YsIHhkaf.a ixfõ§ nj fuys oS ukd j m%lg fõ'
Yío úldYkh" úÿ,s wdf,dalh yd ksfõok lghq;= ixúOdkh ms<sn| lñgqj

Yío úldYkh f;dard .ekSfï § wjYH uhsl%f*dak ixLHdj yd Y%jH oDYH ixhqla; ;eá
Ndú;hg wjYH WmlrK weKjqï lr.; hq;= h' tajd Ndú; lrk wdldrh ms<sn| j o ukd
wjfndaOhlska hqla; úh hq;= h' úÿ,s wdf,dalh m%ix.hl § b;d jeo.;a fõ' rx.kfha fhfok k¿
- ks<shkaf.a rx. jia;%dNrKj,g .e<fmk" tfia u úúO Ndjhka" rihka Woa§mkh jk wdldrhg
wdf,dalh Ndú; lsÍu b;d u jeo.;a fõ' ta k¾;k wx.hkag wjYH wdf,dal Odrd fudkjd ±hs
wdf,dalh Ndr j lghq;= lrkakd iu`. idlÉPd l< hq;= fõ' wdf,dal ;sr msgm;la ,nd § tu
msgm; iu`. mqyqKqùï l< hq;= h'
ksfõok lghq;=
ksfõokh lsÍfï § orefjda fofofkla isá;a kï tu ld¾hh b;d myiq jkq we;' úfYaIfhka
fõ,dj iu`. .<mdf.k whqßka fláfhka ksfõokh lsÍug;a wjYH jQ úfgl fõÈldj ysiajQ
wjia:djl b;d l,amkdldrS j ld,h l<ukdlrKh lrñka ksfõok lghq;= fufyhjd .ekSug o
Tyq fyda weh fyda olaIhl= úh hq;= h' tfia u wdrdê; wuq;;
a kag fmd,af;,a myk oe,aùug wdrdOkd
lsÍfï § kdu f,aLkhla l,a we;s j ilialr th ,ndf.k tu ld¾hh l< hq;= fõ' ksfõolf.a
ld¾hNdrh b;d j.lsj hq;a;la fia ikao¾Ykhl § ±laúh yels h' ikao¾Ykhl Ôjh mj;skafka
o ksfõok ld¾hfha ld¾hCIu;dj u; hehs lSu o w;sYfhdala;shla fkdfõ'
ix.%y lñgqj
wdrdê; wuq;a;ka yd rx.kfha fhfok msßi" fõÈldfõ ld¾h uKav,h yd ixúOdk lñgq
ms<sn| wjfndaOfhka hq;= j ix.%y lghq;= iQodkï l< hq;= fõ' ta ta wjia:dj, § ta ta whg ix.%y
lsrSug wjYH WmlrK" ix.%y lrk fõ,dj yd ms<f s j< fuys § b;d jeo.;a fõ' tu ix.%y b;d iqyo
j;a f.!rjdkaú; j;a bgq lsÍug iQodkï ùu jeo.;a fõ'
rx. jia;%dNrK yd fõI ksrEmK lghq;= ms<sn| lñgqj
m%ix.h i|yd iyNd.s jk msßi yd wx. ms<sn| fyd| wjfndaOhlska hq;= j rx. jia;%dNrK yd
fõY ksremKh i|yd lKavdhula iQodkï lr .; hq;= h' l=vd jhfia orejka kï ta i|yd jeä
msßila o Wiia fY%aKsj, orejka kï wjYH wdldrhg msßi iQodkï lr.; hq;= fõ'
mQ¾jfhys wjYH rx. jia;%dNrK iQodkï lr .ekSfuka wk;=re j iQodkïùu i|yd iqÿiq
ia:dkhla fõÈldjg b;d kqÿßka ;SrKh lr f;dard .; hq;= h' rx. ms<sfj< tu ia:dkfha lSm
;ekl m%o¾Ykh l< hq;= fõ' ta wkqj rx. jia;%dNrKj,ska ieriSu i|yd iyh lKavdhï fjka lr
.; hq;= fõ' wjYH fõ,djg iqodkï ù isàu b;d jeo.;a fõ' fõI ksrEmK ld¾hfha § k¾;k
wx.hg iqÿiq fia jßka jr wx. rpkd fjkia lsÍug wjYH kï ta ld¾hh o l< hq;= fõ'
l%uiïmdok lñgqj$ whjeh lñgqj

m%ix.h i|yd uq, isg u ,efnk uqo,a yd jeh jk uqo,a ms<sn| f,aLkhla ilia lr .; hq;=
h' wjYH úgl § wjYH foa lsßug fudjqkag isÿ fõ' wjidkfha ish¨ úhoï wh jeh ilia lr
bÈßm;a l< hq;= fõ'
by; ish¨ lñgqj,g mejrE ld¾hNdrh ksis f,i iïmQ¾K lsÍfuka idïm%odhsl pdß;% wkqj
iduqysl id¾:l k¾;k m%ix.hla bÈßm;a l< yels h' wk;=rej ia;+;sh yd iudf,dapkh lsrSu b;d
jeo.;a h' kej; jdrhla tjeks m%ix.hla bÈßm;a lsrSfï oS fuys oS ,nd.;a w;aoelSï mQ¾jdo¾Yhka
lr .ekSfï wjYH;dj isiqka iu. idlÉPd lsrSu wfmaCId flf¾'
98
7 mßÉfþoh
7'0 ri{;d j¾Okh i|yd nyqúO ixialD;sl wx.j, jákdlï'
7'1 Nr; kdgHï k¾;k iïm%odhh
Nr; kdgHï
olaIsK Ndr;fha m%Njh ,enQ Nr; kdgHï iïm%odhh b;d meyeÈ,s Ydia;%Sh .;s ,laIKj,ska
hqla; jQ iqkaor k¾;k iïm%odhhla f,i f,dj mqrd m%isoaO h' Nr;uqksf.a kdgH Ydia;%fhys we;s
ish¨ u kS;s-Í;sj,g tl`. jQ;a b;d merKs jQ;a Ydia;%Sh jQ;a Nr; kdgHï iïm%odhh olaIsK Ndr;Sh
øúv ck;djf.a cd;sl k¾;kh f,i ie,flk w;r w;S;fha § iuia; Ndr;fha u m%p,s; j
mej;s k¾;k iïm%odhhla f,i i|yka l< yels h'
Nr; kdgHï k¾;k iïm%odhfhys kD;a;" kD;H" kdgH hk wx. ;%s;ajh u wka;¾.; j we;s w;r
tys mq`M,a nj iy Ydia;%Sh nj bka m%lg flfrhs' Ndr; kdgHï k¾;k wx. bÈßm;a lsÍfï iïu;
idïm%odhsl wkqm<s f
s j<la ;sfí' tkï w,dßmam"q c;sij
a rï" Yíoï" j¾Kï" moï" ;s,,
a dkd iy Yaf,dalï
h' fuu k¾;k wx. wkqms<sfj< 19 jeks ishji uq,a Nd.fha § ;dkacdjq¾ ifydaorhka úiska ilia
lrk ,È'
Yíoï
Nr; kdgHï wrxf.a;%ï Wf<,l § f;jk k¾;k wxlh f,i bÈßm;a lrkq ,nkafka Yíoï h'
Ndj m%ldYkhg m%Odk ia:dkhla ysñjk k¾;kdx.hls' wlaIs iy f.f,ys p,k isÿ lr flá c;s
fldgila kgñka Yíoï wx.h wdrïN fjhs' bka miq Ndj m%ldYkh bÈßm;a lrhs' Ndj m%ldYk
fldgi w;rg flá c;s keàu idïm%odhsl ,laIKhls' Yíoïj, § foúhkaf.a .=K j¾Kkd lsßu
fndfyda úg olakg ,efí' ta w;=ßka l%sIaK foúhka wNsjkaokh lrk Yíoï wx. fndfyda m%p,s; h'
fuys § l%sIaKf.a <udúfhys o`.ldr l%shd l,dmh" ;=reKq úfhys § f.damsldjka yd i;=áka .; l<
ld,h" fuka u l%sIaKf.a rej.=K foaj;ajh wdÈh Ndj u`.ska ksrEmKh flfrhs' Nla;sh okjk .S;
f,i ks¾udKh ù we;s Yíoï .hkq ,nkafka rd.j,g wkqj h' Yíoï wx.h ksud jkqfha flá
c;shla keàfuks'
j¾Kï
Nr; kdgHï ikao¾Ykhl olakg ,efnk b;d u §¾>;u jQ;a" wiSre jQ;a k¾;k wx.h j¾Kï h'
kD;a;" kD;H" kdgH hk ,laIK ;%s;ajfhka u iukaú; k¾;k wx.hla jk fuh Nr; kdgH
k¾;k Ys,amshdf.a fyda Ys,amskshf.a fyda olaI;dj uek nef,k wx.hla f,i y÷kajd Èh yels h'
Ndj m%ldYkfha olaI;dj" wx. p,khkays Y=oaO Ndjh" ixlS¾K ,h yd ;d, u; msysgd keàfï
yelshdj" k¾;kh lsÍfï we;s Y%u Yla;sh" ord .eksfï yelshdj" k¾;kh ms<sn| we;s .eUqre
wjfndaOh fuu k¾;k wx.fhka m%lg flfrhs'
;s,a,dkd
fm!rdKsl uQ¾;s úoHdfõ uk fudaykSh bßhjqj,ska yd ,d,kSh wx. p,kj,ska iukaú; jQ w,xldr
k¾;k wx.hla f,i ;s,a,dkd k¾;k wx.h ye¢kaúh yels h' b;d u iqkaor jQ;a ixlS¾K jQ;a
fõ.j;a k¾;k ú,dihla fuhska ksrEmKh fõ' fuys ;d,h yd ,h m%Odk fõ' fuhska wvjqj,ska
wdrïN jk ;s,a,dkd wx.h c;s lsysmhlska iukaú; h' wjidkfha fhfok idys;Hï fldgfia §
iq`M jYfhka Ndj m%ldYkh isÿ flfrhs' ëï" ërkd" koD;ëï" ;kÈrkd" koD;" f;dï" ;,x.="
fcdï;" kï; wdÈ mo uQ,sl lrf.k .dhkh ks¾udKh ù we;' fuys § fhfok uDox. mo b;d
w,xldr h' kD;a; .Khg wh;a ;s,a,dkd k¾;k wx.h Nr; kdgHï iïm%odhhg y÷kajd ÿkafka
m%ùK Nr; kdgH Ys,amS fmdkakhshd úiska h' úúO rd. iy ;d, u; ks¾udKh ù we;s ;s,a,dkd
m%udKh w;súYd, h' ;s,a,dkd k¾;kh y÷kajkafka tu ks¾udKh jQ rd.fha kñks'
99
rx. jia;%dNrK
Nr; kdgHï k¾;k iïm%odhfha § k¾;k Ys,amsksh ierfikqfha olaIsK Ndr;Sh
ukd,shlf.a iajrEmfhks' w;S;fha § Nr; kdgHhï Ys,amsksh rx. jia;%dNrK f,i ;=hshd fia,h
Ndú; lr we;' l%ñl úldYfhka j¾;udkfha olakg ,efnk rx. jia;%dNrK b;d w,xldr f,i
ks¾udKh ù we;' tu ieleiaug odhl jQfha relauKS foaù wrekafâ,a h' Nr; kdgHï iïm%odhfha
Ndú; lrkq ,nk rx. jia;d% NrK u`.ska Ndr;Sh ixialD;sfha wkkH;d ,laIK uekúka ksrEms; h'
Nr; kdgHï Ys , a m s ks h Wvq lhg yeÜgfhka

ierfik w;r mmq fmfoi odjksh fyj;a i¿fjka wdjrKh
flfrhs' we;eï úg yeÜghg u fuu i¿j /<s ;nd iïnkaO
lr w,xldr j ilid .efka' Wla; i|yka rx. jia;% lÜg,
;=fkys u hálfhys bÈßfhka bfKys isg j<¨ lr olajd
úisß kï jk /,s iys; fldgila fjhs' fuh Fan ^*Eka&
f,i ye¢kafjhs' fuu úisß fldgi ;Ügq ;=klska ilia
lr.kakd ^Three Fan Costume& ;%S *Eka fldiaáhqï wjia:d o
fjhs'
Nr; kdgHï iïm%odhfha uQ,sl wx.ydrh jk
zzwruKaäfhaZZ msysá úg úisß fldgi ^Fan& b;d w,xldr j
úys§hhs' uq¿uKaä bßhõjg msysá úg o fuu úisß fldgi
wjdkl wdldrhg w,xldr j úys§ mj;S'
tfuka u we;eï wvjq k¾;kfha § fuu rx.

jia;% lÜg,fha w,xldrh b;d uekúka biau;= jk wjia:d
±l.; yels h'
Wod ( ;;af;hs;dï wvõ k¾;fha § mdoh me;a;g
úys ÿ jk bßhõj" uKa ä wvjq k¾;k" Nr; kdgHï
iïm%odhfhys tk lrK ksYap, bßhjq ^Poses& j, § o fuu
rx. jia;% lÜg,fha iqkaor;ajh úoyd oelafõ'
Nr; kdgHï Ys,amsksh lrg iy mmq fmfoig

ud, lsysmhla m,¢hs'
wÜáh,a
uq;;a =ud,
ldisud," molalïud,
yr; kdgHï rx. jia ;% dNrK w;frys tk

TÜáhdkï bKg m,|sk máhhs' Nr; kdgHï Ys,amskshf.a
ysi u,a .jid w,xldr lrkq ,efí' ldka;djka ysfiys u,a
.ejiSu yskaÿ ixialD;sfha wkkH;dj m%lg lrkakls' Nr;
kdgHï Ys,amskshla ysfiys fhdok rdlal=äh jfÜg u,a
fmdfydÜgqj,ska ilia l< u,a je,a m,|skq ,nhs' th fudÜgq
udf,hs hkqfjka ye¢kafõ' ysi msgqmig fhdok wvi|l
yevhg .jikq ,nk u,au d, úfYaIh u,Éprï f,i
ye¢kafõ'
k¾;k Ys,amskshf.a f.;+ fldKavh È.g u,a

.jihs' we;eï Ys,amskshka u,a fjkqjg m,|sk wdNrKh
Ivhskd.ï$ cvkd.ï f,i ye¢kafõ' fuh f,dayfhka ;kkq
,nk w;r" uq;=" ùÿre .,a w,a,d w,xldr j ilia lrkq ,nhs'
n%yauÍ ^lerlSï& p,kj, §" ;;a f;hs ;dï wvjqj, § miqmi
100
yeß uq¿uKaä bßhjqfõ isák wjia:dj, § fuu wdNrKh
fyda$u,a w,xldr j Èiafjhs' fldKavh w.g l=xcï kï
wdNrKh m,Èkq ,efí'
ysig m<¢k ;e,a, WÉÑmÜgï iy fk;a;smÜgï ^fk;a;%s

mÜgï& f,i ye¢kafõ' WÉÑmÜgï ^;ks;e,a,h& fkka;m s Ügï
k<, fomig isák fia fhdok ;e,a, h' ysi uqÿfkys ol=Kq
miska iQßh msfrhs iy jïmiska pkaø msfrhs ^br i| yev we;s
wdNrK& m<Èk w;r lkg m,¢kafka wdNrK ðñlals iy
udÜg,a h'
ðñlals u|la t,af,k iajNdjfhka hq;= l¾KdNrKhls' Nr;

kdgHï iïm%odhfhys tk f.f,ys p,kh ^wÜgó& lsrSfï §
fuu l¾KdNrKh w,xldrj;a j ishqï f,i p,kh fjhs'
kdihg uqll
a ;
= ;
a "s kka;=" ms,dlal= hk wdNrK me,£u Ndr;Sh
ldka;djkag wkkH jQ ,laIKhls' fuu ,laIKh Nr;
kdgHï k¾;k Ys,amskshlf.ka ukd j biau;= flfrhs'
Nr; kdgHï iïm%odhfha § mdop,kj,g ^Foot work& iqúfYaI

ia:dkhla ysñ fõ' b;d ixlS¾K mdo p,k fuys § ±l .;
yels h' fuu mdop,khka jvd biau;= j fmkSug mdoj,g
m,|sk wdNrKh zzi,xf.hsZZ fyj;a f.Êð fõ' fomhska
lrkq ,nk p,kj, § fuu f.Êð b;d ñysß f,i ;d,hg
ko fohs' Nr; kdgHï Ys,amshl= fyda Ys,amskshl fyda fodrg
jäk wjia:dfõ § .=rejrhd úiska ta i|yd wjir ,nd§u"
wdYS¾jdo ,nd§u hk w¾:fhka .=rejrhd úiska f.da,hd fj;
fuu i,x.$f.Êð ,nd fohs' yskaÿ iïm%odhhg wkql+, j
YsIHhd i,x. ne£ug fmr Ysj fldaú,la ;=< § ;u .=rejrhd
m%uqLj i,x. mqcdj meje;aúh hq;= h'
Nr; kdgHï Ys,amsksh oE;g j<¨ m,¢;s' tajd ldmamq f,i;a

we`.s,sj,g m,|sk uqÿ fudaÈrï f,i;a ye¢kafjhs' wfkla
Ndr;Sh k¾;k iïm%odhhka iu`. ii|d ne,Sfï§ Nr; kdgHï
iïm%odhfhys § yia; uqød Ndú;h m%n,j ±l .; yels h'
fuu yia ; uq ø djka jvd;a meyeÈ,s j oDYHudk ùug
Ys,amskshkaf.a fowf;ys we`.s,s iy w;a, r;= meye w,agd
fhdod j¾K .kajhs'
Nr; kdgH Ys,amSka Wvqlh ksrdjrK j jï Wrysfia isg

ol=Kq bK f;la mqk kQ,la m,|S' hálhg foda;h
s lska ierfihs'
fuu rx. jia;% idïm%odhsl yskaÿ fldaú,aj, lghq;= l<
mqcljrekaf.a iajrEmh isysm;a lrjhs'
j¾;udkfha Ys,amSka mscdud rx. jia;%fhka ieriS k¾;kfha

fhfo;s' Ys,amS md¾Yajh isñ; wdNrK ixLHdjla Ndú;hg
.kS'
101
lrg - ud,
bKg - TÜáhdkï
Wrndyqjg - jx.s
fomdj,g - i,xf.hs
wx. rpkh
Nr; kdgHï iïm%odhfhys wx. rpkh zzWmamkhsZZ kñka y÷kajhs' w;S;fha § ir, wx. rpk l%u
wkq.ukh lr we;' ly ñY% iajdNdúl øjH /f.k uqyqfKa wdf,am lsrSu" nq,;a úg ld f;d,a r;=
lr .ekSu wdÈ jYfhks' j¾;udkfha § úúO wx. rpkd wdf,amk Ndú; lrhs' Nr; kdgHï
iïm%odhh m%n,j Ndj m%ldYkh isÿ flfrk k¾;k iïm%odhhls' fuys § weiaj,ska isÿ lrkq ,nk
Ndj m%ldYkh úfYaI h' fuu wlaIsNdjhka" wlaIs p,k jvd;a ;Sj% j ±laùu i|yd wlaIs wx. rpkh
ms<sn| j fuys § jvd;a ie,ls,su;a fjhs'
k<, u; ;s,l ;eîu Ndr; kdgHï Ys,amsksh isÿ lrk wksjd¾h wx.hls' yskaÿ ldka;djka ;s,l
;eîu tu ixialD;sfha wksjd¾h wx.hls' Nr; kdgHï Ys,amSyq È.= yeve;s uola úYd, ;s,l ;n;s'
Nr; kdgHï iïm%odhfha ix.S; iïm%odh

