&

BOILING
MELTING

TOPIC 11: THERMAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER

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 APPLIED TO IT?
WHEN THERMAL ENERGY IS
WHAT HAPPENS TO MATTER

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 Change
the temperature
CAN

OF THE MATTER
THERMAL ENERGY

Change
the state

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WHAT DO WE KNOW?

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When heat is applied to a substance.
The substance may undergo changes of state.

Change in State
of substance

Heat Energy Applied

WHAT DO WE KNOW?

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When heat is removed from a substance.
The substance may undergo changes of state.

Change in State
of substance

Heat Energy Removed

 FOCUS ON
THE SUBSTANCE
mELTING & BOILING

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 MELTING

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A change of state from solid to liquid without a
change in temperature.
SOLID LIQUID

MELTING
 For a pure substance, melting

Ethly Alcohol
occurs at a fixed temperature.

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This temperature
is known as
Wax

the melting point.

m.p = -117 ºC

Ice

m.p = 57 ºC
m.p = 0 ºC
 For a pure substance, melting occurs at a
fixed temperature.

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Gold
Tin

m.p = 232 ºC m.p = 1060 ºC

This temperature
is known as
the melting point.
DETERMINATION OF MELTING POINT

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The solid is slowly heated until all the solid melts.

Procedures

Record the initial temperature

1 of the solid.

Start heating with a slow

2 flame from a Bunsen burner.
DETERMINATION OF MELTING POINT

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The solid is slowly heated until all the solid melts.

Procedures

3 Take readings of
temperature every minute
until all the solid has melted
and the temperature of the
liquid reaches a certain
temperature.
DETERMINATION OF MELTING POINT

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The solid is slowly heated until all the solid melts.

Procedures

Plot a graph of temperature

4 against time.
DETERMINATION OF MELTING POINT

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HEATING CURVE OF ICE
20
Heating curves are used to
determine melting points.
Temperature / ºC

10

0
The graph is a smooth curve
with a horizontal section.
-10
Time / min
 DETERMINATION OF MELTING POINT

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HEATING CURVE OF ICE
20
Temperature / ºC

10 The horizontal line

indicates a change of state.

Refer to the temperature

-10
axis
Timefor
/ minthe melting point!
 DETERMINATION OF MELTING POINT

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HEATING CURVE OF ICE
20

Melting point is the temperature at

Temperature / ºC

10 which a solid changes to a liquid.

Refer to the temperature

-10
axis
Timefor
/ minthe melting point!
 SOLIDIFICATION

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A change of state from liquid to solid without a
change in temperature.
SOLID LIQUID

FREEZING
For a pure substance, freezing occurs at a
fixed temperature.

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Napthalene
This temperature
is known as
the freezing point.

freezing pt = 79 ºC
DETERMINATION OF FREEZING POINT

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The liquid is slowly cooled until all the liquid freezes.
Procedures
Record the initial temperature
1 of the liquid.

2 Take readings of temperature

every minute until all the liquid
freezes and the temperature of
the solid reaches a certain
temperature.
DETERMINATION OF FREEZING POINT

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The liquid is slowly cooled until all the liquid freezes.

Procedures

Plot a graph of temperature

3 against time.
DETERMINATION OF FREEZING POINT
COOLING CURVE OF NAPTHALENE

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90

Cooling curves are used to

85
determine freezing points.
Temperature / ºC

80

75

70

65
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

Time / min
DETERMINATION OF FREEZING POINT
COOLING CURVE OF NAPTHALENE

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90

The horizontal line

85
indicates a change of state.
Temperature / ºC

80

75 Refer to the temperature

axis for the freezing point!
70

65
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

Time / min
DETERMINATION OF FREEZING POINT
COOLING CURVE OF NAPTHALENE

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90
Freezing point is the temperature at
85
which a liquid changes to a solid.
Temperature / ºC

80

75 Refer to the temperature

axis for the freezing point!
70

65
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

Time / min
MELTING POINT & FREEZING POINT

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A pure substance will solidify/ freeze at a
temperature equal to its melting point.
SOLID LIQUID

MELTING

FREEZING

Melting Point Freezing Point

=
of Substance of Substance
 BOILING

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A change of state from liquid to gas without a
change in temperature.
LIQUID GAS

BOILING
For a pure substance, boiling occurs at a
fixed temperature.

