2019 22nd International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS)

Dual Active Bridge Converter Based Battery

Charger in Stand-Alone Wind Power Generation
System With High-Inertia Wind Turbine
Yuto Takayama Hiroaki Yamada
Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation,
Yamaguchi University Yamaguchi University
2-16-1, Tokiwadai, Ube, Yamaguchi, Japan 2-16-1, Tokiwadai, Ube, Yamaguchi, Japan
b035vg@yamaguchi-u.ac.jp hiro-ymd@yamaguchi-u.ac.jp

Abstract—This paper deals with a dual active bridge (DAB) Wind L1 D1

converter based battery charger in a stand-alone wind power
generation system (WPGS) with a high-inertia wind turbine.
The previous proposed system needs four converters from the
generator to the AC load. This proposed system used three
converters from the generator to the AC load. Thus, the power
conversion efficiency can be improved. The DAB converter
performs as battery controller. When the generated power is
larger than the consumed power of the AC load, the DAB
converter acts battery charging mode. On the other hand, when
the generated power is smaller than the consumed power of
the AC load, the DAB converter acts battery discharging mode.
Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed system can
control the power flow in the stand-alone WPGS.
Index Terms—dual active bridge converter, stand-alone wind
power generation system, battery
I. I NTRODUCTION
The Paris Agreement on reduction of greenhouse gas emis-
sions has been adopted in 2015. The renewable energy is im-
portant to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions. Especially, the
installed capacity of wind power generation system (WPGS)
will reach to 2110 GW in 2030 [1]. Large-scale WPGSs are
often built at good wind condition areas which are on the
ocean and the top of the mountain [2]. The ground contact
area of small-scale WPGSs are smaller than that of large-scale
WPGSs. Thus, the small-scale WPGSs are environmental-
friendly. However, small-scale WPGSs are often installed
at severe wind condition area such as low average wind
speed. The wind turbine must be controlled to maximize the
mechanical output for stall prevention. The output coefficient
of the wind turbine depends on the tip speed ratio (TSR)
which is the function of the angular velocity, blade radius and
wind speed. The TSR control method is used to maximize the
mechanical output of the wind turbine [3].
The authors has proposed the variable TSR control in a
stand-alone WPGS [4]. Fig. 1 shows the previous proposed
WPGS. The previous proposed WPGS consists of a boost
turbine L2 D2
Lf
U Q3 Q5 L3 L4
C1
Q1 Q2
Cf
Rbat
C2
Q4 Q6 Cbat
PMSG
Qd Ld Battery
Dd Cd Rd
Fig. 1. A circuit configuration of the previous proposed stand-alone WPGS.
chopper, full-bridge DC/DC converter, battery, and dump load.
A boost chopper is used to control TSR. A full-bridge DC/DC
converter controls charging current and voltage of the batttery.
When the AC load is connected, the single-phase voltage-
source inverter(VSI) with a step-up transformer is used by
connecting to the battery. The dump load consumes the surplus
power between the generated and battery powers for protecting
the DC-link capacitor. In [4], the variable TSR control has
been proposed to minimize the capacity of the dump load.
In the variable TSR control, the reference TSR is reduced
according to the surplus power. As a result, the generated
power can suppress. However, the power conversion efficiency
from the generator to the AC load is not high because four
converters are needed.
This paper deals with a stand-alone WPGS with a DAB
converter based battery charger. The DAB converter is one
of the bidirectional DC/DC converter [5]. Many application
of the DAB converter have been reported [6]- [8]. In this
paper, the DAB converter is used for battery charging and
discharging control. In the proposed WPGS, the VSI is
connected to the DC-link between the boost chopper and
DAB converter. Therefore, the power conversion efficiency
can be improved because a number of converters can be
eliminated from the generator to the AC load. In this paper,
the control method of the DAB converter in the WPGS
describes in details. Computer simulations are implemented
using the Piece-wise Linear Electrical Circuit Simulation
(PLECS) to confirm practicability of the proposed stand-alone
WPGS.