Nr; kdgHï iïm%odhh i|yd olaIsK Ndr;Sh l¾Kdgl ix.S; iïm%odhh fhdod .efka'
olaIsK Ndr;Sh l¾Kdg ix.S; iïm%odhfhys ;d, Ydia;% f.dv ke`.S we;af;a cd;s 5 iy ;d, 7la u;
h' b;d merKs b;sydihla we;s fuu ix.S; iïm%odhfhys m%Odk wjkoaO NdKavh f,i zzuDox.hZZ
Ndú; lrhs' m%Odk ;d, jdµ NdKavh f,i kÜgqjdx.ï Ndú; lrhs'
uDox.h
Nr; kdgHï iïm%odhh yd ne÷Kq m%Odk wjkoaO
NdKavh uDox.h fõ' fuh n%yau úiska ks¾udKh lrk
,oaola nj;a" .fKaI fyj;a .K foúhka m%:u jrg
jdokh l< njg;a úYajdihla mj;S' uDox.fha l| ilia
lrkqfha fldia" weye< jeks ,S j¾.j,sks' fnr wei
i|yd t`Myu fhdokq ,nhs' ol=Kq fnr weig iaÓr l`M
noduhla fhdod we;' jdokh lrk wjia:dfõ § jï
uqyqK;g ;djld,sl noduh ilia lr.kakd iqúfYaI
Ys,m
a l%uhla we;' uDox.fhka jdokh lrk uQ,sl wlaIr
4ls'
;d" Èï" f;daï" kï
kÜgqjdx.ï
Nr; kdgHï iïm% o dhfha m% O dk ;d, jdµ NdKa v h
kÜgqjdx.ï h' .=rejrhd ^kÜgqjkd¾& úiska fuh jdokh
lrkq ,efí' jdµ jDka o fhys kdhl;a j h ,efnkq f ha
kÜgqjdx.ï ^kgqjdx.ï& jdokh lrk .=rejrhdg h' ;d,h
ksjerÈ j yiqrjd .kq ,nkafka kÜgqjdx.ï jdokfhka h'
f,dayfhka ksujd we;s kÜgqjdx.ï jdµ NdKavh foaYSh
;d,ïmg iu`. ii|d n,k úg meyeÈ,s fjkialï rdYshlska
hqla; h' ;Ügqjdx.ïys mshka folls' tla mshkla ;rula úYd,
h ' wf k l u | l al=vd h' jï w; uymg we`.s,a, iy onr
we`.s,a, w;ßka hjk >klñka hq;= kQf,ka ieliQ fldgi
ysrfldg f.k úYd, mshk Wvq w;g yrjd ol=K; we;s l=vd
mshfkka ;e<Sfuka jdokh lrhs' k¾;k Ys,m a h
s d fyda Ys,m
a k
s h
s
102
mdofhka kgk mo ish,a,g kdoh yiqrjk wdldrhg kÜgqjdx.ï jdokh lsÍu fuys we;s iqúfYaI
,laIKhls' c;sj,g mo kgk úg ;o f,i;a fid,a¨ lÜgqj,g ^láka lshk moj,g& uDÿ f,i;a
kÜgqjdx.ï jdokh lsÍu idïm%odhsl ,laIKhls' Nr; kdgHï ikao¾Ykhl jdµ jDkaofha iajr"
rd." ;d, ish,a, u iu`. taldnoaOj kÜgqjdx.ï jdokh lrk w;r jdok jDkaoh fufyhjkafka
kÜgqjkd¾ úisks'
kÜgqjdx.ï iy uDox.h hk ;d, iy wjkoaO jdµ NdKav folg wu;rj" ùKdj" ngk<dj
iy jh,Skh hk ix.S; NdKav o Nr; kdgHï iïm%odhfha § fhdod.kq ,efí' ùKdj iajr jdµ
NdKavh f,i olaIsK Ndr;fhys jvd;a m%lg h' fuu jdµ jDkaohg jh,Skh tla lrkq ,enqfõ
;kacdjq¾ ifydaorhl= jq jäfõ¿ úisks' ngk<dj o fuu jdµ jDkaohg we;=<;a jk w;r Y%e;sh
imhkafka ;dïmqrdj u`.sks' fuu .dhk yd jdok jDkaofha m%Odk .dhlfhla iy .dhsldjla
.dhkfhka iïnkaO fj;s'
7'2 l:la k¾;k iïm%odh
l:la k¾;kh zl:d jdplz fyj;a zl:dlfyaZ hk Ndú;fhka fmdÿ ckhd w;r mej;s l:d
lSfï l,dj weiqfrka úldYhg m;a jQjls' W;a;r Ndr;Sh k¾;k iïm%odhhla jk fuh ,lakõ"
rdhs.¾" fnkdßia iy cdhsmq¾ hk >rdKd i;r Tiafia úldYhg jq ,diH ,laIKj,ska hq;= k¾;k
iïm%odhhls' Ndr;Sh l,djkays § fuka u idïm%odhsl úIh yd ine¢ m%dfhda.sl bf.kqï - b.ekaùï
ld¾hfha § m%uqL yd m%Odk ia:dkh .=rejrhdg ysñfõ' k¾;kfha iy ix.S; l,dfõ § fuh
úfYaIfhka odYHudk fõ' .=rejrhdg kuialdr lsÍfuka f;drj k¾;kfha fh§u isÿ fkdfõ'
.=rejrhdg ksis f.!rjh yd jkaokh bgq fkdlrk YsIHhd yg Ys,am Ydia;% fkdmsysgk njg u;hla
mj;S' l:la k¾;kfhys tk z.=re jkaokdZ hkq .=rejrhdg lrkq ,nk kuialdrh hs' .=rejrhd
fofjks jkafka foúhkag muKla jk neúka foúhkag lrk kuialdrh iu`. .=rejrhdg o
kuialdr lsÍug k¾;k Ys,amSyq mqreÿ j isá;s'
.=re jkaokd Yaf,dal

.=re¾n%yu
a d - .=re¾ úIaKq#
.=re¾foafjda - ufya Ya jr#
.=re¾idlaId;a - mrïn%yau
;iaffu Y%s - .= refõku#
f,dalfha uejqïlre jQ uyd n%yauhd ish¨ foa ujd fokakd fia YsIHhd yg ish¨ Ys,am Ydia;%
,nd fokq ,nkafka .=rejrhd úisks' fuu m%odkhka ksis mßÈ mj;ajd f.k hd hq;= h' tu`.ska ;udg
,efnk Ydia;% m%odkhka mj;ajdf.k hdug yd /l .ekSug YsIHhdg wjldY ,efnkafka h'
tfyhska Ys,am Ydia;% ,ndfok .=rejrhd wdrlaId lr fok f,i whe§u o .=re jkaokd u`.ska
isÿfjhs' fuu Yaf,dalfhys moj, w¾:h yia; uqødfjka iy wx.j,ska Ndj m%ldYkhkaf.ka hq;= j
bÈßm;a lrhs'
mrka
mrka hkq mÄjdÊ jdµ NdKavfhka jhkq ,nk mo úfYaIhls' fuu wlaIr ksmoùu ;=<
olakg ,efnkafka .dïNSr njls' fuu mo È.ska jeä h' fuys § Odlsá;l" Oqulsá;l" fO;afO;aO"
;s,x." ;sglOdk" f.kakOdk wdÈ wlaIr we;=<;a h' wµ;kfha § fuu mo ;í,dfjka o jdokh
lrkq ,nhs'
mrka j¾. lsysmhls"
iodmrka hkq - lsishï mrka tlla tl jrla muKla jdokh lsÍu fyda k¾;kh lsÍu h'
103
pl%Od¾mrka hkq - mrka f;jrla k¾;kh lr ziïZ ia:dkfhka wjika lsÍu h'
úð,smrka hkq - tlS moh ;=< fh§ we;s wlaIr yd p,k úÿ,s flàu jeks ,laIKhka
úµudk jk whqßka ks¾udKh lr ;sîu h'
yia;s ^.Êmrka& hkq - we;df.a yrnr jQ iajNdjhg wkqj kgkq ,nhs'

Bg wu;r j ÿ¾Yd mrka" .fKaYamrka wdÈ jYfhka mrka j¾. rdYshls'
mrka Y=oaO kD;a; fldgig wh;a h'
:qïß
:qïß kD;H .Khg wh;a h' miqìï ix.S;h yd .S;hg wkqj w¾: m%ldYkh bÈßm;a lrñka
k¾;kfha fhfohs' :qïß YDx.dr rih ;Sj% lrk k¾;kdx.hls' .dhkfhys olaI Ys,amy S q :qïÍ .dhkh
lrñka k¾;kfha fhfo;s' ,lakõ >rdKdys ì%kaod§ka uydrdÊ :qïÍ .S; 1500la muK rpkd lr we;s
nj i|yka fõ' foaj Nla;sh m%ldY lrk :qïÍ .S; .dhkh fjkqjg YDx.dr rih okjk .S; wkqj
YDx.drd;aul k¾;k úldYh jQfha uqia,sï wdNdih iu`.sks' rd.Odß ix.S;fha iqkaor ;d, iy rd.
u; :qïÍ" .i,a .S rpkd ù we;' .S;fhys we;s mod¾: wNskh ^mo wre;a wNskfhka& m%ldY lrñka
fm%alaIlhka ;=< rih Woa§mkh jk whqßka k¾;kh bÈßm;a flfrhs'
;rdkd
fuh kD;a; .Khg wh;a h' Nr; kdgHï iïm%odhfha ;s,a,dkd wx.hg iudk jk ;rdkd"
rd. uq,a fldg .hkq ,nhs' wd,dm wlaIr jk f;daï" ÈrÈr" § ;Èï" §ï" fork wdÈ wlaIr u; m%nkaO
ù we;' iu.=K" fo.=K" isõ.=K wkqj .dhkh lrk w;r ;d, .=K lsrSï wkqj k¾;kh bÈßm;a
lrhs' fuys .efhk jpkj, w¾: rihla m%ldY fkdfõ'
;rdkd k¾;k wx. kduh" rd.h mokï fldg y÷kajhs'

Wod(-
;rdkd - rd.h - foaYa
;rdkd - rd.h - ud,aljqkaia ''''
rx. jia;%dNrK
úúO ld,jljkq ;=< l:la k¾;lhdf.a rx. jia;%dNrKhkays ie,lsh hq;= fjkialï isÿ ù
we;s neõ fmfka' l:djdpl fyj;a l:dlrejkaf.ka werô fuu k¾;k iïm%odhfha wdrïNl
wjêh ;=< olakg ,enqfKa idudkH we÷ï me,÷ï h'
mqreImd¾Yajh - hálhg mscdud fyda fOda;sh

Wvqlhg l=¾;dj
È. i¿j - Wrysig" lrjgd fyda n|jgd hk whqßka fhdodf.k we;'
ldka;dmd¾Yajh - idßhla we| ldka;d wdNrKj,ska ieriS we;'
miqld,Sk j k¾;k Ys,amSyq foaj uQ¾;sj, iy Ñ;%j, we;=<;a we÷ï me,÷ï weiqfrka ;u rx.
jia;%dNrK ilid .ekSug fm,UqKy' W;a;r Ndr;fhys nyq;rh ffjIaKj Nla;slfhda fj;s'
tfyhska W;a;r Ndr;Sh l:la k¾;kfha § mqreI md¾Yajh lDIaK foúhkaf.a iajrEmfhka ieriSug;a
ldka;d md¾Yajh rdOdf.a iajrEmfhka ieriSug;a fhduq ù we;'
l%s' j' 1600 muK wland¾ wêrdchd f.a wjêh jk úg uqia,sï wdNdih;a iu`. l:la k¾;kfha
iEu wxYhl u fjkialï isÿ úh' fldaú,aj, mej;s wd.ñl iajrEmh fjkia ù rdciNd k¾;khla
f,i ixj¾Okh úh' fuu ld,jljkqfjys k¾;k Ys,amSkaf.a rx. jia;%dNrKhkays fjkialï
/ila isÿ úh'
104
ldka;d rx. jia;%dNrK
pqäod¾ mscdudj iu`. oKysi olajd jQ idh ^f,fy`.d&
fpda,s yeÜgh
oDmÜgd idglh
fudÜgelals,sh - ysig ÿyq,a È. froao
ysiajeiau - fudÜgelals,shg Wäka ouk f;dmamshla jekakls
lrKa:q,a - lkaf;davq
ldkalka yd ndiqnkaê - ueKsla lgqfõ iy w;andyq m<|kd
.=x.=re ^kQmq¾ &- fomhg
pqäOd¾ - mscdudjjg Wäka w¢k flá idh
msßñ rx. jia;%dNrK - uq i a , s ï jreka f .a Wvq l h we÷u"
pqäOd¾ mscdudj iy b`.áhg n¢k i`Mj 18 jk Y; j¾Ih
jk úg kej;;a fjkialïj,g Ndckh úh'
ldka;d - >d.ard fyj;a f,fy.d

oDmÜgd fyj;a n¾yskS
fpda,sh
cdß - tïfn%dhsv¾ lrk ,o f;dmamsh
.=x.=re - f.Êð
pqäOd¾ mscdudj
msßñ - pqäOd¾ mscdudj

wx.drUd - Wvqlh we÷u
f;dmamsh
.=x.=re f.Êð
friajdÊ - ;=kS froafoka ksu lrk ,o
.jquls'
l:la k¾;k iïm%odhfha ia;%S mqreI fomlaIhg u

iqúfYaI jQ wdNrKh f.Êð fyj;a .=x.=reh iïm%odhdkql+, j
mQcd mj;ajd m,¢k f.Êð mqyqKqùïj, § o m,|S' tys f.Êð
150 - 300 w;r m%udKhla je,la f,i ilia fldg we;s w;r
frÈlvlska fomfhys j<¨lr isg by<g wdjrKh fldg ta
u; m,¢kq ,efí' wfkl=;a Ndr;Sh k¾;k iïm%odhhkag
jvd b;d iqúfYaI jQ ;d, yd ne¢ úfYaI p,khkaf.ka iukaú;
jQ l:la k¾;kfha mdo p,k yd .=x.=re kdoh tu k¾;k
iïm% o dhfhys iq ú fYa I ;a j h úoyd ola j hs ' fomfhys
p,khkaf.ka WmÈk .=x.=re kdoh ;í,d iy mÄjdch iu`.
iïnkaO lsÍfï yelshdj .=x.=rej,g mj;sk fyhsks' ieu
mqyqKq wjia:djl § u .=x.=re Ndú; l< hq;= jkafka tneúks'
fomfhys ú¿U" we`.s,s" we`.s,s wdikak há m;=," m;=f,ys
me;a; wdÈ jQ úúO fldgiaj, Ndú;h wkqj .=x.=re kdoh o
fjka jQ iajrhka Wmojk fyhska ieu úg u tlS mdox.
mqyqKqfõ § .=x.=re Ndú; l< hq;= h' .=x.=rej, Ndú;h iy
Wmfhda.s;dj fjk;a lsis ÿ Ndr;Sh ffY,shl olakg fkdue;s
nj mejish yels h'
l:la k¾;k Ys,amSka úúO pß; ksrEmKh lrk úg rx.

jia;%dNrK fjkia lsÍula isÿ fkdfõ'
105
fuu k¾;k iïm%odhfhys Ndú; lrkq ,nk wx. rpkh o
ir, h' Ndr;Sh ixialD;sfhys wkkH;d ,laIKhla jk
fldKavfha u,a .ejiSu fuys § o olakg ,efí' ia;%S mqreI
fomd¾Yjh u k<f<ys ;s,l ;n;s'
l:la k¾;kh yd ne¢ ix.S;h
l:la k¾;kh yd ne¢ ix.S; iïm%odh jkqfha W;a;r

Ndr;Sh yskaÿia:dkS ix.S;h hs' úÑ;% jQ rd. iy yrnr jQ ;d,
u; yskaÿia:dkS ix.S;h ks¾udKh ù we;' fuu ix.S;
iïm%odhh ir, jQ;a ixlS¾K jQ;a ud;%d iSudjkaf.ka hq;=
úúO ;d, fuka u .;s" Ndj" ri wdÈ iajrEmhka tlsfklg
fjkia j u;= jk f,i f.dv ke`.S we;' fuu ix.S;
iïm%odhfhys iu.=K" fo.=K" isjq.=K mqyqKq lsÍï wdv" l=wdv"
ìhdv hk iqúfYaI kïj,ska y÷kajhs'
iu.=K" fo.=K" isjq.=K ;d, rEm mokï fldgf.k

ks¾udKh jQ ix.S;h u; k¾;k wx. f.dv ke`.S we;' úúO
i;=kaf.a .uka fõ.hka yd ú,di mokï fldgf.k ìys jQjd
hehs i,lk ix.S;h l:la k¾;kfha Ôjh f,i ie,fla'
;d, jdokfha§ Od" ëka" ;d" ;l" l;a" ;d" f.hs" f.k" lv"
;l" êßlsg" ;%dK hk iqúfYaI wlaIr Ndú;fhka ks¾udKh
lr.;a úúO ud;%d ixLHdj,ska hqla; jQ ;d, yskaÿia:dks
ix.S;fha olakg we;s w;r l:la k¾;k wx.hkays Ydia;%Sh
moku yskaÿia:dks ix.S;h u; mokï j we;'
jdµ NdKav .=x.=re