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Liquid Oxygen

Liquid Hydrogen

b.p = -183 ºC

This temperature
b.p = -253 ºC
is known as
the boiling point.
For a pure substance, boiling occurs at a
fixed temperature.

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Alcohol
Ether

b.p = 79 ºC
b.p = 35 ºC
This temperature
is known as
the boiling point.
For a pure substance, boiling occurs at a
fixed temperature.

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Mercury
Water

b.p = 357 ºC
b.p = 100 ºC
This temperature
is known as
the boiling point.
 DETERMINATION OF BOILING POINT

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HEATING CURVE OF WATER
110
90 Heating curves are
Temperature / ºC

70 also used to determine

boiling points.
50
30
10
-10
Time / min
 DETERMINATION OF BOILING POINT

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HEATING CURVE OF WATER
110
90
These horizontal lines
Temperature / ºC

70
indicate
50 changes of state.
30
10
-10
Time / min
 DETERMINATION OF BOILING POINT

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HEATING CURVE OF WATER
110
90
The upper horizontal
Temperature / ºC

70 lines indicate liquid to

50 gas conversion

30 Refer to the
temperature axis
10
for the boiling
-10 point!
Time / min
 DETERMINATION OF BOILING POINT

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HEATING CURVE OF WATER
110
90
Temperature / ºC

The lower horizontal

70
lines indicate solid to
50
liquid conversion
30 Refer to the
temperature axis
10
for the melting
-10 point!
Time / min
 CONDENSATION

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A change of state from gas to liquid without a
change in temperature.
LIQUID GAS

CONDENSATION
BOILING POINT & CONDENSATION POINT

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A pure substance will condense at a temperature
equal to its boiling point.
LIQUID GAS

BOILING

CONDENSATION

Condensation Point Boiling Point of

=
of Substance Substance
 WHY IS

CONSTANT DURING
THE TEMPERATURE

CHANGES OF STATE?

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 LATENT HEAT

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It is used to break the substance’s
intermolecular bonds during changes of state.
SOLID LIQUID GAS

Breaking Breaking
Bonds Bonds

Intermolecular bonds are forces of attraction

that holds the particles together.
 LATENT HEAT

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It is used to create the substance’s
intermolecular bonds during changes of state.
GAS LIQUID SOLID

Creating Creating
Bonds Bonds

Intermolecular bonds are forces of attraction

that holds the particles together.
 LATENT HEAT

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All the thermal energy is used to break / create the
substance’s intermolecular bonds during changes of state.
GAS LIQUID SOLID

Creating Creating
Bonds Bonds

Breaking Breaking
Bonds Bonds

None of the thermal energy is used to change the kinetic

energy of the particles during changes of state.
There will be no change in the temperature of the substance.
 SUMMARIZATION
A HEATING CURVE

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110 Boiling

90
Solid & Liquid &
Temperature / ºC

70 Solid Liquid
Liquid Gas
Present Present
Present Present
50

30

10 Melting

-10
Time / min
 Temperature / ºC

-10
10
30
50
70
90
110
Thermal Energy used to
increase temperature of solid
Q = mc∆θ

Latent Heat of Fusion

L f = ml f

Melting
Thermal Energy used to
increase temperature of
liquid

Time / min
Q = mc∆θ
A HEATING CURVE
SUMMARIZATION

Latent Heat of Vaporisation

L v = ml v
Boiling

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 SUMMARIZATION
A COOLING CURVE

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110 Condensation

90

Liquid & Solid &

Temperature / ºC

70 Liquid Solid
Gas
Present Liquid Present
Present
50 Present

30

10 Freezing

-10
Time / min
 Temperature / ºC

-10
10
30
50
70
90
Latent Heat of Vaporisation 110

L v = ml v
Condensation

Thermal Energy used

to increase
temperature of liquid

Time / min
Q = mc∆θ
A COOLING CURVE

Latent Heat of Fusion

SUMMARIZATION

L f = ml f
Freezing

Thermal Energy used to

increase temperature of solid
Q = mc∆θ
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 SUMMARIZATION
MELTING POINT & FREEZING POINT

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A pure substance will solidify/ freeze at a
temperature equal to its melting point.
SOLID LIQUID

MELTING

FREEZING

Melting Point Freezing Point

=
of Substance of Substance
 SUMMARIZATION
BOILING POINT & CONDENSATION POINT

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A pure substance will condense at a temperature
equal to its boiling point.
LIQUID GAS

BOILING

CONDENSATION

Condensation Point Boiling Point of

=
of Substance Substance