978-1-7281-3398-0/19/$31.00 ©2019ofIEEE
Authorized licensed use limited to: University Waterloo. Downloaded on May 30,2020 at 21:10:26 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 2019 22nd International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS)

iinv Inverter Lf 2
iinv QA QC
Cf 2 AC load
R
QB QD
Wind Boost chopper
turbine ibc ibat
L bcD bc DAB converter
U ibc Q1 Q3 L1 L2 Q5 Q7 Lf 1 i
bat
Rbat
vDC Cf 1 vbat
Cbc Qbc vDC CDC Cbat
Q2 Q4 4: 1 Q6 Q8 vbat
PMSG
Battery
Qd Ld
Dump load
Dd Cd Rd

DC-link voltage control (Battery discharging mode) DAB converter

vDC Ȃ 220
V*DC PI vDC Ȃ 220
LPF
vDC 0.5 Q
vDC Ȃ 230 䠖 1 0.5 vDC Ȃ 230
vDC Ȃ 230 Q1,Q4
vDC Ȃ 220 䠖 0 Q
Q2,Q3
Monostable 1
Equation(1) 0.5 Triangular
vbat Ȃ 49.90 Wave Q
i*bat PI LPF Q6,Q7
Q
ibat LPF vbat Ȃ 50.1 䠖 0
Q5,Q8
vbat Ȃ 49.95 Monostable 2
vbat Ȃ 49.9 䠖 1
V*bat PI vbat vDC Ȃ 230
vbat LPF Constant current and constant voltage controls 1 vDC Ȃ 220
(Battery charging mode)

Dump load Boost chopper

250 PI λ*
Qd U λ (U) PI Qbc
vDC λ
vDC Ȃ 250 䠖 1
Triangular ω Triangular
vDC Ȃ 230 䠖 0
Wave r U Wave

250 P ma Inverter
LPF QA
vDC
0 sin120πt
Manual QD
0.564 Triangular
Switch QB
Wave
QC

Fig. 2. A proposed DAB converter based battery charger in a stand-alone WPGS.

of the VSI, the variable modulation index control is used.

II. BATTERY C HARGING AND D ISCHARGING CONTROL OF
THE D UAL ACTIVE B RIDGE C ONVERTER
A. System Configuration
Fig. 2 shows the proposed stand-alone wind power
generation system with a DAB converter based battery
charger. The high-inertia vertical-axis wind turbine is
connected to the permanent magnet synchronous generator
(PMSG) directly. The boost chopper is used to control the
TSR of the wind turbine to the optimal TSR command value
for maximizing the mechanical output [9]. The VSI supplies
AC voltage to the AC load. To keep the output voltage
The DAB converter performs battery charge and discharge
controller. The battery is modeled by a series circuit of
internal resistance Rbat and capacitance Cbat in computer
simulation. Dump load consumes the surplus power between
the generated power and load-side power for protecting the
DC-link capacitor.
B. DC-link voltage control in battery discharging mode
When the wind speed is slow down, the generated power is
also decreased. And then, the DC-link voltage vDC gradually
begin to decrease. As a result, the output voltage of the

Authorized licensed use limited to: University of Waterloo. Downloaded on May 30,2020 at 21:10:26 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 2019 22nd International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS)