mÄjdÊ ^mLdjdÊ&
fuda.,a iufhys l:la k¾;k iïm%odhh yd ne¢ m%Odk wjkoaO jdoH NdKavh mÄjdÊ h'
mÄjdÊ hkafkys w¾:h zks¾u, èjkshZ hkak hs' ueÈka uy;a jk fia fofl<jr l%ufhka l=vd ù
hk whqßka ,Sfhka ;kd we;s fuu jdµ NdKavfhys fowei m%udKhka follska hqla; h' ol=Kq fnr
wefiys úIalïNh w`.,a 6 - 7la muK jk w;r tys uOHh ks;H noduhlska mßmQ¾K j mj;S' jï
wefiys m%udKh Bg jvd úYd, jk w;r tys úIalïNh w`.,a 9-11 w;r m%udKhlska hqla; fjhs'
fuu wefiys o msáj,ska ilia lr.kakd ,o noduhla iú lrkq ,nk w;r th jdokh lrk
wjia:dfõ § w,jd bka wk;=re j th .,jd bj;a lrkq ,efí' fuu fnr wefika .ïNSr y~la ksl=;a
jk w;r wfkla fnr wefika ishqï y~la ksl=;a jk neúka tlS Yío ixl,kh udOq¾hfhka
hqla; fõ' fnr fowei yï máj,ska iïnkaO lr we;s w;r tys uOHfha l=vd ,S len,s r|jd tu ,S
len,s tyd fuyd lsÍfuka kdofhys Wia my;a nj ilia lr.kq ,efí'
mÄjdÊ
106
;í,dj
wµ;kfha § l:la k¾;kh i|yd fhdod.kq ,nk m%Odk wjkoaO jdoH NdKavh ;í,djhs' j¾;udk
yskaÿia:dks ix.S;fhys jvd ckm%sh jdµ NdKavhla jk fuh uq,ska u Ndú;hg wdfõ 14 jeks
ishjfiys úiQ w,jqoa§kaÑÅ,að kï wêrdcHhdf.a md,kh iufha § hehs mejfia' tu hq.fha ðj;a
jQ wó¾ nqIare kï ix.S;{hd ;í,dj ksmojqjd hehs lsh¨ ,efí' ;í,dfõ fldgia folls' ol=Kska
jhk ishqï y~la we;s fldgi oyskd fyj;a odhka h'
fuu fldgi ,Sfhka ;kkq ,nk w;r tys wei w`.,a 6-7 w;r úIalïNhlska hq;= h' Wi w`.,a 16-
12 w;r m%udKhlska hqla; h' weig fhdokq ,nk yï fldgi zmqäZ hk kñka ye¢kafõ' fuys
uOHfhys l¿ meye;s noduhla fhdod we;s w;r th iHdys kñka y÷kajkq ,efí'
ju;ska jhk fldgi fyj;a nr y~la we;s fldgi ndhx fyj;a v.a.d hkqfjka y÷kajkq ,efí'
w;S;fha § fuu fldgi ueáfhka ;kk ,oafoa jqj o miq j th ;U fyda ms;a;, fyda jeks
f,dayfhka ;kd Ndú;hg .ekSug mqreÿ j isá;s' ;í,dfjka ksl=;a jk y~ pxp, iq.u iajNdjhla
.kS' l:la k¾;kh i|yd ;í,d jehSfï § oE;a újD; j ^md,khlska f;dr j& úys§ hk wdldrfhka
jdokh lrkq ,nhs' th ;=,d Ncdkd hkqfjka ye¢kafõ'
idrx.sh
l:la k¾;kfha § fhdod.kq ,nk ;;a
jdoH NdKa v w;r m% u q L ;a j fhys
.efkkafka zidrx.shZ kï jQ bmerKs
jdµ NdKavh hs' lgy~g b;d ióm
kdohla ñka ksl=;a jk neúka fndfyda
fihska .dhkfha § iydh jdµ
NdKavhla f,i Ndú; lrkq ,efí' wä
folla muK È.ska hq;= jQ idrx.sh l=yr
iys; ,S l|lg iula wdjrKh lsÍfuka
;kd.kq ,efí' fuys m%Odk ;;a 4la
olakg ,efnk w;r bka ;=kla i|yd
úúO .klñka hq;= jQ wUrk ,o ,Kq
fyda iï fyda fhdod .ekSu fuys we;s
m%d:ñl iajNdjh lshd mdkakls' isjqjk
;; ms;;a , f,dayfhka fhdod .kq ,efí'
wYa j fl|s j ,s k a ilid .ka k d ,o
w¨jla ^Bow& jdokh i|yd fhdod
.efka'
107
7'3 ngysr nef,a wdrïNh yd úldYh
nef,a ^Ballet& jQ l,s Ndjd;aul ye`.Sï m%lg lrjk whqßka wod< miq;, yd rx. jia;% Ndú;hg
f.k k¾;kh iy ix.S;h iqixfhda. lr.ksñka m%ùk k¾;k Ys,amSkaf.ka iukaú; lKavdhula
uÕska fõÈldjla u; flfrk lsishï r`. ±laùuls' ^l¿wdrÉÑ" 2010" 8& j;aufkys jHdjydß; nef,a
hk fhÿu b;d,s" m%xY" ,;ska NdIdj, k¾;kh hk jpkh k¾;kh hk mohg Ndú; lrk ,o
jpk lSmhlska ì£ wd Yío lsysmhl wjidk mohls' b;d,s NdIdjg wh;a ^Ballestto& hk jpkfhka
ì£ wd jpkhla jk w;r ^Balle& hk flá fhÿfuka ye¢kafjk zkegquZ hk jpkh Tiafia
ks¾udKh jQjls' ,;ska NdIdfõ zkeàuZ hk wre; W;amdokh lsrSu msKsi fh§ we;af;a nef,a
hkqfjks' bx.%sis NdIdfjys fhfok ^Ballet&& hkak m%xY NdIdfjys ^Balar& hk jpkfhka ì¢ wd
tlls'
nef,a ^Ballet& rx. l,dfõ ksc ìu b;d,sh jk w;r th jvd;a ixj¾ê; ;;a;ajhg m;a jQfha
m%xYfha § h' b;d,s rdc iNdj wdY%s; j nef,a ^Ballet& rx. l,dfõ îch frdamKh jQ njg ie,fla'
j¾I 1489 § ñ,dka wdÈmdojrhd iy bifn,d l=ußh w;r we;s jQ újdy ux.,Hfha § rdclSh
wuq;a;ka fjkqfjka úfYaI fNdack ix.%yhla ms<sfh, l< w;r tys § rij;a f,i ms<sfh, lr
.kakd ,o ud`M n÷ka ms<s.ekaùfï § uqyqog wêm;s zkemapQka Zfoúhd njg iudfrdamKh jQ Ys,amshd
we;=`M msßjr Yd,dfõ miqìfuys fmkS isáh neõ i|yka fõ' tfuka u ilik ,o neg`M uia n÷ka
ms<.
s kajk wjia:dfõ§ fÊika iy rkaf,dau neg¿fjda ^Jason and the Golden Flecec& keu;s l;dkaorh
r`. ±lajq nj i|yka fõ'
miq j b;d,s cd;sl fldf,drkaia rc mjq,g wh;a zle;ßka ä fuäisZ ìij m%xYfha fojeks
fykaß rcq iu`. 1553 § újdy ùfuka miq b;d,s rdc iNdfõ ;snq fuu nef,a ^Ballet& k¾;k
ixialD;sh m%xY rdc iNdjg ixl%uKh úh' tjlg b;d,s rdc iNdfõ m%Odk ix.S;{hd jYfhka
lghq;= l< ne,a; id ð ìhqfcdlaia ^Balthasar de Beanjoyenlx& kï ix.S;{hd o le;ßka ã fuäis
ìij úiska m%xY rdc iNdjg le|jd .kakd ,È'
b;d,s rdc iNdfõ mej;s ;;a;ajhg jvd Wiia ;;a;ajhlska m%xY rdc iNdfõ ^Ballet& k¾;k
l,dj miq lf,l ixj¾Okh jQ njg f;dr;=re yuq fõ' ta i|yd 14 jk ¨ù rcqf.a wkq.%yh fkdu|
j ,eî we;' 14 jk ¨ù rcqf.a rdc iuh m%xY ^Ballet& k¾;k l,dfõ iaj¾Kuh wjêh f,i
ie,fla' 14 jk ¨ù rcq ^Ballet& ks¾udK 27 lg muK ;u k¾;k odhl;ajh olajd we;s nj;a Tyq
úiska jfrl bÈßm;a lrk ,o ysrefoúhkaf.a ksrEmKh fya;=fjka Tyqg ^Sunking& hk wkaj¾:
kduhla mjd mgne÷Kq njg;a f;dr;=re we;' tjlg Tyqf.a rcjdif,a k¾;k ks¾udmlhka f,i
lghq;= fldg we;af;da ðka neiaáia ,s,S iy mshf¾ ìhqpeïma kï w;solaI ks¾udKlrefjda fom< h'
¨ù rcq m%:u jrg ^Ballet& k¾;k mqyqKq mdi,la wdrïN l< w;r th zo welvñ frdah,a vdkaiaZ
^The Aeademi Royal de Danec& hkqfjka kï lf<a h'
wdrïNfha isg u rdclSh k¾;k l,djla f,i mej;s nef,a ^Ballet& k¾;k l,dj rcjdi,
l=,Skhka w;r mej;s l,djla njg m;a úh' l,ah;a u jir 75lg muK miq j m%lg k¾;k
Ys,amshl= fuka u rx. rplhl= jYfhka kula Èkd isá Ôka fcda¾cia fkd¾fõ ^Jean Jeorges
Norveve& úiska nef,a ^Ballet& rx. l,dj idudkH rislhkg o ri ú¢h yels jk fia l,d udOHhla
jYfhka fmdÿ ckhd fj; o f.k .sfhah' th nef,a ^Ballet& rx. l,dfõ yerjqï ,laIhls'
fï whqßka m%xYfha meßia w.kqjr ne,a ^Ballet& rx. l,dfõ flakaøia:dkh njg m;a jQ w;r
k¿-ks<shka fuka u tajdg rx. ks¾udKh i|yd wjeis iïm;a ish,a, meßisfha wdVH úh' fï
wjêfha § u reishdjg o fuu rx. l,dj ixl%uKh jQ w;r ksh; jYfhka u reishdjg nef,a
^Ballet&& rx. l,dj meñKsfha m%xYh yd b;d,sh jeks rgj, mej;s iïm%odhhka yd ú,dis;d iu`.
108
tlaùfuks' reishdfõ Ydka; mSg¾ia n¾.a k.rh nef,a ^Ballet&& rx. l,dfõ trg flakaøia:dkh
njg m;aúh' tfuka u udßhia fmàmd kï jQ rx. rplhd reishdkq nef,a ^Ballet&& l,dfõ uq,slhd
f,i ie,fla' fudyq m%xY cd;slfhla úh' Ydka; mSg¾ia n¾.a kqjr bïmsßh,a r`.yf,a m%Odkhd f,i
fudyq m;aùfuka wk;=re j nef,a ^Ballet&& rx. l,dj reishdfõ ia:djr jQ nj mejfiaa'
fmàmdf.a ks;H ix.S; rplhd jqfha ffphsfldials ^Tschaikovsky& kï ix.S;{hd h' fï

fofokdf.a tlaùu reishdkq nef,a ^Ballet& l,d b;sydifha kjuq mßÉfþohla igyka lrñka f,dj
m%lg ks¾udK /ila ìys lf<a h'
fmàmd" nef,a Ys,amSkaf.a p,k jvd;a ixúê; l< w;r tlS rx. l,djg kj ks;sÍ;s /ila
y÷kajd Èks' zzyxiú,ZZ" zzks|s l=ußhZZ yd zzo kÜ la/l¾ZZ jeks f,dj m%lg nef,a ^Ballet& ks¾udK
fmàmdf.a rx. rpkfhkq;a ffpfldialsõf.a ix.S;fhkq;a j¾Kj;a jQ tajd h'
reishdfõ§ b;d W;al¾Ij;a yd ixj¾ê; ,laIK iys;j úldYh jQ nef,a ^Ballet&& rx. l,dj
miq j weußldj" lekvdj cmdkh wdÈ rgj,g o jHdma; úh'
ì%;dkHhg nef,a ^Ballet& rx. l,dj wj;S¾K jkafka 19 jk ishji w. Nd.fha § h' reishdkq
ks¾udK kj uqyqKqjrlska ì%;dkHfha § uq,a ld,skj r`. ±laùu isÿ l< w;r miq j ì%;dkH nef,a
^Ballet& rx. mdi,a ìys ùu;a iu`. trgg wdfõKsl ,laIK iys; nef,a ^Ballet& rx. l,djla
ì%;dkHfha ia:djr úh'
miq j weußldjg iy lekvdj jeks rgj, o fuu rx. l,dj jHdma; jqj o l,a h;a u nef,a
^Ballet& rx. l,dj ta whqßka u kS;s.; j mj;ajdf.k hdug Tjqka ;=< jQ wlue;a; ksid kj k¾;k
l,djla ^Modern Dance& njg th mßj¾;kh úh' th lsishï o¾Ykhl isg fufyhjk ,o kjuq
ixialD;sldx.hla úh'
nef,a ^Ballet& rx. jia;%dNrK

17 jk ishjfia ueo Nd.h jk f;la ldka;djka nef,a
^Ballet& rx.hka i|yd iyNd.s fkdjq w;r ldka;d pß; o
msßñka úiska r`. olajk ,È' tfy;a ldka;d rx. jia;% l,dj
nef,a ^Ballet& rx. l,djg u wdfõKsl tlla jq w;r
Ys , a m s k S k a f .a k¾;kuh p,kj,g myiq iy fhda . H
wdldrfhka tajd ks¾udKh lr .ekSug W;aiql jQy'
ne,ßkdjka ^nef,a k¾;k Ys,m a k

s h
s ka& úiska w¢kq ,nk
/,s iys; fldg .jqu la,eislaggq q kñka y÷kajkq ,nk w;r
th ks¾udKh ùug fmr Ndú; lrk ,o j<¨lr olajd Èla
jQ .jqu frduekaála gqgq ^Romantic tutua& kñka y÷kajk ,È'
we`.s,s ;=vq k¾;k l,djla jYfhka f,dj m%lg nef,a

^Ballet& rx. l,dj i|yd m,¢kq ,nk im;a;= ial,af*
hkqfjka y÷kajhs' tajd we`.s,s ;=vq k¾;k i|yd u fhda.H
mßÈ ilia lrk ,o Yla;su;a iy ieye,a¨ tajd h'
nef,a ^Ballet& mqyqKq we\qï lÜg,h o b;d u wefok iq¨

frÈj,ska YÍrhg we,S isák whqßka ks¾udKh lr.;a tlls'
th ,sfhda gdâ ^Lio Tade& hkqfjka y÷kajhs' fuu rx. jia;j
% ,
úêu;a nj yd úoHd;aul moku frduekaála hq.fha § ìys jQ
kj m%jK;dj f,i ie,lsh yels h'
109
nef,a ^Ballet& ix.S;h
nef,a ^Ballet& rx. l,dfõ m%Odk;u m%ldYk udOHh oaú;ajh jkafka ix.S;h yd k¾;kh hs'
fuu m%ldYk udOHhka oaú;ajh tlsfkl u; iqixfhda. fjñka m%n, m%ldYk udOHhla f,i nef,a
^Ballet& rx. l,dj ;=< iqkaor ks¾udK ìys lr we;' k¾;k l,dj ksr;=re ix.S;fhka úks¾uqla;
fkdfõ' ta neõ ^Ballet& rx. l,dj ;=< jvd;a fyd¢ka m%;Shudk fõ'
nef,a ^Ballet& lD;shl kdñl whs;hs ysñ jkafka o ix.S; rplhdg ñi rx. rplhdg fkdfõ'
f,dj m%lg ieu nef,a ^Ballet& lD;shlu whs;sh mj;skafka ix.S; ks¾udmlhdf.a ^Compooser&
kñks' nef,a ^Ballet& ix.S; lKavdhula jdok Ys,amSka ish .Kklska o tla fufyhjkafkl=f.ka
o iukaú; fjhs' fndfyda úg ix.S; lKavdhu fufyhjkq ,nkafka o ix.S; rplhd úisks'
wdrïNl hq.fha isg u nef,a ^Ballet& ix.S;h rpkd lsÍfï ,sÅ; l%uhla wkq.ukh lr we;s
w;r Bg iu.dó j k¾;kh o ,sÅ; j igyka fldg ;eîug l%uhla Ndú; fldg we;' tu`.ska
iïmq¾K nef,a ^Ballet& rx.kh u uq,a lD;sfha wdldrfhka bÈßhg /f.k hdfï wjia:dj Wod fõ'
nef,a ^Ballet& ix.S;fha m%Odk jdoH NdKavh mshdfkdaj hs' th ngysr Ydia;%Sh ix.S;fha m%Odk
jdµ NdKavh fõ' Bg wu;r j jh,ska" fpf,da" .sgd¾ jeks ;;a jdoH NdKav ish .Kklska o Bg
wu;r wjfYaI jdµ NdKav /ilska o nef,a ^Ballet& ix.S; ixèjkshla ixhqla; fõ'
mshdfkdaj
jh,Ska
.sgdrh
110
nef,a ^Ballet& rx. Ys,am l%u
nef,a ^Ballet& rx. l,dj b;d ÈhqKq fukau ixúê; uQ,O¾u yd Ys,am l%u mokïj f.dv
ke.=Kq b;d ixlS¾K rx. l,djls' tys ,d Bgu wdfõKsl jQ njla úYo fjhs' fuu Ys,amSh uQ,O¾u
tlajr tla hq.hl we;s jQ tajd fkdfõ' l%ñl úldYhl m%;sM,hls' nef,a ^Ballet& rx. l,dj yodrk
Ys,amSyq wod< Ys,am l%u" uQ,O¾u hgf;a ;u úIh {dkh m%.=K lsÍfuka jir lsysmhla .; jQ miq
olaI Ys,amSh uÜgulg <`.d fj;s' th b;d ne?reï l%shdj,shla wjidkfha ,nk jákd m%;sM,hls'
nef,a k¾;k miqìï ie,iqïlrKh

nef,a ^Ballet& rx. l,dfõ wjia:d ;Sj% lsÍu i|yd
miqìï ie,iqï lrKh b;d m%n, udOHhla f,i
Ndú; lrhs' o¾Ykfhka o¾Ykhg uefjk miq;,
oiqka b;d ÈhqKq uÜgul mj;S' tljr uefjk
rdc iNdjla" jkdka;r" .x.d" we<-fod<" isysk
ud,s . d" ÈjHf,da l " iq r dx.kd f,da l wdÈh
fm%alaIlhd uú;hg m;a lrhs' yxiú, kÜla/l¾
jeks nef,a ^Ballet& ks¾udK foi wjOdkh fhduq
lrkak' tys § b;d id¾:l f,i ;%sudKlrKh
fldg bÈßm;a lrk miq;, o¾Yk i|yd fõÈldfõ
.eUqr ukd fldg Ndú; fldg we;' miq;sr" me;s
;sr yd ihslfa ,drdudj iÔj o¾Yk ;,hla ueùug
Wmfhda.S lrf.k we;af;a uú;h okjk whqfrks'
rx.df,dalh o fï fjkqfjka ukd fldg iqixfhda.
fldg we;' j¾;udk jk úg kùk ;dlaIKh o
fï i|yd fudkjg m%fhdackhg .efka' ^ùäfhda
mg krUñka úpdrhl fhfokak'&
7'4 yxiú,
nef,a kdgH fCIa;f
% ha fï olajd fúÈld .; lrk
,o kdgH w;ßka w;sYhska ckm%sh;ajhg m;a jQ
kdgH f,i yxi ú, ^Sawn Lake& ie,fla '
m%:ufhka u kdgH fõÈld .; lr we;af;a 1877
jif¾ § h' fuh fphsfldialsõf.a yd udßhia
fmàmf.a ix.S;fhka ks¾udKh jQjls'
f;audj
is.a*sâ l=ure ;dreKHhg meñKSu fya;=fjka rc
jdi, N+ñfha W;aijhla meje;afjhs' Tyq iu.
weiqre l< msßia úúO udÈ,sfha ;E.s fnda. Tyqg
m%odkh lr;s' Tyq fuys § b;d meyem;a .eñ <÷ka
iu. k¾;khl fhfohs ' Tyq f .a uj b;d
w,xldrjla jQ fuka u iqúfYaI jQ ÿkakla Tyqg
;E.s jYfhka ,nd fohs' l=uref.a uj ;u mq;=f.a
yevrej n,d újdyhlg iqÿiq nj lshdmdhs' l=ure
fjkqfjka iajhxjrhla meje;aùug wfmalaId lrk
nj;a" ta i|yd iQodkï jk f,i;a ujq;=ñh úiska
mq;=g mjikq ,nhs' rcjdi, ux.,Y%Shla Wiq,hs'
újdy jk jhfia isák l=udßldjka /ila is.a*sâ
l=ure fj; fhduq lrhs' l=ure rcjdi,g meñKs
l=ußhka fj; ta ;rï i;=gq njla fkdfmkajk
111
w;r ta nj ujg ie, lr isà' uj fuu újdyh wksjd¾hfhka l< hq;= nj mjihs' fuu újdy
.eg¨ j ms<sn| j l,amkd lrñka isák w;r;=r yxi ?kla wyfia mshdir lrkjd ±l Tjqka miqmi
;u fin`Mka iu.ska hk l=ure we;=¿ msßi jkdka;rhg msúfi;s' tu jkdka;rfha jejla winv
b;d ,iaik yxifhla Tyq olS' Tyq tu yxihdg ÿkafkka ú§ug ierfikjd;a iu`. u tu ia:dkfhka
b.s<S hhs' tu wjia:dfõ u tu yxihd ldka;djla njg m;a fjhs' l=urd fuu wmQ¾j isoaêfhka
mqÿuhg m;a jk w;r ÿkq yS ìu ;nd ldka;dj foig kslau hhs'
l=uref.a meñKSu ÿgq yxihd ìhg m;a fjhs' weh ;ud l=udßldjla nj;a kñka TfvÜ (Oddett) nj;a
kmqre uka;%ldrhl= jk fjdka frdoandÜ ^Von Rothbart& úiska ;ud yxifhl= njg m;a lrk ,o
nj;a" fuu udhdlref.a nkaOkh ì¢h yelafla wehg lsishï fyda flfkl= Èjqrd wdorh m%ldY
l<fyd;a muKla nj;a mjihs' tu mqj; wik l=ureg weh ms<sn| wdorhla Wm§' wdorfhka fj<S
b;d uknkaOkSh f,i k¾;khl fhfok fudjqka fofokd fj; meñfKk udhdlre kej; weh
yxihl= njg m;a lrhs'
l=ureg iajhxjrh iQodkï lr ;snqK o Tyq ;udg yuq jQ TfvÜ ms<sn| j is;ñka ÿla fjhs' fufia
ìßhla f;dard .ekSu ms<sn| woyi m%;sfCIam lrhs' l=uref.a m%;spdrh ms<sn| j uj ;u fkdi;=g
m%ldY lrhs' fï w;r rcjdi, fj; wuq;af;la meñfKa' fï fjf<kaol= f,i fjia j<df.k
meñfKk fjdka frdoandÜ h' Tyq ;u ÿj TfvÜ njg iudfrdamKh lrñka l=ure bÈßhg muqKqjhs'
fuu fõYhg yiq jk l=ure TfvÜ hehs is;d weh yd rx.kfha fhfohs' bka miq ;u uj fj; hk
Tyq fuu l=ußh yd újdy ùug leu;s nj m%ldY lrhs' fï w;r TfvÜ b;d wirK j l=ure bkakd
ia:dkfha cfka,fhka tmsg Tyqg fmfkk f,i mshUd hhs' is.a*sâ ;u wdorh TfvÜ hehs is;d
wehg Èjqrd m%ldY lrhs' tu ÈjqÍfuka TfvÜg jQ fmdfrdkaÿj leã hhs' tu fudfydf;a frdoandÜ
iy Tyqf.a ÿj b;d i;=áka hq;= j rcjdif,ka msg ù h;s' is.a*sâ ;udf.ka isÿ jQ je/oao wjfndaO
lrf.k le,h fj; ÿj hhs' tys § l=ureg yxihka w;r isák TfvÜ fk; .efÜ' Tyq wehg
;udf.a fudavlu mjid weh y÷kd .ekSug fkdyels jQ ksid ;ud w;ska isÿ jQ jrog b;d ÿla jk
nj;a mjihs' l=ure ne.Em;a j mjid isákafka ;ud wehg i;H f,ig wdorh lrk nj hs' tu ksid
;ud úYajdi lrk f,i Tyq wehf.ka b,a,d isà' tfy;a udhdlref.a nkaOkhg ysr ù isák
fudjqka thska ñ§ug lsisÿ úl,amhla fkdue;s nj jgyd f.k fofokdu jejg mks;s' ta CIKhlska
u fjdka frdoandÜf.a n,h ì£ f.dia Tyq úkdYhg m;a fjhs' udhd nkaOkfhka ñÿKq wdor
jka;fhda fofokd iod;ksl j u fm%au nkaOkfhka ne£ i;=áka ðj;a fj;s' ^l¿wdrÉÑ" 2010" 59-
60&
o kÜ la/l¾
o kÜ la/l¾ 1892 foieïn¾ 18 jk Èk reishdfõ
Ydka; msg¾ia n¾.a k.rfha § fõÈld .; úh'
ffpfldialsf.a ix.S;fhka yd udßhia fmàmdf.a
rx. úkHdifhka Wm,laIs; jQ kÜ la/l¾ Ballet
kdglh f,dj m%lg jQ id¾:l l,d lD;shls'
f;audj
iagd,a fndaÜ k.rdêm;sjrhd ;u orejka jk la,drd
iy *s ß Üia fjkq f jka k;a ; ,a Èk i÷|d
Nd.fha § idohla mj;ajk w;r thg wdrdOkh
,nk Tjqka fom<f.a ñ;=re le, ;u foudmshka o
leá j Bg iyNd.s ùu i|yd meñfK;s' fï msßi
iu. meñfKk woaN=; wd.ka;=lfhla wuq;=u
udÈ,sfha ;E.a.la Tjqkag msßkEóu i|yd f.k
ths'
fuu wd.ka;=lhd kñka k¾ äfrdi,afïh¾ jk
112
w;r Tyq la,drdg kÜ la/l¾ fndakslal= iu`.
nef,a im;a;= l=Ügula ;E.s lrhs' la,drdf.a
ifydaorhd jk *sßiaÜiag iy Tyqf.a hy¿jka tla
j la , drdf.a fnda k s l a l d lvd ì| ±uq j o
äfrdi,afuh¾ th h:d ;;a;ajhg m;a lrhs'
<uhska i;=gq jk mßÈ k¾;kfha fhÈh yels
fndakslalka äfrdi,afïh¾ ksIamdokh lr <uhsg
ms<.
s kajhs'
idoh wjika ùfuka wk;=re j ish,af,dau ;u ksfjia lrd hk w;r la,drd iy *sßÜia ish¨ jev
ksu lr kskaog h;s' la,drd kskaog .shd jqj o wehg ks|d .ekSug wmyiq;djla meñfKa' weh id,hg
meñK k;a;,a .ig ;nd ;snq fndakslald foi n,d ;u iqr;g .ekSug ierfikjd;a iu`.
äfrdi,afïh¾ tla jr u u;=j k;a;,a .i CIKsl j jeiSug i,iajhs' tu l%shdjg iu.dó f,i
kÜ la/l¾g iy wfkl=;a fin¿kag mK ,ndfoa' fuu wjia:dfõ ó rfcla ;u rxpqj;a iu.
meñK Tjqkg myr §ug ierfihs' igfka § kÜ la/l¾ ìug úis fõ'
ó rcq Tyqj ueÍug ierfikjd ÿgq la,drd wehf.a nef,a im;a;=j f.k ó rcd foig úis lrhs' fuu
wkfmalaIs; fudfyd; m%fhdackhg .;a kÜ la/l¾ úiska ó rcdj urd oukq ,nhs' bka wk;=re j
äfrdfi,afïh¾ úiska kÜ la/l¾ lvjiï l=url= njg m;a lrk w;r tu l=urd la,drdj úiauh
okjk iq¨ .ukla lrd f.k hhs' Tjqyq ysu msß N+ñhla Tiafia f.diska ysu /ðk uqK .efi;s' oi;
mqrd ysuleg iq<f`.a mdù hhs' bka wk;=re j Tjqyq meKs rifhka msß N+ñhlg meñfK;s' tys§ iSks
ma,ïf.ä iqrdx.kdj yuqjk w;r wehg ;u Ôú;h fírd.;a wdldrh ms<n s | la,drd úia;r lrhs' th
weiSfuka i;=gg m;a iqrdx.kdj wehg f.!rjhla f,i úYd, meKs ri idohla mj;ajhs' wrdìfhka
fldams kegqula o" Ökfhka f;a kegqula o" fï idofha § úfYaIdx.hla f,i bÈßm;a flf¾'
fndka fndafka¾ wd¾hdj we| isá úYd, l+vhla fuka úysÿKq idh háka l=vd fmd,sYsfka,aia t<shg
.kakd w;r b;d w,xldr jQ u,a rx.khla bÈßm;a lrhs' l=urd iy iSks ma,ïf.ä iqrdx.kdj o
/`.=ula bÈßm;a lr;s'
wk;=re j âfrdfi,afïh¾ iu. kÜ la/l¾ fndakslald meñfKkjd;a iu`. ish¨ ri leú,s iy

u,a w;=reoyka fõ'
k.rdêm;s;=ud iy wef.a Nd¾hdj la,drd fidhd id,hg tk úg weh b;d ;o kskaol miqjk nj
olS' la,drd ;udg msßkuk ,o ;E.s o ;u wdor fndakslald o ;=re,a lrf.k k;a;,a .i hg ks|d
isák whqre Tjqkg fmfka' wef.a uqyqK i;=áka msßf.dia neúka Tjqka jgyd .;af;a ;u ÿ la,drd
b;d w,xldr úiauh ckl isyskhla olsk nj hs' ^l¿wdrÉÑ" 2010" 49-50&
ks|s l=ußh ^Sleeping Beuty&

reishdfjka f,djg odhdo l< nef,a ^Ballet& ks¾udK
;%s;ajhls' ta yxiú, o kÜ la/l¾ yd ks|s l=ußhhs'
fuu Ballet ;%s;ajhg ix.S; ks¾udKfhka yd udßhia
fmàmdf.a rx. úkHdifhka yev jQ tajd h'
ksÈ l=ußh Ballet rx.h o frduekaála Ballet wdlD;sfhka

ks¾udKh jQjls' Ydka; mSg¾ian¾.a kqjr Mariinsky Ballet
iud.fï ksIamdokhla f,i 1890 § m%:u jrg fõÈld
.; úh'
113
l;d f;audj (
m<uq jk cjksldj
wjqfrdard l=ußhf.a 16 jk WmkaÈkfha W;aij lghq;= isÿ jk w;r;=r weh Wmka ojfia Carabosse
kue;s ;eke;a;sh úiska ;u ÿj flfrys m< l< wjdikdjka; wkdjelsh msh rcqg isysm;a fõ'
wkd.;fha ÿj jeäúhg meñKs l< bÈ lgq ;=vla wekSfuka ñh hk nj wkdjelshg fya;= ùfuka
rc;=ud ish ÿjf.a fk; fkd.efgk fia ishü f.;a;ï wdY%s; lghq;= rdcOdksh ;=< ;ykï
lrkakg úh' Èkla Catallabutte kue;a;d rcue÷f¾ ldka;djka lsym s fofkl= f.;=ï lgq wdY%hfhka
f.;a;ï lrñka isák nj oel rcqg ie, lsÍfuka rcq tu ia;%Skag ±ä o~qjï muqKq jk ,oS' /ðk
rcqg wjfndaO lr §fuka miq f.;a;ï lsÍfuka Ôj;a jk fï ldka;djkag o~qjï meñKùu
wlghq;= l%shdjla nj rcq o ms<s.kakg úh'
k.r jeishka u,aud,d iys; Watt kegqula kgk w;r;=r wehf.a újdyh i|yd l=ureka y;r
fofkl= bÈßm;a lr iajhxjrhla meje;afjhs' tys § l=ußh l=ureka y;r fokd iu`. Rare Adag io
kue;s b;d w,xldr jQ;a ixlS¾K jQ;a k¾;khl fhÿKdh' fï wjia:dfõ b;d È.= lndhla jeks
we÷ulska ieriqKq Casabosse meñK l=ußhg f.;=ï lgqjla ;E.s l<d h' ^we;eï msgm;aj, i|yka
jkafka u,a fmdl=rla i|yd fuu f.;=ï lgqj m%odkh l< nj hs& l=ußh lsis Èkl ±l ke;s fuu
f.;=ï lgqj b;d fyd¢ka mÍlaId lrk w;r Caraboss l,ska m%ldY l< mßÈ ta wjia:dfõ l=ußhf.a
we`.s,s ;=vq f.;=ï lgqj fya;=fjka ;=jd, fjhs' l=ußh isys uQ¾cdjg m;a jk w;r weh ñh .sh nj
is;ñka Carabosse i;=gq úh' ta wjia:dfõ Lilac Fairy kï iqrdx.kdj meñK l=ußh mÍlaId lr n,d
weh ñh f.dia ke;s nj;a weh È.= kskaol miq jk nj;a rcqg yd /ðkg ie, l<dh' miq j wjqfrdard
l=ußh we|l i;mjk Lilac Fairy uq¿ rdcOdksh u È.= kskaolg m;a fldg uq¿ rdcOdksh u lgq iys;
je,aj,ska jg lrkakg jQjd h' wk;=re j fï rdcOdksh kej; m%dKh ,nkafka wjqfrdard kskafoka
wjê jQ Èkhl nj mejiqjd h'
fojk cjksldj
jir ishhlg miq Des ire kï rc l=ure ish ñ;%hka iu`. ovhfï hoa§ l=ure ;rula
wm%idofhka miqfjhs' ;u udkaklaldr fmïj;sh ms<sn| j wi;=fgka isák l=ure i;=gq lsÍug ish
hy¿jkag okajk w;r ;ukag u| fõ,djla yqol,d ùug wjYH nj mji hs' fï yqfol,d jQ
wjia:dfõ l=ure bÈßhg Lilac Fairy iqr`.k meñfKkjd' weh is;kjd fudyq ;uhs wjqfrdard l=ußhj
wjÈ l< yels flkd nj' l=ußhf.a rEmhla iqrdx.kd j úiska l=ure bÈßfhys ujd olajkjd' l=ure
is; ;=< l=ußh flfrys fmï is;la my<jkjd' Fairy iqrdx.kdj iïmQ¾K isoaêh l=ureg mjikjd'
l=ure iqrdx.kdjf.ka wheo isákjd l=ußh isák ;ekg ;uka j /f.k hk f,ig' miqj Fairy
iqrdx.kdj fndaÜgqjlska l=ure j ie`.jqKq ud,s.dj fj; /f.k hkjd' fï wjia:dfjka Carabosse
W;aidy lrkjd l=ure j yd iqrdx.kdj k;r lrkakg' tfy;a l=ure yd iqrdx.kdj tlaj Carabosse
j úkdY lrkjd' l=ure ud,s.dj ;=<g f.dia wjqfrdard l=ußhg ydÿjlska mshú isysh ,nd fokjd'
uq¿ rdcOdksh u idmfhka ksoyia jk w;r wjqfrdard l=ußh Desire l=ureg újdy lr§ug msh rcq
;SrKh lrkjd'
The wedding - ux.,Hh

b;d u W;aijY%f
S hka msreKq újdy W;aijhls' Lilac Fairy msßjrd.;a iqrx.kdúhka y;rfofkla o
Pass in Boots
The white Cat
Princess flovine
The Blubird
Littie red Ridin Hood
The wolt
Cinderella
Prince Charming Beauty
The Beast
we;=¿ pß; /ila o fï W;aijh i|yd tl;= fjkjd' fï wjia:dfõ l=urd yd l=ußh Pas de Dent
hk wiSre k¾;khl fhfok w;r fiiq msßi Mazurk kegqula kgkjd Lilac Fairy kj hqj<g
wdYS¾jdo lrkjd'
114
8 mßÉfþoh
8'0 k¾;k l,dj yd wfkl= ; a fi!ka o ¾h l,djka w;r we;s iyiïnka O ;dj
wOHhkh lsÍu'
8'1 k¾;k úIhh yd ine¢ w;S; yd kQ;k wx. rpk yd rx. jia;%dNrK
fjia fudaia;r rpkh
wx. rpkh rx. jia;%dNrK
w;sYh iqkaor jia;=jla f,i i,lkq ,nk k¾;k Ys,amshdf.a isrer fma%laIlhd fj;g
meñKùfï § thg w;sYfhdala;shla tl;= l< hq;= hs' tf,i tl;= lrkq ,nk w;sYfhdala;sh w;sYh
f,i f;audj ;Sj% lrkakla ùu jeo.;a fõ' fï i|yd wx. rpkh" rx. jia;d% NrK" wdf,dallrKh"
miq;," rx. NdKav jeks wdkqIx.sl l,d udOH /il odhl;ajh k¾;k Ys,amshd ,nd .kS' fuu
wfkal úO jQ wdkqIx.sl l,d udOHhka w;r fjia fudaia;r rpkh jkdys m%n, ia:dkhla ysñ lr
.kS' ukao h;a ljr fyda m%dix.sl ks¾udKhla ^k¾;k fyda kdgHhla& fm%alaIlhd fj;g bÈßm;a
lsÍfï § fõÈldj u; g meñfKk Ys,amshd" Ys,amsksh i;=j mj;akd ndysr iudfrdamh fm%alaIlhd
fj;g f.khd yels jkqfha tu`.ska neúks'
kdgHh k¾;kh fyda fjkhï wjia:djl flfkl=g uq,a jrg uqK .efik mqoa.,fhl=
iïnkaOfhka m<uq ñks;a;= 4 jeks ld,hl§ yuqjkakd ;=< f.dv kefÕk m%;srEmh r|dmj;skqfha
1' ndysr fmkqu u; - 55]
2' lg y~ yd l;d ú,dih - 38]
3' l;d lrk lreKq u; - 07]
nj uE;l § lrk ,o iólaIKhlska ;yjqre ù we;' ^ksrEmud" 1999&
fõÈldj u;g m%:u jrg meñfKk mqoa.,hl= ms<sn| fm%alaIlhd fj;g flfrk uq,a u
ye¢kaùu isÿ lrkqfha ndysr fmkqu wkqj nj meyeÈ,s h' k¾;k Ys,amshl= i;= ndysr fmkqu hkq
fjia fudaia;r rpkhhs' fjia fudaia;r rpkh Ys,amSh fCIa;%h ;=< § rx. jia;% yd wx. rpkh f,i
m%Odk fldgia folla ksfhdackh lrhs'
fï w;ßka wx. rpkh jkdys fm%alaIlhd fj;g k¾;kfhys yd oDYH rEm pu;aldrh úÑ;%j;a
f,i f.k hd yels m%n, l,d udOHhls' ^moauisß" 1999&
wx. rpkh hkq m%n, m%ldYkd;aul ksrEmKhls' tys wdrïNh ñksidf.a mßKduh olajd
Èjhhs' kuq;a th ljod fld;ekl § wdrïN jQjla ±hs lsisjl=g;a iaÓr f,i u ksYaph l< fkdyels h'
wdÈ ñksid ;=< mej;s uq,sl wjYH;dj jqfha l=i.skak ksjd .ekSuhs' ta i|yd Tyq úiska isÿ lrk
,o fjfyiSu fya;= fldgf.k l,dj o wdrïN jQnj fkdryils'
l%ufhka f.da;sl
% iudch ixj¾Okh jk úg wdÈ udkjhd ;=< ksi¾.fhka u we;s jQ fkdúêu;a
p,k ixúê; iajrEmhg m;a jQfha h' tf,iu ta weiqfrys m%d:ñl j¾K .ekaùï o ixúê;
iajrEmhg flfuka úm¾hdihkag m;a jkakg úh'
f,dalfha m%d:ñl f.da;%sl k¾;khkaf.a isg ÈhqKq hehs iïu; ck iudc k¾;khka f;la
jQ iEu k¾;k ffY,sfha u mdfya wvqjeä jYfhka ta ta iudc .; wkkH;d ,laIK wkqj wx.
rpkd Ndú; lrkq ,nk w;r tlS wx. rpkdj, mj;sk úIu;djka ta ta k¾;k ffY,sfha
wkkH;dj ;yjqre lsÍug bjy,a ù we;'
115
foaYSh k¾;k l,djkays Ydka;sl¾u weiqfrys frdamKh jQ wx. rpkd Ys,am l%u mj;S' jiafodia
ms<sn| úYajdih iudch ;=< wdrïNfha mgka u mej;sKs' fï jkdys ñksiqka yg frda. Wmøj
muqKqjk woDYHudk msßia ms<sn| mej;s .=ma; jQ úYajdihl m%;sM,hls'
;uka yg úk lrk woDYHudkhkaf.ka ñ§u Wfoid Bg wod< wukqIH uqyK q q ks¾udKh lsÍu
iqúfYaI jQ isÿùula úh' fuu isÿùu Tiafia f.dvkeÕ=fKa Ys,amshd i;= ld,amksl jQ ks¾udK
YlH;dj hs'
ikakshl=fï tk ure ikaksh$jeÈ ikaksh pß;fha o uqyqfKa l`M wdf,am lr we;af;a myka
±,s fyda w`.=re fyda fmd,af;,a iuÕ ñY% fldg ;kd.;a wdf,amhlsks' fk;a w÷ka .Eu my;rg
k¾;kh iïm%odhfha ±lsh yels ;j;a tla iqúfYaI wx. rpkd ,CIKhls'
fjiauqyqKq Ndú;h foaYSh wx. rpkd Ys,amh ;=< úm¾hdihlg n÷ka jQ Wml%ñl wjia:djls'
fjia uqyqKq l,dj wx. rpkh iuÕ ±ä iïnkaOhla mj;ajhs' iïm;a ms<sn| .eg¨j" inflda,h"
pß;hkag wdfõY ùfï wmyiq;dj jeks úúO idOlhka fya;=fjka fjiauqyqKq l,dj foaYSh k¾;k
l,dj ;=< ia:dms; jQfõ hehs wkqudk lsÍu idOdrK h' flda,ï" fidlß jeks ck kdglhka ys
muKla fkdj Ydka;sl¾u weiqfrys mjd Ndú; ù mj;sk fjiauqyqKq hkq wx. rpkd Wml%uhla ±hs
wo jk úg úpdrhg ;=vq § we;s u;hls'
pß;hla i|yd u m,¢k fjiauqyqKqj, pß;hg wjYH Wmdx.j, iqúfYaI ,CIK olajd
we;af;a mska;dre lsÍfuks' pß; ,laIK o tuÕska Èiafõ' fï ksid fjiauqyK
q qj, mj;skafka ia:djr
wx. rpkhls' ^frdayK" 1999" 51&
w;S; .eñ l,dlrejd fujeks úúO Wml%u fhdokq ,enqfõ wx. rpkd l,dj wruqKq fldg
f.k u fkdfjhs' fndfyda úg Ydka;sl¾u meje;ajQfha rd;%s ld,fha h' mkaoï wdf,dalfhka weÿrkaf.a
uqyqKq iy bka ksrEms; Ndjhka ±laùu wjYH úh' tys § hï hï øjH wdf,am fldg .ksñka tu
wjYH;dj bgq lr.ekSug .;a ir, m%h;akhl m%;sM,hla f,i fuu Wml%u we;s jQ nj ms<s.;
yels h'
foaYSh Ydka;sl¾u weiqfrys yd bka mßndysrj;a mßKduhg m;a jQ wx. rpkd l,dj wOH;kh
jk úg ;dlaIKsl fuka u l,d;aul w;ska o b;d Wiia uÜgul mj;S' úfYaIfhka kq;k fõÈldj
lrd k¾;kh f.k tafï § wx. rpkfhys wjYH;dj b;d m%n, idOlhla njg m;a ù we;s w;r
fõÈldj u; f.dv kÕk rEm iqúfYaI ia:dkhla ysñ lr.kS' pß;dx.sl ,laIK úoyd ±laùug;a
pß;hg m%úIag jk mqoa.,hdf.a uqyqfKa iajNdjh iïmQ¾Kfhka fjkia lsÍug;a wx. rpkh wjYH
idOlhls'
k¾;k wx. rpkfha § wod< Ys,amshd úiska ie,ls,su;a úh hq;= lreKq lsysmhls'
1' k¾;kfha iajNdjh îïm%odh" m%ia;=;h&