inverter cannot keep 100Vrms. In this case, the DAB converter TABLE I
∗ C IRCUIT CONSTANTS OF F IG .1
acts as battery discharging mode. The reference voltage VDC
is 200 Vdc. When the DC-link voltage is smaller than Item Symbol Value
220 Vdc, the DAB converter controls the DC-link voltage as Internal resistance of battery Rbat 24mΩ
battery discharging mode. In this proposed system, the initial Dump load resistor Rd 40mΩ
condition of the DAB converter is battery discharging mode. AC load resistor R 20Ω
Boost chopper inductor Lbc 60µH
DAB converter inductor 1 L1 18.4µH
DAB converter inductor 2 L2 18.4µH
C. Charging current and voltage control in battery charging Filter inductor 1 Lf1 12µH
mode Filter inductor 2 Lf2 1mH
Dump load inductor Ld 0.5mH
When the DC-link voltage is larger than 230Vdc, the DAB Smoothing capacitor Cbc 1880µF
converter acts as battery charging mode. In this mode, the DC-link capacitor CDC 4700µF
constant current (CC) and constant voltage (CV) controls are Equivalent capacitor of battery Cbat 30F
Filter capacitor 1 Cf1 47µF
used and the CC and CV controls are switched over by the Filter capacitor 2 Cf2 10.4µF
battery voltage. The reference battery current i∗bat is defined by Dump load capacitor Cd 1µF
the surplus power between the generated and load powers. The Switching frequency fSW 20kHz
Reference voltage in discharging mode ∗
VDC 200V
difference between the power of the boost chopper output side ∗
Reference voltage in fully charged state Vbat 50V
pbc and the consumed power of the inverter side pinv passes
from primary side to secondary side. Reference battery current
i∗bat is given by
over the battery charge and discharge modes automatically. In
pbat = η(pbc − pinv ), battery discharging mode, the battery current ibat is negative
ηvDC (ibc − iinv ) and the DC-link voltage vDC agrees with the reference value
i∗bat = . (1)
vbat 200 Vdc. In battery charging mode, ibat is positive and the
The upper limit of i∗bat is 5Adc for protecting the battery. In battery voltage vbat is increasing.
addition, power conversion efficiency of the DAB converter Fig. 4 shows the expanded waveforms of each control mode
η is considered. For simple calculation, η is used as constant of Fig. 2. vDC is the DC-link voltage, ma is modulation index
value in this paper. Reference battery voltage Vbat∗
is 50Vdc. of the inverter, vR is AC load voltage. In battery discharging
When battery voltage vbat exceeds 49.95Vdc, the DAB con- mode, input voltage of the inverter vDC is 200Vdc and output
verter switches over from CC to CV control. voltage of the inverter vR is 99.6Vrms. In battery charging
As mentioned before, it is limited that the power which can mode, vDC is 250Vdc and output voltage of the inverter vR is
be charged to the battery. In addition, a slight error occurs in 99.8Vrms. According to the Electricity Business Act in Japan
(1) due to fluctuation of η. If the surplus power which cannot [10] the voltage of a commercial power supply must be within
be charged to the battery generated by those reasons, vDC 101 ± 6Vrms. vR satisfies the requirement of the Electricity
rises. When vDC exceeds 250 Vdc, the dump load consumes Business Act in Japan.
the surplus power. Fig. 5 shows the simulation result of each part power of
Fig. 2. pg is generated power, pm is consumed power of
the AC load, pbat is battery power, pd is consumed power
III. S IMULATION R ESULT of the dump load. From Fig. 5, the battery power pbat is
All simulations are carried out using the PLECS to confirm changed according to the fluctuation of the generated power
practicability of the proposed DAB converter based battery pR . In addition, the surplus power generated during battery
charger in a stand-alone wind power generation system. Table I charging mode is consumed by the dump load. As a result, the
lists the circuit constants of Fig. 2. To reduce the simulation consumed power of the AC load is almost constant at 497W
time, the equivalent capacitance of battery is smaller than the regardless of the fluctuation of the generated power by the
actual capacitor. In this simulation, wind speed fluctuates from proposed control. The ripple ratio of the consumed power of
7 m/s to 13 m/s. the AC load is 2.34%. From the above, the stand-alone wind
Fig. 3 shows the simulation waveforms of Fig. 2. U is wind power generation system can operate normally by proposed
speed, λ is TSR, pg is the generated power on the output battery charge and discharge control by the DAB converter.
side of the diode rectifier, vbat is the battery voltage, ibat
is the battery current, vDC is the DC-link voltage, vR is the
AC load voltage. Until about 3 seconds, the TSR λ does IV. C ONCLUSION
not agree with the reference TSR value λ∗ because the wind This paper has dealt with the DAB converter based battery
turbine is accelerating by wind. Thus, mechanical output is charger in a stand-alone WPGS. The proposed system can im-
not maximized and pg is almost zero. After about 3 seconds, prove the power conversion efficiency of the previous proposed
the generated power increases because the TSR λ agrees with system. A computer simulation is implemented to confirm
the reference TSR value λ∗ . The DAB converter switches the practicability of the DAB converter based battery charger

Authorized licensed use limited to: University of Waterloo. Downloaded on May 30,2020 at 21:10:26 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 2019 22nd International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS)

Discharge Charge Discharge Charge Discharge

control mode control mode control mode control mode control mode
14 m/s
Wind speed
10 m/s
U
6 m/s
2.2
Tip speed ratio 2.1
λ 2.0
λ∗ λ
1.9
Generated 1000 W
power
pg 0
50 V
Battery voltage 49 V
vbat 48 V
47 V
15 A i*bat
Battery current 0
ibat ibat
300 V
DC-link voltage 200 V
vDC vDC v*DC
100 V
200 V
AC load voltage 0
vR
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 s

Fig. 3. Simulation waveforms of Fig.2.