2' k¾;k Ys,amshdf.a uqyqfKa udxi fmaYs ieleiau ^yevh yd j¾Kh&
3' fõÈldfõ iajNdjh yd wjldYh
4' wdf,dallrKh
5' rx. jia;%dNrK
6' fm%alaIld.drh
idudkHfhka wx. rpkdjla isÿ lsÍfï § ;%sfldaKdldr in|;djla mj;ajdf.k hdu b;d jeo.;a
fõ' tkï wx. rpkd Ys,amshd k¾;lhd iy fm%alIa lhd hk ;sfokd w;r jQ in|;dj hs' fuu ;sfokd
w;r mj;akd jQ in|;dj u; id¾:l k¾;k wx. rpkdjla ks¾udKh fõ' tfiau k¾;k Ys,amh s df.a
id¾:l;ajh Wfoid o wx. rpkh b;d jeo.;a idOlhls' ukao wdOHd;añl f,i k¾;kh ;=<g
iujefok k¾;lhd yg Ndj m%ldYkh i|yd th jeo.;a neúks'
wx. rpkdjla isÿ lsÍfï § wx. rpkd Ys,amshd úiska lreKq ;=kla mokï lr .kq ,efí'
116
tkï(-
1' ksjerÈ lsrSu ûqyqK iy isref¾ ndysr fmkqu&
2' iajNdjh y÷kd .ekSu
3' wdlD;suh fjki ^moauisß" 1999&
k¾;k ks¾udKhla Wfoid wx. rpkh isÿ lsÍfï § Ys,amSh uqyqK iy isref¾ ndysr fmkqu
ms<sn|j ie,ls,su;a ùu ñksia pß; Wfoid b;d jeo.;a fõ' ukao h;a krUkq ,nk fm%alaIlhd
ks¾udKh flfrys ;od;aóh f,i ne| ;nd .ekSu;a k¾;kfhys iajNdjh ;Sj% lsÍu;a tys w;HjYH
idOlhla neúks'
wx. rpkh yd ne¢ uq,sldx.

wx. rpkd Ys,amh uq,sldx. lsysmhla u; mokï fõ'
1' j¾K 3' f¾Ld
2' yev;, 4' wuqøjH hkq tajd h
1' j¾K
wx. rpkd l,dj iuia;hla f,i .;a l, tl u j¾K yrUhls' øjH yd wdf,dal j¾K ukd
fldg iqixfhda. lsßu wx. rpkd l,dfõ isoaOdka; .; l%shdj,shls' Ys,amSh YÍrh u; j¾K .ekaùu
i|yd j¾K mrdihka yd cdhs;" §mk j¾K ms<sn| wx. rpkd Ys,amshd i;= j ±kqu mej;sh hq;= h'
m%d:ñl oaú;Sl yd ;D;Shl j¾K ms<sn| j yd ta ta j¾K ldKavhka flfia iïñY%Kh l< hq;= o
hkak ms<sn| j;a wjfndaOu;a úh hq;= h'
2' yev;,
yev;, hkq udhsula úfYaIs; fldg olajk m%foaYhls' ^pd¾,ia weia' mS" 25 msgj
q & úúO mqoa.,hka
i;= uqyqK úúO yev;, .kS' fõÈldj u; k¾;khla È. yeÍfï§ ish¨ u idudðlhka i;= uqyqKq
tl u yev;,hlska ueúu m%dix.sl;ajh Wfoid b;d jeo.;a h' ñksia uqyqKl uQ,sl wdlD;sh tys
úoHd;aul yd ;dlaIKsl iajNdjh u; úúO jQ yev;, lsysmhla wkqj bÈßm;a l< yels h'
wKavdldr Ôval&
f.da,dldr ^Round&
iup;=ri% ^Square&
wdh; Ôbling&
;%f
s ldaKdldr ^Traingale&
wfkla mig fmr¿Kq ;%sfldaKdldr Înverled Trangale&
Èhuka;s yev;s ^Diamond shap&

3' f¾Ld
wx. rpkd l,dj i;= uQ,sl ,laIK w;ßka zf¾LdjgZ iqúfYaI ia:dkhla ysñ fõ' kQ;kfha
wx. rpkd l,dj hkq mokï wdf,amh ±óu muKla f,i ir, iSudjka fkdj bka Tíng úys§ .sh
.eUqre Ys,amhls' tys § f¾Ldj u`.ska isÿ l< yels ld¾h fndfyda h' f¾Ldj i|yd j¾K modi ñY% jQ
l, fuys iajNdjh jvd;a ;Sj% fõ' uqyqK u; fuka u iuia; YÍrh mqrd u hï hï bkaøshhka W¨mamd
±laùu fuka u YÍrh u; hï lsis yev;, ueùu o fu u`.ska isÿ l< yels h' úfYaIfhka Ys,amSh
uqyqfKys me;,s iajNdjh ke;s lr ;%sudK nj W¨mamd ±laùug f¾Ldj Wmfhda.S lr .ks'
117
ir, f¾Ld
;sria f¾Ld
isria f¾Ld
rjqï f¾Ld
jl% f¾Ld
iudka;r f¾Ld
±;s f¾Ld
;rx. ldß f¾Ld
lv f¾Ld
we, f¾Ld
;s;a f¾Ld
o`.r f¾Ld hkqfjka f¾Ld .Kkdjls'
4' wuq øjH
wx. rpkd wuqøjHj, ;ekam;a j we;af;a øjH j¾K hs' wx. rpkdjla f.dv ke`.Su i|yd
wjYH wuq øjH /ils' tajd úúO fjf<| kdufhka fjf<| fmdf<a ñ, § .ekSug yels w;r k¾;k
Ys,amshdf.a YÍr j¾Kh ifï iajNdjh ms<sn| j i,ld f;dard .ekSu l< hq;= h' wuqøjH ñ,§
.ekSfï § ksIamdÈ; Èkh yd l,a bl=;a ùfï Èkh mÍlaId lsÍu b;d jeo.;a h'
mokï wdf,am Pane Cake

Greass paint
fk;a wxckd Eye liner
uialdrd Mascara
weia neu mekai, u Ibrow Pencile
f;d,a wdf,amk Lipstic
mqrkdil mqhr Translaset face powder
í,I¾ Blushers
lD;s%u weia msydgq Ilashers
wdÈ jYfhka wuq øjH /ila k¾;k wx. rpkh i|yd wjYH fõ' fuh ishqï m%dfhda.sl
l%shdj,shls' m%dfhda.sl Ndú;h yd ksrka;r mqyqKqfjka id¾:l wx. rpkhla f.dv ke`.Sug yelshdj
,efí'
rx. jia;%dNrK
ovhï hq.fha § Ôj;a jqKq ñksid ;udf.a uQ,sl Ôjfkdamdh ovhï fldg ,nd .;af;a h' Tyq
ovhï l< i;=kaf.a fkdÈrk fldgia yd iï jeks foa mßyrKh lsÍug;a tajdhska úúO NdKav
;ekSug;a miqld,fha§ YÍrfha ndysr bkaøShhka wdrlaId jk mßÈ YÍr wdjrK ilia lr .ekSug;a
Wkkaÿ úh' fï whqßka uQ,sl wjYH;djla f,i bkaøSh wdjrKh i|yd uq,sl j u we÷ï me,÷ï ilia
jkakg úh' fuh m%d:ñl ñksid úiska ;u ksrej; jid .ekSu Wfoid ork W;aidyhl uQ,sl
wjia:dj f,i ie,lsh yels h' Tyq flfuka flfuka YsIag;ajhg m;a ùu;a iuÕ zwe÷uZ kï jQ ú<s
jid .ekSfï udOH ixúê; iajrEmhla .kakg úh' k¾;k l,djla Wfoid rx. jia;%dNrK kï jQ
wx.h ìys jqfha ta wdY%s; j h'
fõÈldjla u;g meñfKk k¾;k Ys,amshd ;=< oDYH udhdjla we;s lsÍu rx. jia;%dNrK
u`.ska l< yels i;aldrhls' k¾;khl ;uka úiska ksrEmKh lrkq ,nk pß;hg wdfõYhla ,nd
.ekSug bka yelshdj ,efí'
Y%S ,dxflah Ydka;sl¾u moaO;sh foi wjOdkh fhduq lsÍfï § wdrïNfhys mgka wo jkf;la
hï lsis kHdhd;aul miqìula u;ska mßK; jQ rx. jia;%dNrK l,djla ±l .; yels h' foaYSh
Ydka;sl¾u wdY%s; rx. jia;%dNrK i|yd m%Odk j¾K ;%s;ajhla Ndú; lrkq olakg ,efí'
Ydka;sl¾u wdY%s; j nyq, f,i u olakg ,efnk Wvqlh yd hálh we÷ï ks¾udKh jkafka
118
frÈ Ndú;fhka jk w;r iqÿ" r;=" l`M fndfyda úg Ndú; fõ' fujeks j¾K fhdod .ekSug m%Odk
fya;=j mkaoï t<sfhka rx. mSGh wdf,dalj;a jk mßirhla ;=< fm%alaIl wei .%yKh lr .ekSu
hs' tneúka wx. rpkh ieris,s rx. NdKav wdÈfhys j¾Khka meyeÈ,s yd oSma;su;a úh hq;= h' tu
ksid iqÿ j¾Kh iuÕ r;= fyda l`M fyda j¾K mdrïmßl j Ydka;sl¾u mßirfha § wmg ksr;=re j
±l .; yels h'
tfy;a Ydka;sl¾u r`. uv, m%dix.sl fõÈldj f;la mßj¾;kh ùfï § rx. jia;%dNrK
Ndú;fha úYd, j¾Okhla isÿ úh'
Ydka;sl¾u fCIa;%h imqrd u mqreI mlaIhg wh;aa k¾;k mßirhlska hqla; tlls' tys tk
ish¨ ldka;d pß; o mqreIhka úiska bÈßm;a lrkq ,efí' fï fya;=fjka Ydka;sl¾u mßirfhka
mßndysr ldka;d rx. jia;%dNrK ks¾udK l,djla f.dv ke`.Su foaYSh k¾;k l,dj ;=< uE;
Nd.fha isÿ jQ kj m%jK;djls' fulS l,dfõ mqfrda.dñhd jQfha fidaunkaÿ úoHdm;s uy;d h' Tyq
Wvrg my;rg inr.uq k¾;k iïm%odhhkays Ndú; m%Odk we÷ï lÜg, w.h fldg .ksñka
Ydia;%Sh hehs iïu; we÷ï lÜg, ks¾udKh l< w;r tajd iudc.; úh' fidaunkaÿ uy;d ;=< mej;s
l,d {dkh yd bkaÈhdkq ixpdrj, ,o wOHdmk w;a±lSï fujka l,djka f.dv keÕSug fya;=
jkakg we;'
uq,a hq.fha fidaunkaÿ uy;df.a rx. jia;% ks¾udK woH;kh jk úg mqreI yd ia;%S mlaI
folg iudka;r j k¾;k fõÈldfõ wdêm;H ysñ lrf.k we;' tfia u ks¾udKd;aul k¾;k
l,dj jv jvd;a ÈhqKq ;;a;ajhla lrd fõ.fhka .uka lr we;' Bg iudka;r j rx. jia;%dNrK
l,dj o b;d ÈhqKq ;;a;ajhla lrd .uka fldg we;' tfy;a idïm%odhsl wkkH;d m%o¾Ykh lsrSfï
l,dj woH;k iudcfhka neyerj hk nj olakg we;'
k¾;k rx. jia;% ks¾udKlrKfha § wxY lsysmhla hgf;a tajdg wod< wkkH;d ,laIK
f.dv k.d .ekSu l< hq;= h'
1' Ydia;%Sh rx. jia;%dNrK
2' .eñ kegqï i|yd rx. jia;%dNrK
3' ks¾udK rx. jia;%dNrK
fïjd tlsfkl fjkia ùug n,mdk ;;a;ajhka iy wod< ixialD;sl jmißfha iSud y÷kd
.ekSu id¾:l rx. jia;% ks¾udK l,djla i|yd jeo.;a fõ'
Ydia;%Sh
119
.eñ
ks¾udK
rx. jia;% ks¾udKfha § ;j;a jeo.;a idOlhls' foay úoHd;aul ieleiau' mqoa., isref¾ f¾Ld
yev;, wjhj msysgk wdldrh ia;%S$mqreI udkj foaYhg wkq.;j wOHhkh lsrSu rx. jia;%
ks¾udK Ys,amh
s df.a ld¾hNdrhls' k¾;k p,k jvd;a fyd¢ka ;Sj% lsrSu rx. jia;% u`.ska bgq úh hq;=
ld¾hNdrhls'
fjia we÷ï lÜg,h yd Wvrg k¾;k p,k ;r mj;sk wfkHdakH in|;dj
120
Wod ( Wr ndyq p,kh
cgd máh .eiSu
fndam;a p,kh
kre Ndú; lr p,k oelaùu
is,ïnq p,kh
fjia we÷ï lÜg,h fofjd,a we÷ï lÜg,h
fufia rx. jia;% ks¾udKh fndfyda úg p,khg wkq.; ùu b;d jeo.;a lghq;a;ls' fofjd,a
kegqfï m,¢k ld`.=,a f;dmamsh p,kfhka fofjd,a kegqfï we;=<;a we;eï mo wx,ldr fõ'
tfuka u j¾K Ndú;h o rx. jia;d% NrK ks¾udKfha § ie,ls,u s ;a úh hq;= jeo.;a idOlhls'
øjH yd wdf,dal j¾K oaú;ajh rx. jia;% ks¾udKfha § jeo.;a fõ' Ydka;sl¾uj, mßyrKh l<
mkaoï wdf,dalfha isg kq;k ÈhqKq ;dlaIKsl wdf,dal m%fhda. ;;a;ajhka f;la jQ mßKduh
fndfyda úg rx. jia;% u; fhdok wuq øjH ms<sn| ie,ls,su;a j l< tlls' we;eï wjia:dj, fuu
;;a;aj oaú;ajh ms<sn| j woH;kfha ie,ls,a,la fkdolajk njla fmfka'
foaYSh rx. jia;%dNrK ks¾udKfha È Ndú; wuqøjH /ils'

• frÈ
• f,day
• ±j fldgia
• rn¾ ma,diaála
• ùÿre
• mn¿ wdÈ fldg we;s tajd h'
flfia fj;;a rx. jia;%dNrK yd wx. rpkd hkqfjka i|yka l,djka k¾k; l,dj iuÕ
w;S;fha isg u j¾;udkh f;la meñK we;s w;r tajd úúO iudc ;;a;ajhka hgf;a ilia fjñka
ÈhqKq fjñka j¾;udk l,dj ;=< fjku fCIa;% f,i iajdëk j jdKscuh jYfhka ia:djr j we;s
njla olakg ,efí'
8'2 Ydka;sl¾u yd kQ;k fõÈldj weiqfrka wdf,dallrKh
121
m%d:ñl ñksid iajlSh rx.khka mj;ajk ,oafoa .sksue,hla o,ajdf.k h' ta wkqj /`.=ulg
wdf,dalh iemhqKq m%:u fuj,u .sksue,h f,i ie,lsh yels h' uE; ld,hla jk ;=re u rd;%s
ld,fha ck kdgl iy Ydka;sl¾u rx..; lrk úg .skafkys msysg me;+ nj meyeÈ,s h' Y%S ,dxflah
Ydka;sl¾uj, w;S;fha mgka wdf,dallrKh úê l%u Ndú; lsÍug idïm%odhsl weÿrka ;=< ukd
wjfndaOhla ;sìKs'
fmd,amkaoï
fmd,a f.ähla uqâv b;sßjkfia Y=oaO lr tys Wvfldgi lmd bj;a lr fmd,af.äh ;=<g
mdkalvo ^l=vd mkaoula& we;=`M fldg th ilikq ,nhs' Wvrg fldfydUd hla lxldßfha § hlawekqu"
l=fõKs wiak hk k¾;k wx.j, § hlafoiafida fmd,amkaou w;ska f.k k¾;kfha fhfo;s' fmd,a
mkaofuka ksl=;a fjk wdf,dalh ß§meye fjia;Ügqj u;g je§ b;d w,xldr iajrEmhla bka biau;=
flfrhs'
fmd,a mkaofuka lxldß uvqjg wdf,dalh iemhSula isÿjkjd fia u k¾;k Ys,amshdg o
fmd,amkaoñka wdf,dalh ,efí' wµ;kfha § úÿ,s wdf,dal l%u Ndú; jqj o Wla; k¾;k wx.
bÈßm;a lsÍfï § fmd,amkaou Ndú; lrkq ,efí'
ld,mkaou
.ïuvq fofjd,auvq yd mykauvq Ydka;l
s ¾uj, úfYaIfhka olakg ,efnk wx.hls' ld,mkaou
fofjd,a foúhka ,laÈjg meñKs kefõ l=U.i isysùu msKsi ld,mkaou isgqjhs' fï i|yd mqjla
.ila msßisÿ lr f.dma fld<j,ska irid mkaoula .i uqÿfka n`Èkq ,efí' fuys § úfYaI fnr mo
jdokh lrkq ,nhs' uvqfjys ueo by< ;,fhys msysá ld, mkaofuka ksl=;a fjk t<sfhka uvqjg
wdf,dalhla ,efí'
w;amkaoï
lemamsáhd fldagqjla" WKm;=rla" isyska l< mqjla ,Shla fyda úh<s ykiq jeks fohla fyda
ueÈfldg frÈ mdkalv T;d ßhkla muK È.g ilia lr .kakd w;amkaoï fmd,af;,ska fmd`.jd
.sks o,ajkq ,efí' mkaoï irU olajñka keáu i|yd ilia jQ mkaoï mo k¾;k wx.hla my;rg iy
inr.uq Ydka;sl¾uj, Ndú; fõ' fuu w;amkaoï fhdodf.k k¾;k Ys,m a k
s a ish l=i,;d t<solajñka
k¾;k bÈßm;a lrkjd fia u tu`.ska TjQyq r`.u~,g$hd.N+ñhg wdf,dalhla o tla l<y'
fldfydUdlxldßfha l=fõKs wiak k¾;kfha § wf;darlre /f.k hk mkaou w;amkaou

kñka ye¢kafõ'
ú,lal= hkq frÈmdkalv T;d Bg fmd,af;,a fmd`.jd o,ajkq ,nk l=vd mkaoï úfYaIhls'
w`.,a fod<yla muK È.e;s fl<jrla W,a lrk ,o úh<s ng m;=rla fyda brgq lsysmhla fyda f.k
W,a jQ fl<jßka w`.,a 1 la muK m;=r fmfkk fia msßisÿ mdkalv T;d ilia lr.kS' hlaf;dú,aj,
È hl=ka Wfoid ú,lal= ±,aùu isÿ flfrhs' hlaIhdg taug ú,lal= mkaoï t<shla ±,ajq nj hd.
idys;Hfha i|yka fjhs'
Wrelal= lr hu uq.=rla .=jkska weúÈka mkskav

flfr;a;= lr hufhl= fia o,ajd fkka n,d bkav
mrlal= fkdj uy fidakd wj;drh ug fmfkkav
ú,lal= mkaoï t<shla o,ajñ hlaIhd tkav
Ydka;sl¾u rx. N=ñfhys i;r fldfkys we;s myka me< ;=< o,ajd we;s myka wdf,dalfhka o
hyka ùÈ ;=< o,ajd we;s mykaj,ska o Ydka;sl¾u rx. N+ñhg wjYH wdf,dalh w;S;fha § ,ndf.k
;sìKs' rx. NdKav u; .eiq l=vd ú,lal= u`.ska o r`. uv,g wjYH wdf,dalh ,nd .efka'
fofldk ú,lal=j u`.ska pß;fha iajNdjh ;Sj% lr ±laùu fuka u r`. uv,g wjYH wdf,dalh
122
,nd.ekSu hk lreKq fol u mQrKh lr f.k we;' fofldk ú,lal= hkq fofl<jr ±,aúh yels
wdldrfha mkaoï iys; j lgl,shdj ueÈka uqLfha r|jdf.k kgkq ,nk mo úfYaIhls' uyfidaka
iuhu iy l`Ml=udr iuhug wh;a wj;dr ne,Sfï § o fofldk ú,lal=j ne| kgkq ,nhs'
Y%S ,dxflah .eñ kdgl l,djkays rx. N+ñ i|yd wdf,dalh ,nd.;a wdldrh ms<sn| úuid
ne,Sfï § fidlß kdgl rx. N+ñhg wdf,dalh iemhSug fkdfhla úêl%uhka wkq.ukh lr ;snQ
nj fmfka' b;d wE; w;S;fha § lel=K f.ä o,ajd wdf,dalh ,ndf.k we;' bka miq ,ka;Ereï
o,ajd rx. N+ñhg wdf,dalh ,efnk fia tajd t,a,d ;nd we;' miqld,j,È mefg%da,a uelaia ,dïmqj,ska
wdf,dalh ,ndf.k ;sfí'
kQ;k fõÈld wdf,dallrKh
18 jk ishjfia § ;dlaIKh ÈhqKq fj;a u bámkaoï wdf,dalh" .Eia wdf,dalh" úÿ,s wdf,dalh
fidhd .ekSu;a 19 jk ishjfia § úÿ,s wdf,dalh fidhd .ekSu;a iu`. l%ñl j úldYh jQ úÿ,s
wdf,dalkh m%dix.sl l,djka yd iïñY% j ÈhqKq úh' iaúÜi¾,ka;fha wefvd,a* wemshd ^1862-1928&
yd tx.,ka;fha f.da¾vka laf¾. fõÈldfõ Ndú;h i|yd rx.df,dalh m%lafIamKh lsÍfï úÿ,s
,dïmq y÷kajd§fï mqfrda.dóka f,i ie,l;s' fï fofokd u w¾:j;a f,i yd l,d;aul f,i
j¾Kh Ndú;hg .;ay' l%s' j' 1900 - 1914 w;r ld,h ;=< È rx.df,dal fuj,ï .ek kj m¾fhaIK
iy w;ayod ne,Sfï isÿ lsÍfï m%;sM,hla f,i j¾;udkfha wm Ndú;hg .kakd úÿ,s ,dïmq j¾.
r`.y,aj,g tla úh'
kQ;k fõÈld wdf,dallrKfhys Ndú; úÿ,s myka j¾.
Spot light îafmdÜ ,hsÜ&
fõÈldfõ tla;rd m%foaYhla" tla ia:dkhla" mqoa.,hl=" øjHhla fyda fõÈld WmlrKhla"
wdf,dalh u`.ska fjka lr ±laùug muKla wdf,dal Odrdj fhduq lrk myka (Spot lights)kï fõ'
fuh zfhduq mykaZ hkqfjka kï flfrhs' ldphla iys; ,dïmq j¾.hla ne.ska iafmdÜ ,dïmqfjka
úysfok t<sh l=vd lsÍug úYd, lsÍug t<sh ;shqKq lsÍug <d t<sh fyda wêl wdf,dalh fyda
úys§ug Ndú; l< yels h' iafmdÜ ,dïmqj, ldphg j¾K ;yvq fh§fuka ;ks j¾Khla o j¾K pl%
(Colour wheels) iú fldg ¥ria: md,lhlska wjYH mßÈ lrljd nyqj¾K o ,nd .; yels h'
Follow spot ^f*df,da iafmdÜ&
123
Ys,ams - Ys,amskshka fõÈldfõ tla ia:dkhl isg ;jka ia:dkhlg .uka lrk úg fyda lsishï
b,lalhla fj;g hEfï § ta iu`. Follow spot wdf,dal Odrdj o .uka lrjhs' ^yUd hEu wkq.dó j
hEu& ;ju;a Y%S ,xldfõ wdf,dallrK Ys,amska fuu myka yiqrejk w;r ÈhqKq rgj, ÿria:
md,lhla u`.ska l%shd lrjkq ,efí'
Flood light ^ma,â ,hsÜ& Odrdf,dal myk

wdf,dal Odrdj .xj;=rla ^Flood& fia úYd, mrdihl úiqrejd yeßh yels h' tl u ia:dkhlg
iSñ; wdf,dal Odrdjla m;s; lsÍug wjYH jQ úg ldph foig ,dïmqj <x l< hq;= h' tu l%shdj fuu
myfka we;s tla weKhla l%shd lrùfuka bgq l< yels h' W;a;, ldphla we;s we;eï Odrdf,dal
myka fhduq mykla f,i o Ndú; fõ' idïm%odhsl Odrdf,dal myka fjkqjg wµ;kfha w;sYh
kùk ;dlaIKhla iys; úúO yeve;s Odrdf,dal myka j¾. Ndú; flf¾'
• Symmetric Flood light
• Asymmetric Flood light
Symmetric Flood light

WmlrKh tl yd iudk jqj o n,anfha fyda,avrh ß*af,lagrh msysàu u; WmlrK ;sfnk
;ek wkqj fldgia folls' fuys fyda,avrh we;af;a ß*af,lagrfha yß ueo h' fuh Ndú; jkafka
taldldß iqÿ wdf,dalh ,nd .ekSug h' fõÈldj u; j¾K Ndú; lsÍug o fuu WmlrKh Ndú;
l< yels fõ'
ASymmetric Flood light

fuys fyda,avrh ß*af,lagrfha yß ueÈka msysgd ke;' Ndú; jkafka Cyclorama tl j¾Kj;a
lsÍug h' fuys j¾K ;=kla fyda y;rla fyda Ndú; l< yels h' iuyr úg wd¾Ól wmyiq;d u; j¾K
follg iSud fõ' m%Odk j¾K ks,a" r;=" weïn¾" fld< mdg fõ' light 3 fyda 4la tlg iïnkaO lr
we;s úg th light Batten tlla f,i y÷qkajhs'
Strobe light- iafg%daí myk ^mßN%uK udk myk" laIK myk&

wêl §ma;su;a wdf,dalhla we;s laIKsl j ksú ksù ±,afjk ,dïmqjls' fm%alaIlhd ;=< ika;%dih
wêl l=;+y,h jeks Ñ;a;fõ. wjÈ lsÍug iu;a h' ksú ksú ±,afjk jdr .Kk fyda fõ.h fyda
myfka msgqmi we;s iaúphla u`.ska wvq fyda jeälr md,kh l< yels h' fuys fõ.h kshuhka wvq
fyda jeäl< úg p,kh jk mqoa.,hl= jqj o ksYap, whl= fia o¾Ykh fõ'
Ultra Violet Lamp - fyj;a w,ag%d jh,Ü myk

b;d ;o wÿre ks,a mdáka fyda ;o oï mdáka fyda hqla; mykls' mdr cïnq, lsrK fuu myk
±,afjk úg ksl=;a flfrk ksid tkñka y÷kajkq ,nhs' fuys wdf,dalhg m%;spdr olajkafka iqÿ
mdg muKs' fõÈldfõ wÿr ;=< we;s iqÿ meye øjH muKla oDYHudk fõ' úiauh ckl nj yd woaN+;
nj u;= lsÍug fuu myfka wdf,dalh iu;a h'
Batten light - fyj;a iaá%ma ,dïmqj

mska;+r rduq fõÈldjl ..ksldj wdf,dalj;a lrkafka wdf,dal nqnq`M fm< u`.sks' fõÈldjl
fujeks lsysmhla ;sìh yels w;r ..khg by<ska yd my<ska iú lr ;sfí' n,aí bÈßfhka j¾K
isfkduhsâ lvodis r|jd ;sfí' fuu n,an wjYH fõ,djg Ndú; l< yels wdldrhg ilia lr we;'
fuh iaá%ma ,dïmqj hkqfjka y÷kajkq ,nkafka ueÈß 6" 9 fyda 13 jYfhka fjka lrk ,o tlg iú
l< l=vd *a,â ,dïmq fm<ls' fuu ,dïmqj, mrdj¾;lhka iú fldg we;'
Dimmer - wdf,dal ;Sj%;d md,kh

fõÈldfjys we;s ish¨ u wdf,dal mykaj, Èma;sh md,kh lrk WmlrKhls' tla iaùphla
u`.ska wdf,dal myka jeä m%udKhla tl jr md,kh lr.; yels WmlrKhls' woH;kfha Digital
system mß.Kl ;dlaIKsl l%u fõÈldjg Ndú; fõ'
124
Colour Filter Sheets - iskfudhsâ j¾K fmrKh
fuh È.= l,a meje;aula we;s m;%sldjls' j¾Kh úksúoj mrdj¾;kh lrhs' fkdfhla
m%udKhkaf.ka o j¾Khkaf.ka o hqla; hs' j¾K 80la muK fu úg Ndú;fha mj;S'
Colour Wheel
wdf,dal Odrdjla bÈßfhka iúfldg ¥ria: md,lhla u`.ska lrleùug ie,eiaùfuka j¾K
jeä m%udKhla ,nd .; yelsh' fuu r;=" fld<" ks,a" ;eô,s" weïn¾ hk j¾K 5ls' fuu WmlrKh
j¾;udkfha Ndú;fhka f;dr h' thg fya;=j óg jvd ÈhqKq ;;a;ajfha WmlrK ksIm a dokh ù ;sîu
h' Semorthone Phone WmlrKh Colour Wheel j,g jvd ÈhqKq WmlrKhls' fuys l%shdldß;ajfha
fõ.j;a nj ksid iq¿ fõ,djla we;=<; mdg lsysmhla ,nd.; yels h'
Colour Scroller
fuu.ska b;d fõ.j;a f,i j¾K udre lsÍug mq`Mjk' 16-32 w;r m%udKfha j¾K msysgd we;'
CYM Interlijen Light

fuys § j¾K ñ,shk 1la muK Ndú; l< yels h' fuh n,anfha ;dmfha úys§u wvq w;r ´kEu
j¾Khla Ndú; lsÍfï yelshdj fuu.ska ,efí'
fuys CYM hkq C - Cyan

Y - Yellow
M - Majenta hk j¾K h
Effect and Sence Projectors ^m%dfhda.sl iy o¾Yk m%lafIamlh&

rx. ie,iqï lrkakg fuu hka;%h u`.ska ukd msgqn,hla ,nd.; yels h' tie‚ka u ysu
jeàu .sks±,a jeiai j,dl=¿ j;=r wdÈh ksrEmKh l< yels h'
wdf,dallrKfha úldYh -
iajNdúl mßirh weiqre lrf.k Ôúldj f.jq udkjhd jir oyia .Kkla f.ù hk f;la
u wdf,dalh ,nd .kafka iajNdúl jia;+kaf.ks' fuu wdf,dalh ;u ffoksl lghq;=j,g m%udKj;a
fkdjqfhka wdÈ udkjhd úiska .skaor fidhd .;af;ah' WKqiqu ,nd.ekSu wdydr ms,siaiSu ilid
.ekSu fuka u wdf,dalh ,nd .ekSug o Tjqyq .skaor Ndú; l<y' ,dïmq Ndú;h bámkaoï Ndú;h
uÕska l%ufhka úldYh jQ wdf,dalh ,nd .ekSfï l%shdj,sh 18 jk ishjfia wjidkh jk úg .Eia
wdf,dalh Ndú;h f;la j¾OkSh ;;a;ajhg m;a úh' 19 jk ishjfia § úÿ,s wdf,dal Ndú;h wdrïN
úh' fufia l%ñl j úldYh jQ wdf,dalh j¾;udkfha § rx.df,dallrKh f,iska iajdêk l,djla
f,i ÈhqKq ;;a;ajhlg m;a j we;'
w;S;fha § rx.ld¾h i|yd yq¿ t<sh" mkaoï t<sh" myka t<sh wdÈfhka wdf,dalh ,nd.;a w;r
fndfyda úg fuys § w÷r m,jd yeÍug muKla fuu wdf,dalh fhdod f.k we;'
tfuka u .%Sl kdgH t<suyka rx. N+ñkays ijia ld,fha r`. olajd we;s w;r fuys § ysref.a
wdf,dalh fhodf.k ;sfí' tfuka u kdgH cjksldj, § .sks ±,aùï isÿ lr thska o wdf,dalh
imhd f.k ;sfí'
Ndr;fha fn!oaO l;d jia;+ka jy,h rys; y;/ia Yd,djl ysret<sh wdOdrfhka rx. .; l<
njg idlaIs we;' uOHld,Sk hq.j, § foajia:dkhkays r`.±lajQ kdgHh rx.khkag o iajdNdúl
wdf,dalh ,ndf.k we;af;a foajia:dkfha úYd, fodrj,a cfk,a újD; lsÍfuks' uOH ld,Sk
hq.hg fmr mkaoï" bámkaoï" ,dïmq jeks lD;%su rx.df,dal l%u Ndú; l< njg idOl yuq ù
fkdue;' b;d,s mqkreo hq.fha § .%sl yd frdau t<suyka r.y, fjkqjg .Dy.; rx.Yd,d bÈ ùu
ksid ksielfhkau rx.df,dalfha wjYH;dj .ek is;kakg we;' b;d,s cd;sl .Dy ks¾udK Ys,ams
125
finka;shdfkda fi¾,sfhda ^1475-1554& j¾Kfhka hq;= Ñ;% jia;% fõÈld miq;, f,i Ndú;hg .;a
w;r fuu Ñ;% jia;% uekúka ±l n,d .ekSug fõÈldfõ mduq, bámkaoï fm<la o,ajd lKaKdä
È,sfik fíiï yd nkafoais miqmiska ;nd fõÈldj fj; wdf,dalh m%lafIamKh lsrSug ie,eiaù h'
fufia m%:u jrg mrdj¾;lhka u`.ska rx.df,dalh mrdj¾;kh lsrSfï kHdhh y÷kajd fokq ,eî h'
bka miq ;sr oud o,ajk ,o ,dïmq o .Eia ,dïmq o rx.df,dalh i|yd Ndú; fldg we;'
Ndr;Sh ixialD; kdgH l,dfõ rx.df,dalh ,nd .ekSu i|yd mkaoï iy f;,a myka Ndú; lr
;sfí' l:l,s k¾;k iïm%odhfha § uqyqfKa Ndjhka yia; uqød m%lg l< hq;= neúka tu m%ix.j,
§ w;S;fha ;sr lsmhlska hq;= f;,a ,dïmq Ndú;hg f.k we;' fuu myka l;a;= ú,lal= kñka
ye¢kafõ'
mkaoï mykajeg f;,a ,dïmq .Eia ,dïmq wdÈfhka mßKduhg m;a jQ rx.df,dal WmlrK úis
jk ishjfia § úÿ,s wdf,dalh y÷kajd §u iuÕ úÿ,s nqnq`M iys; j¾;udk rx.df,dal WmlrK
Ndú;hg fhduq úh' w;S;fha yqÿ wÿr m,jd yeßug wdf,dalh fhdod.;a w;r thska k¾;kfha"
kdgHfha fyda rx.fha fyda f;audjg WÑ; whqßka md,khlska hq;= j úêu;a f,i wdf,dalh
iemhSug yelshdjla fkd;sìKs' tfy;a tl, iudc jgmsgdj wkqj úYd, fufyhla bgq jQ nj
mejish hq;= h'
j¾;udkfha § ÈhqKq ;dlaIKh Ndú; lrñka rx.df,dalh Ndú;fhka wruqKq rdYshla bgq lr
.ekSug yels ù we;' tkï rx.h ukd f,i fm%alaIlhdg ±lSug ie,eiaùu" ufkdaNdjhka ;Sj% jk
mßirhla f.dv kexùfuka fma%laIlhd ;=< Ñ;a;fõ. j¾Okh" k¿ ld¾hh ;Sj% lsrSu" fõÈldfõ ysia
nj ke;s lr,Su" fm%alaIl wjOdkh r|jd .ksñka fm%aCIdj ueùu'
kQ;k fõÈld m%ix.j, § Ys,amSkaf.a l%shdldß;ajh jvd;a ;Sj% lsrSug rx.df,dalh w;HjYH h'
rx. rpkh" wx. rpkh" rx.jia;%dNrK" miqìï w,xlrK yd rx.NdKav wdÈh ukd f,i iqixfhda.
ù ;snqK;a ksis rx.df,dalhla fkdue;s kï tys Ôjhla ke;' ta wkqj id¾:l jQ;a ukd wdl¾IŒh
jQ;a m%dix.sl wx.hla bÈßm;a lsÍug rx.df,dal Ndú;h w;HjYH fõ'
fõÈld wdf,dalh iemhSu Ys,amshl=g ;ks j ys;=uf;a l< fkdyels yd fkdlghq;= ld¾hhls'
k¾;k m%ix.hl § k¾;k ks¾udmlhdf.a wdf,dal ixl,am wjYH;d wdf,dal Ys,amshd iuÕ
idlÉPd l< hq;= h' ÈhqKq rgj, fõÈld wdf,dal msgm; ilia lrkqfha fulS ld¾h id¾:l lr
.ekSu yd wjYH wdf,dal ixl,am Ndú; lsrSfï wruqKq id¾:l j bgq lr .ekSfï mrud¾:fhks'
rx.jia;d% NrKj, fukau miqìï w,xlrKj, we;s øjH j¾K yd wdf,dal j¾K iqixfhda.fhka
fõÈldj u; uefjk Ndjh ms<sn| uQ,sl wjfndaOhla fkdue;s j j¾Kdf,dalh Ndú; lsrSfuka
wfmalaIs; wruqKq lrd <`.d úh fkdyels h'
Ys,amSkf
a .a Ndj m%ldYk u.ska fm%alaIlhd ;=< u;= jk rih ;Sj% lsrSug iqÿiq fõÈld wdf,dalhla
iemhqfõ ke;skï Ys,amSka bÈßm;a lrk Ndj iy fm%alaIlhka ;=< u;= jk ri w;r .eàula we;s fõ'
NdIdjl ld¾hh j¾Kdf,dal u`.ska bgq lsrSug yelshdj we;;a fõÈld wdf,dalh imhk
Ys,amshdf.a ±kqu yd fõÈldj u; flfrk ld¾h id¾:l;ajhg imhk odhl;ajh w;r ukd
in|;djla fkdue;s kï id¾:l úÿ,s wdf,dalhla iemhSug Tyq iu;a fkdfõ' fõÈld wdf,dalh
imhk Ys,amshdg fõÈld u; isÿjk ishqï fjkialï ms<sn| j jqj o wjfndaOhla ;sîu jeo.;a h'
fõÈld kdgHhl fyda k¾;kdx.hl fyda wdrïNh tys l%shdjka" WÉp wjia:d" ksudj i|yd
wjYH wdf,dal j¾K ixfhdackh flfia úh hq;= ±hs hkak ms<sn| mqyqKqjla ,eîu jeo.;a h' tjeks
wjia:dj, § m%o¾Ykh lsruS g wjYH Ndjh ;Sj% lsru
S g j¾Kdf,dalfhka ,efnkafka ukd msgqn,hls'
fõÈldfõ N+f.da,Sh fn§ï ;=< flfrk ld¾hhka biau;= lr ±laùu wjYH kï tu ld¾hh
wdf,dalfhka bgq lsrSug b;d myiq h'
126
tfuka u fõÈldfõ hula ie`.ùug wjYH kï tu ld¾hh o rx.df,dal md,kfhka bgq l<
yels h' fõÈldj u; isÿjk wjYH ljr fyda l%shdjla m%o¾Ykh lsÍu iy fm%alaIl wjOdkh r|jd
.ekSu o wdf,dal iemhSfï ld¾hfha iqúfYaI;djls'
k¾;k ks¾udKfha m%i; a ;