Discharge control mode Charge control mode R EFERENCES

300 V
DC-link voltage 250 V
vDC 200 V [1] Global Wind Energy Council, Global Wind Energy Outlook
150 V
0.8 2016, Available online: http://gwec.net/publications/global-wind-energy-
Modulation ratio 0.7 outlook/global-wind-energy-outlook-2016/ (accessed on 30 June 2019)
ma 0.6
0.5 [2] Jun Liang, Tianjun Jing, Oriol Gomis-Bellmunt, Janaka Ekanayake,
200 V Nicholas Jenkins, “Operation and control pf multiterminal HVDC trans-
AC load voltage 0 mission for offshore wind farms,” IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol.26, no.4,
vR pp.2596-2604, 2011
20 ms 20 ms [3] E.Koutroulis and K.Kalaitzakis , Design of a maximum power track-
ing system for wind-energy-conversion applications, IEEE Trans. Ind.
Fig. 4. Expanded waveforms of each control mode. Electron., vol.53, no.2, April 2006
[4] D.Taniguchi, Y.Narisada, H.Yamada, T.Tanaka, T.Tamura, S.Yamada and
M.Okamoto, Variable Tip Speed Ratio Control in a Stand-alone Small-
scale Wind Power Generation System, Journal of the Japan Institute of
Power Electronics, vol.43, pp.43-49 , 2018
using PLECS. From simulation results, the DAB converter [5] M. N. Kheraluwala, R. W. Gascoigne, D. M. Divan, E. D. Baumann,
can switch over the battery charging and discharging modes Performance Characterization of a High-Power Dual Active Bridge dc-
to-dc converter, IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., Vol.28, No.6, pp.1294-1301,
without the load power fluctuation. As a result, the output 1992
voltage of the VSI was almost constant at about 100Vrms and [6] Lingxiao Xue, Zhiyu Shen, Dushan Boroyevich, Paolo Matteavelli, “
the consumed power of the AC load is also almost constant Dual active bridge-based battery charger for plug-in hybrid electric
at 497W. The ripple ratio of the consumed power of the AC vehicle with charging current containing low frequency ripple,” IEEE
Trans. Power Electron., vol.30, no.12, pp.7299-7307, 2015
load was 2.34 %. [7] Hisahiro Yamanaka and Hiroaki Yamada, ”Dual Active Bridge DC-
DC Converter based Wide Dimming Range LED Driver With High-
Speed Turn-Off for High-Brightness LED Floodlight,” IEEJ Industry
ACKNOWLEDGMENT Applications, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 556-557, 2019.
[8] Muhammad Hazarul Azmeer bin Ab Malek, Hiroaki Kakigano, and
Kiyotsugu Takaba, ”Dual Active Bridge DC-DC Converter with Tunable
This study was supported by research grant from Japan Dual Pulse-Width Modulation for Complete Zero Voltage Switching
Power Academy. Operation,” IEEJ Industry Applications, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 98-107, 2019.

Authorized licensed use limited to: University of Waterloo. Downloaded on May 30,2020 at 21:10:26 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 2019 22nd International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS)

Discharge Charge Discharge Charge Discharge

control mode control mode control mode control mode control mode

1000 W Generated power

pg Consumed power of
the AC load pm

Power 0

Consumed power
of the dump load
pd
Battery power
pbat

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 s

Fig. 5. Generated power, battery power, consumed power of the AC load, and consumed power of the dump load in Fig.2.

[9] Kensuke Shimizu, Hiroaki Yamada and Toshihiko Tanaka, “A simplified

out-put voltage control method of a UPS under load variation, in Proc.
of the 19th IEEE Hiroshima Section Student Symposium, ” pp.150-153,
2017
[10] Shoji Takeno, “ Electrical regulation and plant maintenance,” Tokyo
Denki University Press, 2019

Authorized licensed use limited to: University of Waterloo. Downloaded on May 30,2020 at 21:10:26 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.