= hg WÑ; ld,.=K" foaY.=K ;;a;aj" w¨hu" Woh" oyj," iji" rd;%s
wdÈ ld, o" jeis" iq<x" óÿu" ysu" úÿ,s flàu" ysre Wodj-neiSu jeks idOl o wµ;k úÿ,s wdf,dal
;dlaIK WmrlK yd Ys,am l%u uÕska fõÈldj u; ueùug wdf,dallrK Ys,amsfhl=g yelshdj
;sfí'
wµ;kfha § ;dlaIK Ndú;fhka ks¾udKhg wod< jk ljr fyda miq;,hla ..ksldfõ
ueúh yels h' ta ;=<ska wod< m%ia;=;h ;Sj% lsÍug wdf,dalh yeisrùu" fõÈldfõ m¾hdjf,dalk
,laIK we;s lsßu fuka u ysia fõÈldfõ mq¾K miq;,hla jqj o ujd mEug kq;k wdf,dallrKh
iu;a h' rx.k Ys,amSkaf.a wx." m%;Hx." Wmdx. u;= lr ±laùug yd ;Sj% lsÍug o wdf,dallrKh
jeo.;a fufyhla bgq lrhs'
wdf,dallrK WmlrK Ys,am l%u iy Ys,amSh ksmqK;ajh fuka u fõÈldj u; bgq lsÍug
wjYH ld¾hh ms<sn| ukd wjfndaOhlska hq;= j fõÈld m%ix. i|yd wdf,dalh imhk rx.df,dal
Ys,amSyq j¾;udk m%dix.sl fõÈldj yd iïnkaO lghq;= lr;s'
wdf,dallrKh ms<sn| j idlÉPd lsÍfï È jeo.;a wx.hls zj¾KZ' fõÈldfõ § wmg j¾K ish
oyia .Kkla yuq fõ' th m%Odk f,i øjH j¾K ^Pigment Colour& yd wdf,dal j¾K ^Light Colour&
hkqfjka fnod ±laúh yels h'
wdf,dal j¾K ms<sn| j ú.%y lsÍfï § th m%Odk j¾K ;=kla f,i i|yka l< yels h' tkï"
r;=" fld<" ks,a hk tajd h' Red, Grreen, Blue
fuu uq,sl j¾K fol ne.ska tla ù oaú;shsl j¾Khla ks¾udKh fõ'
tajd kï Blue + Green = Cyan (Peacock Blue)

Red + Blue = Majenta
Green + Red = Yellow
fuu oaù;Shl j¾K ;=k CMY hk flá kduhlska ye¢kafõ'
by; olajk ,o úúO wdf,dal j¾Khka fõÈldfõ wfkl=;a j¾K u; m;s; ùfï § øjH
j¾Kj, ^Pigment Colour& fjkialï isÿ fõ' tu fjkialï ms<sn| iïmQ¾K wjfndaOhla m%Odk
jYfhka miq;, ks¾udK Ys,m a k
S "a rx. jia;d% NrK ks¾udK Ys,m
a k
S "a wx. rpkd Ys,m
a Ska yd wdf,dallrK
Ys,amSka yg ;sìh hq;= h' m%dix.sl wx.hlg fm%alaIl wdl¾IKh ,nd .ekSu i|yd Wiia .=Kd;aul
Ndjhlska hq;= j wdkqIdx.sl wx. iqixfhda. ùu jeo.;a h'
my; j.=j wOHhkh lsÍfuka øjH j¾K iy wdf,dal j¾K tl;= ùfï § isÿjk fjkialï
ms<sn| wjfndaOhla ,nd.ekSug yels jkq we;'
8'3 Ydka;sl¾u yd ine¢ ieris,s iys; miq;, ie,iqïlrKh yd rx. WmlrK

Ndú;h
127
Light Colours
r;= ks,a ly fld<

r;=
r;= ks,a r;= ;o ÿUqre

Pigment Colours
l¿ $ ;o fld<$
ks,a l¿ r;= oï
;o w`M ÿUqre
ly r;= ks,a ly fld<
fld< ;o w¿
l¿ fld< fld<
<d l¿
128
Ydka;sl¾uhkays uqLH mrud¾:h tA tA hd.hg wh;a foúhka" .%yhka yd hl=kag rx. uKav,hg
wdrdOkd fldg mqomQcd mj;ajd lsishï mqoa.,hl=g fyda msßilg fyda fi;la Ydka;shla ,nd §uhs'
tys § woDYHudk msßia hd.hlg le|jd .ekSug iqÿiq wdldrhg r`. u~, fyj;a f;dú,a fmd<
ks¾udKh lsÍu Ydka;sl¾uhka ys w;HjYH wx.hls' frda.d;=rhdf.a ksjig wh;a f.ñÿ, tA i|yd
nyq, j f;dArd .efka' tA yer fmdÿ úfYaI ia:dkhla rÕu~, jYfhka fhdÞ .kakd wjia:d o olakg
we;' Ydka;sl¾uhla meje;aùu i|yd fjka lr.;a ìu irid .ekSfuka hd.hg wÞ, mQcd úëka
wkqms<sfj<ska mj;ajdf.k hdu myiq lrjhs' Ys,amSyq Ydka;sl¾u ieris,slrKfha § tA tA hd.hg
wjYH rÕu~, ieris,s mQcd NdKav yd rx. NdKav tA i|yd Wmfhda.s lr .ks;s' wÞ< ieris,sj,ska
w,xlrKh fldg ilia lr .ekSfuka miq tAjd f;dú,a m<" rÕu~," hd. uKavmh" rx. uKav,
ia:dkh" rx.ia:dkh" u~qj wd§ kïj,ska ye¢kafõ' ^fnka;rf.a" 2005" 81 msgqj&
Wvrg" my;rg" inr.uq ;%s;aj iïm%Þfha u~q ieris,sj, wkkH;dj tA tA iïm%Þhg wdfõ‚l
j lrkq olakg ,efnk w;r tA tA iïm%odfha Wm ffY,Skays o úúO;d wka;¾.; h' WodyrKhla
jYfhka my;rg iïm%odfha fnka;r yd ud;r ffY,Ska ys u~q ieris,sj, meyeÈ,s fjkialï /ila
wka;¾.; fõ'
Ydka;sl¾u Ys,amSyq tA tA Ydka;sl¾uhg wod, j idïm%odhsl ñkqï l%uhla mj;ajdf.k hdug
129
mqreÿ ù isà' fuu ñkqï ±laùu Wfoid f.dvkeÕ=Kq ldjH idys;Hla o Ydka;sl¾u .dhkd w;r we;'
Wod(- È.ska u~qj ieg ßhkhs

mq¿, tl, ;sia ßhkhs
;,õj Wi mia ßhkhs
lf,da u~qj fï f,ighs
È.ska ieg ßh fka

mq¿,ska t ;sia ßh fka
u~j iriï fka
f;drK ulßÿ tika ßhfka
rc l=,hg ieu ßhkhs

nuqKq l=,g ;sia ßhkhs
fjf<| l=,g oy ßh khs
f.dú l=,hg y;a ßhkhs
;%s;aj Ydka;sl¾u iïm%Þhkays § iEu Ydka;sl¾uhlu m%Odk ieris,a,la o Bg wjfYaI

ieris,s /ilska o Ydka;sl¾u w,xldr lr.ekSu isß;hs'
Wod(-
whs,h
Wvrg k¾;k iïm%odh hyk

^fldfydUd lxldßh&
uqjh iys; flfi,a .i
u~q ieris,s
m;a;sks f;drK$fofjd,a f;drK ^fofjd,a uvqj&
iQkshï ùÈh îQkshu&
my;rg k¾;k iïm%odh rghl=ï ùÈh ^rghl=u fyj;a ßoaÈhd.h&
uyfidfydka ùÈh ûy fidfydka iuhu&
mQkd ùÈh ^mQkd uvqj&
130
m;a;sks f;drK
fofjd,a f;drK myka uvqj
inr.uq k¾;k iïm%odh m;a;ß

s mamqj
l=udr ùÈh ^l=udr iuhu&
whs,h rghl=ï ùÈh
uyfidfydka ùÈh ikakshl=ï ùÈh
Ydka;sl¾u Ys,amshd iajNdúl mßirfhka ,nd.;a wuqøjH l,d;aulj yiqreùug w;s olaIfhls'
tA nj Wla; PdhdrEmdj,sh ksÍlaIKfhka .uH fõ'
f;drK" ùÈ" whs," u,ahyka" ;gq" msfoaks wdÈh ilia lsÍfï § l%u Ys,am Ndú;fhka f.dv k.k
ishqï leghï ;dlaIKh Ydka;sl¾u Ys,amshkagu wdfõ‚l jQjls'
Ydka;sl¾u Ys,amshd kdgHuh fm<md,s rÕ ±laùfï § ^rx. m%úYagh" wka;¾ rx. wjia:d"
kdgHuh cjksld& rx. uKavmfha we;s ieris,s iys; miqìï ie,iqïlrK yd rx. WmlrK
wjiaf:daÑ; j ;u rx.hg Ndú; lsÍug mqreÿ ù isá;s' tfyhska b;d Yla;su;aj;a l,d;aulj;a tAjd
ieliSug TjQyq j.n,d .ks;s'
131
Wod (- fldagq" ßá wdÈh wdOdrfhka rx. uKav, ieris,af,a wdlD;sh ks¾udKh lr .ekSu
we;eï rx. WmlrK yd NdKav ixprKh l< yels jk mßÈ ilia lsrSu
ilia lr.;a wdlD;sh u; flfi,a m;=re w;=rd u;=msg ksudj lr.kakd w;r wfkalúo
leghñka w,xldr lr.kS' f.dlafld< leghïj,ska flfrk w,xldr flfrkafka ;D;Sl wjia:dj
jYfhks' flfi,a m;=re u; ynr, fld<j,ska ishqï leghï lmd fmd,af;,a wdOdrfhka w,jkq
,nk w;r bka Ydka;sl¾u Ys,amshdf.a ishqï yia; l¾udka; Ys,amSh YlH;dj m%o¾Ykh fõ'
Wod(- ynr, fld< leghï" f.dla fld< leghï" flfi,a fld< leghï
fï iEu ieris,a,la u Ydka;sl¾u N+ñh úfYaI ia:dkhla njg m;alsÍu Wfoid jeo.;a fjhs'
132
tA tA Ydka;sl¾ufha Wm;a l;djg wod, j ieris,s f.dvke.Sug Ydka;s l¾u Ys,amSka W;aiql ù we;'
fofjd,a u~qfõ m;a;sks f;drK ;ekSfï § m;a;sks foaj;dúh uejQ .sks lÿ y; i;am;a;sks
ixfla;j;a jk wdldrhg ;%sfldaKdldr YS¾Ihka iys; j f;drK ks¾udKh lrk w;r iQkh s ï ùÈh
ksud lrkafka l÷¿ kd," fmalv" ulr f;drKa iys; j uyd iïu; rcqkaf.a rdc ud,s.dj m%;s
uQ¾;su;a jk whqßks' inr.uq myka u~qfõ wIaGdldr m;a;sßmamq uykqjr o<|d ud,sÕdfõ wIaGdldr
m;s;sremamqj ixfla;d;sul j ks¾udKh flf¾' rÕ u~q¿ ieriSfï § fhdÞ.kakd Ys,amshd l,d;aul
ms<sfj; ldjH idys;Hhlska bÈßm;a lsÍu iEu Ydka;sl¾uhl § u mdfya ±l .;yels iudk
,laIKhls' tA ;=< wka;¾.; jk Í;Ska mdrïmßl j mj;ajdf.k hdug mdrïmßl we÷rka j.n,d
.ks;s'
isgqjd lkq ''''''' tl;= lr

wgjd fï f,i ie¢ ,E,s isrlr
isáh ish¨ nvq fÞia tla frdla lr
wgqfõ iEu fÞia f. ueog tla lr
uqÿfka iqÿ f.äf.a rka fld; o Èf,a

i;r fldfka rka fld;a i;rls úiQ f,a
ulr f;drKa f.äf.a uqÿkg iif,a
fufia iquqK nekaohs isyiqk úiQ f,a
y,a w;= fo,a w;= kd w;= nka od

fldia w;= WK w;= kq. w;= n;a od
uis, rUqla jegfla w;= n;a od
fï f,i kj w;= jglr ñka od
^ùÈ ieris,s lú&
Ydka;sl¾uj, rx. WmlrK Ndú;h

foaYSh Ydka;sl¾uj, b;d ixlS¾K rx. WmlrK Ndú;hla olkg ,efnk w;r tu ;;a;ajh
;%s;aj iïm%odhgu fmdÿ h' fmd,a mkaou" B .i" ÿïu, ln," o¿ uqr" flda,dhqOh" ÿkak yd B .i"
meka fld;,h wdÈh Bg WÞyrK fldg olajuq'
my;rg Ydka;sl¾u lafIa;%h Bg ;rula ixlS¾K yd l,d;aul njlska hqla; j rx. NdKav
mßyrKh lrkq njla úoHudk fõ' my;rg iïm%Þfha rx. NdKav úÑ;%j;a fia u l,d;aul w.h
w;ska lsishï by< jákdlula úIo lsÍu Bg fya;=jhs' fuu ;;a;ajh hla f;dú,a j, § jvd;a
fyd¢ka lemS fmfkhs' tA tA hla f;dú,a j, § ,nk hlaI ixl,amj, ixlS¾K nj yd kdgHuh
fm<md,s yd k¾;k wx.hka ys § úúO;ajhka tA jgd f.dvkeÕ=kq ck idys;Hhka fuu úúO;ajh
we;s ùug fndfyda úg fya;=jkakg we;'
rg hl=u fyj;a ßoaÈ hd.fha Ndú; rx. NdKav m%udKh m%udKd;aul w;ska wfkla Ydka;sl¾u
j,g idfmalaI j jeä w.hls' kdkq uqrfha fÞ<yd fm<md,shg rx. NdKav fÞf<dils' tAjd nyd,k
Wkqkqmshk fyj;a kdkquqr fmÜáh o hlaÿrka úiska w,xldr j irid .kS'
lmqhlaldßfha § lmq hka;%h" .... jjqkak ;rdÈh wdÈh o ks¾udKd;aul j ilia lr .efka'
ux.r fm,md,sfha § fhdod.kq ,nk rx. NdKav o l,d;aul j ks¾udKh lr .kakd w;r
133
Ydka;sl¾u Ys,amshdf.a l,d;aul yelshdj bka ukdjg úIo fjhs'
;ïueÜgu lmq .i
fiai; ÿkak pdurh
fuys oS Ndú; w;amkaoï rx. NdKavj,g wh;a fjhs' Ydka;sl¾u Ys,amshdg w;amkaou w;HjYH
wx.hla jQfha uq,a ld,Sk j Ydka;sl¾u N+ñh t<sh lsÍug tu.ska ,enqKq uyÕ= msájy, fya;=
fldgf.k úh yels h' mkaoï Ndú; rx. wjia:d lsysmhla u Ydka;sl¾u wdY%s; j olakg ,efí'
Wod (-
• fldfydUd lxldßfha oS fmd,a mkaou yd B .i fndfyda rx. wjia:dj, oS Ndú; ùu'
• my;rg iïm%odfha mkaoï mo keàu" fofldK ú,lal= keàu" mkaoï md,sh'
• .sks isis,
134
• jxf.ä iuhfï § kj fld< w;a; tla w;lg;a wfkla w;g w;amkaoul=;a .ekSu'
• fofldk ú,lal= iuhu keàu jeks wjia:d Bg WÞyrK fõ'
flda,ikaksh jeks wjia:dj, § rx. WmlrK ieris,a,la fuka u rx.jia;% fldgila f,iska
k¿ YÍrhg u iïnkaO lr .efka' th úfYaI wjia:djls' flda,ikaks hlaIhdf.a iqúfYaI;ajh
úoyd ±laùug;a Tyq hlaI fiakdjg wêm;S;ajh orK nj fmkaùug;a Ydka;sl¾u Ys,amshd .;a
W;aiyhla f,i tu wjia:dj oelaùug yels h'
woH;k ;;a;ajh
mQcduh ;;a;ajhka uqÿka muqKqjd .ekSu Wfoid f.dv ke.=Kq Ydka;sl¾u yd ine|s ieris,s
iys; miqìï ie,iqïlrK yd rx. WmlrK Ndú;h j¾;udkh jk úg úfkdaoh yd m%dix.sl nj
m%o¾Ykh uQ,sl fldg.;a k¾;k l,djla njg úldYkh ù we;'
Y%S ,dxflah kQ;k fõÈld k¾;k l,dj ^fm%diSkshï fõÈld& wdrïN ù ±kg oYl 8la fyda 9lg
wikak ld,hla .; ù we;' tod fuod ;=r ld,h ms<sn| o;a; .fõYkfha § fõÈld l%u Ys,am j,
mßKduh b;d iS.%fhka isÿ ù we;s njla úoHdudk fõ' fuhg f,dal ;dlaI‚l ÈhqKqj n,mj;ajd
we;' uE; oYlfha tA w;ßka b;d YS>% fjkila isÿl< nj m%o¾Ykh fõ'
1934 rùkaøkd;a ;df.da¾f.a wd.ukh;a bkamiq Y%S ,xldfõ k¾;k l,d lafIa;%fha isÿ jQ YS>%
fjki;a miq;, ks¾udK flfrys n,mdkakg úh' uq,ald,Sk Y%S ,xflah uqød kdgHj, miq;,
w,xlrK l%u Ys,am kQ;khg idfmalaI j ir, ;;a;ajhla mej;sh o ld,Sk j úma,ùh fjkilg
wj;S¾K ù we;'
k, ouhka;s lrÈh
fidaunkaÿ úoHdm;s uy;d uq,ald,Sk Y%S ,dxflah fõÈld miq;, ks¾udKlrKfha ±jeka;
pß;hls' t;=ud úiska y÷kajd ÿka foaYSh Wreuhla lr.;a miq;, ks¾udK l,dj wog o j,x.= b;d
l,d;aul fuka u ;dlaI‚l .=Kh w;ska mQ¾K tlls'
tfy;a woH;k fõÈld miq;, ks¾udKhka bka Tíng .sh äðg,a ;dlaI‚l m%fhda.j,
Woõfjka udhdldÍ ueùï ujk wê;dlaI‚l ;;a;ajhls' ia:djr fõÈld fuka u ;djld,sl cx.u
fõÈldjka o laI‚l miq;sr fjkiaùï u.ska ;%sudk iÔùlrKhkaf.ka k¾;k ks¾udKj,g ,nd
fok Ôjh ks¾udKfha m%didx.sl nj Woa§mkh lrhs' k¾;k fõÈld miq;, ks¾udKfha ;j;a
jeo.;a wx.hla jkqfha Movable Props iy Human Props Ndú;h hs' fõÈld miq;, udrejlg fï
u.ska wjldYh ie,fikafka iSñ; NdKav yd k¿ msßilf.ka úYd, fufyhla lr.ekSug fu u.ska
wjldYh ie,fia' uDÿldx. .; fõÈld miq;, ks¾udKh o wojk úg úYd, jYfhka ckm%sh;ajhg
m;a ù we;' ;dlaIKh Ndú;fhka fõÈldfõ .eUqr" È." m<, wd§ úp,Hhkays udhdldÍ ueùï
ks¾udKh lsÍug ñka yelshdj Wod ù we;'
foaYSh k¾;k l,dj Ydka;sl¾u yd noaO j f.dvke.=Kq tlls' kuqÿ j¾;udkh jk úg th
135
8'4 k¾;kh i|yd wdkqIx.sl wx.hla f,i Ndú; ix.S;h
f,dalfha iEu rglu Bg wdfõKsl jQ k¾;k l,djla fukau ix.S; l,djla o we;' k¾;kh
yd ix.S;h hkq fjka j f.dv keÕ=Kq l,djka fkdfõ' w;S;fha isgu ix.S;h hk moh ;=,
wNHka;rSlrKh jQfha k¾;kh yd ix.S;h hk fomd¾Yjh hs'
c.;a ix.S; ffY,Ska foi wjOdkh fhduq lsÍfï oS fndfydaúg Bg wdfõKsl k¾;k ffY,shla
o Bg iudka;r f,i f.dv ke.S we;' fndfydaúg k¾;k ffY,sh yd ix.S; ffY,sh hk folu
tlu kulska y÷kajhs'
Wod (-
• JAZZ
• HIP POP
• SALSA
• SAMBA
• TAP
f,dalfha ´kEu k¾;k ffY,shla f.dv ke.Sfï oS Bg wdfõKsl jQ ix.S; ffY,sfha wdfõKsl;d
u; Bg yevh ,eî we;' ix.S; ffY,sfha Ndú; ix.S; NdKavj, èjks .=Kh Bg jvd;au m%n,
idOlh ù we;'
Wod (- l:la rx. ffY,sfhys ;d, ,CIK t;rï ixlS¾K f,i f.dv ke.Sug ;í,dfõ ;d,
,CIK yd jdok ú,dihka fya;= ù we;'
Nr; kdgH iïm%odh Bg wdfõKsl m%ldYk" kD;" kD;H ,CIK f.dv k.df.k we;af;a
uDox.h m%uqL jdoH NdKavhkaf.ka ksIamdÈ; kdo rgdjka u; h' tfuka u l¾Kdgl ix.S;fha
wdfõKsl kdo rgdjka Nr; kdgH iïm%odfha wdfõKsl;ajh hs'
foaYSh ck ix.S; iïm%odh o úúO ffY,Suh fjkialï iys; j foYSh k¾;k l,dfõ
wdfõKsl;ajh f.dv ke.Sug Woõ oS we;' Wvrg fnrh" my;rg fnrh" ;ïueÜgu" ojq, fuka u
Wvelalsh" mkaf;arej wdoS jdoH NdKavj,ska ksIamdokh jk èjks rgdjka ta ta k¾;k wjia:dj,
p,kuh wdlD;sh f.dv ke.Sug fuka u .dhkdj, kdo rgdjka ksIamdokh ùug o bjy,a ù we;'
Ballet k¾;k l,dj jQ l,s ix.S;h yd k¾;k uQ,sl udOH fldg.;a m%ldYk udOHhls' Bg
wjkoaO jdoH ke;fyd;a ;d, jdoH NdKavj, Ndú;hka ke;s ;rï h' mshdfkdaj m%Odk ix.S; jdoH
NdKavh jk w;r tys moku ngysr Ydia;%Sh ix.S;h hs' Ballet rx.hla hkq ish .Kkl jdoH
NdKavj, tl;=fjka ksmojk Ndjd;aul ix.S; ixèjkshlg uqiq jQ k¾;kuh m%ldYkhls' Ballet
rx.hl kdñl whs;sh mjd ix.S; rplhdg ysñ fjhs'
ngysr ck ix.S;h yd ck k¾;k l,dj w;r o mj;skafka tlsfklg noaO j f.dv ke.=Kq
wdfõKsl;ajh hs'
my; olajk Salsa, Sumba, Jaz wdoS rx. ffY,Ska foi ne,Sfï oS ta neõ úoHdudk fõ'
foaYSh k¾;k
136
l,dj Ydka;sl¾u yd noaO j f.dv keÕ=Kq tlls' kuqÿ j¾;udkh jk úg tys nyq;r m%;sY;h
fõÈldj u; ks¾udKh fõ' foaYSh wdrl k¾;k l,djla f.dv keÕSfï oS Ydka;sl¾u wdY%s; .dhk
ffY,ska fuka u jdok ffY,ska o fõÈldjg iß,k whqßka wjiaf:daÑ; j jHjyr lsrSug w;S;fha
isg u k¾;k ks¾udKlrejka W;aiql ù we;' uq,a hq.fha k¾;k ks¾udKlrKfha kshe,s Ñ;%fiak"
mKSNdr;" jðrd jeks Ys,amSkfa .a ks¾udK i|yd wurfoaj" ,hk,a w,a.u jeks wh ix.S; ks¾udKfhka
odhl ù we;' mKSNdr; Y+rSka ;u fldaÉÑh kï uqød kdgH Ndjd;aul fnr ixèjkshla f,iska w¾:
olajhs' Bg fya;=j fldaÉÑhla Odjkfha oS wefik Yío Ndjd;aul j foia úfoia jdoH NdKav
weiqßka ksIamdokh lsrSu hs' Ñ;%fiak jðrd hqj< úiska ks¾udKh lrk ,o lrÈh" lsxlsKs flda,u
jeks uqød kdgHj, § fuka u kD;Hdxc,S" kjdxc,S jeks kD;H m%ix.j, § foia úfoia ix.S;
ffY,Ska weiqfrka k¾;k ks¾udKj,g uyÕ= n,hla ,nd f.k we;'
lrÈh k, ouhka;s
má.; lrkq ,nk ix.S; ;dCIKh ckm%shùu;a iu`. k¾;k ks¾udKlrKhg b;d myiqjla
w;am;a jQ nj fkdryils' tfuka u mß.Kl ix.S;fhka o j¾;udkh jk úg ks¾udKd;aul
k¾;k l,djg uy`.= fiajhla iemfha'
iÔù ix.S; iïmdofha oS we;súh yels ndOl fï yrryd bj;a ù hhs'wúksYaÑ; núka f;dr h'
ld,h yeisrùu myiq h' mdßißl ndOl wju h'
woH;k kj k¾;k ks¾udK foi wjOdkh fhduq lsrSfï oS ix.S;h yd k¾;kh Ndjd;aul
f,iska Ndú;hg .ekSu w;s id¾:l uÜgul mj;sk nj mejish yels h' c.;a ix.S; ffY,Ska yd
Bg wkq.; jdoH NdKav f;audfjdoaoSmk ld¾h i|yd ´kEu wdldrhlska Ndú; lsrSug woH;kfha
wjldYh Wodù we;' uyd mßudK k¾;k ks¾udKj, uQ,sl moku ix.S;h njg m;aj we;'
Wod(- mgdpdrd uqød kdgH ^cdklS yS,a&

neßis,a uqød kdgH ^wdßhr;ak l¿wdrÉÑ&
rdcH ;dka;%sl W;aij wjia:djkays oS mjd wo k¾;k l,dj ks;e;sj u neß úp,Hhls' ta
Wfoid f;audkaú; ix.S;h Ndú; lsrSug woH;k ks¾udmlhska W;aidy .kakd njla fmfka'
Wod(- • CHOGAM 2013 wdrïNl k¾;kh

• ksoyia W;aij m%ix.h 2018$2017
• fkdfrdÉfpda, ;dm úÿ,s n,d.dr újD; lsrSu 2014
137
iuia; ,xld mdi,a k¾;k ;r`.dj,sfha ks¾udKh lrk fndfyda ks¾udKd;aul k¾;k wx.
i|yd Ndú; ix.S;h o Wiia ks¾udKd;aul ,CIK fmkakqï lrk w;r f;audkaú; j ix.S;
rgdjka f.dv ke.Sug mdi,a uÜgñka orK W;aidyh m%ixYkSh fõ'
woH;k rEmjdyskS k¾;k l,dj o ix.S;h yd ukdfldg iqix.; jQ hym;a ;;a;j

a hka m%lg
lrjk tlls' ßhe,sá jev igyka jYfhka bÈßm;a flfrk k¾;k ;r`.j, oS ix.S; wxYhg jvd
jeä wjOdkhla fhduqlr we;'
Wiia wOHdmk wud;HxYh u`.ska ixúOdkh lrk ,o zz lù;d ZZ k¾;k ;r`.dj,sh yryd
hym;a fuka u id¾:l k¾;k ks¾udK /ila bÈßm;a jQ w;r tajdg ksIamdokh lrk ,o
ix.S;hka o Wiia uÜgul mej;Su w.h l, hq;= h'
tfuka u úúO rEmjdyskS kd,sld u`.ska ixúOdkh fldg úldYh flfrk k¾;k jev igyka
;=< o ix.S; ks¾udKhg jvd jeä wjOdkhla fhduq lrk nj fmfka'
Wod(- iqm¾ vdkai¾ ^ ysre à ù&

forK ,sÜ,a iagd¾
vdkaiska iagd¾ îsri à ù&
ITN Got Talent
fuu ks¾udKj, oS iSud rys; j foia úfoia ix.S; ffY,Ska ñY% lrñka f;aud WoaoSmkhg
wjOdkh fhduq lr we;a;d fia u ;dCIKh Wmßu uÜgulska Ndú; lsrSug W;aiql ù we;s njla
olakg ,efí'
138
l,djla f,i iskudj ;=< k¾;k ks¾udK i|yd we;af;a b;d jeo.;a ia:dkhls' woH;k
Ñ;%mg ks¾udK lsysmhl yereKq fldg k¾;k wOHCI hk pß;h Y%S ,dxflah iskud l¾udka;h
;=< jeo.;a pß;hla fkdfõ' kuqÿ bkaÈhdkq iskud l¾udka;h k¾;k l,dj uQ,sl fldg.;a tlls'
tajdfhys ix.S;hg idfmaCI j k¾;kh o m%n, riúkaok udOHhla f,iska fhdod .kS' tlS
bkaÈhdkq Ndú;hka wo jk úg Y%S ,dxflah Ñ;%mgj,g o n,md we;s fyhsks'
Wod (-
l=imnd" m;a;sks" hfidaord jeks Ñ;%mgj, k¾;k ks¾udK foi wjOdkh fhduq lrkak'
NdfjdaoaoSmk isoaê fukau wjia:d ksrEmKfha oS ok¾;kh yd ix.S;h ukdfldg iqixfhda. fldg
we;'
m;a;sks
139
m%dix.sl wx.hla f,i k¾;kh yqÿ ;kslv udOHhla fkdfõ' tys Ndjd;aul .=Kh ;Sj% jkafka ix.S;h we;=¿
wfkl=;a wdkqIx.sl l,djkaf.a iqixfhda.fhks'
ix.S;fhka ksIamdokh jk y~ rgdj" ;d, ,CIK" ishqud,s nj yd oDV nj hkd oS idOl u;
lsishï k¾;k ffY,shlg ndysr fukau wNHka;ßl ,CIK o f.dv kef.kjd fiau Bg wdfõKsl
jQ yevhla o ,nd fohs'
tfyhska ix.S;h yd k¾;kh hkq tlsfklg fjkia l,djka folla fkdj w;S;fha isgu
m¾hdh f,iska tlg meñK j¾;udkh jk úg;a wfkal úO ;;a;ajhka hgf;a ks¾udKh jk
jákd l,d udOHhls'
tajd tlsfkl u; hefmkakd fiau tlsfkl u; w,xldr ks¾udKhkag odhl fjhs'
140

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k¾;kh

m%:u uqøKh 2018

fjí wvúh ( www.nie.lk úµq;a ;emE, ( info@nie.lk

m%:u uqøKh 2018

© cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

fjí wvúh ( www.nie.lk

wdpd¾h à' ta' wd¾' fÊ' .=Kfialr

wdpd¾h mQcH udUq,af.dv iqukr;k ysñ

Ydia ;% m;s iq o;a iurisxy

wkqu;sh Ydia;%Sh lghq;= uKav,h" cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

ndysr iïudks; uydpd¾h ,hk,a fnka;rf.a

NdId ixialrKh tka' ta' úl%ur;ak" úY%dñl .=re fiajh

lxpql ks¾udKh rùkaø f;akqjr" lÓldpd¾h

úúO iydh §md YsfrdauKS

wOHCI ckrd,a;=ñhf.a mKsúvh 03

8 mßÉfþoh 115 - 140

1'1 jkakï$iskaÿ jkakï k¾;kh

1'2 .dhkh rys; j bÈßm;a lrk idïm%odhsl k¾;k wx.

1'3 mQcd NdKav yiqrejñka bÈßm;a lrk k¾;k wx.

2'0 k¾;kh yd ine¢ isoaOdka; wOHhkh lrñka m%dfhda.sl j Ndú; lsÍu

5'0 Y%S ,dxflah ixialD;sh yd ine¢ .dhkj, miqìu wOHhkh yd .dhkh

Wvrg k¾;k iïm%odhh

fírd bisyq ±kd $$

iSreudrej ( ;l=;l ððl=| .ð; .ð; l=| .ð.;

wvõj ( ;lalv ;ßlsg ððl=| f;ysx; f;ysx; l=|

;dku ( ;kd k;a;ï ok ;kï ok ;dfkk;a ;ï odk ;dfkk $$

lúh ( Y%shd u;am;s Wu`.kd foõ ke;s j ú,s fYdalfhka biqß÷$$

lia;sru ( reo`. ð;a;l ;lg l=xo;a ;.a. ð;a;l ;lg l=xo;a

iSreudrej ( ;l=| ;l=;l ;lg l=xo;a ;.a. ð;a;l ;lg l=xo;a

wvõj ( ;;a; ;ß;ß ;;ß ;ß;ß reo`. ðñ ðñ

lúh ( foõmqr wef;lS l=Uq oy ihlS

isõ u, fm;s lS .eK ;sia follS

lia;sru ( ;lal=x ðx l=x ðx.; l=l=;l ðx ðx . - ; - l=|l=| lv;l

iSreudrej ( ;l=;l ððl=| .ð; .ð; l=| .ð.; l=|l=| ;d - ;ßlsg

wvõj ( lS%ia; lsá;l ;;a;s lsßlalsg lsá;la lsá;l= od -

my;rg k¾;k iïm%odhh

ud;%d 4 ^uy ;ks;s;& ;d,h

lú h ( fmñk l=¨Kq ñ;=re .=fKk we¢k uqks÷ ifoi rEm

;dku ( f;ï f;kï f;k f;k f;kd f;k$$

lú h ( fkal f,dalsl imsß iem;u keuÈ i;yg foú÷ Wú÷f.

brÜáh ( fodï. È;a;;a .È; .=ys;s. Èßlsg

fin¿ fjÉÑ ;d,h iskaÿ jkaku

lú h ( .f`.a f.diska Èh fl<sk <÷ka i¿

brÜáh ( ;dï È;a;ï .;a;ï È;.;

we;eï .=rel=,j, my; i|yka brÜáh Ndú;fha mj;S'

brÜáh ( ;dï fodñ;a; .=x od È;a;. È;.;

inr.uq k¾;k iïm%odhh

ojq ,a moh ( ðx ðx;;a ^ðx ;l ;ßlsg& $$ ðx ;;a

;dku ( ;ï odk;a ;dfkk ;dfkk ;dk ;ïfokd

lú h ( .ïNsr;a ;df,g jd,`. kgjñkd

l,diu ( ðx ðx ;;a ðx;l ;ßlsg ðx;l ;ßlsg

wvõj ( ;lalv ;ßlsg ;l=|x ;l=ðl= ;l=|x

;dku ( ;k ;k ;ïok ;dk - ;fkk ;kïok ;dk

lú h ( ko fok lfgdr f,iska o - jd; iq<ka f.difhka o

wvõj ( ðx; .; .; - .;s; .; .;

wgl=re .dyl jkaku

ojq ,a moh ( ðx ðx ;;a lr;l ;;alsg ðñ;l=

;dku ( ;k ;ïo kd ;ïo - kd ;ïo kd - wd ' ' wd ' '

lú h ( ;sfhkav f,dj ieu ;ek u;= mj;sk f,ig u